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peer-reviewed, This paper investigates the effects of simultaneous addition of sunflower (3, 6 or 9 g/100 g of sample) and dry residue of wild oregano (0.5 or 1 g/100 g of sample) on the essential amino acids pattern and antioxidant potential of flake products. The accepted experimental design plan was 3×4. Data point that Score and PDCAAS values in flake products increase with increasing share of sunflower. Maximum value of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were experienced of TPC 2.84 mg/g, DPPH 0.75 mg/ml, FRAP 1.57 mg/g with the product having maximum shares of sunflower and dry residue of wild oregano. Tukey’s HSD test showed statistically significant differences between most of the mean values of amino acids content and antioxidant activity in the observed corn flakes. The response surface method has been applied for evaluation of amino acid content and antioxidative potential of corn flakes. Sunflower in flake products positively contributed to the protein nutritive value and dry residues of wild oregano elevated antioxidant potential of flake products and also contributed to the food waste valorisation in the food industry. Corn flakes are new products with improved essential amino acid pattern, antioxidant activity and functional properties due to added dry residue of wild oregano and sunflower., These results are part of the project supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, III 46005 and TR 31027.

peer-reviewed, This paper investigates the effects of simultaneous addition of sunflower (3, 6 or 9 g/100 g of sample) and dry residue of wild oregano (0.5 or 1 of sample), on the physical texture and chemical properties of corn flakes to obtain new products with altered nutritional properties. The chemometric analysis pointed at the versatile beneficial contributions of sunflower in corn flakes enriched with dry residue of wild oregano enabling the optimization of corn flakes formula. The presented data point that addition of milled sunflower in investigated corn flakes products improved nutritive properties while addition of dry residue of wild oregano improved physical characteristics of corn flakes products. Regarding quality (sample CF11, score value of 0.59) maximum scores have been obtained with the addition of 6 g/100 g of sunflower and 1 g/100 g of dry residue of wild oregano per 100 g of sample for corn flakes formulation. Production of corn flakes with addition of wild oregano residues contributed to the food waste valorisation in the food industry., These results are part of the project supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, III 46005 and TR 31027.

According to the modern nutritionist opinions, cereal products such as flakes and snacks are the most common foods in the daily diet. Extrusion technology makes it possible to apply different sources of ingredients for the enrichment of cereal-based flakes or snack products. Substances with strong antioxidant properties such as wild oregano have a positive impact on human health. Therefore, they attract the attention of scientists, consumers and food industry experts. This paper investigates the effects of the simultaneous addition of dry residue from wild oregano distillation (0.5 g / 100g of sample and 1 g / 100g of sample), on the physical-textural and color properties of corn flakes in order to create a new product with improved nutritional properties. The addition of dry residue of wild oregano positively influenced physical characteristics (decreased bulk density 30.2 %, increased expansion rate 44.9 %), as well as texture hardness and the work of compression, 38.1 % and 40.3 %, respectively. Also, oregano significantly changed the color of flakes. Tukey’s HSD test showed statistically significant differences between most of the mean values of physical-textural, color and sensory attributes in the oregano-added corn flakes compared to the control sample. Principal component analysis has been applied to classify the samples according to differences in the studied parameters. The data pointed out that investigated corn flakes with the addition of wild oregano are new food products with good physical-textural and sensory properties due to a higher level of antioxidant activity. Moreover, it may contribute to the valorization of edible industrial waste in food production. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 46005 i br. TR 31027]

U radu je ispitana mogudnost korišdenja konzumnog suncokreta i suvog ostatka divljeg origana, kao funkcionalnih komponeti za dobijanje fleks proizvoda poboljšanih nutritivnih svojstava.Optimizacijom temperature sušenja (84°C, 105°C, 135°C, 148°C) fleks proizvoda utvrđen je uticaj temperature na: hemijske, fizičke i antioksidativne osobine fleks proizvoda. Na osnovu standardne ocene fleks proizvoda dobijenih na različitim temperaturama sušenja utvrđeno je da najvedu standardnu ocenu (0,91) ima fleks proizvod dobijen primenom temperature sušenja od 84°C.Ispitivanjem uticaja različitih količina konzumnog suncokreta (3%, 6% i 9%) i divljeg origana (0%, 0,5% i 1%) na fizičke karakteristike fleks proizvoda i utvrđeno je da dodatak konzumnog suncokreta ima negativan uticaj, a suvi ostatak divljeg origana pozitivan uticaj na nasipnu mase i stepen ekspanzije proizvoda. Uzorak bez konzumnog suncokreta i sa 1% origana ima najbolje fizičke karakteristike, minimalnu nasipna masu od 150,2 gml-1 i maksimalan stepen ekspanzije 9,36 mlg-1.Dodatak konzumnog suncokreta uticao je na promene u masnokiselinskom sastavu proizvoda. Uzorci sa 9% konzumnog suncokreta imaju manji sadržaj palmitinske (C16:0) i linolenske (C18:3) kiseline za 15%, odnosno 60% u odnosu na uzorke bez dodatka suncokreta. U pomenutim uzorcima je povedan sadržaj stearinske (C18:0) za 15% i oleinske kiseline (C18:1) za 25%.Dodatak funkcionalnih komponenti u sirovinski sastav fleks proizvoda povedava sadržaj fenola dva puta, pri čemu maksimalna sadržaj fenola 2,84 mg GAE/g s.e. ima uzorak sa 9% konzumnog suncokreta i 1% suvog ostatka divljeg origana. Pomenuti uzorak karakteriše i maksimalna antiradikalska aktivnost ekstrakata izražena preko parametara 1/IC50 0,75 mg/ml i FRAP 1,57 μg AAE/g s.eKonzumni sincokret u sirovinskom sastavu fleks proizvoda je poboljšao iskorišdenje, odnosno svarljivosti proteina i sadržaj esencijalnih mineralnih materija. Dodatkom 9% suncokreta i 1% divljeg origana dobijen je maksimalan sadržaj Zn 9,26 mg/kg, Cu 4,12 mg/kg, Mg 261,87 mg/kg i Fe 12,03 mg/kg.Procesom ekstrudiranja, takođe, je došlo do poboljšanja mikrobioloških parametaara kvaliteta proizvoda jer se značajno se smanjio ukupan broj mikroorganizama, broj kvasaca i plesni i mikroorganizama iz familije Enterobakteriaceae.Na osnovu rezultata potrošačkog testa za ispitvanje dopadljivosti proizvoda, utvršeno je da dodatak suvog ostatka divljeg origana ima pozitivan efekat na opštu prihvatljivost fleks proizvoda od strane potrošača, dok dodatak konzumnog suncokreta negativno utiče na ukus, miris, osobine pri žvakanju i opšta prihvatljivost.Rezultati eksperimentalnog rada su pokazali da se dodatkom konzumnog suncokreta i suvog ostatka divljeg origana dobija fleks proizvod sa povedanom sadržajem funkcionalnih komponenata koji je dopadljiv potrošačima.Istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije su ukazala da bi funkcionalni fleks proizvod sa dodatkom divljeg origana i konzumnog suncokreta bolje prihvatili potrošači stariji od 35 godina, visoko obrazovani i sa vedim primanjima. Međutim, i dalje je prisutan izvestan stepen nepoverenja potrošača, pa je neophodno sprovoditi kontinuiranu edukaciju o zdravstvenim prednostima upotrebe funkcionalnih proizvoda u ishrani., The paper examined the possibility of using consumable sunflower and dry extract of wild oregano, as functional components of obtaining a flex product of improved nutritional properties. By optimizing the drying temperature (84°C, 105°C, 135°C, 148°C) of the flex product, the effect of temperature was determined on: chemical, physical and antioxidant properties of flex products. On the basis of the standard assessment of flex products obtained at different drying temperatures it was determined that the highest standard rating (0.91) belongs to flex product prepared using the drying temperature of 84°C.By examining the influence of different amounts of consumable sunflower (3%, 6% and 9%) and wild oregano (0%, 0.5% and 1%) on the physical characteristics of flex products, it has been found that the addition of consumable sunflower has a negative impact, and a dry residue of wild oregano positive impact on the bulk weight and degree of expansion of the product. The sample free of consumable sunflower and with 1% of oregano has the best physical characteristics, minimal bulk weight of 150.2 gml-1 and a maximum degree of expansion of 9.36 mlg-1 .The addition of consumable sunflower influenced the changes in fatty acid composition of the product. Samples with 9% of consumable sunflower have lower content of palmitic (C16:0) and 1inolenic (C18:3) acid by 15% and 60% compared to the samples without the addition of sunflower. In the above samples there was an increased content of stearic acid (C18: 0) by 15% and oleic acid (C18:1) by 25%.The addition of functional components in the raw material composition of flex product increases phenol content twice, where the maximum phenol content of 2.84 mg GAE/g s.e. is found in the sample with 9% of consumable sunflower seed, and 1 % of dry extract of wild oregano. The aforementioned sample is characterized also by a maximum antiradical activity of extracts expressed via parameters 1/1C50 0.75 mg / ml and FRAP 1.57 ɲg AAE/g s.e.Consumable sunflower in the raw material composition of flex products improved the utilization the digestibility of proteins and essential mineral substances content. By the addition of 9% of sunflower and 1% of wild oregano, we obtained the maximum content of Zn, 9.26 mg/kg, Cu 4.12 mg/kg, Mg 261.87 mg/kg and Fe 12.03 mg/kg. Extrusion process, also, led to an improvement in microbiological parameters of quality of the product because it significantly reduced the total number of microorganisms, yeasts and molds and microorganisms from the family of Enterobacteriaceae.Based on the results of the test for examining consumer appeal of the product, it has been established that the addition of dry extract of wild oregano has a positive effect on the general acceptability of flex products by consumers, while the addition of consumable sunflower adversely affects the taste, the smell, the properties in chewing and general acceptability.The results of the experimental work showed that the addition of consumable sunflower and dry extract of wild oregano resulted in the flex product with increased content of functional components that is appealing to consumers.The research within this thesis pointed out that a functional flex product with the addition of wild oregano and consumable sunflower would be better accepted by consumers older than 35, highly educated and with higher incomes. However, there is still a certain degree of mistrust of consumers, so it is necessary to implement continuous education about the health benefits of the use of functional products in diet.

U radu je ispitana mogudnost korišdenja konzumnog suncokreta i suvog ostatka divljeg origana, kao funkcionalnih komponeti za dobijanje fleks proizvoda poboljšanih nutritivnih svojstava.Optimizacijom temperature sušenja (84°C, 105°C, 135°C, 148°C) fleks proizvoda utvrđen je uticaj temperature na: hemijske, fizičke i antioksidativne osobine fleks proizvoda. Na osnovu standardne ocene fleks proizvoda dobijenih na različitim temperaturama sušenja utvrđeno je da najvedu standardnu ocenu (0,91) ima fleks proizvod dobijen primenom temperature sušenja od 84°C.Ispitivanjem uticaja različitih količina konzumnog suncokreta (3%, 6% i 9%) i divljeg origana (0%, 0,5% i 1%) na fizičke karakteristike fleks proizvoda i utvrđeno je da dodatak konzumnog suncokreta ima negativan uticaj, a suvi ostatak divljeg origana pozitivan uticaj na nasipnu mase i stepen ekspanzije proizvoda. Uzorak bez konzumnog suncokreta i sa 1% origana ima najbolje fizičke karakteristike, minimalnu nasipna masu od 150,2 gml-1 i maksimalan stepen ekspanzije 9,36 mlg-1.Dodatak konzumnog suncokreta uticao je na promene u masnokiselinskom sastavu proizvoda. Uzorci sa 9% konzumnog suncokreta imaju manji sadržaj palmitinske (C16:0) i linolenske (C18:3) kiseline za 15%, odnosno 60% u odnosu na uzorke bez dodatka suncokreta. U pomenutim uzorcima je povedan sadržaj stearinske (C18:0) za 15% i oleinske kiseline (C18:1) za 25%.Dodatak funkcionalnih komponenti u sirovinski sastav fleks proizvoda povedava sadržaj fenola dva puta, pri čemu maksimalna sadržaj fenola 2,84 mg GAE/g s.e. ima uzorak sa 9% konzumnog suncokreta i 1% suvog ostatka divljeg origana. Pomenuti uzorak karakteriše i maksimalna antiradikalska aktivnost ekstrakata izražena preko parametara 1/IC50 0,75 mg/ml i FRAP 1,57 μg AAE/g s.eKonzumni sincokret u sirovinskom sastavu fleks proizvoda je poboljšao iskorišdenje, odnosno svarljivosti proteina i sadržaj esencijalnih mineralnih materija. Dodatkom 9% suncokreta i 1% divljeg origana dobijen je maksimalan sadržaj Zn 9,26 mg/kg, Cu 4,12 mg/kg, Mg 261,87 mg/kg i Fe 12,03 mg/kg.Procesom ekstrudiranja, takođe, je došlo do poboljšanja mikrobioloških parametaara kvaliteta proizvoda jer se značajno se smanjio ukupan broj mikroorganizama, broj kvasaca i plesni i mikroorganizama iz familije Enterobakteriaceae.Na osnovu rezultata potrošačkog testa za ispitvanje dopadljivosti proizvoda, utvršeno je da dodatak suvog ostatka divljeg origana ima pozitivan efekat na opštu prihvatljivost fleks proizvoda od strane potrošača, dok dodatak konzumnog suncokreta negativno utiče na ukus, miris, osobine pri žvakanju i opšta prihvatljivost.Rezultati eksperimentalnog rada su pokazali da se dodatkom konzumnog suncokreta i suvog ostatka divljeg origana dobija fleks proizvod sa povedanom sadržajem funkcionalnih komponenata koji je dopadljiv potrošačima.Istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije su ukazala da bi funkcionalni fleks proizvod sa dodatkom divljeg origana i konzumnog suncokreta bolje prihvatili potrošači stariji od 35 godina, visoko obrazovani i sa vedim primanjima. Međutim, i dalje je prisutan izvestan stepen nepoverenja potrošača, pa je neophodno sprovoditi kontinuiranu edukaciju o zdravstvenim prednostima upotrebe funkcionalnih proizvoda u ishrani., The paper examined the possibility of using consumable sunflower and dry extract of wild oregano, as functional components of obtaining a flex product of improved nutritional properties. By optimizing the drying temperature (84°C, 105°C, 135°C, 148°C) of the flex product, the effect of temperature was determined on: chemical, physical and antioxidant properties of flex products. On the basis of the standard assessment of flex products obtained at different drying temperatures it was determined that the highest standard rating (0.91) belongs to flex product prepared using the drying temperature of 84°C.By examining the influence of different amounts of consumable sunflower (3%, 6% and 9%) and wild oregano (0%, 0.5% and 1%) on the physical characteristics of flex products, it has been found that the addition of consumable sunflower has a negative impact, and a dry residue of wild oregano positive impact on the bulk weight and degree of expansion of the product. The sample free of consumable sunflower and with 1% of oregano has the best physical characteristics, minimal bulk weight of 150.2 gml-1 and a maximum degree of expansion of 9.36 mlg-1 .The addition of consumable sunflower influenced the changes in fatty acid composition of the product. Samples with 9% of consumable sunflower have lower content of palmitic (C16:0) and 1inolenic (C18:3) acid by 15% and 60% compared to the samples without the addition of sunflower. In the above samples there was an increased content of stearic acid (C18: 0) by 15% and oleic acid (C18:1) by 25%.The addition of functional components in the raw material composition of flex product increases phenol content twice, where the maximum phenol content of 2.84 mg GAE/g s.e. is found in the sample with 9% of consumable sunflower seed, and 1 % of dry extract of wild oregano. The aforementioned sample is characterized also by a maximum antiradical activity of extracts expressed via parameters 1/1C50 0.75 mg / ml and FRAP 1.57 ɲg AAE/g s.e.Consumable sunflower in the raw material composition of flex products improved the utilization the digestibility of proteins and essential mineral substances content. By the addition of 9% of sunflower and 1% of wild oregano, we obtained the maximum content of Zn, 9.26 mg/kg, Cu 4.12 mg/kg, Mg 261.87 mg/kg and Fe 12.03 mg/kg. Extrusion process, also, led to an improvement in microbiological parameters of quality of the product because it significantly reduced the total number of microorganisms, yeasts and molds and microorganisms from the family of Enterobacteriaceae.Based on the results of the test for examining consumer appeal of the product, it has been established that the addition of dry extract of wild oregano has a positive effect on the general acceptability of flex products by consumers, while the addition of consumable sunflower adversely affects the taste, the smell, the properties in chewing and general acceptability.The results of the experimental work showed that the addition of consumable sunflower and dry extract of wild oregano resulted in the flex product with increased content of functional components that is appealing to consumers.The research within this thesis pointed out that a functional flex product with the addition of wild oregano and consumable sunflower would be better accepted by consumers older than 35, highly educated and with higher incomes. However, there is still a certain degree of mistrust of consumers, so it is necessary to implement continuous education about the health benefits of the use of functional products in diet.

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del origen (cuatro zonas), la época de recolección (lluviosa y seca) y la edad de las hojas (jóvenes y maduras) sobre el rendimiento y el contenido de timol del aceite esencial (AE) de plantas de Lippia origanoides, que crecen en estado silvestre en la región del Alto Patía al suroccidente de Colombia. Las extracciones de AE se realizaron mediante la técnica de hidro-destilación asistida por radiación de microondas (MWHD) y fueron analizadas por cromatografía de gases. Los rendimientos de AE variaron entre 2.53 y 3.28% y sólo se encontraron diferencias significativas (P and lt; 0.05) para la zona de origen de las plantas. Para el contenido de timol se observaron diferencias relacionadas con la época de recolección, siendo mayor el contenido en las muestras recolectadas en época seca. Los compuestos principales identificados en los AE fueron timol (50.8 - 81.6%), ρ-cimeno (7.5 - 19.5%) y γ-terpineno (2.3 - 7.4%). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the origin (4 localities), the plants leaves age (young and mature) and the season (rainy and dry season) on the essential oils (EOs) yield and thymol content of Lippia origanoides growing wild in the Alto Patía region (south-west of Colombia). The extractions were performed through microwave-assisted hydrodistillation technique (MWHD) and the EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Yields of EOs varied between 2.5 and 3.3% and were obtained where the origin factor showed statistical differences (P and lt; 0.05) over the yielding. Taking into account the thymol content, differences related to the season were observed. The highest thymol content in the EOs was obtained in the dry season. The major compounds identified in the EOs were thymol (50.8 - 81.6%), ρ-cymene (7.5 - 19.5%) and γ-terpinene (2.3 - 7.4%).

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto del origen (cuatro zonas), la época de recolección (lluviosa y seca) y la edad de las hojas (jóvenes y maduras) sobre el rendimiento y el contenido de timol del aceite esencial (AE) de plantas de Lippia origanoides, que crecen en estado silvestre en la región del Alto Patía al suroccidente de Colombia. Las extracciones de AE se realizaron mediante la técnica de hidro-destilación asistida por radiación de microondas (MWHD) y fueron analizadas por cromatografía de gases. Los rendimientos de AE variaron entre 2.53 y 3.28% y sólo se encontraron diferencias significativas (P < 0.05) para la zona de origen de las plantas. Para el contenido de timol se observaron diferencias relacionadas con la época de recolección, siendo mayor el contenido en las muestras recolectadas en época seca. Los compuestos principales identificados en los AE fueron timol (50.8 - 81.6%), r-cimeno (7.5 - 19.5%) y g-terpineno (2.3 - 7.4%). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the origin (4 localities), the plant's leaves age (young and mature) and the season (rainy and dry season) on the essential oil's (EOs) yield and thymol content of Lippia origanoides growing wild in the Alto Patía region (south-west of Colombia). The extractions were performed through microwave-assisted hydrodistillation technique (MWHD) and the EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Yields of EOs varied between 2.5 and 3.3% and were obtained where the origin factor showed statistical differences (P< 0.05) over the yielding. Taking into account the thymol content, differences related to the season were observed. The highest thymol content in the EOs were obtained in the dry season. The major compounds identified in the EOs were thymol (50.8 - 81.6%), r-cymene (7.5 - 19.5%) and g-terpinene (2.3 - 7.4%).