28 results on '"well clogging"'
Search Results
2. Monitoring nitrate reduction: hydrogeochemistry and clogging potential in raw water wells.
- Author
-
Ortmeyer, F., Volkova, K., Wisotzky, F., Wohnlich, S., and Banning, A.
- Subjects
DENITRIFICATION ,WELLS ,WATER chemistry ,SCANNING electron microscopes ,WATERSHEDS ,CARBONATE minerals ,PYRITES - Abstract
The mainly agricultural input of NO
3 - and compliance with drinking water guideline values pose major challenges for many water suppliers. Additionally, associated changes in hydrochemistry, especially concerning products of NO3 - reduction (Fe2+/3+ , Mn2+/4+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+ , SO4 2- , HCO3 - ) and subsequent reactions, can have a major influence on mineral saturation states and well yield: well productivity can be strongly reduced by mineral precipitation and silting. To evaluate hydrogeochemical evolution and clogging potential for a given well field, thorough hydrochemical and geochemical investigations are required. Therefore, time-dependent and depth-specific ion concentrations in water samples (n = 818) were analysed in a catchment area of a waterworks in western Germany. The sediments of the aquifers were extensively investigated for their geochemistry (CS, scanning electron microscope, aqua regia digestion and dithionite solution; n = 253). In addition, PhreeqC was used to model saturation indices in order to identify possible mineral precipitation in the wells. Results show a high NO3 - input into deep wells screened in Tertiary sediments due to an admixture of Quaternary groundwater. Directly at the Quaternary-Tertiary boundary, chemolithotrophic NO3 - reduction consuming pyrite occurs. Protons released during the process are pH-buffered by dissolving carbonate minerals. Overall, the hydrochemistry and especially the saturation indices are strongly influenced by NO3 - reduction and its degradation products. A change in well yield has not yet been observed, but future clogging by ochre formation or sintering cannot be excluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Well-screen and well-head clogging by hydrous ferric oxides.
- Author
-
van Beek, C. G. E. M.
- Subjects
SUBMERSIBLE pumps ,WATER utilities ,FERRIC oxide ,DRINKING water ,WATER pumps ,HYDROUS - Abstract
In the production of drinking water from groundwater by aeration and rapid sand filtration (RSF), iron(II) may be removed in two ways: at pH > ~8 by homogeneous oxidation and precipitation, and at ~6.0 < pH < ~7.5 by combined heterogeneous and biological iron(II) oxidation and precipitation. In line with this distinction, wells may become clogged by the accumulation of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) precipitates in two ways: at “high” pH (pH > ~7) by development of HFO flakes resulting in minimal clogging of the screen slots, and at “low” pH (pH < ~7) by massive HFO precipitates and biomass resulting in extensive clogging of the screen slots. As HFO precipitation continues, both processes result in extensive well-head clogging, i.e. fouling of submersible pumps, collector lines, etc. While well-screen clogging may be monitored conveniently, no general method is available for monitoring well-head clogging. Recognition of both chemical clogging types is important for effective well construction, operation and maintenance. During rest, HFO precipitation processes continue, further blocking pumps and water lines. If a vertical hydraulic gradient is present over the height of the well screen, HFO precipitates may accumulate on the well screen and enter the aquifer. Consequently, the behavior of the well is important not only during operation, but also during rest. These findings are illustrated by numerous observations on well fields exploited by the drinking water utilities in the Netherlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Prevención de la obstrucción de pozos durante el almacenamiento en acuíferos a partir de los drenajes residuales turbios ricos en carbono orgánico disuelto y nutrientes
- Author
-
Emiel Kruisdijk, Julian F. Ros, Devanita Ghosh, Maren Brehme, Pieter J. Stuyfzand, and Boris M. van Breukelen
- Subjects
Artificial recharge ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) ,Agriculture ,Well clogging ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Well clogging was studied at an aquifer storage transfer and recovery (ASTR) site used to secure freshwater supply for a flower bulb farm. Tile drainage water (TDW) was collected from a 10-ha parcel, stored in a sandy brackish coastal aquifer via well injection in wet periods, and reused during dry periods. This ASTR application has been susceptible to clogging, as the TDW composition largely exceeded most clogging mitigation guidelines. TDW pretreatment by sand filtration did not cause substantial clogging at a smaller ASR site (2 ha) at the same farm. In the current (10 ha) system, sand filtration was substituted by 40-μm disc filters to lower costs (by 10,000–30,000 Euro) and reduce space (by 50–100 m2). This measure treated TDW insufficiently and injection wells rapidly clogged. Chemical, biological, and physical clogging occurred, as observed from elemental, organic carbon, 16S rRNA, and grain-size distribution analyses of the clogging material. Physical clogging by particles was the main cause, based on the strong relation between injected turbidity load and normalized well injectivity. Periodical backflushing of injection wells improved operation, although the disc filters clogged when the turbidity increased (up to 165 NTU) during a severe rainfall event (44 mm in 3 days). Automated periodical backflushing, together with regulating the maximum turbidity (
- Published
- 2023
5. Evaluating Treatment Requirements for Recycled Water to Manage Well Clogging during Aquifer Storage and Recovery: A Case Study in the Werribee Formation, Australia
- Author
-
Joanne L. Vanderzalm, Declan W. Page, Karen E. Barry, and Dennis Gonzalez
- Subjects
aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) ,managed aquifer recharge (MAR) ,well injection ,well clogging ,recycled water ,Hydraulic engineering ,TC1-978 ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,TD201-500 - Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is the intentional recharge of water to suitable aquifers for subsequent beneficial use or to achieve environmental benefits. Well injection techniques for MAR, such as Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR), rely on implementing appropriate design and defining the operational parameters to minimise well clogging and maintain sustainable rates of recharge over the long term. The purpose of this study was to develop water quality targets and pre-treatment requirements for recycled water to allow sustained recharge and recovery in a medium-coarse siliceous aquifer. The recharge water is a blend of 40% Class A recycled water and 60% reverse osmosis (RO)-treated Class A recycled water. Four source waters for MAR were evaluated: (1) this blend with no further treatment, and this blend with additional treatment using: (2) a 20 µm sediment cartridge filter, (3) a 5 µm sediment cartridge filter, or (4) a 5 µm granular activated carbon (GAC) cartridge filter. All four treatment options were also further disinfected with chlorine. The four blended and treated recycled waters were used in laboratory columns packed with aquifer material under saturated conditions at constant temperature (20.7 °C) with light excluded for up to 42 days. Substantial differences in the changes in hydraulic conductivity of the columns were observed for the different treatments within 14 days of the experiment, despite low turbidity (
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Managed Aquifer Recharge for Water Resilience.
- Author
-
Dillon, Peter, Dillon, Peter, Fernández Escalante, Enrique, Massmann, Gudrun, and Megdal, Sharon B.
- Subjects
Research & information: general ,ASR ,ATP ,Africa ,FEFLOW ,GIS-MCDA ,Henry's Fork ,IWRM ,Idaho ,India ,LAN (Law of the Nation's Waters) ,MAR ,MATLAB ,Managed Aquifer Recharge ,Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) ,Mexico ,Northern Australia ,SAT ,Snake River ,Social Technology ,Spain ,Sweden ,Ulaanbaatar ,Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation ,Yellow River Irrigation District ,adaptability zoning evaluation ,adaptation measures ,anthropic forcing ,aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) ,arid ,artificial recharging scenarios ,biofouling ,climate adaptation ,climate change ,contaminants ,contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) ,cost function ,decision support ,decision-support ,developing countries ,drinking water ,drinking water supply ,droughts ,dynamic ,ecosystems ,environment protection ,environmental tracer ,enzymatic activity ,filtration ,fisheries ,floods ,framework ,geochemical analysis ,geographic information science (GISc) ,geographic information systems (GIS) ,governance ,groundwater ,groundwater depletion ,groundwater recharge ,guidelines ,health protection ,indicators ,induced bank filtration (IBF) ,infiltration basin ,infiltration pond ,infiltration rate ,integrated water resource management ,lake bank filtration ,legal ,managed aquifer recharge ,managed aquifer recharge (MAR) ,mapping ,meteorological forcing ,mixing ratios ,multi-criteria decision analysis ,new water challenges ,online flow-cytometry ,organic amendments ,pathogens ,pharmaceuticals in groundwater ,probabilistic ,rainwater harvesting ,recharge performance ,reclaimed water ,recycled water ,recycling ,regulation ,regulatory ,removal of pharmaceuticals ,risk ,risk assessment ,risk management ,riverbank filtration ,safety ,semi-arid ,semiarid ,sensitivity analysis ,soil compaction ,strategic storage ,stream temperature ,streamflow ,suitability map ,suitability mapping ,tillage ,time-varying mixing model ,types of MAR for irrigation ,ultrafiltration ,urban water management ,water banking ,water crisis ,water level monitoring ,water management ,water quality ,water rights ,water security ,water supply security model ,web GIS ,web tools ,well clogging - Abstract
Summary: This book is a hard copy of the editorial and all the papers in a Special Issue of the peer-reviewed open access journal 'Water' on the theme 'Managed Aquifer Recharge for Water Resilience'. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is the purposeful recharge of water to aquifers for subsequent recovery or environmental benefit. MAR is increasingly used to make water supplies resilient to drought, climate change and deteriorating water quality, and to protect ecosystems from declining groundwater levels. Global MAR has grown exponentially to 10 cu.km/year and will increase ten-fold within a few decades. Well informed hydrogeologists, engineers and water quality scientists are needed to ensure that this investment is effective in meeting increasingly pressing needs. This compilation contains lessons from many examples of existing projects, including several national and continental summaries. It also addresses the elements essential for identifying and advancing projects such as mapping aquifer suitability and opportunities, policy matters, operational issues, and some innovations in MAR methods and monitoring. This collection exemplifies the state of progress in the science and practice of MAR and is intended to be useful, at least to water managers, water utilities, agricultural water users and urban planners, to facilitate water resilience through new MAR projects.
7. Clogging Issues with Aquifer Storage and Recovery of Reclaimed Water in the Brackish Werribee Aquifer, Melbourne, Australia
- Author
-
Pieter J. Stuyfzand and Javier Osma
- Subjects
ASR ,recycled water ,well clogging ,geochemical analysis ,filtration ,biofouling ,risk management ,Hydraulic engineering ,TC1-978 ,Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,TD201-500 - Abstract
As part of an integrated water-cycle management strategy, City West Water (CWW) is conducting research to develop an aquifer storage recovery (ASR) scheme utilizing recycled water. In this contribution, we address the risk of well clogging based on two ASR bore pilots, each with intensive monitoring. Well clogging is a critical aspect of the strategy due to a projected high injection rate, a high clogging potential of recycled water, and a small diameter injection borehole. Microscopic and geochemical analysis of suspended solids in the injectant and backflushed water, demonstrate a significant contribution of diatoms, algae and colloidal or precipitating Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 and MnO2. CWW is, therefore, testing additional prefiltration that includes a 20 μm spin Klin disc and 1−5 μm bag filter operating in series. In this paper, we present optimized methods to (i) detect the contribution of the injectant and aquifer particles to total suspended solids in backflushed water by hydrogeochemical analysis; and (ii) predict and reduce the risk of physical and biological clogging, by combination of the membrane filter index (MFI) method of Buik and Willemsen, a modification of the total suspended solids method of Bichara and an amendment of the exponential bacterial growth method of Huisman and Olsthoorn.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Verminderte Tiefbrunnenergiebigkeit durch Versandung und Versinterung bei Veränderung der Grundwasserchemie.
- Author
-
Knuth, Christoph, Wisotzky, Frank, and Becke, Norbert
- Abstract
Copyright of Grundwasser is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Chemical and mechanical clogging of groundwater abstraction wells at well field Heel, the Netherlands.
- Author
-
Beek, C., Hubeek, A., de la Loma Gonzalez, B., and Stuyfzand, P.
- Subjects
GROUNDWATER ,WELLS ,AQUIFERS ,GROUNDWATER recharge ,GEOLOGICAL basins - Abstract
Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Identifikation und Regionalisierung von Nitratabbauprozessen in einem Grundwasserleiter - Möglichkeiten und Nutzen für die Wassergewinnung.
- Author
-
Jesußek, Anna, Hansen, Carsten, and Wilde, Siegfried
- Abstract
Copyright of Grundwasser is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Investigation of Well Clogging during Managed Aquifer Recharge of Tile Drainage Water: An ASTR Pilot Study
- Author
-
Ros, Julian (author) and Ros, Julian (author)
- Abstract
This study addresses the critical aspects of injection well clogging as part of an Aquifer Storage, Transfer and Recovery (ASTR) pilot infiltrating tile drainage water (TDW) from agricultural field into an anoxic brackish sandy aquifer for later re-use as irrigation water for flower bulbs. Two ASTR injection periods suffering from clogging were intensely monitored during several weeks in 2019 to 2020. The wells were rehabilitated by methods of backflushing and mechanical cleaning (high-pressure jetting) and sampled to obtain information on the kind of clogging material. The recharge water is nutrient rich (PO4: 2-18 mgL-1, NO3: 6-50 mgL-1, NH4: 0.1-0.6 mgL-1, DOC: 25-32 mgL-1) and attained significantly turbid conditions (usually between 5-20 NTU; up to 160 NTU) caused by the removal of resuspended biochemical material in the tile drainage network by extreme precipitation and extensive drain discharge events. Consequentially, the 40 µm spin Klin-disc filters as pre-treatment step experienced reduced functionality due to clogging when subjected to high turbid loads. Microbial processes within the ASTR piping system additionally caused fluctuations in turbidity by periodic on/off operation, indicating a high potential for (bio)physical and biological clogging in the injection wells. Microscopic and (hydro)geochemical analysis of injectant and backflushed suspended solids demonstrated a significant contribution of injected Fe-hydroxyapatite flocs and biochemical material incorporating siliceous clay and silt particles below 40 µm, while pyrite and possibly calcite precipitants were flushed from the aquifer matrix when removing suspended matter from the wells. The injection of suspended material caused clogging predominantly by physical mechanisms. During standstill, the hydrochemical environment in the well indicated substantial microbial activity by reduced redox conditions in the well and the mobilization of Fe(II), Mn(II), P, and Ca, indicating the vulnerability for, AgriMAR, Water Management | Urban Water Engineering
- Published
- 2021
12. Well hydraulics of temporally varying artificial recharge with well clogging in confined aquifers
- Author
-
Li, Jiong, Chen, Jin-Jian, Li, Ming-Guang, and Xia, Xiao-He
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Determining treatment requirements for turbid river water to avoid clogging of aquifer storage and recovery wells in siliceous alluvium.
- Author
-
Page, Declan, Vanderzalm, Joanne, Miotliński, Konrad, Barry, Karen, Dillon, Peter, Lawrie, Ken, and Brodie, Ross S.
- Subjects
- *
STREAM chemistry , *ALLUVIUM , *AQUIFER storage recovery , *DISINFECTION & disinfectants , *ACTIVATED carbon - Abstract
The success of Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) schemes relies on defining appropriate design and operational parameters in order to maintain high rates of recharge over the long term. The main contribution of this study was to define the water quality criteria and hence minimum pre-treatment requirements to allow sustained recharge at an acceptable rate in a medium-coarse sand aquifer. The source water was turbid, natural water from the River Darling, Australia. Three treatments were evaluated: bank filtration; coagulation and chlorine disinfection; and coagulation plus granular activated carbon and chlorine disinfection (GAC). Raw source water and the three treated waters were used in laboratory columns packed with aquifer material in replicate experiments in saturated conditions at constant temperature (19 °C) with light excluded for 37 days. Declines in hydraulic conductivity from a mean of 2.17 m/d occurred over the 37 days of the experiment. The GAC-treated water gave an 8% decline in hydraulic conductivity over the 16 cm length of columns, which was significantly different from the other three source waters, which had mean declines of 26–29%. Within the first 3 cm of column length, where most clogging occurred in each column, the mean hydraulic conductivity declined by 10% for GAC-treated water compared with 40–50% for the other source waters. There was very little difference between the columns until day 21, despite high turbidity (78 NTU) in the source water. Reducing turbidity by treatment was not sufficient to offset the reductions in hydraulic conductivity. Biological clogging was found to be most important as revealed by the accumulation of polysaccharides and bacterial numbers in columns when they were dissected and analysed at the end of the experiment. Further chemical clogging through precipitation of minerals was found not to occur within the laboratory columns, and dispersion of clay was also found to be negligible. Due to the low reduction in hydraulic conductivity, GAC-treated water quality was used to set pre-treatment targets for ASR injection of turbidity <0.6 NTU, membrane filtration index (MFI) < 2 s/L 2 , biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) < 0.2 mg/L, total nitrogen < 0.3 mg/L and residual chlorine > 0.2 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Monitoring nitrate reduction: hydrogeochemistry and clogging potential in raw water wells
- Author
-
Felix Ortmeyer, K. Volkova, Andre Banning, Frank Wisotzky, and Stefan Wohnlich
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Water Wells ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Aquifer ,02 engineering and technology ,Admixture ,010501 environmental sciences ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,engineering.material ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Clogging ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,Germany ,Aqua regia ,Groundwater ,Dissolution ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,geography ,Nitrates ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Hydrochemistry ,General Medicine ,Pollution ,020801 environmental engineering ,chemistry ,Nitrate degradation ,Environmental chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental science ,Well clogging ,Pyrite ,Saturation (chemistry) ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The mainly agricultural input of NO3- and compliance with drinking water guideline values pose major challenges for many water suppliers. Additionally, associated changes in hydrochemistry, especially concerning products of NO3- reduction (Fe2+/3+, Mn2+/4+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, HCO3-) and subsequent reactions, can have a major influence on mineral saturation states and well yield: well productivity can be strongly reduced by mineral precipitation and silting. To evaluate hydrogeochemical evolution and clogging potential for a given well field, thorough hydrochemical and geochemical investigations are required. Therefore, time-dependent and depth-specific ion concentrations in water samples (n = 818) were analysed in a catchment area of a waterworks in western Germany. The sediments of the aquifers were extensively investigated for their geochemistry (CS, scanning electron microscope, aqua regia digestion and dithionite solution; n = 253). In addition, PhreeqC was used to model saturation indices in order to identify possible mineral precipitation in the wells. Results show a high NO3- input into deep wells screened in Tertiary sediments due to an admixture of Quaternary groundwater. Directly at the Quaternary-Tertiary boundary, chemolithotrophic NO3- reduction consuming pyrite occurs. Protons released during the process are pH-buffered by dissolving carbonate minerals. Overall, the hydrochemistry and especially the saturation indices are strongly influenced by NO3- reduction and its degradation products. A change in well yield has not yet been observed, but future clogging by ochre formation or sintering cannot be excluded.
- Published
- 2021
15. Evaluating Treatment Requirements for Recycled Water to Manage Well Clogging during Aquifer Storage and Recovery: A Case Study in the Werribee Formation, Australia
- Author
-
Declan Page, Joanne Vanderzalm, Dennis Gonzalez, and Karen Barry
- Subjects
lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,recycled water ,Geography, Planning and Development ,0207 environmental engineering ,Aquifer ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Aquifer storage and recovery ,Clogging ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,Hydraulic conductivity ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,Turbidity ,020701 environmental engineering ,Reverse osmosis ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,geography ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Environmental engineering ,managed aquifer recharge (MAR) ,aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) ,Groundwater recharge ,well injection ,Environmental science ,well clogging ,Water quality - Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is the intentional recharge of water to suitable aquifers for subsequent beneficial use or to achieve environmental benefits. Well injection techniques for MAR, such as Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR), rely on implementing appropriate design and defining the operational parameters to minimise well clogging and maintain sustainable rates of recharge over the long term. The purpose of this study was to develop water quality targets and pre-treatment requirements for recycled water to allow sustained recharge and recovery in a medium-coarse siliceous aquifer. The recharge water is a blend of 40% Class A recycled water and 60% reverse osmosis (RO)-treated Class A recycled water. Four source waters for MAR were evaluated: (1) this blend with no further treatment, and this blend with additional treatment using: (2) a 20 µ, m sediment cartridge filter, (3) a 5 µ, m sediment cartridge filter, or (4) a 5 µ, m granular activated carbon (GAC) cartridge filter. All four treatment options were also further disinfected with chlorine. The four blended and treated recycled waters were used in laboratory columns packed with aquifer material under saturated conditions at constant temperature (20.7 °, C) with light excluded for up to 42 days. Substantial differences in the changes in hydraulic conductivity of the columns were observed for the different treatments within 14 days of the experiment, despite low turbidity (<, 2 NTU) of the blend waters. After 14 days, the GAC-treated water had a 7% decline in hydraulic conductivity, which was very different from the other three blend waters, which had declines of 39&ndash, 52%. Based on these results and consistent with previous studies, a target biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) level of <, 0.2 mg/L was recommended to ensure a biologically stable source of water to reduce clogging during recharge.
- Published
- 2020
16. Management of aquifer recharge in Lebanon by removing seawater intrusion from coastal aquifers.
- Author
-
Masciopinto, Costantino
- Subjects
- *
GROUNDWATER recharge , *SALTWATER encroachment , *GROUNDWATER management , *GROUNDWATER flow , *GROUNDWATER temperature - Abstract
Abstract: This study investigates the feasibility of management of aquifer recharge (MAR) in Lebanon by designing well barriers to remove seawater intrusion from the fractured carbonate aquifers. Groundwater flow and saltwater/freshwater 50% sharp interface have been modeled along the coastal area using the Ghyben–Herzberg theory. The groundwater flow simulations have been supported by field transmissivity estimations and depth measurements carried out on 44 wells during 2003. Results have shown the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers at Jieh and Damour regions. Three well-injection barriers have been proposed. The water volumes for recharge and the barrier positions have been defined by means of groundwater flow simulations. MAR can provide a valuable contribution to colloid (even pathogen) removal from injectant water, although during water infiltration in subsoil the reduction of aquifer permeability causes clogging. A simple new model for estimating the soil-rock permeability reduction due to the well clogging has been presented. The MAR, including the soil aquifer treatment at Damour and Jieh regions, has been studied by considering aquifer transmissivity (and soil porosity) reduction caused by clogging. Furthermore, the appropriate mixing of the injectant water by using reclaimed water, groundwater and surface water can be simulated using the proposed models. The time required to achieve 5% of rock permeability reduction at the proposed well barriers ranged from 71 to 935 d, by changing water quality and flow rate for recharge. This study can assist regional governments with water management in areas affected by scarcity of freshwater by implementing appropriate well-barrier projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Iron-hydroxide clogging of public supply wells receiving artificial recharge: near-well and in-well hydrological and hydrochemical observations.
- Author
-
Bustos Medina, Diego, Berg, Gerard, Breukelen, Boris, Juhasz-Holterman, Maria, and Stuyfzand, Pieter
- Subjects
FERRIC hydroxides ,GROUNDWATER recharge ,WATER levels ,SPATIAL variation ,WATER chemistry - Abstract
Copyright of Hydrogeology Journal is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Clogging issues with aquifer storage and recovery of reclaimed water in the brackish werribee aquifer, Melbourne, Australia
- Author
-
Stuyfzand, Pieter Jan (author), Osma, Javier (author), Stuyfzand, Pieter Jan (author), and Osma, Javier (author)
- Abstract
As part of an integrated water-cycle management strategy, City West Water (CWW) is conducting research to develop an aquifer storage recovery (ASR) scheme utilizing recycled water. In this contribution, we address the risk of well clogging based on two ASR bore pilots, each with intensive monitoring. Well clogging is a critical aspect of the strategy due to a projected high injection rate, a high clogging potential of recycled water, and a small diameter injection borehole. Microscopic and geochemical analysis of suspended solids in the injectant and backflushed water, demonstrate a significant contribution of diatoms, algae and colloidal or precipitating Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 and MnO2. CWW is, therefore, testing additional prefiltration that includes a 20 μm spin Klin disc and 1-5 μm bag filter operating in series. In this paper, we present optimized methods to (i) detect the contribution of the injectant and aquifer particles to total suspended solids in backflushed water by hydrogeochemical analysis; and (ii) predict and reduce the risk of physical and biological clogging, by combination of the membrane filter index (MFI) method of Buik and Willemsen, a modification of the total suspended solids method of Bichara and an amendment of the exponential bacterial growth method of Huisman and Olsthoorn., Geo-engineering
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Water quality requirements for sustaining aquifer storage and recovery operations in a low permeability fractured rock aquifer
- Author
-
Page, Declan, Miotliński, Konrad, Dillon, Peter, Taylor, Russel, Wakelin, Steve, Levett, Kerry, Barry, Karen, and Pavelic, Paul
- Subjects
- *
AQUIFER storage recovery , *ENVIRONMENTAL management , *URBAN runoff management , *WATER purification , *WATER quality monitoring , *DRINKING water - Abstract
A changing climate and increasing urbanisation has driven interest in the use of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) schemes as an environmental management tool to supplement conventional water resources. This study focuses on ASR with stormwater in a low permeability fractured rock aquifer and the selection of water treatment methods to prevent well clogging. In this study two different injection and recovery phases were trialed. In the first phase ∼1380 m3 of potable water was injected and recovered over four cycles. In the second phase ∼3300 m3 of treated stormwater was injected and ∼2410 m3 were subsequently recovered over three cycles. Due to the success of the potable water injection cycles, its water quality was used to set pre-treatment targets for harvested urban stormwater of ≤0.6 NTU turbidity, ≤1.7 mg/L dissolved organic carbon and ≤0.2 mg/L biodegradable dissolved organic carbon. A range of potential ASR pre-treatment options were subsequently evaluated resulting in the adoption of an ultrafiltration/granular activated carbon system to remove suspended solids and nutrients which cause physical and biological clogging. ASR cycle testing with potable water and treated stormwater demonstrated that urban stormwater containing variable turbidity (mean 5.5 NTU) and organic carbon (mean 8.3 mg/L) concentrations before treatment could be injected into a low transmissivity fractured rock aquifer and recovered for irrigation supplies. A small decline in permeability of the formation in the vicinity of the injection well was apparent even with high quality water that met turbidity and DOC but could not consistently achieve the BDOC criteria. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Chemical and mechanical clogging of groundwater abstraction wells at well field Heel, the Netherlands
- Author
-
van Beek, C. G. E. M., Hubeek, A. A., de la Loma Gonzalez, B., and Stuyfzand, P. J.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Fines migration in aquifers: Production history treatment and well behaviour prediction.
- Author
-
Chequer, L., Nguyen, C., Loi, G., Zeinijahromi, A., and Bedrikovetsky, P.
- Subjects
- *
AQUIFERS , *NONLINEAR functions , *FINES (Penalties) , *FORECASTING - Abstract
[Display omitted] • History-based long-term prediction of well productivity under fines migration. • Analytical model for axi-symmetric inflow under natural reservoir-fines migration. • Modelling property-distribution of colloidal particles by non-linear suspension function. • 6 model parameters = 3 from well productivity + 3 from produced fines concentration. • Close match of 23 field cases by the analytical model. Migration of natural reservoir fines mobilised by water production may cause significant well productivity decline. The aim of this work is long-term productivity forecast from the production history under fines migration. We derive an exact solution of the radial inflow problem for suspension with size-distributed particles. The exact solution allows for detailed analysis of the structure of the flow domain and for an implicit formulae for well impedance. Six model coefficients are determined from the history of well production and fines concentration in the produced fluid. 23 field cases have been matched by the analytical model. Close agreement between the field and modelling data and common variation intervals for the tuned model parameters validate the model proposed. The analytical model allows determining the size of the damaged zone during water production under fines migration, which is important for well stimulation planning and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Clogging Issues with Aquifer Storage and Recovery of Reclaimed Water in the Brackish Werribee Aquifer, Melbourne, Australia
- Author
-
Javier Osma and Pieter J. Stuyfzand
- Subjects
lcsh:Hydraulic engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,recycled water ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Aquifer ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,risk management ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Aquifer storage and recovery ,law.invention ,Clogging ,lcsh:Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes ,ASR ,lcsh:TC1-978 ,law ,biofouling ,Filtration ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Total suspended solids ,filtration ,lcsh:TD201-500 ,geography ,Suspended solids ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Brackish water ,Environmental engineering ,Reclaimed water ,geochemical analysis ,Environmental science ,well clogging - Abstract
As part of an integrated water-cycle management strategy, City West Water (CWW) is conducting research to develop an aquifer storage recovery (ASR) scheme utilizing recycled water. In this contribution, we address the risk of well clogging based on two ASR bore pilots, each with intensive monitoring. Well clogging is a critical aspect of the strategy due to a projected high injection rate, a high clogging potential of recycled water, and a small diameter injection borehole. Microscopic and geochemical analysis of suspended solids in the injectant and backflushed water, demonstrate a significant contribution of diatoms, algae and colloidal or precipitating Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 and MnO2. CWW is, therefore, testing additional prefiltration that includes a 20 &mu, m spin Klin disc and 1&ndash, 5 &mu, m bag filter operating in series. In this paper, we present optimized methods to (i) detect the contribution of the injectant and aquifer particles to total suspended solids in backflushed water by hydrogeochemical analysis, and (ii) predict and reduce the risk of physical and biological clogging, by combination of the membrane filter index (MFI) method of Buik and Willemsen, a modification of the total suspended solids method of Bichara and an amendment of the exponential bacterial growth method of Huisman and Olsthoorn.
- Published
- 2019
23. Evaluating Treatment Requirements for Recycled Water to Manage Well Clogging during Aquifer Storage and Recovery: A Case Study in the Werribee Formation, Australia.
- Author
-
Vanderzalm, Joanne L., Page, Declan W., Barry, Karen E., and Gonzalez, Dennis
- Subjects
AQUIFER storage recovery ,DISSOLVED organic matter ,GROUNDWATER recharge ,INJECTION wells ,PACKED towers (Chemical engineering) ,WATER filters - Abstract
Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is the intentional recharge of water to suitable aquifers for subsequent beneficial use or to achieve environmental benefits. Well injection techniques for MAR, such as Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR), rely on implementing appropriate design and defining the operational parameters to minimise well clogging and maintain sustainable rates of recharge over the long term. The purpose of this study was to develop water quality targets and pre-treatment requirements for recycled water to allow sustained recharge and recovery in a medium-coarse siliceous aquifer. The recharge water is a blend of 40% Class A recycled water and 60% reverse osmosis (RO)-treated Class A recycled water. Four source waters for MAR were evaluated: (1) this blend with no further treatment, and this blend with additional treatment using: (2) a 20 µm sediment cartridge filter, (3) a 5 µm sediment cartridge filter, or (4) a 5 µm granular activated carbon (GAC) cartridge filter. All four treatment options were also further disinfected with chlorine. The four blended and treated recycled waters were used in laboratory columns packed with aquifer material under saturated conditions at constant temperature (20.7 °C) with light excluded for up to 42 days. Substantial differences in the changes in hydraulic conductivity of the columns were observed for the different treatments within 14 days of the experiment, despite low turbidity (<2 NTU) of the blend waters. After 14 days, the GAC-treated water had a 7% decline in hydraulic conductivity, which was very different from the other three blend waters, which had declines of 39–52%. Based on these results and consistent with previous studies, a target biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) level of <0.2 mg/L was recommended to ensure a biologically stable source of water to reduce clogging during recharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Management of aquifer recharge in Lebanon by removing seawater intrusion from coastal aquifers
- Author
-
Costantino Masciopinto
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,Aquifer ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Water Quality ,Water Movements ,Depression-focused recharge ,Groundwater artificial recharge ,Seawater ,Groundwater discharge ,Fractured aquifer ,Saltwater intrusion ,Lebanon ,Groundwater ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Hydrology ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Artesian aquifer ,General Medicine ,Groundwater recharge ,Models, Theoretical ,Seawater intrusion ,Aquifer test ,Well clogging ,Groundwater model ,Geology - Abstract
This study investigates the feasibility of management of aquifer recharge (MAR) in Lebanon by designing well barriers to remove seawater intrusion from the fractured carbonate aquifers. Groundwater flow and saltwater/freshwater 50% sharp interface have been modeled along the coastal area using the Ghyben eHerzberg theory. The groundwater flow simulations have been supported by field transmissivity estimations and depth measurements carried out on 44 wells during 2003. Results have shown the seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers at Jieh and Damour regions. Three well-injection barriers have been proposed. The water volumes for recharge and the barrier positions have been defined by means of groundwater flow simulations. MAR can provide a valuable contribution to colloid (even pathogen) removal from injectant water, although during water infiltration in subsoil the reduction of aquifer permeability causes clogging. A simple new model for estimating the soil-rock permeability reduction due to the well clogging has been presented. The MAR, including the soil aquifer treatment at Damour and Jieh regions, has been studied by considering aquifer transmissivity (and soil porosity) reduction caused by clogging. Furthermore, the appropriate mixing of the injectant water by using reclaimed water, groundwater and surface water can be simulated using the proposed models. The time required to achieve 5% of rock permeability reduction at the proposed well barriers ranged from 71 to 935 d, by changing water quality and flow rate for recharge. This study can assist regional governments with water management in areas affected by scarcity of freshwater by implementing appropriate well-barrier projects.
- Published
- 2013
25. Oxygen delivering processes in groundwater and their relevance for iron- related well clogging processes– a case study on the quaternary aquifers of Berlin
- Author
-
Menz, Christian
- Subjects
iron hydroxide ,urban hydrogeology ,well clogging ,oxygen flux ,bank filtration - Abstract
Redox condition, in particular the amount of oxygen in groundwater used for drinking water supply, is a key factor for the drinking water quality as well as for the production well’s lifecycle. Thus, a process-based and quantitative understanding about the oxygen fluxes in groundwater systems is fundamental in order to predict e.g. the removal capacity of pollutants or in particular the likelihood of iron-related well clogging. Such well ageing is a major thread for well operators and objective in practice and science. The formation of iron oxides responsible for well clogging is mainly known for wells abstracting groundwater from unconsolidated aquifers with a distinct redox zonation. The accumulation of precipitates is primarily taking place at the slots of the well screens, but also affects aquifers, pumps and collector pipes. Several studies already identified interacting hydro-chemical and microbiological processes as major cause for the development of iron oxides in wells. They develop in the presence of dissolved species of iron and oxygen in the water. The co-occurrence of both, the dissolved iron and oxygen, is the result of a mixing of groundwater with different redox states. The abstraction of groundwater by wells is known to promote such mixing processes. Particularly, frequent water table oscillations with high amplitudes in contrast to natural conditions and managed aquifer recharge measures may deliver oxygen to groundwater. But the impact of different well management strategies on the sources and rates of oxygen delivery to aquifers was not studied in detail so far. Within the thesis presented here, oxygen fluxes to groundwater were qualified and quantified based on statistical, modelling, laboratory and field site studies and their impact on well performance was determined for different well operation schemes and different hydrogeological conditions. Processes were exemplarily investigated for the quaternary aquifers of Berlin, which are the exclusive source for the drinking water supply of the German capital. Analysis of design, operation, geological setting, hydro-chemical composition and maintenance activities of Berlin’s drinking water wells illustrated the vulnerability of wells for clogging processes and revealed the relevance of detailed investigations on this topic. A general estimation of the two main oxygen delivering processes influencing groundwater aeration, air entrapment and bank filtration, was done by a generic transport model. Simulation of oxygen fluxes with regard to different hydrogeological and operational boundary conditions revealed air entrapment as major source. Oxygen delivery by bank filtration was subsidiary and strongly depending on flow gradients and permeability of the banks. Air entrapment due to oscillating water tables was quantified by aeration tests in column experiments under laboratory conditions. Results pointed at a downward shift of oxygen caused by repeated oscillations as a consequence of oxygen dissolution and advective transport of dissolved oxygen inside the column. A downward propagation of oxygen into the permanently water-saturated zone was not observed for switching intervals shorter than 24 hours. Such repeated short-termed oscillations led to enrichment of oxygen, but with a constantly decreasing increment per oscillation. Oxygen degradation was not accounted for in simulation and inhibited in laboratory studies. But, in situ monitoring of oxygen at three selected well sites in Berlin provided a real insight into oxygen fluxes and their effects on well ageing processes under field conditions. The monitoring network included multi-level observation wells and vertical strings of oxygen sensors installed in the aquifer and inside the wells. Thus, it was feasible to measure changes in hydraulic conditions and redox dynamics. Oxygen distribution could be observed as a function of depth and recharge source in a high temporal and spatial resolution for the first time. It was possible to detect traces of oxygen in the well-near aquifer and inside the wells, which are sufficient to oxidize high loads of dissolved iron when supplied constantly. All three well sites showed oxygen distribution patterns, which significantly differed from the others. These variations referred not only to the initial distribution, sampled at idle equilibrium, but also to the progression of oxygen saturation during abstraction and recovery phases. Enrichment and downward propagation of oxygen as result of abstracting water could be observed at all well sites, although absolute concentrations varied strongly between the well sites. By this, it was possible to correlate oxygen variations to hydrogeological boundary conditions. Infiltrating oxic surface water via river, lake or artificial pond banks delivers high amounts of oxygen to the groundwater and can cause an enormous widening of the oxic zone towards the abstracting well. As a result, the oxic/anoxic interface moves downward close to the well once water is abstracted. But, clogging of wells abstracting bank filtrate or artificial recharge strongly depends on the residence times of the filtrate, the hydraulic connection between banks and groundwater and seasonal variations. Only under certain conditions a significant enhancement of clogging can be expected. To directly link well operation, oxygen delivery and ochre formation with well performance development, a well model scaled up to realistic proportions was designed, built and operated with natural groundwater. The tank experiment enabled to study distribution patterns of ochre formation with regard to the different structural zones of the well, including aquifer, filter pack and screen slots and its influence on pressure losses and well performance. It could be shown, that groundwater was enriched with oxygen during the tank passage by oscillating water tables and that permeability and specific well yield generally decreased over time. The distribution of ochre deposits in the well tank showed a distinct mineral zonation with high deposition rates of manganese and iron in the filter pack at the top of the well screen. Further, interfaces of aquifer and/or filter pack were strongly affected by iron deposits. Thus, preventing ochre formation is an appropriate measure. The preventive treatment of wells with hydrogen peroxide could be such a measure, but could also be a potential source for oxygen in well and filter pack. By reviewing the latest research activities and operator’s data and by investigating at laboratory and field site scale, the current treatment procedure was evaluated. Investigations revealed a clear improvement potential for the treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Impacts of the treatment were however low, especially if incrustations were already established. Results of column batch studies and field tests did not fully prove the effectiveness of the preventive treatment, but indicated that with higher concentrated solutions and an improved treatment procedure ochre formation can be retarded and rehabilitation potential can be improved. Another approach to prevent ochre formation is the classification of well sites considering their ageing vulnerability and the development of adapted operation schedules. At least such a measure can support a sustainable construction, operation and maintenance of wells. A statistical approach was used to quantify well ageing and to identify factors promoting well performance loss. Most appropriate clogging indicators could be identified and were used to analyse worst and best site conditions with regard to their impact on ochre formation. Accordingly, a well in high distance to the next surface water with a thick groundwater layer above the well screen situated in a confined aquifer with high redox potential gains the lowest ageing potential. Compared to worst site conditions and calculated for the mean life time of a typical Berlin drinking water well, this can account for a difference in well capacity of up to 90%. In addition to that, optimized rehabilitation intervals for the identified well classes based on their ageing potential could be exemplarily determined. Based on the results of this thesis, strategies for an optimized monitoring of well ageing processes and strategies for an adapted well management aiming at the reduction of ochre formation can be developed., Die Redoxbedingungen und insbesondere der Sauerstoffgehalt im Grundwasser haben nicht nur einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Qualität des daraus gewonnenen Trinkwassers, sie beeinflussen auch in erheblichem Maße die Leistungsfähigkeit und Lebenserwartung der Förderbrunnen. Daher sind ein prozessbasiertes Verständnis und eine quantitative Analyse der in Grundwasserleitern stattfindenden Sauerstoffströme grundlegend, um neben dem Rückhalt von Schadstoffen, auch die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Brunnenalterungsprozessen zu ermitteln und vorherzusagen. Gerade die Brunnenalterung ist für die Betreiber von Brunnenanlagen ein zentrales Thema und deshalb von großer Bedeutung für Praxis und Forschung. Unlösliche Eisenverbindungen, auch bekannt als Verockerung, vermindern durch ihre Ablagerung in den Brunnenfiltern, aber auch im angrenzenden Grundwasserleiter, die Produktivität der Brunnen in erheblichem Maße. Die notwendige Instandhaltung und der Neubau von Brunnenanlagen verursachen erhebliche Kosten für die Betreiber. Produktivitätsabnahmen durch Verockerungen werden hauptsächlich bei solchen Brunnen beobachtet, die Grundwasser aus Grundwasserleitern mit einer ausgeprägten Redoxzonierung fördern. Mehrere wissenschaftliche Studien haben bereits ein Zusammenspiel von hydrochemischen und mikrobiologischen Prozessen als Hauptursache für die Entstehung von Eisenausfällungen in Brunnen identifiziert. Diese bilden sich, sobald Sauerstoff und Eisen in gelöster Form im Wasser vorhanden sind. Beide Stoffe treten gemeinsam im Wasser auf, wenn sich Grundwässer mit unterschiedlichen Redoxbedingungen mischen. Es ist nachgewiesen, dass die Entnahme von Grundwasser mittels Brunnen solche Mischungsprozesse verstärkt auftreten lässt. Insbesondere häufige und ausgeprägte Schwankungen der Grundwasseroberfläche und Maßnahmen zur künstlichen Grundwasseranreicherung können größere Mengen an Sauerstoff ins Grundwasser eintragen. Die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Grundwasserbewirtschaftungsstrategien auf die Quellen und den Transport von Sauerstoff im Grundwasser wurden jedoch bisher nicht explizit betrachtet. In der hier vorgestellten Arbeit werden die Sauerstoffströme ausgehend von statistischen, modellbasierten und labortechnischen Verfahren sowie im Geländemaßstab beschrieben und quantifiziert. Die Bedeutung der Sauerstoffströme für die Leistungsentwicklung von Brunnen wird basierend auf den Ergebnissen für verschiedene Bewirtschaftungsszenarien und verschiedene hydrogeologische Randbedingungen bewertet. Die Prozesse wurden beispielhaft für die quartären Grundwasserleiter Berlins untersucht. Diese bilden die wichtigste Trinkwasserressource für die Bundeshauptstadt. Die Analyse von Stamm- und Betriebsdaten der Brunnen, sowie von Instandhaltungsdaten zeigt die Anfälligkeit der Brunnen für Alterungsprozesse und verdeutlicht wie wichtig detailliertere Untersuchungen zu diesem Thema sind. Um die Auswirkungen der beiden wichtigsten Eintragspfade von Sauerstoff, Lufteintrag durch Schwankungen der Wasseroberfläche und Uferfiltration abzuschätzen, wurde ein generisches Transportmodell erstellt. Durch die für beide Eintragspfade unter verschiedenen hydraulischen Randbedingungen berechneten Sauerstoffströme konnte der Eintrag über Wasserstandschwankungen als dominanter Prozess identifiziert werden. Der Eintrag von Sauerstoff über Uferfiltration war nachrangig und stark von den hydraulischen Randbedingungen bei der Infiltration abhängig. Zur Quantifizierung der Sauerstoffmengen, die durch schwankende Grundwasseroberflächen ins Grundwasser eingetragen werden, wurden Belüftungsversuche an Säulen mit sauerstofffreiem Wasser durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich Luftsauerstoff durch wiederholte Schwankungen im Wasser löste und advektiv in der Säule nach unten transportiert wurde. Es konnte jedoch nicht beobachtet werden, dass Sauerstoff sukzessive im permanent wassergesättigten Bereich der Säule angereichert wurde, solange die Schwankungsintervalle kürzer als ein Tag waren. Diese kurzzeitigen Schwankungen führten lediglich zu einer kontinuierlichen Sauerstoffanreicherung in der Schwankungszone. Die unter natürlichen Bedingungen stattfindende Sauerstoffzehrung spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Sauerstoffverteilung im Grundwasser. Sie wurde bei der Simulation jedoch nicht berücksichtigt und in den Laborversuchen gezielt unterdrückt. Deshalb sollten in situ-Messungen von Sauerstoff an drei ausgewählten Brunnenstandorten in Berlin einen Einblick in die natürlichen Sauerstoffströme und deren Auswirkungen auf Brunnenalterungsprozesse geben. Mehrfachmessstellen und Sauerstoffsonden sollten in unterschiedlichen Tiefen im Grundwasserleiter und im Brunnen Änderungen in Hydraulik und Redoxverhalten erfassen. So konnte zum ersten Mal die Sauerstoffverteilung in hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Auflösung beobachtet werden. Es konnten Spurenkonzentrationen von Sauerstoff sowohl im Grundwasser als auch im Brunnen nachgewiesen werden, die bei konstantem Auftreten ausreichend wären um auch höhere Konzentrationen von im Wasser gelösten Eisen zu oxidieren. Dabei unterschieden sich alle drei untersuchten Brunnenstandorte deutlich in ihrer Sauerstoffverteilung. Diese Unterschiede zeigten sich nicht nur im Ruhezustand zu Beginn der Versuche sondern auch im weiteren Verlauf während der verschiedenen Betriebsphasen. An allen drei Standorten konnte mit beginnender Grundwasserförderung eine Verlagerung des oberflächennahen Sauerstoffs in die Tiefe beobachtet werden. Die Höhe der Sauerstoffkonzentrationen war jedoch sehr standortabhängig, was Korrelationen zwischen den Sauerstoffströmen und den hydrogeologischen Randbedingungen ermöglichte. Hohe Sauerstoffgehalte im Grundwasser konnten infiltrierendem sauerstoffreichem Oberflächenwasser zugeordnet werden und führten zu einer erheblichen Vergrößerung der oxischen Zone rund um den Brunnen. Die Entstehung von Eisenablagerungen hängt bei diesen Brunnen im Wesentlichen von den Fließzeiten des Filtrats, von der hydraulischen Anbindung der Uferbereiche an das Grundwasser und von saisonalen Effekten ab. Nur unter bestimmten Ausgangsbedingungen trat eine signifikant stärkere Verockerung dieser Brunnen auf. Um die tatsächlich vorhandene Auswirkung des Sauerstoffeintrages auf die Entstehung von Eisenausfällungen zu untersuchen, wurde ein real-skaliertes Brunnenmodell konstruiert und mit natürlichem Grundwasser durchströmt. Diese Versuchsanordnung ermöglichte es, die Verteilung der Eisenausfällungen den verschiedenen Brunnenelementen zuzuordnen und deren Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Druckverlusten und Brunnenleistung zu ermitteln. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Grundwasser während der Modellpassage durch Brunnenschaltungen über Lufteinschlüsse mit Sauerstoff angereichert wurde und sowohl die hydraulische Durchlässigkeit, als auch die spezifische Brunnenergiebigkeit über die Zeit abnahmen. Die entstandenen Mineralausfällungen traten dabei vermehrt in der Filterschüttung und dort im Bereich der Filteroberkante auf. Hier war zudem eine Zonierung von Mangan- und Eisenverbindungen zu erkennen. Des Weiteren waren die Übergangsbereiche von Grundwasserleiter zu äußerer und äußerer zu innerer Filterschüttung stark von Eisenablagerungen betroffen. Zur Verhinderung von Eisenausfällungen können sich präventive Maßnahmen als wirksam darstellen. Die Behandlung von Brunnen mit Wasserstoffperoxid könnte eine solche präventive Maßnahme sein. Sie könnte aber auch eine zusätzliche Quelle für Sauerstoff in Brunnen und Filterschüttung darstellen. Die bereits bestehende und von den Berliner Wasserbetrieben angewandte Behandlung wurde deshalb anhand des aktuellsten Forschungsstands, der Brunnenbetriebsdaten und anhand von Labor- und Felduntersuchungen überprüft und bewertet. Im Ergebnis zeigte sich ein deutliches Optimierungspotential. So sind die Auswirkungen der Behandlung generell nur gering, insbesondere wenn sich bereits Eisenablagerungen im Brunnen etabliert haben. Auch die durchgeführten Versuche konnten die Effektivität der Behandlung nicht gänzlich nachweisen, deuteten jedoch Effektivitätssteigerungen bei der Verwendung höher konzentrierter Wasserstoffperoxidlösungen bei veränderter Behandlungsprozedur an. Den Ergebnissen zufolge hatte die präventive Behandlung vor allem einen positiven Effekt auf die Regenerierbarkeit der Brunnen. Ein weiterer Ansatz Eisenablagerungen erst gar nicht entstehen zu lassen, ist die Klassifizierung von Brunnen entsprechend ihres Alterungspotentials und die Entwicklung von spezifischen Betriebsregimen. Diese Maßnahme kann auch einen nachhaltigen Bau und Betrieb sowie eine optimierte Instandhaltung der Brunnen unterstützen. Es wurde ein statistischer Ansatz gewählt um die Brunnenalterung zu quantifizieren und um die Faktoren zu identifizieren, die hauptverantwortlich für die Leistungsverluste sind. Die ermittelten Faktoren wurden verwendet um die günstigsten, beziehungsweise ungünstigsten Randbedingungen für Brunnenalterungsprozesse darzustellen. Demzufolge besitzt ein Brunnen, der (i) in großem Abstand zu einem Oberflächengewässer liegt und (ii) Wasser mit einem hohen Redoxpotential (iii) aus einem bedeckt-gespannten Grundwasserleiter (iv) mit einer mächtigen Grundwasserüberdeckung fördert das geringste Alterungspotential. Verglichen mit den ungünstigsten Randbedingungen und bezogen auf die durchschnittliche Lebensdauer eines Berliner Trinkwasserbrunnens kann dies einen Unterschied in der Ergiebigkeit von bis zu 90 % ausmachen. Darüber hinaus konnten für die ermittelten Brunnenklassen entsprechend ihres Alterungspotentials optimierte Instandhaltungszyklen berechnet werden. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit, können neue Strategien für eine optimierte Überwachung der Brunnenalterungsprozesse und Strategien für einen angepassten Brunnenbetrieb mit dem Ziel die Eisenablagerungen zu minimieren, entwickelt werden.
- Published
- 2016
26. Clogging Issues with Aquifer Storage and Recovery of Reclaimed Water in the Brackish Werribee Aquifer, Melbourne, Australia.
- Author
-
Stuyfzand, Pieter J. and Osma, Javier
- Subjects
AQUIFER storage recovery ,TOTAL suspended solids ,BRACKISH waters ,GEOLOGICAL carbon sequestration ,SUSPENDED solids ,MEMBRANE filters ,AQUIFERS ,AQUIFER pollution - Abstract
As part of an integrated water-cycle management strategy, City West Water (CWW) is conducting research to develop an aquifer storage recovery (ASR) scheme utilizing recycled water. In this contribution, we address the risk of well clogging based on two ASR bore pilots, each with intensive monitoring. Well clogging is a critical aspect of the strategy due to a projected high injection rate, a high clogging potential of recycled water, and a small diameter injection borehole. Microscopic and geochemical analysis of suspended solids in the injectant and backflushed water, demonstrate a significant contribution of diatoms, algae and colloidal or precipitating Fe(OH)
3 , Al(OH)3 and MnO2 . CWW is, therefore, testing additional prefiltration that includes a 20 μm spin Klin disc and 1–5 μm bag filter operating in series. In this paper, we present optimized methods to (i) detect the contribution of the injectant and aquifer particles to total suspended solids in backflushed water by hydrogeochemical analysis; and (ii) predict and reduce the risk of physical and biological clogging, by combination of the membrane filter index (MFI) method of Buik and Willemsen, a modification of the total suspended solids method of Bichara and an amendment of the exponential bacterial growth method of Huisman and Olsthoorn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Restoring well yield in the Netherlands
- Author
-
van Beek, C. G. E. M.
- Subjects
GROUNDWATER - Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Ground Water from Clogging and Nonclogging Shallow Wells in the Netherlands River Region
- Author
-
van der Kooij, D. and van Beek, C. G. E. M.
- Subjects
BACTERIA ,GROUNDWATER - Published
- 1982
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