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The fruit known as wax apple, scientifically named Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry, is a well- liked agricultural product originating from Demak Regency in the Central Java Province. When it is difficult to distinguish between different forms of an organism, using DNA barcoding to authenticate the identity of species based on their DNA is an important way. The psbA-trnH intergenic spacer is a commonly used molecular approach to analyse the genetic characteristics of plant species. This study investigated the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer profile of wax apple cultivars from Demak regency. The investigation revealed that the psbA-trnH intergenic spacer sequences of the S. samarangense cultivars, namely Madu Thailand and Madu Deli Hijau, had lengths of 535 and 492 base pairs, respectively. Both cultivars demonstrate a greater nucleotide composition of deoxyadenylic acid (A) and deoxythymidylic acid (T) in comparison to deoxycytidilic acid (C) and deoxyguanylic (G). The genetic distance between S. samarangense ‘Madu Thailand’ and ‘Madu Deli Hijau’ indicates a very tight relationship, with a value of 0.000. The psbA-trnH intergenic spacer proved to be insufficient in differentiating the S. samarangense cultivars from Demak regency, mostly because to its low capacity to discern between the wax apple cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is a characteristic tropical fruit with great potential value, but the cold sensitivity and male sterility limit its cultivation and breeding. Despite the important role in JA-mediated cold-stress resistance and flower development, jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins have not been identified in wax apple. This study employed sequence blast, phylogenetic analysis, and RT-PCR to identify SsJAZs in wax apple systematically. First, 14 SsJAZs family members with TIFY and Jas domains were identified and named according to the distribution on ten chromosomes. Low-temperature responsiveness elements and TGACG-motif (response to MeJA) were abundant in the promoters of most SsJAZs. The transcription factors ERF and MYB were predicted to be involved in the regulation of SsJAZs. RT-PCR analyses showed that SsJAZs were mainly expressed in mature leaves and flowers. Further analysis revealed differences in the expression patterns of SsJAZs under cold treatment, as well as in different anther stages. SsJAZ proteins were predicted to interact with the N terminus of SsMYC2 protein via the Jas motif at the C-terminal domain. This study characterized the SsJAZs family members and examined the expression patterns in different samples. The results will advance our understanding of the role of SsJAZs in wax apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is a highly valuable fruit species in Southeast Asia. To regulate the fruiting season, shading is commonly used to induce flowering in wax apple. However, the effects of shading on the growth of wax apple is not well understood. To address this, we conducted a study analyzing the photosynthetic characteristics of wax apple leaves under 40% and 90% shading rates. Our findings revealed that shading had a significant impact on the photosynthesis and branching tip development of wax apple. During shading treatments, the chlorophyll contents of the leaves increased to enhance light absorption efficiency. In the 40% shading treatment, the primary factor causing the decrease in net photosynthetic rate was stomatal limitation, while in the 90% shading treatment, both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations contributed to the decrease in net photosynthetic rate. These results are indications that sheading plays a key role in chlorophyll and photosynthesis in wax apple. These results will have led to a new research direction for genetic crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is a characteristic tropical fruit with great potential value, but the cold sensitivity and male sterility limit its cultivation and breeding. Despite the important role in JA-mediated cold-stress resistance and flower development, jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins have not been identified in wax apple. This study employed sequence blast, phylogenetic analysis, and RT-PCR to identify SsJAZs in wax apple systematically. First, 14 SsJAZs family members with TIFY and Jas domains were identified and named according to the distribution on ten chromosomes. Low-temperature responsiveness elements and TGACG-motif (response to MeJA) were abundant in the promoters of most SsJAZs. The transcription factors ERF and MYB were predicted to be involved in the regulation of SsJAZs. RT-PCR analyses showed that SsJAZs were mainly expressed in mature leaves and flowers. Further analysis revealed differences in the expression patterns of SsJAZs under cold treatment, as well as in different anther stages. SsJAZ proteins were predicted to interact with the N terminus of SsMYC2 protein via the Jas motif at the C-terminal domain. This study characterized the SsJAZs family members and examined the expression patterns in different samples. The results will advance our understanding of the role of SsJAZs in wax apple.

Introduction: Anthocyanins are major pigments in the peels of red-series wax apple fruits, and two principal components of them, namely, the cyanin and the peonidin, are non-methoxylated and methoxylated anthocyanins, respectively. Anthocyanin O-methyltransferases (AOMTs) are an important group of enzymes that have the ability to catalyze anthocyanins methylation to promote the solubility, stability, and bioactivity of anthocyanins. Although AOMT genes have been studied in a variety of plants, the function of them in wax apple is generally not well understood. Introduction: Anthocyanins are major pigments in the peels of red-series wax apple fruits, and two principal components of them, namely, the cyanin and the peonidin, are non-methoxylated and methoxylated anthocyanins, respectively. Anthocyanin O-methyltransferases (AOMTs) are an important group of enzymes that have the ability to catalyze anthocyanins methylation to promote the solubility, stability, and bioactivity of anthocyanins. Although AOMT genes have been studied in a variety of plants, the function of them in wax apple is generally not well understood. Results: Only two main compositions of anthocyanin were found in peels of two wax apple cultivars, and it was worth noting that Tub Ting Jiang cultivar contained non-methoxylated anthocyanin (Cy3G) only, whereas Daye cultivar contained both non-methoxylated and methoxylated (Pn3G) anthocyanins. A total of six SsAOMT genes were identified in the whole genome of wax apple, randomly distributing on three chromosomes. A phylogenic analysis of the protein sequences divided the SsAOMT gene family into three subgroups, and all SsAOMTs had highly conserved domains of AOMT family. In total, four types of stress-related and five types of hormone-related cis-elements were discovered in the promoter region of the SsAOMTs. Expression pattern analysis showed that SsAOMT5 and SsAOMT6 were expressed in all tissues to varying degrees; notably, the expression of SsAOMT5 was high in the flower and fruit and significantly higher in Daye peels than those of other cultivars in the fruit ripening period. Exogenous ABA treatment significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation, but the increase of methoxylated anthocyanin content did not reach significant level compared with those without ABA treatment, whereas the expression of SsAOMT5 upregulated under ABA treatment. We identified two homologous SsAOMT5 genes from Daye cultivar (DSsAOMT5) and Tub Ting Jiang cultivar (TSsAOMT5); the results of functional analyses to two SsAOMT5 recombinant proteins in vitro demonstrated that DSsAOMT5 showed methylation modification activity, but TSsAOMT5 did not. Conclusion: In conclusion, SsAOMT5 was responsible for methylated anthocyanin accumulation in the peels of wax apple and played an important role in red coloration in wax apple peels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of ultrasound on osmotic dehydration of wax apple was investigated using the Fuzzy inference system, and the process parameters of ultrasonic assisted osmotic dehydration were optimized. The effect of ultrasonication temperature (XUT; 25 - 45 °C), sonication time (XIt; 140 - 220 min), sugar concentration (XSC; 30 - 70%), and sample to solvent ratio (XSS; 1:6 - 1:14) was studied. The responses such as water loss, solid gain, and color change, were investigated by modeling the ultrasonic assisted osmotic dehydration of wax apple using an adaptive neural fuzzy interface (ANFIS). Three ANFIS models were developed for the responses with Gaussian and linear membership functions as the input and output membership functions, respectively. The developed ANFIS model had R2 value more than 0.985 and an RMSE value less than 0.04, indicating a higher predictive capability. The ANFIS output was considered as input for the genetic algorithm (GA) optimization, with the objective of achieving maximal water loss while minimizing solid gain and color change. The integrated ANFIS-GA optimized the process parameters with a fitness value of 2.8. The optimum values of ultrasonic assisted osmotic dehydration process parameters were ultrasonication temperature of 38.6 °C, sonication time of 186 min, sugar concentration of 62%, and solvent to sample ratio of 11.7 w/v. The predicted values of the response water loss, solid gain, and color change at the optimum condition were observed to be 40.698, 3.097, and 10.916, respectively.

The wax apple is one of the most popular fruits in Southeast Asia areas. However, the thin skin and fragile flesh are highly susceptible to mechanical damage during post harvesting, leading to the serious shelf quality of the fruits. This study aims to reduce the mechanical damage for better shelf quality of wax apples in the logistics and transport. The ISTA 6- AMAZON.COM-SIOC TYPE A (ISTA 6A) test standard was used to simulate the transportation of wax apples. Four types of common e-commerce packaging were set, P1: corrugated box + single-layer foam net, P2: corrugated box + double-layer foam net, P3: corrugated box + expanded polyethylene (EPE) liner, and P4: foam box + double-layer foam net. A systematic analysis was made to explore the quality change of wax apples during the shelf life (15℃, 8 d) after the test. The results showed that better shelf quality was achieved in the wax apples under the double-layer foam net (P2) group using the same outer packaging and the different cushioning type, compared with the single-layer foam net (P1) and EPE liner (P3). Specifically, the respiration intensity of wax apples was the most moderate, the value of skin brightness L* was the lowest value at 32.86, the Browning Index (BI) of fruit flesh increased by 62.35%, and the rate of increase was the slowest. There were always low levels in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities. The behavior was attributed to the weak cushioning and protective performance of single-layer foam net. At the same time, the EPE liner hindered the heat loss and water diffusion of respiratory energy from the fruits. Using the same cushioning type and the different outer packaging, there was no significant difference in the impact of corrugated box (P2) and foam box (P4) groups on the related indexes of shelf quality, such as the respiratory intensity, BI value, and antioxidant-related enzyme activity of wax apples. Among them, better shelf quality was found in the double-layer foam net (P2) group, due to the less severe degree of mechanical damage and the slow browning of lotus fruit. The more compact arrangement between the fruits was obtained in the double-layer foam net, compared with the single-layer one. The smaller displacement during vibration effectively reduced the incidence and intensity of the mechanical damage. The shelf quality of the wax apple decreased in the EPE lining layer. The reason was that the porous structure of the foam net was conducive to the dissipation of heat and the diffusion of water, thus avoiding the formation of high temperature and high humidity in the packaging environment. As such, adequate support performance was obtained under the outer packaging. The double-layer foam net can be expected to serve as a cushioning packaging type. The vibration energy was distributed evenly in the whole fruit, leading to reduced mechanical damage. The wax apples dissipated their own respiratory heat, and then inhibited the antioxidant-related enzyme activity, finally maintaining the shelf quality of the fruits. In summary, the e-commerce outer packaging presented sufficient support performance in the wax apples as fresh agricultural products. The inner packaging required sufficient cushioning function. The excellent breathable and moisture permeable performance was achieved to protect the integrity of wax apple fruit in logistics and transport, thereby reducing mechanical damage to facilitate the diffusion of respiratory heat for better shelf quality. The finding can provide the theoretical background and technical reference for the further improvement of wax apples' e-commerce logistics preservation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Wax apple fruit (Syzygium samarangense) is one of the most popular tropical fruit in Asia, and contains several essential nutrients. Therefore, this study explored the effects of the wax apple fruit extract on a high-cholesterol diet-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and fatty liver in rats. Experimental procedure: Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed a diet with 1.5% cholesterol (HCD) for 8 weeks, and were given wax apple fruit extract (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) orally for the last 4 weeks. After 8 weeks, blood sample, thoracic aorta, and liver were collected and processed for biochemical and histological analysis. Additionally, vascular endothelial function and the protein expression of oxidative stress markers in aortae were evaluated. Results and conclusion: Wax apple reduced serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), but increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Furthermore, the liver levels of TG and TC were reduced in wax apple-treated hypercholesterolemic rats. Histological studies revealed that wax apple ameliorated HCD-induced morphologic changes of aortic and liver tissues of rats. In aortic tissues, the impaired endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine, the reduced nitric oxide (NO) contents, the elevated endothelin (ET)-1 contents, and the increased expression of NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox and 4-hydroxynonenal in HCD-fed rats were reversed by wax apple treatment. These results suggest that oral administration of wax apple improves vascular dysfunction and damage in hypercholesterolemic rats possibly through increasing NO bioavailability, decreasing ET-1 levels and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, wax apple ameliorates the HCD-induced fatty liver in rats.

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. et Perry, 1938, commonly known as wax apple, is a Myrtaceae species that is known for its unique fruit shape, flavorful and colorful fruits, medicinal value and increasing economic relevance. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. samarangense. The complete genome is 159,109 bp in length with a quadripartite structure containing two single copy regions, a Large Single Copy region (LSC, 88,155 bp) and a Small Single Copy region (SSC, 18,796 bp) separated by Inverted Repeat regions (IRs, 26,079 bp). The GC content was 37.0%. It encoded 126 genes, including 81 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic relationships of 20 species inferred that all Syzygium species formed a single cluster belonging to Syzygieae tribe. Our results offer insights into the evolutionary relationship of S. samarangense within Myrtaceae, indicating a closer relationship between S. samarangense and S. forrestii.

Aims: Wax apple is an important fruit crop in Malaysia and other tropical countries. However, the black spot disease caused by Lasiodoplodia theobromae can damage the wax apple plants, reducing fruit production and quality. Chemical fungicides are commonly used to overcome this disease. However, their overuse might increase fungal resistance to chemicals. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal properties of an Aloe vera film incorporated with cinnamon oil on L. theobromae in wax apples. Methodology and results: In vitro antifungal tests were conducted using the poisoned food. This present study found that the inhibition of L. theobromae mycelia when treated with A. vera film with different percentages of cinnamon oil was significantly different compared to the control film at (P<0.05). Results suggest that A. vera film without cinnamon oil showed the highest percentage of inhibition (37.31%) than other films with cinnamon oil due to the antagonistic and less synergistic effect. However, A. vera film with 0.07% of cinnamon oil showed the highest percentage of mycelia inhibition (36.15%) compared to the film with 0.06%, 0.05% and 0.04% cinnamon oil, with mycelia inhibition of 30.55%, 24.25% and 18.82%, respectively, while the mancozeb (positive control) showed 100% inhibition. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: In conclusion, A. vera film alone had 37.31% inhibition compared to 36.15% inhibition in A. vera film with 0.7% cinnamon oil. As a result, a tiny amount of cinnamon oil added to the mixture might aid in controlling the black spot disease in wax fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

MYB transcription factor plays an important role in the regulation of phenylpropane metabolism inplants, and affects lignin synthesis. In order to analyze the molecular mechanism of MYB gene family in regulatingthe cottony softening of postharvest wax apple fruits, the physicochemical properties and structural functions of 20 lignin synthesis related MYB transcription factor genes in wax apple fruits were predicted using the sequencingresults of wax apple transcriptome database and bioinformatics methods, and a differentially expressed gene duringstorage was cloned and expressed to analyze the effects on lignin synthesis in wax apple fruits. Bioinformatics analysis showed that 20 MYB genes contained 91 ~591 amino acid residues, which were located in the nucleuswithout transmembrane structure. The secondary structure was mainly composed of α-helix and random coil, whichwere distributed in all MYB proteins. Besides, the tertiary structures of these 20 MYB proteins were mostly similar. Phylogenetic tree results showed that MYB proteins were closely related to Syzygium oleosum, Eucalyptus grandis, and Rhodamnia argentea. The SsMYB48 gene was successfully cloned from wax apple with the GenBank accession number of MK204557.1. The tissue expression results on A rabidopsis thaliana showed that the SsMYB48 gene presented a great influence on the lignin synthesis related key enzymes genes (AtF5 Hand At POD), which indicated that the SsMYB48 gene might inhibit the synthesis of lignin. These results could provide a theoretical basis for thefurther study of the MYB gene family functions in wax apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit development studies were taken up in white and pink types of wax apple trees aging twelve years old at Goa, India. The study was initiated with the onset of flowering in November during the year 2018. After tagging the flowers on anthesis, samples were drawn periodically to record parameters like fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and diameter (upper, middle and lower), quality or biochemical parameters like total acids and sugars. Relative growth rate (RGR) was calculated for all parameters and graphs were generated. In both the types, fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and diameter increased in a sigmoidal pattern. The quality characters like TSS, total acids and total sugars also showed a sigmoidal pattern of increase whereas the increase in reducing sugars exhibited a double sigmoidal pattern of increase. It was evident from the curves that there was pronounced peak in growth rate between 21 and 28 days after anthesis for fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and diameter, in both pink and white types of wax apple.

Abstract The wax apple or jambu madu, is a non-climacteric tropical fruit from Myrtaceae family and widely cultivated in South East Asia. The limited availability of good quality seedlings of wax apple is the main problem to development of flourish it’s market share in the current fruit industry. Therefore, in order to produce good quality planting materials, a study aimed at optimizing propagation and adventitious rooting technique and survivability of wax apple air layer was conducted. In this study, four different levels of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) concentration (0, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg L-1) and three rooting media (sphagnum moss, vermicompost and garden soil) were applied after removal of bark (phloem) on the shoot to determine the effect on rooting and survivability of the wax apple air layer under field conditions. The results showed that the wax apple shoots treated with 2000 mg L-1 IBA produced the significantly higher number of roots, increased length of root, diameter of branch, length of branch, number of leaf and leaf area of air layers. In addition, the highest chlorophyll content and stomatal aperture were recorded in 2000 mg L-1 IBA treatment compared to other treatments including control. Vermicompost medium was better than garden soil and sphagnum moss in respect of rooting and survivability of air layers. The results showed that the combination of 2000 mg L-1 IBA and vermicompost as rooting media give the best combination to root initiation, root number, root length and survival rate (100%) of wax apple air layers. From this study, it can be concluded that 2000 mg L-1 IBA and vermicompost treatment enhance the root initiation, early establishment and survivability of wax apple air layered under field conditions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of branch bending angle on the plant physiological characteristics, mineral nutrients accumulation and fruit quality of wax apple. Different treatments with five replicates each by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) layouts were arranged in this study. All the treatments represent different branch angles which were at 5˚ (control), 20˚, 45˚, 65˚ and 85˚ from vertical axis. Leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD chlorophyll index) was significantly affected by different bending treatments at a budding stage, flowering, fruit development and after harvesting of wax apple. Total soluble solids (TSS) content in the leaves of bent branches increased significantly at before bud development, flowering, fruit ripening and after harvesting stages of wax apple trees. During fruit development and maturation stages, leaf TSS content was decreased in all bent branches. The results showed that 20˚ to 65˚ angle bent branches increase weight and firmness of fruit, fruit diameter and produced dark-coloured fruit compared to control. The results showed that 65˚ bent branches give the highest potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+) content in the fruits. Higher sodium (Na+), iron (Fe2+) and calcium (Ca2+) content in fruits were found in 20˚ bent branches. There was a positive correlation between fruit TSS with Mg2+ (r = 0.70), with Na+ (r = 0.67) and with Ca2+ (0.57) content in the bent branches of wax apple. Fruit TSS content also positively correlated with firmness and peel colour of wax apple fruits. The number of fruit, fruit weight and fruit diameter of wax apple also positively correlated (weak) with leaves TSS content. It can be concluded that 20˚ to 65˚ branch bending angle are promising for enhancing plant physiology, fruit growth and quality of wax apple fruits.

The aim of this study was to obtain information about the content of endogenous hormones that causes flowers and fruit drop of wax apple. The variables observed in the six stages of flower and fruit development that drop easily and retention of indole-­3-­acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (zeatin and kinetin), gibberellins (GA3), 1­-amino cyclopropane­-1-­carboxylic acid (ACC), total sugar, and starch. Six stages of development of wax apple fruit: (1) Bud Development (initial flowering) 0­-3 days before anthesis. (2) Anthesis (perfect blooming flowers), 0­-7 days after anthesis. (3) Fruit set, 7­-14 days after anthesis. (4) Fruit development, 14-­28 days after anthesis. (5) Fruit Maturation, 28­-35 days after anthesis. (6) Fruit ripening, 35­-50 days after anthesis. The results showed that the content of IAA, zeatin, GA3, and total sugar of flowers and fruit of wax apple at 6 stages that would fall smaller than those of retention and ACC content and starch was higher in flower and fruits that drop easily than retention. The kinetin content in the flower development that drop easily is smaller than the retention but in the fruit development the kinetin content is not significantly different between those that drop easily and retention.

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. et Perry, 1938, commonly known as wax apple, is a Myrtaceae species that is known for its unique fruit shape, flavorful and colorful fruits, medicinal value and increasing economic relevance. In this study, we reported the complete chloroplast genome sequence of S. samarangense. The complete genome is 159,109 bp in length with a quadripartite structure containing two single copy regions, a Large Single Copy region (LSC, 88,155 bp) and a Small Single Copy region (SSC, 18,796 bp) separated by Inverted Repeat regions (IRs, 26,079 bp). The GC content was 37.0%. It encoded 126 genes, including 81 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, and 8 ribosomal RNA genes. The phylogenetic relationships of 20 species inferred that all Syzygium species formed a single cluster belonging to Syzygieae tribe. Our results offer insights into the evolutionary relationship of S. samarangense within Myrtaceae, indicating a closer relationship between S. samarangense and S. forrestii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Syzygium samarangense (Wax apple) is an important tropical fruit tree with high economic and nutrient value and is widely planted in the tropics or subtropics of Asia. Post-harvest water-soaked brown lesions were observed on mature fruits of ornamental wax apples in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. A fungus with morphological characters, similar to Lasiodiplodia, was consistently isolated from symptomatic fruits. Phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS, LSU, TEF1-a and tub2, revealed that our isolates were closely related to, but phylogenetically distinct from, Lasiodiplodia rubropurpurea. New information Morphological comparisons indicated that pycnidia and conidiogenous cells of our strains were significantly larger than L. rubropurpurea. Comparisons of base-pair differences in the four loci confirmed that the species from wax apple was distinct from L. rubropurpurea and a new species, L. syzygii sp. nov., is introduced to accommodate it. Pathogenicity tests confirmed the newly-introduced species as the pathogen of this post-harvest water-soaked brown lesion disease on wax apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of branch bending angle on the plant physiological characteristics, mineral nutrients accumulation and fruit quality of wax apple. Different treatments with five replicates each by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) layouts were arranged in this study. All the treatments represent different branch angles which were at 5˚ (control), 20˚, 45˚, 65˚ and 85˚ from vertical axis. Leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD chlorophyll index) was significantly affected by different bending treatments at a budding stage, flowering, fruit development and after harvesting of wax apple. Total soluble solids (TSS) content in the leaves of bent branches increased significantly at before bud development, flowering, fruit ripening and after harvesting stages of wax apple trees. During fruit development and maturation stages, leaf TSS content was decreased in all bent branches. The results showed that 20˚ to 65˚ angle bent branches increase weight and firmness of fruit, fruit diameter and produced dark-coloured fruit compared to control. The results showed that 65˚ bent branches give the highest potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+) content in the fruits. Higher sodium (Na+), iron (Fe2+) and calcium (Ca2+) content in fruits were found in 20˚ bent branches. There was a positive correlation between fruit TSS with Mg2+ (r = 0.70), with Na+ (r = 0.67) and with Ca2+ (0.57) content in the bent branches of wax apple. Fruit TSS content also positively correlated with firmness and peel colour of wax apple fruits. The number of fruit, fruit weight and fruit diameter of wax apple also positively correlated (weak) with leaves TSS content. It can be concluded that 20˚ to 65˚ branch bending angle are promising for enhancing plant physiology, fruit growth and quality of wax apple fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to obtain information about the content of endogenous hormones that causes flowers and fruit drop of wax apple. The variables observed in the six stages of flower and fruit development that drop easily and retention of indole3acetic acid (IAA), cytokinin (zeatin and kinetin), gibberellins (GA3), 1amino cyclopropane1carboxylic acid (ACC), total sugar, and starch. Six stages of development of wax apple fruit: (1) Bud Development (initial flowering) 03 days before anthesis. (2) Anthesis (perfect blooming flowers), 07 days after anthesis. (3) Fruit set, 714 days after anthesis. (4) Fruit development, 1428 days after anthesis. (5) Fruit Maturation, 2835 days after anthesis. (6) Fruit ripening, 3550 days after anthesis. The results showed that the content of IAA, zeatin, GA3, and total sugar of flowers and fruit of wax apple at 6 stages that would fall smaller than those of retention and ACC content and starch was higher in flower and fruits that drop easily than retention. The kinetin content in the flower development that drop easily is smaller than the retention but in the fruit development the kinetin content is not significantly different between those that drop easily and retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax apple is one of the most popular tropical fruit but undergoes serious post-harvest decay during storage, transportation and marketing. Melatonin (MT) plays important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, its function in post-harvest preservation of fruit remains largely unknown. In the present study, the physiological function and molecular mechanism of exogenous MT for post-harvest preservation were evaluated in wax apple fruit. Results showed that MT treatment remarkably reduced decay incidence and the accumulation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) but increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting that exogenous MT alleviates the post-harvest decay of wax apple by regulating the balance between ROS production and antioxidant system. Meanwhile, the gene expression was analyzed by transcriptome confirmed by quantitative PCR. This study provides insights into the regulatory mechanism and proper application strategies for post-harvest preservation of wax apple and other fruits though melatonin manipulation.

Wax apple is one of the most popular tropical fruit but undergoes serious post-harvest decay during storage, transportation and marketing. Melatonin (MT) plays important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. However, its function in post-harvest preservation of fruit remains largely unknown. In the present study, the physiological function and molecular mechanism of exogenous MT for post-harvest preservation were evaluated in wax apple fruit. Results showed that MT treatment remarkably reduced decay incidence and the accumulation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) but increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting that exogenous MT alleviates the post-harvest decay of wax apple by regulating the balance between ROS production and antioxidant system. Meanwhile, the gene expression was analyzed by transcriptome confirmed by quantitative PCR. This study provides insights into the regulatory mechanism and proper application strategies for post-harvest preservation of wax apple and other fruits though melatonin manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit development studies were taken up in white and pink types of wax apple trees aging twelve years old at Goa, India. The study was initiated with the onset of flowering in November during the year 2018. After tagging the flowers on anthesis, samples were drawn periodically to record parameters like fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and diameter (upper, middle and lower), quality or biochemical parameters like total acids and sugars. Relative growth rate (RGR) was calculated for all parameters and graphs were generated. In both the types, fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and diameter increased in a sigmoidal pattern. The quality characters like TSS, total acids and total sugars also showed a sigmoidal pattern of increase whereas the increase in reducing sugars exhibited a double sigmoidal pattern of increase. It was evident from the curves that there was pronounced peak in growth rate between 21 and 28 days after anthesis for fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit length and diameter, in both pink and white types of wax apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The present paper aimed to understand flowering habit and pollen fertility of wax apple to provide evidence for hybrid pollination of wax apple. [Method] At 7:00, 12:00, and 18:00 on each day during the period when the perianth of wax apple began to be loosely separated to perianth, filaments, anthers, pollen and stigma were recorded and their pollen viability was analyzed. The activity of stigma receiving pollen was analyzed from 2 days before flower opening to 2 days after flower opening, and the quality of artificial cross-pollination and natural-pollination fiuits was analyzed. [Result]One day before the wax apple blooms, the tightly closed perianth gradually loosens and separates, the flowering flower opens from 6:00 to 7:00, and pollen completely disperses anthers from 11:00 to 12:00;the inflorescence starts to open from the outermost layer, gradually unfolds to the inner upper layer in turn;the pollen morphology is mainly triangular, has 3 germination holes;the pollen germination rate is the highest in the medium containing 10 % sucrose at 30°C. The seed rate of artificial pollination was the highest on the day of flower opening, and the single fruit weight, fruit size and soluble solids content of artificial pollination fruit were significantly higher than those of natural pollination fruit(P <0.05).[Conclsion] The success rate of wax apple cross-pollination affected by three factors:pollen viability, effective atate of stigma and temperature. The optimum pollination temperature is 25-30°C. The best time of pollen collection was 7:00-11:00 on the day of flower blooming. The best pollination time of pollination was blooming day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is a popular species with high economic value in Vietnam and other countries in Asia. This research analyzed and compared morphological and molecular characteristics (ITS and trnL-F sequences) of 5 varieties of wax apple in Dong Thap Province, Vietnam, including of An Phuoc, Xanh Duong, Hong Dao, Hoa An, and Sua wax apples. The results revealed that five varieties of wax apples had a board range of morphological characteristics, especially in shape, color, and size of fruits. Furthermore, molecular analysis results showed that ITS and trnL-F sequences of four varieties of wax apples, including of Xanh Duong, Hong Dao, Hoa An, and Sua, were identical with 100% similarity whereas An Phuoc wax apple had differences in one and five positions in ITS and trnL-F sequences as compared to other varieties. The phylogenetic tree was established by comparison of ITS sequences of five varieties in this study and other varieties in Genbank (NCBI) and showed that four varieties of wax apples (Xanh Duong, Hong Dao, Hoa An, and Sua) were 100% match with two varieties grown in China (KC815987, KC800610) and one variety planted in Sri Lanka (MN104146). On the other hand, ITS sequence of An Phuoc wax apple was high similarity with another wax apple variety planted in Sri Lanka (MN104142). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is an important tropical fruit tree cultivated in Southeast Asian. It produces red pearlike shape fruits. The fruit flesh is considered high in antioxidants, phenolics, and flavonoids that have a potential to contribute to the human healthy diet, and was proved to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial characteristics. To allow year-round marketing of high quality wax apple fruit, growers always perform shading to inhibit new flushes so as to repress vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth. To investigate the effect of shading on carbohydrates, wax apple trees were shaded with sun shade nets under field conditions. The effects of shading on shoot growth were studied and leaf carbohydrate levels of the trees were determined. The results showed that shading inhibit the the growth of the terminal shoots and promoted bud dormancy. Shading also reduced total soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and starch levels of leaves. The results suggested that shading reduced carbohydrate accumulation and repressed vegetative growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of four commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (D254, VIC, BV818, and RV100) on the volatile profile of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) wine was investigated in this study. Alcohols and esters were the most two abundant groups of identified volatiles in wax apple wines. However, different S. cerevisiae strains possess various capacities in releasing/synthesizing volatiles with varied mRNA levels of genes involved in volatiles metabolism during wax apple wine fermentation. VIC, which yielded the highest total concentration of volatiles and largest number of volatiles with odor activity value (OAV) > 1, could be used as a starter culture to produce wax apple wine characterized with intense aroma. D254 and RV100, which produced the greatest variety of volatiles and scored the highest in global aroma, respectively, could be used to enhance the wine complexity. Four wax apple wines could be differentiated by their main volatile compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) is now widely cultivated in Vietnam. Its leaf has a source of antioxidant, cytotoxic activities by acylphloroglucinol derivatives. Leaf of S. samarangense has antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-diarrheal, analgesic, antiinflammation and immunostimulant activities. Objective of this study focused on the effect of blanching temperature and time; heat pump drying temperature and storage condition to total phenolic content and sensory score of the dried wax apple (S. samarangense) herb tea. Results showed that S. samarangense should be blanched in hot water 95°C at 15 sec in ascorbic acid 1.5% and then being dried by heat pump dryer at 50°C until 18% moisture. The final herbal tea could be preserved under vacuum in PET/AL/PE bag at 4°C to maintain total phenolic content for 12 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research of Environmental Sciences is the property of Research of Environmental Sciences Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Postharvest loss of wax apples often occurs as a result of its high deterioration rate during storage. This study aims to determine the efficacy of different concentration of aloe vera gel used as edible coating on retaining the nutrient content in wax apples as well as maintaining other postharvest quality of wax apples in the particular storage period and temperature. Effectiveness of the edible coating on retaining the quality of wax apples was assessed by measuring vitamin C content, total anthocyanin content, total flavonoid content, weight loss, titratable acidity and firmness. Total anthocyanin was measured using pH differential method, while total flavonoid was measured using aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. Different concentrations of aloe vera gel were used to coat the wax apples. This study finds that 100% aloe vera gel is effective in retaining the bioactive constituents including vitamin C, total anthocyanin and total flavonoid content of stored wax apples. Aloe vera gel coating at the same concentration also has a tendency to reduce loss of weight and firmness of wax apples, although no significant difference was observed. The edible coating is shown to have the potential to be commercially used in retaining quality of stored wax apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax apple ( Syzygium samarangense) is an important tropical fruit crop in Southeast Asia. The rapid cottony softening that occurs after harvest significantly influences the nutrition, flavour and market value of the fruit. Nitric oxide (NO) fumigation has been used to delay the cottony softening process in wax apple; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms at the gene regulation level are poorly understood. In this study, we first sequenced and de novo assembled the wax apple fruit transcriptome using the Illumina Hiseq2000 platform. Meanwhile, we compared the gene expression profiles between NO treatment and control wax apples at different postharvest storage periods using digital gene expression (DGE). This study developed transcriptome data resources for wax apple fruit and provided a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying NO-induced cottony softening delay. RNA-Seq generated 5.9 G raw data, which were then de novo assembled into 54,536 unigenes with an N50 length of 1724 bp. 21,433 Unigenes were annotated by the nr database and 3044 were successfully annotated by all databases. The dynamic analysis of the gene expression patterns suggested that NO-induced delays of cottony softening occur in wax apple via the regulation of cell wall degradation, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidation-reduction and plant hormone signal transduction pathways. These results provide a reference for the study of complicated metabolism in non-model perennial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of napthalene acetic acid (NAA) and gibeberellic acid (GA3) on plant physiological characteristics of Syzygium samarangense (wax apple) var. jambu madu. Different concentration was used in NAA and GA3 treatments where NAA at 10, 20 and 40 mg/L and GA3 at 20, 40 and 80 mg/L. In GA3 treatment, the result shown that application of 40 mg/L concentration gives the best result while, 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L treatments were the best concentration for NAA application to improve the plant physiological characteristics of Syzygium samarangense leaves. In addition, GA3 treatment had shown significant effect on new leaf length, petiole length, chlorophyll b, carotenoid content and stomatal conductance. NAA treatments had shown signifi cant effects on petiole length, chlorophyll content (SPAD), chlorophyll b, carotenoid content and photosynthetic rate of leaf. It can be concluded that/L GA3and 10 and 20 mg/L NAA treatments significantly improved the physiological characteristics wax apple plants under fi eld conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anthocyanins are major pigments in the peels of red-series wax apple fruits, and two principal components of them, namely, the cyanin and the peonidin, are non-methoxylated and methoxylated anthocyanins, respectively. Anthocyanin O-methyltransferases (AOMTs) are an important group of enzymes that have the ability to catalyze anthocyanins methylation to promote the solubility, stability, and bioactivity of anthocyanins. Although AOMT genes have been studied in a variety of plants, the function of them in wax apple is generally not well understood., Methods: The anthocyanin composition in peels of two wax apple cultivars was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLS-MS). The genome-wide analysis of the AOMT genes was performed with bioinformatics technology, and the expression patterns of different plant tissues, cultivars, fruit ripening stages, and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments were analyzed by transcriptome sequencing analysis and real-time quantitative PCR verification. An initial functional evaluation was carried out in vitro using recombinant the Anthocyanin O-methyltransferase Gene 5 of S. samarangense (SsAOMT5) protein., Results: Only two main compositions of anthocyanin were found in peels of two wax apple cultivars, and it was worth noting that Tub Ting Jiang cultivar contained non-methoxylated anthocyanin (Cy3G) only, whereas Daye cultivar contained both non-methoxylated and methoxylated (Pn3G) anthocyanins. A total of six SsAOMT genes were identified in the whole genome of wax apple, randomly distributing on three chromosomes. A phylogenic analysis of the protein sequences divided the SsAOMT gene family into three subgroups, and all SsAOMTs had highly conserved domains of AOMT family. In total, four types of stress- related and five types of hormone- related cis-elements were discovered in the promoter region of the SsAOMTs . Expression pattern analysis showed that SsAOMT5 and SsAOMT6 were expressed in all tissues to varying degrees; notably, the expression of SsAOMT5 was high in the flower and fruit and significantly higher in Daye peels than those of other cultivars in the fruit ripening period. Exogenous ABA treatment significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation, but the increase of methoxylated anthocyanin content did not reach significant level compared with those without ABA treatment, whereas the expression of SsAOMT5 upregulated under ABA treatment. We identified two homologous SsAOMT5 genes from Daye cultivar ( DSsAOMT5 ) and Tub Ting Jiang cultivar ( TSsAOMT5 ); the results of functional analyses to two SsAOMT5 recombinant proteins in vitro demonstrated that DSsAOMT5 showed methylation modification activity, but TSsAOMT5 did not., Conclusion: In conclusion, SsAOMT5 was responsible for methylated anthocyanin accumulation in the peels of wax apple and played an important role in red coloration in wax apple peels., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wei, Li, Xu, Zeng and Xu.)

This study investigated the effects of gibberellin (GA3) on the fruit development, pigmentation and biochemical properties of wax apple. The wax apple trees were rubbing treated with 0, 20, 50 and 100 mgGA3/l under field conditions. The localized application (rubbing) of 50 mg GA3/l significantly increased the fruit set, fruit length and diameter, color development, weight and yieldcompared to the control. In addition, GA3 treatments significantly reduced the fruit drop. With regard to the fruit quality, 50 mg/l GA3 treatment increased the juice content, K+, TSS, total sugar and sugar acid ratio of wax apple fruits. In addition, higher vitamin C, phenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, carotene content, PAL and antioxidant activities were recorded in the treated fruits. There was a positive correlation between the peel colour and TSS content and between the PAL activity and anthocyanin formation in the GA3-treated fruit. It was concluded that rubbing with 50 mg/L GA3 at inflorescence developing point of phloem once a week from the tiny inflorescence bud until the flower opening resulted in better yield and quality of wax apple fruits and could be an effective technique to safe the environment from excessive spray.

The litchi spider mite Oligonychus litchii Lo & Ho is one of the major pests of fruit crops in Taiwan. This study investigated the life history of the litchi spider mite on wax apple ( Syzygium samarangense Merr. & Perry) at five constant temperatures (16, 20, 25, 30, and 32 °C) under 70 ± 5% RH and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Ninety-five percent of the eggs hatched at 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively. The entire developmental period was 40.3 days at 16 °C and only 9.3 days at 32 °C. The low developmental threshold temperature for development from egg to adult was 10.1 °C, and the effective accumulated temperature was 197.5 degree–days (DD). Unmated female mites had the longest life span although the oviposition period shortened as temperature increased. Mated female mites produced significantly more eggs than unmated females. At most, a mated female could produce an average of 3.5 eggs per day at 25 °C and a maximum of 60.3 eggs over the entire oviposition period at 20 °C. Unmated females exclusively produce male offspring, indicating that litchi spider mites are arrhenotokous. At 25 °C, the intrinsic rate of increase ( r ) was 0.1610 day − 1 , the net reproductive rate ( R 0 ) was 19.58 offspring, the finite rate of increase ( λ ) was 1.1747 day − 1 , and the mean generation time ( T ) was 18.50 days. The results obtained in this study provide useful information to aid in the development of phenological models for pest monitoring programs of O . litchii in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residue levels of nine pesticides (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, carbendazim, diflubenzuron, chlorbenzuron, phoxim, pyrimethanil, abamectin and iprodione) in 117 samples of three minor tropical fruits (starfruits, wax apples and Indian jujubes) from Hainan, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi provinces in China were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after multi-residue extraction procedures. A total of 78 (66.7%) samples were positive, with residues above the limit of quantification. Indian jujube was the fruit with the highest percentage of positive samples (81.6%), followed by starfruit (61.0%) and finally wax apple (57.9%). Carbendazim was the most frequently detected residue found in 51 (43.6%) samples in the concentration ranges of 34.0–443.8 μg/kg. Diflubenzuron, phoxim, pyrimethanil and abamectin were not detected in any sample. Twenty-nine (24.8%) samples were contaminated with multiple pesticide residues, and the simultaneous occurrence of three different residues was found in one wax apple and two starfruit samples. Estimation of the potential health risks associated with the exposure to the analyzed pesticides was carried out and the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were very low, ranging from 0.020% of the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) for chlorbenzuron to 1.13% for carbendazim. These results indicate that despite a high occurrence of pesticides in starfruit, wax apple and Indian jujube, the contamination levels do not contribute significantly to pesticide intakes and are unlikely to have public health effects. Nevertheless, measures should be taken to hasten the registration of pesticides for use on minor fruit crops. The findings also indicate that routine monitoring of pesticide residues in minor fruits is necessary to prevent, control and reduce pesticide contamination and to minimize health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the glucose uptake activity of the water extracts from the leaves and fruit of edible Myrtaceae plants, including guava ( Psidium guajava Linn.), wax apples [ Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. and L.M. Perry], Pu-Tau [ Syzygium jambo (L.) Alston], and Kan-Shi Pu-Tau ( Syzygium cumini Linn.) in FL83B mouse hepatocytes. The fluorescent dye 2-( n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-2-deoxyglucose was used to estimate the uptake ability of the cells. Glucose uptake test showed that pink wax apple fruit extract (PWFE) exhibits the highest glucose uptake activity, at an increment of 21% in the insulin-resistant FL83B mouse hepatocytes as compared with the TNF-α-treated control group. Vescalagin was isolated using column chromatography of PWFE. This compound, at the concentration of 6.25 µg/mL, exhibits the same glucose uptake improvement in insulin-resistant cells as PWFE at a 100-µg/mL dose. We postulate that vescalagin is an active component in PWFE that may alleviate the insulin resistance in mouse hepatocytes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]