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This study aims to compare the shaping ability of three systems using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT). Moderately‐curved mesial canals of 36 mandibular molars were assigned to three groups (n = 24); Protaper Next (PTN, 0.25, 0.06), WaveOne Gold (WOG, 0.25, 0.07), TruNatomy (TRN, 0.25, 0.04), and instrumentation was performed. Pre‐ and post‐micro‐CT scans were obtained. Canal volume and surface, structure model index (SMI), centroid shift, canal transportation, and untouched canal were analyzed. One‐way ANOVA and Student's t‐test were used for statistics. There was no difference in SMI, centroid shift, and centering ability between the study groups (p >.05). Removed dentin and canal surface changes were lower in TRN, while untouched dentin walls were higher (p <.05). Cross‐sections became more rounded (p <.05), but not significant between groups (p >.05). Considering the removed dentin by TRN, it can be used in critical dentin thickness, such as the danger zone (DZ). PTN, WOG, and WOG kept the original canal course similarly. Untouched dentin by TRN (41%) was wider than PTN and WOG, consequently, meticulous irrigation is recommended. TRN, which provides a controlled increase in canal volume, can be used in thin dentin such as the DZ, however, its use should be supported by copious irrigation and brushing considering the rate of untouched dentin walls. Research Highlights: TRN presented a higher untouched dentin wall compared to PTN and WOG.Canal volume and surface changes were the lowest in the TRN group.The centering abilities were similar in PTN, WOG, and TRN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the surface topography and plastic deformation (PD) of new and used contemporary reciprocating instruments. Twenty-six WaveOne Gold (WOG) and EdgeOne Fire (EO) instruments were photographed under magnification. The instruments were randomly assigned to a control group of new instruments preserved for surface roughness analysis (n = 6 each), or to an experimental group to shape the root canal system of a single molar (n = 20 each), making a total of four groups (WOGnew, EOnew, WOGused, EOused). Used instruments were also photographed after instrumentation. The presence of fractures was registered. Preoperative and postoperative images were randomly ordered for evaluation. Two blinded calibrated examiners evaluated the presence of PD. Inter-observer agreement was calculated with the Kappa coefficient (K = 0.89). 3D profilometry was also used for the surface roughness analysis of six randomly selected instruments from the WOGused and EOused groups. Chi-square and two-way ANOVA tests were used to, respectively, compare PD and changes in surface roughness among the groups. No instruments fractured; however, a significantly greater percentage of EO instruments suffered plastic deformation than WOG instruments (p < 0.001), (OR = 11.09 (CI 95% 2.6–56.3)). The overall surface roughness was higher for most parameters in the EO instruments (p < 0.05). Single uses of EO instruments produced significantly higher chances of PD and increased surface roughness values compared to WOG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The article's aim is to test if rotary or reciprocating glide path influences the overall performance of WaveOne Gold in S-shaped canals. Methods: Sixty endo training blocks with an S-shape curvature were divided into three groups based on the glide path method used: no glide path; glide path preparation with ProGlider; glide path preparation with WaveOne Gold Glider. All blocks were then shaped with WaveOne Gold Primary. The time for shaping, the incidence in reaching working length and the number of pecking motions were recorded. ANOVA with Turkey's test was used, and the p-value was set to 0.05. Results: WaveOne Gold Primary reached working length faster in the control group when comparing total working times. No significant differences in the ability of the WaveOne Gold Primary to reach working length in all groups (p > 0.05). The mean number of pecking motions was higher in the control group compared to other groups. Conclusions: No significant differences in the time needed to achieve a glide path between Proglider and WaveOne Gold Glider. WaveOne Gold Primary can shape a double curved canal faster if a glide path is present but takes less time to reach length if it is the only file used. No difference in the ability to reach working length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the impact of repeated use within curved root canals on the surface characteristics of both reciprocating and rotary instruments, using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) for detailed analysis. Methods: Curved acrylic blocks were randomly divided into two groups and were prepared using WaveOne Gold (WOG) and One Curve (OC) files. Both WOG and OC groups were further divided into subgroups: control, 1st use, 2nd use, 3rd use, and separated files. Following each use, the instruments underwent ultrasonic cleaning and sterilization procedures. These procedures continued until fracture occurred and changes in the surface characteristics of files were examined under FESEM. Descriptive data were reported for each group. Results: With increasing use within each group, the instruments exhibited a rise in the frequency of surface damage, including cracks, flattening, deterioration of cutting edges, microcavities, and debris accumulation. A fracture occurred in the OC file after the 8th use, while the WOG file fractured after the 6th use. Conclusion: Repeated use increased defects and deformations in both files. Based on the surface characteristics of both files, single-use applications of WOG and OC files are considered safer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shaping Ability of Three Different Rotary Nickel Titanium Systems An In Vitro StudyAim: The aim of the study was to compare the changes in transportation and changes in curvature after instrumentation in WaveOne Gold (WOG) system and One Curve (OC) system. Protaper Next (PTN) system was used as reference for comparison.Material and Methods: A Sixty-five human mandibular first molars were selected. Teeth were randomly allocated into three groups (n=15): Group 1: PTN; Group 2: WOG; Group 3: OC. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were taken for all specimens before instrumentation. Pre instrumentation evaluation for angle of curvature was done using Schneider method. Also, transportation was evaluated using Gambill’s method. After instrumentation, radiographs (CBCT) were taken and changes in transportation and curvature were measured using Planmecca Romexis software. One-way ANOVA was used to compare between different groups, followed by Tukey’s Post Hoc test for multiple comparisons.Results: After root canal instrumentation, regarding transportation, Results showed significant difference between all groups at 6mm level as PTN group showed highest transportation (P=0.09). While there’s insignificance between 3mm and 9 mm level. As for changes in curvature, there was insignificant difference between groups (P=0.46).Conclusion: Single file system respected the original canal anatomy compared with multi-sequence file system.

This study assessed the surface topography and plastic deformation (PD) of new and used contemporary reciprocating instruments. Twenty-six WaveOne Gold (WOG) and EdgeOne Fire (EO) instruments were photographed under magnification. The instruments were randomly assigned to a control group of new instruments preserved for surface roughness analysis (n = 6 each), or to an experimental group to shape the root canal system of a single molar (n = 20 each), making a total of four groups (WOGnew, EOnew, WOGused, EOused). Used instruments were also photographed after instrumentation. The presence of fractures was registered. Preoperative and postoperative images were randomly ordered for evaluation. Two blinded calibrated examiners evaluated the presence of PD. Inter-observer agreement was calculated with the Kappa coefficient (K = 0.89). 3D profilometry was also used for the surface roughness analysis of six randomly selected instruments from the WOGused and EOused groups. Chi-square and two-way ANOVA tests were used to, respectively, compare PD and changes in surface roughness among the groups. No instruments fractured; however, a significantly greater percentage of EO instruments suffered plastic deformation than WOG instruments (p < 0.001), (OR = 11.09 (CI 95% 2.6–56.3)). The overall surface roughness was higher for most parameters in the EO instruments (p < 0.05). Single uses of EO instruments produced significantly higher chances of PD and increased surface roughness values compared to WOG.

INTRODUCTION: Optimal preparation of the root canal system allows establishment of the essential 'three-dimensional seal'. Overzealous preparation of root canals may cause dentinal cracks and fractures; leading to endodontic failure. Recent evidence iterates that vertical root fractures (VRFs) are probably caused by propagation of these smaller, less pronounced dentinal defects and not by force practiced during preparation. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the presence of dentinal defects after root canal preparation using two endodontic single file systems, One Curve and WaveOne Gold (WOG) with two different working motions, continuous rotary and reciprocating motion, respectively. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty single-rooted teeth were selected and divided into three groups: Group 1, control (n = 4); group 2, continuous rotary One Curve single-file system (n = 8), and group 3, reciprocating WOG single-file system (n = 8). Root canal preparation was performed in groups 2 and 3, followed by root sectioning in all the three groups at 3, 6, and 9 mm from apical end, and observed under stereo-microscope (40× magnification) for the presence of any dentinal defects. Intra-group samples were compared for mean defect scores using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's post-hoc test was applied for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: All groups recorded the presence of dentinal defects. The recorded dentinal defects were 8.3%, 25%, and 12.5% in group 1, group 2, and group 3, respectively. Continuous rotary One Curve single-file system showed an increased number of dentinal defects compared with reciprocating WOG single-file system. Overall, craze line defects were more commonly observed when compared with incomplete and complete dentin cracks. Most of the defects were observed at the middle section, followed by the coronal and apical sections. CONCLUSIONS: The current research show that dentinal defects can lead to vertical root fracture, compromising the prognosis. Detailed knowledge regarding instruments' kinematics and proper chemico-mechanical preparations are imperative in successful treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative file systems have been recently introduced, claiming improved effectiveness and superior ability to preserve the tooth structure, still allowing an efficient preparation and disinfection up to the apical region. Regardless, few data are available on the comparative effectiveness of the most recently developed systems. Thus, this ex vivo study aimed to comparatively evaluate, for the first time, the functionality of WaveOne Gold (WOG), TruNatomy (TN), and ProTaper Ultimate (PU) file systems regarding canal shaping, dentin preservation, and smear layer removal ability. Human maxillary incisors were randomly divided for instrumentation with one of the assayed systems. Canal shaping ability and pericervical dentin preservation were characterized through microtomographic evaluation and morphometric assessment (n = 15). Smear layer removal ability was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (n = 6). TN and PU presented the lowest canal volume variation upon instrumentation, found to be significantly lower than that attained with WOG (P <.05). Pericervical dentin was reduced in all groups upon instrumentation, with TN evidencing the highest preservation, quantitatively similar to PU, and significantly higher than that attained with WOG (P <.05). SEM imaging revealed the presence of scattered remnants of the smear layer and partially opened dentinal tubules at the apical portion, with no significant differences between systems. TN and PU allowed for the highest tissue preservation, reporting the lowest volume variation and the highest preservation of the pericervical dentin. None of the assessed systems provided a complete removal of the smear layer in the apical region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An important aspect of the preparation of the access cavity and biomechanical preparation of the root canal is to safeguard as much of the tooth's framework as possible without affecting access and visibility. Objectives: To compare the impact of the conservative design of access preparation and traditional design of access preparation in association with TruNatomy endodontic instrumentation and WaveOne Gold endodontic instrumentation on resistance to fracture by the design of a cavity for endodontic access using finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Micro-CT radiographic images of 16 human first permanent molars of the mandible were included in the study to create representative finite element analysis computational models. Results: A significant reduction in load for failure after endodontic preparation was observed in TDAP subcategories as compared to specimens with CDAP. However, the reduction in load for failure was comparable in both endodontic instrument systems within the CDAP and TDAP. Conclusion: A significant reduction in load for failure after endodontic preparation was observed in the traditional design of access preparation subcategories as compared to specimens with the conventional design of access preparation.

Background: An important aspect of the preparation of the access cavity and biomechanical preparation of the root canal is to safeguard as much of the tooth's framework as possible without affecting access and visibility. Objectives: To compare the impact of the conservative design of access preparation and traditional design of access preparation in association with TruNatomy endodontic instrumentation and WaveOne Gold endodontic instrumentation on resistance to fracture by the design of a cavity for endodontic access using finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Micro-CT radiographic images of 16 human first permanent molars of the mandible were included in the study to create representative finite element analysis computational models. Results: A significant reduction in load for failure after endodontic preparation was observed in TDAP subcategories as compared to specimens with CDAP. However, the reduction in load for failure was comparable in both endodontic instrument systems within the CDAP and TDAP. Conclusion: A significant reduction in load for failure after endodontic preparation was observed in the traditional design of access preparation subcategories as compared to specimens with the conventional design of access preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The article’s aim is to test if rotary or reciprocating glide path influences the overall performance of WaveOne Gold in S-shaped canals. Methods: Sixty endo training blocks with an S-shape curvature were divided into three groups based on the glide path method used: no glide path; glide path preparation with ProGlider; glide path preparation with WaveOne Gold Glider. All blocks were then shaped with WaveOne Gold Primary. The time for shaping, the incidence in reaching working length and the number of pecking motions were recorded. ANOVA with Turkey’s test was used, and the p-value was set to 0.05. Results: WaveOne Gold Primary reached working length faster in the control group when comparing total working times. No significant differences in the ability of the WaveOne Gold Primary to reach working length in all groups (p > 0.05). The mean number of pecking motions was higher in the control group compared to other groups. Conclusions: No significant differences in the time needed to achieve a glide path between Proglider and WaveOne Gold Glider. WaveOne Gold Primary can shape a double curved canal faster if a glide path is present but takes less time to reach length if it is the only file used. No difference in the ability to reach working length.

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluated the effect of traditional and conservative endodontic access cavity designs in combination with WaveOne Gold and TruNatomy instrumentation systems on the fracture resistance of mandibular first molars by means of nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA). Micro-CT images of 4 human mandibular first molars were used to generate representative FEA models. The mandibular first molars samples were scanned before and after endodontic access cavity preparation and instrumentation of all 3 canals. Five nonlinear static loads were applied vertically and horizontally to specific contact points on the occlusal surface of the teeth. Maximum von Mises stress before failure and distribution of von Mises strains were recorded and compared between groups. Molars with conservative endodontic access cavities required similar levels of loads to reach failure compared with their control samples, whereas molars with traditional endodontic access cavities required significantly reduced loads in order to fail. According to the numerical investigation, the type of instrumentation system was found to have an insignificant effect on the fracture resistance of the teeth under study. Von Mises stress was concentrated around the cervical region and in the larger distal roots for all numerical models. The fracture resistance of mandibular first molars is influenced significantly by a reduction in dental hard tissue, which was found to control the level of the ultimate failure load for each tooth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backround. OneReci (MicroMega, Besancon, France) is a recently introduced singlefile reciprocating system with scarce information revealed on its shaping ability. This study aimed to compare the shaping abilities of OneReci and a well-documented single-file reciprocating system WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and evaluate the effect of increased apical enlargement on the preparation quality, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Methods. After an initial micro-CT scanning, twenty mesial root canals of mandibular molars were anatomically matched. The canals were assigned to two experimental groups (n D 10), using OneReci or WOG in different canals of the same root. The glide paths were created, and root canals were prepared twice, using size 25 and 35 instruments of the systems, respectively. The specimens were scanned with micro-CT after each preparation. The increase in canal volume, amount of dentin removal, unprepared root canal surface, canal transportation, centering ratio and preparation times were assessed. The data were analysed with independent sample t -tests, variance analyses, Friedman and Mann-Whitney U tests. The significance level was set at 5%. Results. Each preparation increased the canal volume and dentin removal while decreasing the unprepared root surface. The difference between the systems became significant after preparation with size 35 instruments (p < 0:05). Regarding canal transportation and centering ratio, the difference was insignificant (p>0:05). The first preparation step (glide pathCsize 25 instrument) was significantly faster in the OneReci group (p<0:05). Conclusions. Preparation with size 25 instruments of the systems appeared to be safe with similar shaping performances. Larger apical preparation promoted significantly higher dentin removal, volume increase, and prepared surface area in WOG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared shaping ability between two single‐file systems and before/after using supplementary file in untouched area, volume of removed dentin, maximum cut depth (the highest cut depth by main file) and remaining thinnest dentin (the thinnest root dentin after preparation). Ribbon‐shaped distal canals of mandibular molars were prepared with non‐adaptive core (WaveOne Gold) or adaptive core (XP‐endo Shaper) files (n = 15/group) and additionally prepared with a supplementary file (XP‐endo Finisher), and the shaping ability was investigated using micro‐computed tomography. XP‐endo Shaper group demonstrated significantly less overall untouched area than WaveOne Gold group (38.21 ± 6.98% vs. 47.68 ± 9.16%) (p < 0.05). No significant difference was detected between XP‐endo Shaper and WaveOne Gold groups in volume of removed dentin (1.85 ± 0.53 vs. 1.66 ± 0.33 mm3), maximum cut depth (0.10–0.28 vs. 0.10–0.29 mm) and remaining thinnest dentin (0.66–0.80 vs. 0.78–0.88 mm). Supplementary XP‐endo Finisher treatment significantly decreased untouched area (11%–23% reduction) (p < 0.05) with minimally cut root dentin (0.01–0.02 mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backround OneReci (MicroMega, Besançon, France) is a recently introduced single-file reciprocating system with scarce information revealed on its shaping ability. This study aimed to compare the shaping abilities of OneReci and a well-documented single-file reciprocating system WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and evaluate the effect of increased apical enlargement on the preparation quality, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Methods After an initial micro-CT scanning, twenty mesial root canals of mandibular molars were anatomically matched. The canals were assigned to two experimental groups (n = 10), using OneReci or WOG in different canals of the same root. The glide paths were created, and root canals were prepared twice, using size 25 and 35 instruments of the systems, respectively. The specimens were scanned with micro-CT after each preparation. The increase in canal volume, amount of dentin removal, unprepared root canal surface, canal transportation, centering ratio and preparation times were assessed. The data were analysed with independent sample t-tests, variance analyses, Friedman and Mann-Whitney U tests. The significance level was set at 5%. Results Each preparation increased the canal volume and dentin removal while decreasing the unprepared root surface. The difference between the systems became significant after preparation with size 35 instruments (p 0.05). The first preparation step (glide path + size 25 instrument) was significantly faster in the OneReci group (p

هدف البحث: يهدف هذا البحث إلى تقييم انتقال القناة وقدرة التمركز لكلا نظامي التحضير HyFlex EDM وWaveOne Gold باستخدام التصوير الطبقي المحوسب ذي الحزمة المخروطية CBCT. المواد والطرائق: تألفت عينة الدراسة من (40) قناة لبية منحنية لأرحاء مقلوعة (20 قناة لكل مجموعة) بانحناء من 20ﹾ إلى 45° (بحسب Schneider)، تم تحضير الأقنية المنحنية للأسنان المغروسة ضمن القوالب الاكريلية بنظامي التحضير HyFlex EDM (المجموعة A ) و WaveOne Gold (المجموعة B ). تم تصوير العينة قبل التحضير وبعد التحضير باستخدام التصوير الطبقي المحوسب ذي الحزمة المخروطية CBCT. تم حساب معدل الانتقال والتمركز كما في العلاقة المطروحة من قبل Gambill وزملاؤه لكل قناة جذرية في ثلاثة مقاطع عرضية 3،5،7 ابتداءً من الذروة باتجاه مفترق الجذور (عنقي ومتوسط وذروي). وتم تحليل البيانات باستخدام اختبار t-test للعينات المستقلة وتم تحري وجود فروقات جوهرية عند مستوى الدلالة P≤ 0.05. النتائج: أظهرت الدراسة الحالية عدم وجود فروق هامة احصائياً بين المجموعتين من ناحية تمركز وانتقال القناة في المقاطع الثلاثة. الاستنتاجات: كلا النظامين كان فعالاً في تحضير الأقنية المنحنية بدون فرق من ناحية انتقال وتمركز القناة، أي حافظ كليهما على الانحناء الأصلي للقناة.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare 2 different access cavity designs in combination with 2 popular single-file preparation systems to see which combination preserves dentin, more specifically pericervical dentin, best. The minimum remaining dentin thickness and dentin volumes were evaluated pre- and postinstrumentation. Sixty extracted human mandibular molars were selected and randomly divided into 2 different access cavity design preparation groups: traditional access cavities (n = 30) and conservative access cavities (n = 30). Within each cavity preparation design group, the 30 teeth were divided into 2 instrumentation groups (WaveOne Gold Primary; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland [ n = 15] and TruNatomy Prime, Dentsply Sirona [ n = 15]). Samples were scanned using micro–computed tomographic imaging before and after access cavity preparation as well as after final endodontic instrumentation. The pericervical remaining dentin thickness and dentin volume changes were evaluated and compared. Conservative access cavity designs resulted in more favorable remaining dentin thickness. The least amount of mean dentin volume loss was also recorded in the conservative access cavity preparation groups regardless of the preparation instrumentation. In terms of the remaining pericervical dentin thickness and dentin volume reductions, the authors conclude that conservative access cavity designs preserve dentin best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the matching properties of the gutta-percha (GP) cones and different file systems with variable tapers. Methods: Fifteen files and GP cones TruNatomy Prime (TRN-P), WaveOne Gold Primary (WOG-P), and Reciproc Blue (Rec-B R25) systems were examined under a scanning electron microscope. Diameter measurements of files and GP cones were made from D1 to D16 using AutoCAD software. Data were analyzed with independent samples t-tests. Statistical significance was determined as p< 0.05. Results: The diameters of the file and GP cones were within the acceptable tolerance range. The file diameter was larger than the GP diameter at all points of incompatibility in the TRN-P system (p< 0.05). In the WOG-P group, the file diameter was wider up to the D10 level, while the GP cone diameter was wider at the D11 point and beyond p<0.05. In the Rec-B group, the file diameter was wider up to the D6 level, while the GP cone diameter was wider at the D7 point and beyond p<0.05. Conclusion: Three file systems are largely incompatible with the GP cones. In the TRN file system, unlike the other two groups, the GP cone had a narrower diameter than the file at each point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare canal transportation (CT) and centering ability (CA) between sequential rotary, single rotary, and single reciprocating file systems using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in simulated curved canals. Materials and Methods: Thirty curved root canals simulated in clear resin blocks were divided randomly into three groups – Group I – ProTaper Gold–PTG (Sequential continuous rotation), Group II – One Curve-OC (Single-file continuous rotation), and Group III – WaveOne GOLD-WOGs (Single-file reciprocating motion) Ten samples of each group were positioned in a custom-made dental stone holder and subjected to CBCT scanning with 5 samples at a time at 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm from the apical end before and after instrumentation. The canals were subjected to instrumentation using the files according to the group allotted. The files were used as recommended by the manufacturer and subjected to CBCT scanning. The values of CT and CA were obtained using the formula given by Gambill et al., and statistical analysis was performed. Results: The results showed that within the groups, all groups showed higher mean values of CT and lower CA in apical level followed by middle and coronal level, respectively, and between the groups, the least CT and highest CA exhibited in WOG followed by OC and PTG, respectively. Conclusion: The least CT and highest CA exhibited in WOG (Single-file reciprocation system) followed by OC (Single-file continuous rotation) and PTG (Sequential file system with continuous rotation), respectively.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the shaping ability and surface topography of WaveOne Gold (WOG) reciprocating and OneShape (OS) rotating single file systems. Materials and methods: Thirty mesiobuccal canals with severe curvature (25 to 40 degrees) were assigned to two equal groups according to the instrument used for preparation -- WOG or OS files. The shaping ability was assessed by measuring canal transportation and centring ratio. Data were statistically analysed using an independent sample t test to compare between more than two groups in independent samples. A paired sample t test was used to compare between two groups in dependent samples. Surface topography of new and used instruments was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the chemical profile of those instruments was inspected using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Results: The differences between both instruments were not of statistical significance at any level for canal transportation and centring ratio. However, when OneShape was used, the mean centring value at 3 mm (0.62 ± 0.24) was significantly higher than at 5 mm (0.35 ± 0.25) (P = 0.02). SEM examination revealed machining grooves in all new instruments. After instrumentation, OS showed unwinding of the flutes with deformation at the edges; while WOG showed very little blunting at the edges and tip. EDS analysis showed that the as-received files were composed mainly of nickel and titanium for WaveOne Gold and OneShape; with traces of iron and nitrogen. However, oxygen constituted 6.58 wt% of the WOG composition. After usage, the elementary composition of WOG remained almost the same. Conversely, OneShape instruments had less nickel and titanium, and more nitrogen. Moreover, oxygen appeared as a new element in the composition Conclusions: Both instruments are considered safe for instrumentation of severely curved root canals. However, surface characteristics and chemical profile suggest that it is safer to use OneShape file for only a single molar with severely curved canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare engine-driven instrumentation methods in relation to the appearance of defects in the walls of the root canal. Materials and methods: In total, 60 single-rooted human teeth, extracted for periodontal reasons, were conserved in Deltalab Eurotubo sterile A with 2% thymol until use. The teeth were decoronated and randomly divided into three groups (n = 20). In Group 1, canal negotiation was achieved with a size 10 K-file, followed by rotary pre-instrumentation with Pathfiles. Instrumentation with the ProTaper Universal system was carried through to a final file F4. In Group 2, the teeth were instrumented with the WaveOne Gold system according to the manufacturer's instructions. In Group 3, the teeth were left unprepared as control. After this, the canals were irrigated with 2 ml of distilled water and the teeth were conserved in distilled water. The samples were sectioned transversely before subsequent analysis on three levels. Defects were scored: 0 for no defects, 1 for cracks. Results: Reciprocating instrumentation with the WaveOne Gold Large instrument reduced by 30% the frequency of occurrence of cracks in the root canal walls in the coronal and apical thirds with respect to ProTaper F4 instrumentation (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the systems in the incidence of cracks in the middle third. Conclusions: Instrumentation with WaveOne Gold generated fewer cracks in the coronal and apical thirds of the root canal compared with the ProTaper system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study compares the cyclic fatigue resistance of glide path files versus manual files used with a reciprocating handpiece in simulated curved canals, specifically evaluating WaveOne Gold Glider, ProGlider, stainless steel (S.S.) K files, nickel-titanium (NiTi) K files, and Flexo K files. Materials and methods Seventy-five instruments were divided into five groups of 15. Simulated canals with a 45° angle and a 5 mm radius of curvature were created using laser micromachining on S.S. blocks. A reciprocating endodontic handpiece (TEP-ER10, NSK, Japan) was used for the manual files and an X-Smart Plus endo motor for the rotary files. The time to fracture was recorded via videography. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey tests. Results Flexo files exhibited the highest mean cyclic fatigue resistance (1690.33 ± 456.97 seconds), followed by WaveOne Gold Glider (872.13 ± 210.08 seconds), NiTi K files (760.73 ± 163.86 seconds), S.S. K files (707.60 ± 257.98 seconds), and ProGlider (371.00 ± 66.02 seconds). Fragment length differences were statistically insignificant among the groups. ANOVA showed significant differences in cyclic fatigue resistance but not in fragment length. Conclusion Flexo files showed superior cyclic fatigue resistance, making them ideal for glide path formation. NiTi and S.S. K files with a reciprocating handpiece performed similarly to WaveOne Gold Glider, providing a cost-effective alternative to rotary systems, especially in resource-limited areas. ProGlider had the lowest resistance, highlighting the advantage of reciprocating motion in enhancing durability., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Pujara et al.)

Introduction Canal preparation is a critical step in endodontic therapy. Introducing nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments has significantly reduced the likelihood of errors in curved canals. However, due to their price, these instruments are often reused following autoclaving. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the surface characteristics of two designs of rotary NiTi files used in curved canals and subjected to multiple autoclaving cycles, utilizing an atomic force microscope for detailed analysis. Methods A total sample size of 24 files was taken, 12 files of Hyflex EDM (Coltene/Whaledent, Germany) files and WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Sirona, USA) files were then divided into four groups (n=6) as follows: Group I: Hyflex EDM control group; Group II: WaveOne Gold control group; Group III: Hyflex EDM experimental group; Group IV: WaveOne Gold experimental group. Sterilization using an autoclave was performed thrice for Groups I and II files. The files in Groups III and IV were used in simulated curved canals three times and autoclaved after each use. Atomic force microscopy was used to assess the surface roughness of the files after the first and third autoclave cycles. Results The results showed that, without statistical significance, Hyflex EDM exhibited the highest surface roughness after the first usage among the two file systems. Conclusion It can be concluded that both Hyflex EDM and WaveOne Gold files produced similar levels of surface changes when subjected to multiple usage and autoclaving cycles., Competing Interests: Human subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve human participants or tissue. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alex et al.)

Abstract Background In root canal preparations, it is important to maintain the original canal shape. However, it is difficult to accomplish this, especially due to the complex canal anatomy. This study aimed to compare the shaping ability of the ProTaper GOLD, WaveOne GOLD, and newly developed TruNatomy in simulated S-shaped canals. Methods The root canals of 60 S-shaped resin blocks were dyed using ink and photographed. The blocks were then randomly divided into three groups: group ProTaper GOLD (n = 20), WaveOne GOLD (n = 20), and TruNatomy (n = 20). The simulated canals were instrumented according to the NiTi file system and photographed again after being dyed with red ink. The pre- and post-preparation images were superimposed, and the amount of resin removed from both the mesial and distal sides of the canal measured up to 9 mm from the apical terminus, with a 1 mm increment. The preparation time was also calculated. A paired t-test was used to determine the degree of deviation at different levels within the groups. To compare the degree of transportation at different levels between the groups, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were performed according to the normality. Results TruNatomy showed a significant deviation between the mesial and distal sides of the canal only in the coronal area at 6, 7, 8, and 9 mm levels of the canal (p

Purpose Postoperative pain is a common complication in endodontics contributed by multiple etiological factors, which consist canal preparation instruments and kinematics. The aim of this randomized clinical trial compare the postoperative pain in terms of intensity and incidence after the use of different nickel titanium (NiTi) file systems. Patients and Methods In this randomized clinical trial (NCT03791762), a total of 150 patients were root canal treated by 2 experienced endodontists according to a standardised protocol. The subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 groups according to preparation instrument used: ProTaper Next (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), Reciproc Blue (VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Sirona). Following preparation the teeth underwent standardized root canal treatment procedures in a single visit. The patients were contacted to gather information about the incidence of pain and intensity at 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th, 48th, and 72nd hours postoperatively. The data were analysed using chi-square, one-way analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests and logistic regression analysis with 5% significance threshold. Results No significant difference was found among preparation groups in relation to the intensity of postoperative pain. The incidence of postoperative pain was significantly linked with the preoperative pain presence with odds ratio values ranging between 2.06 and 4.08 irrespective of the preparation technique (P<0.05). Conclusion The effects of reciprocating and the continuous rotary systems on the intensity and incidence of postoperative pain were found to be similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the cyclic fatigue resistance of NiTi files running with reciprocal motion and having different characteristics (RPC Blue, WOG, EndoArt Wise Reciproc Gold, EndoArt Wise Reciproc Blue) at the intracanal temperature (35°C) by using NaOCl irrigation solution.

The design features of the WaveOne Gold Primary system and some of its previous analogswill be discussed since they allow channel processing using only one file in 80-85% of clinical cases. In the second part of the article, we will discuss when it is still necessary to use more than one WaveOne Gold instrument with examples of specific complex clinical cases with curved canals. In the end, we will pay attention to the peculiarities of processing very large canals, which are also difficult for the doctor.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in canal volume after root canal preparation in vivo with 3 different single-file techniques (Reciproc-Blue®, WaveOne-Gold® and XP-EndoShaper®), with a new method using CBCT and 3D reconstruction. Methods In this prospective study, thirty human lower premolars from healthy patients were used, in which extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. All the teeth used were caries- and restoration-free with complete root development, without signs of periodontal disease or traumatic occlusion, and with only one straight canal (up to 25º curvature). Teeth were randomly divided into three different groups: Reciproc-Blue, WaveOne-Gold and XP-EndoShaper. CBCT scans before root canal preparation were used to create a 3D reconstruction with RHINOCEROS 5.0 software to assess the initial canal volume, and then compared with 3D reconstructions after canal preparation to measure the increase in canal volume. Student’s t test for paired data were used to determine statistically significant differences between the before and after canal volumes. Anova test was used to determine statistically significant differences in the percentage of canal volume increase between the groups and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to paired comparison. Results Reciproc-Blue showed the higher increase in canal volume, followed by WaveOne-Gold and XP-EndoShaper (p = 0.003). XP-EndoShaper did not show a statistically significant increase in canal volume after root canal preparation (p = 0.06). Conclusion With this model, Reciproc-Blue showed higher increase in root canal volume, followed by WaveOne-Gold, while XP-EndoShaper did not significantly increase root canal volume during preparation.

The study aimed to compare the canal transportation and centring ability of M two R (Mt), Neoniti (Nn) and WaveOne Gold (Wg) systems during retreatment procedure using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Forty freshly extracted single-rooted mandibular premolars were selected. Teeth were decoronated and were standardized to a length of 15mm from the root apex. The root canals were instrumented using Protaper rotary files. All the teeth were embedded in soft putty blocks, and post-instrumentation Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) imaging was done at 3, 6 and 9 mm levels. Root canals of all the specimens were obturated with gutta-percha using AH Plus sealer. Samples were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10), and retreatment in each group was performed as follows: Group I - using Hand instrumentation (Hi), Group II-using Mtwo R (Mt), Group III - using Neoniti (Nn), Group IV-using WaveOne Gold (Wg). CBCT imaging of all the teeth was repeated after the completion of retreatment procedures at the same position. The centring ability and canal transportation were calculated at 3, 6, and 9 mm from the apex in mesiodistal and buccolingual directions. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey tests. Results have shown a significant difference for canal transportation mesiodistally at 9 mm from the apex (P< 0.05), where Hi removed more dentin in one direction compared to Wg. A significant difference in centring ability was observed buccolingually at 9 mm from the apex (P< 0.05), where Hi was less centred in the canal compared with Nn and Wg. Among the tested file systems Mt, Nn, Wg, there was no significant difference in canal transportation and centring ability during retreatment at 3, 6, and 9mm from the apex in both dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the shaping ability of four different single-file systems in severely curved mesiobuccal root canals in extracted human mandibular first molars. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted intact human mandibular first molars with at least one curved mesial root were collected and used for the study. The study samples (n = 60) were divided into four experimental groups (n = 15 each): WaveOne (WO) (Group I), WaveOne Gold (WOG) (Group II), OneShape (Group III), and F360 (Group IV). The working length was established. All the study samples were prepared with respective file systems according to manufacturer's instructions. Pre- and postinstrumentation radiographs were taken and images were transferred to AutoCAD 2016 to determine the radius of curvature of each root canal. The canal curvature was assessed as a difference between before and after instrumentation to determine canal straightening. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The pre- and postinstrumentation readings were compared using one-sample t-test, and difference was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). The mean difference in root curvature was estimated by pre- and postinstrumentation readings. According to mean change in the root curvature, the order determined was Group IV < III < II < I. Intergroup comparison was conducted using ANOVA statistical analysis, and it was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: WOG and WO reciprocating files showed a marked tendency to straighten the severely curved canals, whereas F360 and OneShape continuous files maintained the original canal curvatures well.

Introduction: One of the disadvantages of stainless steel instruments used for root canal preparation is the lack of flexibility and shape memory. The invention of rotary instruments has been successful in overcoming these problems to a greater extent; however, some drawbacks still remain, one of which is vertical root fracture and the cause for it is microcracks formation in dentin, which in turn causes vertical root fracture. There are enough studies for microcracks using different rotary systems and this study compared microcracks with single as well as reciprocating files followed by final finishing with XP endo finisher. Apart from other studies, we used conefocal laser scanning microscope to assess microcrack propagation before and after instrumentation with each rotary system. Aim: To evaluate microcrack propagation in mandibular molars after root canal preparation with continuous and reciprocating file systems followed by final finishing with XP Endo finisher. Materials and Methods: Thirty mandibular molars indicated for the extraction due to periodontal causes were selected for this study. They were divided into three groups based on rotary systems used: Group A: ProTaper universal; Group B: ProTaper gold; and Group C: Waveone gold. All specimens were subjected to scanning before instrumentation to assess the presence of any existing cracks. Cone focal laser microscopic scanning is again repeated for each specimen after instrumentation with each rotary system and also after final finishing with XP Endo finisher. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA is used. Results: Crack propagation is the highest with ProTaper universal and least with waveone gold. After final finishing of canals with XP Endo finisher, crack propagation observed was negligible. Conclusion: The success of root canal treatment depends on effective disinfection of root canal system. XP Endo finisher can be used as a final finishing file by considering its advantageous properties, moreover crack propagation with XP Endo finisher in an previously instrumented canal is negligible.

Background: Prevention of the debris from extruding to the periapical region is an important aspect to be taken care of as its extrusion can result in pain, periapical inflammation, and delayed healing owing to the presence of highly infective components in the debris. Aim: The present trial was aimed to compare and assess the amount of debris extruded apically using the single-file reciprocating system - WaveOne GOLD and single file rotary system - OneShape in root canal preparations in vitro. Materials and Methods: Thirty mandibular premolars were divided into two groups (15 samples each) prepared with a single-file reciprocating system - WaveOne GOLD and single-file rotary system - OneShape. Debris extruded was collected and then stored in an incubator. The final weight was calculated after obtaining the mean of three consecutive weights obtained for each tooth. The data were compared using the ANOVA and Turkey's post hoc analysis. Results: Debris extrusions were recorded in both groups and analysis revealed statistical differences in weight before and after the instrumentation procedures in both groups. When compared, reciprocating single file – WaveOne GOLD extruded more debris than rotary single file system – OneShape with a P < 0.001. Conclusions: The rotary instrumentation systems extrude lesser debris apically than the reciprocating instrumentation system. The difference found was statistically significant.

Background: During the biomechanical preparation of the root canal by rotary file systems, stress is generated within the canal, which leads to dentinal microcrack formation. Such defects are evaluated only under the microscope. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate dentinal microcrack formation after instrumentation with ProTaper Next (M-wire), Revo S (conventional NiTi), and WaveOne Gold (Gold-wire) file systems under the stereomicroscope. Materials and Methods: Forty single-rooted teeth free from any defect were selected and divided into four groups (Control, PTN, RS, and WOG). Experimental groups were instrumented with file system used in the study, and the control group were left unprepared. Samples were further decoronated and sectioned at 3 mm, 6 mm, and 9 mm from the apex perpendicular to the long axis and examined under a stereomicroscope at ×25 for different types of microcracks (no fracture, complete fracture, partial fracture, and other fracture). Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was done by the Chi-square test using the SPSS version 17.0 software. A two-sided (α = 2) P < 0.05 (P < 0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: The null hypothesis was rejected. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups. All file systems created microcracks in the root dentin. WOG group showed an incidence of 66.7% for no fracture, PTN group had 40% for other fracture, and RS group had 60% for complete fracture. Conclusion: Single file system WOG with gold wire technology proves to be the best choice for canal preparation among the tested groups in terms of least dentinal crack formation.

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Introduction: One of the disadvantages of stainless steel instruments used for root canal preparation is the lack of flexibility and shape memory. The invention of rotary instruments has been successful in overcoming these problems to a greater extent; however, some drawbacks still remain, one of which is vertical root fracture and the cause for it is microcracks formation in dentin, which in turn causes vertical root fracture. There are enough studies for microcracks using different rotary systems and this study compared microcracks with single as well as reciprocating files followed by final finishing with XP endo finisher. Apart from other studies, we used conefocal laser scanning microscope to assess microcrack propagation before and after instrumentation with each rotary system. Aim: To evaluate microcrack propagation in mandibular molars after root canal preparation with continuous and reciprocating file systems followed by final finishing with XP Endo finisher. Materials and Methods: Thirty mandibular molars indicated for the extraction due to periodontal causes were selected for this study. They were divided into three groups based on rotary systems used: Group A: ProTaper universal; Group B: ProTaper gold; and Group C: Waveone gold. All specimens were subjected to scanning before instrumentation to assess the presence of any existing cracks. Cone focal laser microscopic scanning is again repeated for each specimen after instrumentation with each rotary system and also after final finishing with XP Endo finisher. Statistical Analysis: One-way ANOVA is used. Results: Crack propagation is the highest with ProTaper universal and least with waveone gold. After final finishing of canals with XP Endo finisher, crack propagation observed was negligible. Conclusion: The success of root canal treatment depends on effective disinfection of root canal system. XP Endo finisher can be used as a final finishing file by considering its advantageous properties, moreover crack propagation with XP Endo finisher in an previously instrumented canal is negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prevention of the debris from extruding to the periapical region is an important aspect to be taken care of as its extrusion can result in pain, periapical inflammation, and delayed healing owing to the presence of highly infective components in the debris. Aim: The present trial was aimed to compare and assess the amount of debris extruded apically using the single-file reciprocating system - WaveOne GOLD and single file rotary system - OneShape in root canal preparations in vitro. Materials and Methods: Thirty mandibular premolars were divided into two groups (15 samples each) prepared with a single-file reciprocating system - WaveOne GOLD and single-file rotary system - OneShape. Debris extruded was collected and then stored in an incubator. The final weight was calculated after obtaining the mean of three consecutive weights obtained for each tooth. The data were compared using the ANOVA and Turkey's post hoc analysis. Results: Debris extrusions were recorded in both groups and analysis revealed statistical differences in weight before and after the instrumentation procedures in both groups. When compared, reciprocating single file – WaveOne GOLD extruded more debris than rotary single file system – OneShape with a P < 0.001. Conclusions: The rotary instrumentation systems extrude lesser debris apically than the reciprocating instrumentation system. The difference found was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background.This study purposed to compare the effect of new single glide path files on extruded apical debris and total preparation times during root canal preparation with the WaveOne Gold system. Methods. Thirty-six extracted human lower molar teeth with mesiobuccal canal curvature angles of 25‒35° were randomly splited to three groups. In group 1, the glide path was created with WaveOne Gold Glider (WGG) file at working length (WL); in group 2, the glide path was created with ProGlider file (PG); in group 3, the glide path was not performed. In all the groups, the root canals were shaped with WaveOne Gold Primary (WOG) reciprocating files at WL. Apically extruded debris during instrumentation was picked up into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The weight of the dry extruded debris was calculated by subtracting the pre- and post-instrumentation weights of the tubes in each group. The total time elapsed during the canal preparation was calculated with a chronometer. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. Results. The WGG/WOG group extruded significantly fewer debris than the WOG and PG/WOG groups (P0.05). The WGG/WOG and PG/WOG groups were significantly faster than the WOG group. Conclusion. The amount of debris extruded apically significantly diminished when conventional WGG was implemented before using WOG. The total preparation time significantly diminished when the WOG file was used in combination with reciprocating and rotary glide path preparation techniques.

Aim of the study To compare the efficiency of two rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) systems: MTwo Retreatment (VDW GmbH, München, Germany) and WaveOne Gold (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in the removal of two different carrier-based gutta-percha (GP) obturators. Material and methods 12 plastic blocks with simulated root canals were shaped, cleaned and obturated: 6 with GuttaCore® (Dentsply Maillefer) and 6 with GUTTAFUSION® (VDW). After one week, each group was divided into two subgroups and WaveOne Gold (WOG) and MTwo R (MTR) were used in the removal of GP from 3 samples of each carrier type. The time was recorded, photographs were taken and scores for remaining gutta-percha were atributed at the end of retratment. The area of each retreated canal was compared with the total area of the resin block. Results In a similar amount of time, the WOG files were able to remove a higher amount of GP than MTwo R, without significant alteration of the root canal shape. Conclusions Neither of the files could remove entire amount of GP, but WOG proved to be more efficient.

Abstract Background The purpose of the current study was to inspect and compare the influence of applying continuous rotation and reciprocation motions on the cyclic fatigue resistance of Protaper Next (PTN) file (X2) and WaveOne Gold (WOG) Primary file in simulated canals. Twenty Protaper Next files(X2) and 20 WaveOne Gold Primary files were included in this study. A cyclic fatigue testing device was employed to test the cyclic resistance of each file in different motions. The testing device has an artificial custom-made stainless-steel canal with a 60° angle of curvature and a 2-mm radius of curvature. The files were randomly divided into 4 groups; group 1: PTN in continuous rotation, group 2: PTN in reciprocation, group 3: WOG in continuous rotation and group 4: WOG in reciprocation. All the instruments were rotated until fracture occurred, and the time to fracture was recorded in seconds using a digital chronometer. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated. The data were analyzed statistically (p < .05). Results Results represented that when using either continuous rotation motion or reciprocating motion, WOG files showed a significantly longer time until failure than PTN files (p < 0.001). The time till fracture increased significantly, when using both types of files with a reciprocating filing motion. Conclusion Within the confinement of this study, WOG file in reciprocation showed higher cyclic fatigue resistance than PTN in both continuous rotation and reciprocating motion. The reciprocating motion enhances both files behavior in terms of cyclic fatigue resistance.

ABSTRACTBackground:The purpose of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the centering ability and the apical transportation of curved root canals after preparation with WaveOne Gold single-file reciprocating system with guidance of different glide path systems by using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Methods:Seventy-two extracted mandibular first molar teeth with curved mesial roots were selected for this study. Specimens were randomly divided into six experimental groups according to the root canal preparation (n = 12): Group G-File; Group One G; Group ProGlider; Group PathFile; Group K-files; and Group control. After forming a glide path, root canal preparation procedure was completed with WaveOne Gold primary instrument (#25). Cone-beam computed tomographic images of specimens were taken before and after root canal preparation procedure. Apical transportation and centering ability were evaluated at 1, 4, and 7 mm from the apical foramen. The data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal Wallis test at a significance level of P = 0.05. Results:There were no significant differences among all experimental groups. (p > 0.05) Conclusion:Creating a glide path in curved root canals with either NiTi glide path files or stainless still manuel K-files before root canal preparation with WaveOne Gold Primary caused similar apical transportation and centering ability results with no glide path used group.

Aim: The aim is to compare the apical extrusion of debris during endodontic instrumentation with continuous rotation and reciprocating motion. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted single-rooted mandibular premolar human teeth were randomly assigned to four groups of 15 teeth each. The canals were then instrumented with the following instrument systems: ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), 2Shape (TS; MicroMega, Besancon, France), Reciproc Blue (RB; VDW, Munich, Germany) and WaveOne Gold (WOG; Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Apically extruded debris during instrumentation was collected into pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The Eppendorf tubes were then stored in an incubator at 70°C for 5 days. The weight of the dry extruded debris was established by subtracting the pre-instrumentation weight from postinstrumentation weight of the Eppendorf tubes. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's Post hoc tests. Results: Among the instruments tested in the present study, the least amount of extrusion of debris was seen with TS rotary file system (Group IA) followed by RB (Group IIA) and WOG (Group IIB) (P < 0.05), the results, however, were not found to be statistically significant between them. The maximum amount of debris extrusion was observed with PTN (Group IB) with a statistically significant difference when compared to TS, RB, and WOG file system (P > 0.05). Conclusion: All instruments were associated with apical extrusion of debris with TS rotary file system associated minimum extrusion and PTN, resulting in maximum extrusion of debris.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the canal transportation and centering ability of two nickel–titanium file systems, ProTaper Next and WaveOne Gold, in comparison with ProTaper Universal in mesiobuccal canals of maxillary molars using micro-computed tomography. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five permanent maxillary first and second molars having mesiobuccal canals with curvatures between 20° and 30° were selected and subjected to pre-operative micro-computed tomographic scans. They were then divided into three groups (n = 25) based on the file system to be tested: Group 1-ProTaper universal (control), Group 2: ProTaper Next, and Group 3-WaveOne Gold. Access cavities were prepared, following which each specimen was instrumented using the specific file system. Post-instrumentation micro-computed tomographic scans were then carried out for each specimen. Pre- and post-instrumentation measurements of mesiobuccal canals were performed using the ImageJ 1.8.0 software. Canal transportation and centering ratio were calculated at three cross-section levels that corresponded to 3-mm, 6-mm, and 9-mm distance from the apical end of the root. The data obtained were then subjected to statistical analysis using ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests. Results: It was seen that WaveOne Gold caused the least overall canal transportation and exhibited the highest centering ability, followed by ProTaper Next and ProTaper Universal, though the difference was not significant. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the canal transportation and centering ability of ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and WaveOne Gold at all three levels. Conclusion: None of the systems evaluated exhibited perfect centering ability and zero canal transportation. All file systems caused root canal transportation and minor changes in the root canal anatomy.

Background and Objectives: The most significant objective of this in vitro study was to analyze the incidence of separation of three different endodontic Ni-Ti manufactured files using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) used in root canal shaping. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted teeth (maxillary 1st molars and mandibular 1st molars) were obtained from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, People's Dental Academy, Bhopal, India, and selected for root canal shaping with Ni-Ti manufactured three types of endodontic file. Ninety canals determined for root canal shaping with three different endodontic files were divided into three equal groups (WaveOne, Reciproc instruments, and WaveOne Gold during biomechanical preparation) to know the number of canals prepared before separation (i.e., lifespan). The data were recorded using a SEM and analyzed using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: The mean score between the three files used was for the WaveOne file system was 5.40 ± 0.89, for Reciproc file system was 5.90 ± 1.19, and for WaveOne Gold file was 9.33 ± 1.58. Statistically, it shows a significant difference in the mean number of canals prepared before separation among three file systems (F = 87.46, P < 0.001). Further, the mean number of canals prepared before the separation of WaveOne Gold file was found to be significantly (P < 0.001) different and higher as compared to both WaveOne and Reciproc files. Conclusion: According to the outcome of this in vitro study, the longest existence span was found in WaveOne Gold file system, accompanied by Reciproc file, and WaveOne file was found with the shortest existence span.

Aim: To evaluate the various kinematic effects of WaveOne Gold reciprocating file system such as 150°° counterclockwise (CCW)–30°° clockwise (CW), 270°° CCW–30°° CW, 360°° CCW–30°° CW, and continuous rotation and the influence of reciprocating and continuous rotary motions of the same file system on the apical extrusion of debris. Materials and Methods: Sixty mandibular premolars were selected. Instrumentation of the canals was done using WaveOne Gold single-file reciprocating systems and grouped into four groups as follows: Group I – 150°° CCW–30°° CW; Group II – 270°° CCW–30°° CW; Group III – 360°° CCW–30°° CW; and Group IV – continuous rotation. The debris extruded through the apical foramen was collected, dried, and weighed, and the raw data thus obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference post hoc tests (P = 0.05). Results: The mean value for the difference of debris extrusion for the four groups was as follows: Group I: 0.0023 ± 0.002 g, Group II: 0.0071 ± 0.0049 g, Group III: 0.0029 ± 0.002 g, and Group IV: 0.0019 ± 0.002 g. The mean value depicted that the manufacturer recommended reciprocation kinematics (Group I) and the continuous rotation (Group IV) extruded less debris than compared to the other two. The intergroup comparison showed that there were significant differences between Group II and III but no significant differences between Group I and IV. Conclusions: Debris extrusion is inevitable. However, the manufacturer prescribed kinematics 150°° CCW–30°° CW and 270°° CCW–30°° CW extruded less debris than compared with the other two groups.

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to assess the bending and torsional properties of two nickel-titanium endodontic files with equivalent sizes and various designs and alloys using finite element analysis, ProTaper Next®X2 (PTN) size 25 with 0.06 taper and WaveOne Gold® (WOG) primary size 25 with 0.07 taper. Methodology Two-dimensional models of the two files PTN and WOG were created using computer tomography scanning and stereomicroscope to produce a three-dimensional digital model. Instrument behavior under bending or torsional conditions was numerically analyzed in SolidWorks software package. Result ProTaper Next® revealed higher flexibility than WaveOne Gold® when exposed to cantilever bending but showed higher stress accumulation than WOG. In terms of torsional resistance, PTN also revealed higher torsional resistance than WOG. Conclusion The geometry of the instrument, thermomechanical treatment of the alloy, and its composition affect the mechanical behavior (bending and torsion) of nickel titanium rotary files. Hence, being aware of these behavioral differences, each clinician will be able to use the adequate file according to the clinical situation in addition to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Background. This study examined the effects of changes in temperature and environmental conditions on the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc Blue, HyFlex EDM, WaveOne Gold, and Twisted File Adaptive. Methods. Forty-five Reciproc Blue (25/.08), 45 HyFlex EDM (25/.08), 45 WaveOne Gold (25/.07), and 45 Twisted File Adaptive (25/.08) files were tested for cyclic fatigue at room temperature (20°C) in air and water and at body temperature (35°C) in water. All the instruments were rotated in artificial canals made of stainless steel with an inner diameter of 1.5 mm, 60° angle of curvature and a radius of curvature of 5 mm until fracture occurred; the time to fracture was recorded in seconds, using a digital chronometer. Mann-Whitney U test was used for the statistical analysis of data, with SPSS 21.0. Results. Cyclic fatigue resistance was significantly higher in all the groups in water at an ambient temperature of 20°C compared with air and water at temperatures of 20°C and 35°C, respectively (P0.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of the present study, an increase in the ambient temperature significantly decreased the cyclic fatigue resistance of the tested NiTi files.