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Using technologies and enforcing national reuse guidelines helps reduce health risks from recycled water used in irrigation. Analysing viral presence in raw and treated sewage is crucial for preventing pandemics. This study used qPCR to evaluate three urban wastewater treatment plants in Ramallah: Al-Tireh MBR, Al-Bireh AS, and Rawabi MBBR. Samples collected in March 2019 were treated and analysed using real-time PCR with specific primers and probes. Results showed Al-Tireh MBR achieved 100% removal of enterovirus, adenovirus, norovirus, and rotavirus. Al-Bireh WWTP achieved 33% removal for adenovirus and rotavirus. Rawabi MBBR achieved varying removal rates: 100% for adenovirus, 33% for norovirus, and 66% for rotavirus. Chlorinated samples showed no direct correlation between faecal coliforms and viral presence. These findings suggest retrofitting Al-Bireh WWTP and Rawabi MBBR with ultrafiltration or MBR units to mitigate viral outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The extent of natural salt-laden groundwaters used for irrigation is increasing worldwide, which is a fast-emerging threat to agroecosystems and global food security. The salt buildup in the soil is linked to deteriorated soil chemical, physical, and biological health and decreased land productivity. Alkali waters with high residual sodium carbonate (RSC) is one of the severe poor-quality waters that deteriorate soil. We evaluated soil microbial dynamics and soil health at critical growth stages of rice crop receiving two-decade-long irrigation with three levels of alkali water and two reclamation strategies. These included good-quality water (GQW), alkali water (ALKW) with an RSC concentration of 5 me L⁻1 (ALKW1), ALKW with an RSC concentration of 10 me L⁻1 (ALKW2), ALKW2 treated to neutralize RSC to 5 me L⁻1 using gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O; ALKW2 + GYP), and ALKW2 treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4; ALKW2 + SA). Eleven microbial parameters were used to develop a soil microbial activity index (SMAI), and eight soil health indicators were correlated with changes in SMAI and crop productivity. Results: The SMAI peaked under good-quality water (GQW) conditions (0.84–0.89), while the lowest values were recorded under ALKW2 (0.06–0.18). Neutralized alkali waters, ALKW2 + SA and ALKW2 + GYP, significantly improved SMAI with corresponding values of 0.25–0.35 and 0.13–0.32, respectively. SMAI across all stages correlated positively (R2 = 0.91–0.98) with rice yield. Microbial activity varied with the crop growth stage, peaking at tillering. Gypsum application alone, aimed at neutralizing alkalinity from an RSC of 10 to 5 me L⁻1, proved insufficient in bringing the SMAI up to the ALKW1 (RSC level of 5 me L⁻1). Conclusions: The application of dilute sulfuric acid demonstrated better results in restoring the soil microbial activity index than gypsum amendment; however, sulfuric acid treatment depends on native calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution for its effectiveness. It may not suffice for soil stability improvement in the long term, especially when native CaCO3 is low. Therefore, integrating gypsum and dilute sulfuric acid for RSC neutralization is worthwhile; however, further assessment is needed to confirm their combined impact on soil biochemical and physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the possibility of recovering water in a car wash station was presented. The resistance of automotive coatings to washing water recovered at 50% and 70% from wastewater generated at car wash was tested. Wastewater treatment was carried out by ultrafiltration (UF) using tubular polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (100 and 200 kDa) manufactured by the PCI company. The membranes retained oil contamination, suspended solids, and over 60% of surfactants. For comparison, the 0.5% Turbo Active Green solution, used at professional car washes, was also applied in paint resistance studies. The tested solutions washed the painted surfaces of samples taken from car doors for 8 days. The resistance of automotive coatings to washing solutions was assessed by measuring gloss, Log Haze, RIQ, and Rspec parameters. Scratch resistance was also assessed. The results obtained in the current study indicated that the use of water recovered from wastewater did not deteriorate the quality of the car paint coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the global water crisis and the role of membrane technology, particularly reverse osmosis (RO), microfiltration (MF), and ultrafiltration (UF), in addressing water challenges by 2050. Membrane technology has evolved to provide safe, sustainable drinking water by treating unconventional water sources like seawater, brackish groundwater, and wastewater. The article highlights the advancements in RO membranes for desalination, the importance of MF and UF membranes for pathogen treatment, and the potential of other membrane technologies like electrodialysis (ED) and membrane distillation (MD) in water treatment by 2050. [Extracted from the article]

The primary obstacle in transitioning Ti coagulants from the experimental to the practical realm is their exorbitant application costs. To address this challenge, this research introduced an innovative recovery process through acidification of water treatment sludge to produce regenerated Ti coagulants, optimizing sludge utilization. The efficiency of the regenerated coagulants was evaluated by simulating turbidity removal from wastewater. The results showed that the three Ti coagulants exhibited effective turbidity removal at elevated H2SO4 concentrations. In a turbidity experiment with baseline turbidity of 15 ± 0.5 NTU, a notable change in turbidity removal was observed at a coagulant concentration of 5 mg Ti/L and H2SO4 concentration of 10 ml/L. As the coagulant dosage increased, the inflection point tended to move to a higher level. Furthermore, the versatility of the acidification process was evaluated using two distinct types of actual water. The pollutants in the actual water showed significant improvement. Among the three kinds of Ti regenerated coagulants used to remove turbidity from lake water, the remaining turbidity was consistently less than 5 NTU. The acidized supernatants of titanium xerogel coagulant (TXC(As)) exhibited a turbidity value of only 1.99 ± 0.1 NTU. Additionally, the removal of turbidity from domestic wastewater was 80%. Notably, these results showed superior performance in reducing organic matter and phosphorus levels, thereby showcasing their exceptional purification capabilities compared to commercial coagulants. This research presents a viable methodology for the sustainable reuse of Ti water treatment sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in the synthesis of sulfur‐rich materials are driving progress across diverse fields owing to the rich and tunable functionalities of those materials. These materials are typically valued for their electrochemical behaviors, high refractive indices, heavy metal affinity, and ability to form dynamic covalent bonding. As a result, their applications span various industries including electronics, catalysis, lithium‐sulfur batteries, water reclamation, and optoelectronics. Moreover, elemental sulfur, a byproduct of the petroleum industry, is produced abundantly, necessitating the exploration of novel valorization routes for polymers made from this feedstock. The unique combination of properties of sulfur‐rich polymers also makes them an ideal platform for the development of high‐performance functional coatings, offering durability and tailored functionalities for protective coatings, thus enhancing materials lifespan and performances in a variety of environmental conditions. The presence of dynamic covalent bonds in many sulfur‐rich polymers enables the creation of self‐healing coatings, while sulfur itself or the comonomers can contribute to antimicrobial, antifouling, and corrosion‐resistant properties. Furthermore, sulfur‐rich polymers have the potential to be used in the design of icephobic and superhydrophobic coatings. This underscores the versatility of sulfur‐rich polymers as a platform for the creation of advanced coatings with superior properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vacuum preloading technique is extensively employed for ground improvement, particularly for slurry ground characterized by high‐water content and low strength. Such ground frequently exhibits a delay in pore water pressure dissipation when treated with prefabricated vertical drains. To clarify the drainage and consolidation behaviour of high‐water content slurry ground under vacuum preloading, this study proposed a two‐stage combined model that integrates both filtration and consolidation processes. Initially, an axisymmetric filtration model was used to describe the formation of the soil column through the radial migration and compaction of the particles. The end‐of‐filtration radial distributions of void ratio, permeability coefficient, and effective pressure served as initial conditions for the consolidation stage analysis. This stage was depicted using a large strain consolidation model based on the free strain condition. The results showed the necessity of incorporating the filtration stage to capture the overall drainage mechanism and characteristics of slurry ground with vacuum preloading treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment wetlands have been used for decades to treat wastewaters with low organic strength, but little information is available on the treatment of wastewaters with high organic strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a vertical flow wetland in the primary treatment of synthetic wastewater with medium organic strength (1976 mg COD/L). Alternatives in the reuse of the resulting treated wastewater were also considered. The wetland consisted of several layers of sand and gravel of different granulometry and was planted with the helophyte Eryngium horridum, a species rarely used in treatment wetlands. The wetland was fed with synthetic wastewater by a single feed pulse, with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h. The treatment removed 81% of TSS and 70% of COD. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus increased due to partial mineralization of organic matter. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen removal were 28% and 5%, respectively. Wastewater suitability for reuse in irrigation increased after treatment. However, a later stage is recommended to further reduce COD and nutrient concentration and disinfect the water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a vital component of our existence. Many human activities, such as improper waste disposal from households, industries, hospitals, and synthetic processes, are major contributors to the contamination of water streams. It is the responsibility of every individual to safeguard water resources and reduce pollution. Among the various available wastewater treatment (WWT) methods, smart nanomaterials stand out for their effectiveness in pollutant removal through absorption and adsorption. This paper examines the application of valuable smart nanomaterials in treating wastewater. Various nanomaterials, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), nanoadsorbents, nanometals, nanofilters, nanocatalysts, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanosilver, nanotitanium dioxide, magnetic nanoparticles, nanozero-valent metallic nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanofibers, and quantum dots, are identified as promising candidates for WWT. These smart nanomaterials efficiently eliminate toxic substances, microplastics, nanoplastics, and polythene particulates from wastewater. Additionally, the paper discusses comparative studies on the purification efficiency of nanoscience technology versus conventional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, demand for water resources is projected to increase due to climate change and population growth. In many developing contexts, water demand already far exceeds supply and alternatives are already required. Recycled water is increasingly seen as a source of alternative water supply to plug demand-supply gaps. This study examined the factors that influence recycled water acceptance amongst residents of Accra, Ghana. We found that irrespective of the technical specifications on water quality, consumers were only willing to use recycled water for some purposes due to low levels of trust in water service providers because of their inefficiencies and unreliable service provision. Cultural beliefs relating to human waste and the ingestion of waste underlines peoples' acceptability of recycled water. Thus, future water reuse planning must include community engagement at the planning stage to create the level of trust needed for reuse acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adhesives play an important role in modern society's production and daily life. Developing robust and sustainable adhesives remains a great challenge. Here we report a sustainable epoxy-vitrimer adhesive with high adhesive strength (about 10 MPa) and reusability (82% strength after 3 times). This adhesive can be fabricated from commercially available products through a straightforward hot-pressing method without the need of solvents. The adhesive process is also simple, requiring only 30 min at 180 °C. In addition, the vitrimer adhesive has the advantages of both erasability for reuse and excellent water resistance. This work provides a facile strategy to fabricate high-strength adhesive that ensures reusability, recyclability, low cost of raw materials, and simple processing technology. Simultaneously, it expands the range of potential applications for epoxy vitrimers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane fouling caused by effluent organic matter (EfOM) limits its further application in wastewater reuse. In this study, the effect of UV/chlorine pretreatment on membrane fouling was investigated in treating secondary effluent by ultrafiltration (UF) process. The relation between organic matter changes and fouling alleviation after UV/chlorine pretreatment was also studied according to the molecular weight (MW) changes in various resin fractions derived from EfOM. Results showed that UV/chlorine pretreatment effectively alleviated irreversible fouling, whereas chlorine pre-oxidation primarily mitigated reversible fouling. UV/chlorine pre-oxidation reduced 18% of reversible membrane fouling and 38% of irreversible membrane fouling at a chlorine dosage of 8 mg/L, indicating better performance in membrane fouling mitigation than chlorine pre-oxidation. UV/chlorine pre-oxidation also decreased dissolved organic matter in the UF permeate. The hydrophobic acidic (HPO-A) fraction caused dominant membrane fouling, while the hydrophilic (HPI) fraction contained most of high MW organic matter. Pre-oxidation changed the polarity of organic matter in the HPO-A fraction and decomposed the organics of high MW in the HPI fraction, which alleviated membrane fouling. These results showed that UV/chlorine pre-oxidation was a prospective pretreatment process prior to UF in wastewater reclamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity in Chile has been increasing in recent years, particularly in the central-northern region, associated with a sustained decrease in rainfall and the effects of climate change. This study characterizes the hydrosocial cycle in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, with a focus on rural areas, examining the relationship between water availability and socioeconomic factors. For this, demographic data and data related to water demand and use, obtained from government databases, were used. In addition, geographic information systems (GIS) were used for spatial analysis and map creation. Finally, surveys were conducted in rural schools and households to obtain information on water use perceptions and practices. The results show inequalities in access to water with a moderate negative correlation between poverty and water connection/consumption. Rural areas exhibited stronger negative correlations, indicating a greater impact of poverty on water access. Water-saving practices, such as reusing washing water for irrigation, were prevalent in rural households. These results highlight the importance of the hydrosocial cycle to understand the dynamics and factors that shape water demand and consumption in a highly complex region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morocco, like other arid and semi-arid countries, faces a growing water shortage, necessitating the exploration of alternative solutions. This study investigates the potential use of untreated urban wastewater for irrigation and environmental impact mitigation, focusing on El Jadida as a case study. Throughout the year 2023, from January to December, a comprehensive characterization of physico-chemical, heavy metal, and biological parameters of this unconventional water source was conducted to account for seasonal variations, particularly between rainy and sunny periods. Samples were collected at the inlet of the El Jadida wastewater pre-treatment plant (WWTP) to assess the city's net pollution levels. Results indicate high values for chemical oxygen demand (COD = 741 mg/L), biological oxygen demand (BOD5 = 344 mg/L), organic load (BOD5/COD ratio = 2.2), and biodegradability, suggesting a strong need for biological treatment. Despite compliance with discharge standards, concentrations of heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and fluoride ions (F-) exceed Moroccan irrigation water quality thresholds by 90%, 66.7%, 21.8%, 33.3%, and 86.1%, respectively. Therefore, advanced chemical treatment is highly recommended to mitigate environmental impact and ensure safe reuse for irrigation. The novelty of this study lies in evaluating the suitability of El Jadida's wastewater for irrigation and environmental impact mitigation, underscoring the critical need for effective treatment solutions to enhance water sustainability in Morocco. Future research will focus on optimizing water treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity and sanitation pose a critical global challenge worsened by population growth and the finite nature of freshwater resources. Despite the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG6) advocating for universal water and sanitation access, progress remains insufficient. Presently, approximately 50% of generated wastewater is released into the environment without adequate treatment, emphasizing the urgent need to address this issue. This article examines the socio‐economic and technical aspects of both centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment systems (DWTS) and assesses the environmental impact, spatial footprint, and energy usage across treatment technologies. An economic analysis underscores the cost advantages of DWTS, especially in sparsely populated regions. With modular designs, DWTS not only provides environmental and economic advantages but also enables water reuse. The research concludes that adopting DWTS is crucial in achieving SDG6 targets and ensuring universal access to safe sanitation, especially in low‐density and newly developed areas. This thorough investigation of wastewater management contributes to the ongoing dialogue on sustainable solutions amidst escalating global challenges of water scarcity and sanitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalian Island, located in the northwest of Pingtan County, Fujian Province, China, has been an important junction on the Maritime Silk Road since the Tang dynasty. This study focuses on sauce-glazed ceramic ware from the Song dynasty salvaged from the waters near Dalian Island Wharf. The composition, phase attributes, and microstructures of the marine organism remains attached to the ceramic ware were analyzed using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and micro-Raman spectrometer to investigate the influence of marine organisms on the degradation of the ceramic ware. Long-term abrasion by sea wave-borne debris led to the increased surface roughness and wettability of the ceramic ware, facilitating the attachment of marine organisms. Differences in surface roughness between the inner and outer walls led to varying levels of biomass. Coralline algae secreted inducers to attract the larvae of macrofoulers. The attachment of different types of marine organisms had varying effects on the degradation of the ceramic ware. Firmly attached unitary organisms could alleviate the scouring of sea wave-borne debris and hinder the intrusion of foreign pollutants, thereby playing a 'bio-protective' role. In contrast, the group skeletons of modular organisms could reinforce the mechanically damaged surface but failed to block the intrusion of iron rust and other pollutants, resulting in chemical alterations of the glaze. Therefore, the specific species of the attached marine organisms should be considered in subsequent conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater generated in dairies has a strong polluting potential and must be treated for disposal into water bodies or reuse. The objective of this work was to analyze the efficiency of removing pollutants through the processes used by a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of a dairy located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. For this purpose, the results of the characterization analyses referring to raw and treated wastewater were interpreted. The results showed that the sequence of processes used in the WWTP (water/oil separation, dissolved air flotation, followed by biodegradation in an upflow anaerobic filter) is efficient in removing on average 99.1% of COD and 98.7% of BOD5. For treated wastewater, data on pH and concentration of total suspended solids, total ammoniacal nitrogen, surfactants, settleable solids, and oils and greases also met the standards for disposal into water bodies. For reuse in agriculture, treated wastewater can be used for irrigation, but it is recommended to additionally evaluate the Escherichia coli parameter. When evaluating the existence of linear correlation between COD and BOD5 data, it was possible to find only a moderate correlation (R2 equal to 0.7) for treated wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates the challenges and adoption rates of water recycling systems as a sustainable water management strategy within residential properties in South Africa. Employing a quantitative approach, the research incorporates a comprehensive literature review and household surveys to discern the micro-social, technical, and socio-economic motivations and challenges influencing adoption rates and homeowners' willingness to embrace water recycling systems. Through structural equation modeling (SEM), a causal model is developed, illuminating the intricate nexus between influential constructs, their sub-constructs, and the degree of water recycling system adoption in South African residential contexts. The SEM results reveal significant relationships between property characteristics, motivations, and challenges, and their combined impact on adoption rates. The study identifies a lack of space, unclear savings on water payments, and insufficient information/awareness as primary micro-level obstacles to implementing water recycling systems in residential properties. Furthermore, it demonstrates that enhancing the efficiency of water recycling systems could substantially mitigate the negative impacts of these challenges. The study underscores the pivotal role of public awareness campaigns and homeowner education in augmenting the utilization of recycled water within residential settings. Recommendations emphasize the necessity of equipping homeowners with fundamental environmental and technical knowledge pertaining to water recycling and advocate for government incentives to encourage the adoption of water recycling systems in residential properties. These findings offer valuable insights for crafting data-driven decision-making frameworks aimed at bolstering the capacity for analyzing and implementing novel water reuse strategies, tailored to the specific capabilities and resources of urban authorities and communities. Article Highlights: Water recycling adoption in South Africa faces challenges like limited space, unclear savings, and lack of awareness. Public awareness and government incentives are crucial for boosting water recycling in residential areas. Efficient water recycling systems can help overcome barriers and support sustainable water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iran, water scarcity is increasing due to the rapid growth in economy and population, but also due to waste and overuse. Marginal water resources (unutilized water of lower quality) can provide important options to augment water supply or replace freshwater use. In this way, they can reconcile the seemingly opposing views of water development and water management. Encouraging reuse and circulation of marginal water can enhance water availability and conserve freshwater. This paper analyses water reuse options and policies in Iran. It explains policy constraints based on the type of water for reuse and compares the water reuse policies in Iran to regional experiences. Such a contextualization of Iran's policies from a regional perspective provides opportunities for mutual learning and lessons for policy reforms. For Iran, there is a need for investments and comprehensive reuse policies. New water sources need to be appropriately identified, treated, delivered and accepted by endusers and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The search for adsorbents that are non-toxic and low cost with a high adsorption capacity and excellent recyclability is a priority to determine the way to reduce the serious environmental impacts caused by the discharge of effluents loaded with heavy metals. Bacterial cellulose (BC) biomass has functional groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl groups that play a crucial role in making this cellulose so efficient at removing contaminants present in water through cation exchange. This research aims to develop an experimental process for the adsorption, elution, and reuse of bacterial cellulose biomass in treating water contaminated with Cr (VI). SEM images and the kinetics behavior were analyzed with pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models together with isothermal analysis after each elution and reuse process. The adsorption behavior was in excellent agreement with the Langmuir model along with its elution and reuse; the adsorption capacity was up to 225 mg/g, adding all the elution processes. This study presents a novel approach to the preparation of biomass capable of retaining Cr (VI) with an excellent adsorption capacity and high stability. This method eliminates the need for chemical agents, which would otherwise be difficult to implement due to their costs. The viability of this approach for the field of industrial wastewater treatment is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater and surface water have been the primary sources of our public water supply around the world. However, rapid population and economic growth, as well as global climate change, are posing major threats to the quality and quantity of these water resources. Treated wastewater (reclaimed water) and stormwater are becoming more important water resources. Use/reuse of these unconventional water resources can enable a truly sustainable, closed-loop, circular water system. However, these two sources are not usually mixed with each other. In this study, we propose the use of combined excess urban stormwater and reclaimed water as a source of potable water supply. One of the most pronounced benefits of this proposed scheme is the possible elimination of costly and energy-intensive processes like reverse osmosis. Reclaimed water tends to have high concentrations of dissolved solids (>500 mg/L) and nitrate-N (>10 mg/L), which can be lowered by blending with stormwater or rainwater. Despite technical and engineering challenges, this approach can benefit various communities—small, medium, large, upstream, downstream, urban, and rural—in diverse climates. Our study suggests that this new holistic approach is feasible, enabling the combined water to be directly used as a sustainable drinking water source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context of increasing pressure on water resources and severe aridity; expansion in the reuse of naturally treated wastewater can be a viable and low-cost solution particularly for irrigation forests, green non-fruit trees, fabric crops, industrial oils, and non-edible raw crops. Wastewater treatment is increasingly recognized as a potential means in El-Wahat El-Bahariya in Egypt. However, investment decisions concerning the reuse of treated wastewater in irrigation needs to be justified in terms of financial and economic feasibility and profitability. Therefore, this research study aims to conduct a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of an investment project "reuse treated wastewater in irrigation compared to other modes of water irrigation projects. The CBA results revealed that the cost of the initial investment for the production of treated water used for irrigating green non-fruit trees, Bamboo trees, and Cactus in Sekem El-Wahat, is economically efficient with 88% compared to the exploitation of aquifer groundwater for irrigating the same crops. That project allows for an economic gain of about 4,428.5 €/ha compared to the cost of producing aquifer ground water in Sekem Farm El-Wahat is estimated at 10,800 €/year. Substituting the use of aquifer ground water for irrigating crops with reuse of treated wastewater helps reducing energy consumption and offers great financial benefits to the beneficial communities. A net benefit of the reuse of treated wastewater project is largely positive with NPV equivalent to 4599 €/year with a medium economic efficiency (BCR) of about 0.44. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most regulatory jurisdictions now require financial assurance for mines for post-closure activities, which typically include long-term monitoring and maintenance, and most importantly post-closure water treatment. Critical choices in calculating post-closure financial assurance include using a reputable cost estimation model to establish the amount needed for reclamation, selecting a realistic net return-on-investment for post-closure trust funds, and choosing the period of time over which the net present value calculation of the financial assurance is based. A conservative estimate of the amount of financial assurance is warranted to protect the public from assuming these costs. However, some regulatory agencies use financial assurance estimate practices that are arbitrary. The data and procedures needed to analyze and recommend conservative net present value calculations are readily available, but in too many instances are not being utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought and heavier spring storms from climate change will increase crop water stress and affect productivity. A study was conducted to determine whether supplemental irrigation on fine-textured soils with recycled drainage and surface runoff water, combined with nitrogen (N) management, could mitigate these effects. This study was set as a randomized complete block design in a split-plot arrangement with three replicates. The main plots, which were individually drained, corresponded to three water management strategies (full irrigation, limited irrigation, and rainfed), and the subplots corresponded to six N rates (0, 90, 134, 179, 224, and 269 kg/ha) in the corn phase of the rotation. In the soybean phase, the same water management strategies were uniformly applied across the subplots. Irrigation and drainage water, volumetric soil water content (SWC), and grain yield data were collected. The full irrigation significantly increased the SWC in the top 60 cm of the soil across crops during the driest year, where it increased by an average of 30% compared with the rainfed conditions. The limited irrigation increased the SWC in the top 20 cm only for the soybean during the driest year, where it increased by as much as 25%. As a result, the supplemental irrigation prevented yield reduction in one year. While the irrigation alone did not significantly affect the grain yield of either crop, the irrigation × N interaction for the corn was consistently significant, which suggests that the N effectively enhanced the corn productivity. The results suggest that reusing drainage water could be a valuable practice for reducing the effects of limited soil water on crops in fine-textured soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current concept of wastewater management and treatment in the European Union complies with the requirements of Directive 91/271/EEC on urban wastewater treatment, established in 1991 with a primary focus on limiting excessive organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in treated water. At that time, the reuse of treated water was not considered. Not surprisingly, attempts were made to remove as much carbon as possible in the form of CO2. The removal of nitrogen compounds by denitrification results in the formation of N2, which is then released into the atmosphere. When removing phosphorus compounds, the aim is to incorporate as much phosphorus as possible from the water into the sludge of the wastewater. This also ignores the fact that treated water can be a very valuable resource. In regions, particularly those with advanced agriculture, where wastewater from treatment plants pollutes the environment, adopting an appropriate approach could address summer water shortages, reduce CO2 emissions into the air, and reduce reliance on artificial fertilisers. The key prerequisite for any use of treated wastewater is adequate microbiological purification and the absence of hazardous substances. This paper analyses the effluent characteristics of some examples of wastewater treatment plants along the Slovenian Adriatic coast, and evaluates the possibilities of reusing the treated water. The results are correlated with the wastewater treatment efficiency data from the town of Rovinj (Croatia), which provides the reuse of treated wastewater for municipal purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecologically friendly disposal of arsenic-enriched plants is the key link to achieve the industrial development of phytoremediation, and plays a restricting role in the high-quality development of soil heavy metal pollution control. Conventional treatment methods of hyperaccumulators mainly include incineration and landfill, but these methods may lead to secondary pollution of heavy metals. Hydrothermal liquefaction can transform agricultural and forestry waste with low energy density into liquid biofuel with high energy density. It has the advantages of low reaction temperature, low energy consumption, water as solvent and no need for drying as raw material. As a typical representative of arsenic contaminated soil phytoremediation, the effects of ethanol ratio and water cycle times on hydrothermal oil production and heavy metal arsenic distribution of centipede grass were investigated in this study using Pteris vittata L. as raw material and ethanol-water reaction co-solvent system. The results showed that under the conditions of 60% ethanol concentration and 3 cycles of aqueous phase, the highest yield of liquefied bio-oil was 51.08%, and its calorific value was 29.15 MJ/kg. The reasons for the increase of biooil after water phase circulation in the co-solvent system are as follows: 1) the organic acids (acetic acid, etc.) in the recycled water phase have an acid catalytic effect to promote biomass liquefaction; 2) Compared with pure water, ethanol in cosolvent has lower liquefaction critical point and dielectric constant, which promotes biomass degradation and hydrolysis; 3) Ethanol can esterify the acid in the aqueous phase to improve the yield of bio-oil. Bio-oil is mainly composed of esters (>80%), phenols, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons, etc. With the increase of water cycle times, the esters and phenols in bio-oil increased and the high boiling point compounds decreased, the bio-oil yield and energy recovery increased by 58% and 32.23%, respectively. This may be affected by esterification of ethanol with fatty acids. Moreover, aqueous cycle can promote the degradation of high boiling point compounds to low boiling point compounds, which may be related to the low boiling point compounds produced after the reuse of liquefied water phase with the addition of 60% ethanol-water cosolvent. After water phase circulation, the content of bio-oil distillate (boiling point <538 ℃) increased from 65.57% to 71.70%, which show that ethanol-water co-solvent can produce high quality bio-oil in aqueous phase recycling. Finally, the migration and transformation of arsenic in enriched plants during liquefaction were also investigated. After aqueous phase circulation, more than 80% of heavy metal arsenic was mainly distributed in the water phase and the concentration of arsenic increased to 215.05 mg/kg. The enrichment and removal of arsenic during liquefaction plays an important role in the post-disposal of arsenic-enriched plants, which greatly reduces the secondary pollution of heavy metals. Therefore, water phase recycling is an effective way to obtain high-yield bio-oil and arsenic enrichment from liquefaction disposal of arsenic-enriched plants, which provides a new idea for ecologically friendly disposal of arsenic-enriched plants, promotes the industrial development of phytoremediation, and speeds up the treatment of soil heavy metal pollution. To provide theoretical support for green, low-carbon and new quality development in the process of heavy metal pollution control in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Water Works Association (AWWA) awards individuals and organizations in various categories for their contributions to the water profession and industry. These awards recognize leadership, research, innovation, diversity and inclusion, public service, and volunteerism. The article also mentions awards for best articles, papers, source water protection, academic achievement, and scholarships. The recipients of these awards come from different regions and organizations, showcasing the diverse efforts and achievements in water management. [Extracted from the article]

The dye effluents released from the textile and printing industries contain strong colorants, inorganic salts, and other toxic compounds. The conventional coagulation technique of dye effluent treatment is plagued with issues of low removal rate of color, generation of large quantities of sludge, and toxic end-products. Recently electrocoagulation technique gained immense attention due to its high efficiency. This technique involves the dissolution of the sacrificial anodes to provide an active metal hydroxide as a strong coagulant that destabilizes the pollutants and removes them by precipitation or flocculation. This study is about the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process using titanium coated - aluminum and mild steel electrodes to treat industrial dye wastewater. Effects of parameters such as current density & initial dye concentration were investigated. It was observed that, for the same current density, electrode consumption was higher with TiO2/Al electrode than with mild steel electrode, resulting in more color removal efficiency (CRE) using TiO2/Al electrode. The settling rate of the flocs was higher in the rector having TiO2/Al electrode at the 100 mL with current density (2.5 mL.min-1 to 5.3 mL.min-1), while in the reactor with mild steel electrode, the settling rate was very less. The results showed that dye removal was 95.11% and 92.1% for mild steel and titanium-coated electrodes, respectively. It was observed that 50 % of Aluminum was removed from the treated effluent after the final stage of filtration. Based on the multicriteria analysis to identify the optimum operational parameters to be applied at the field level, it was observed that maximum CRE may be obtained with TiO2/Al electrode and the applied current of 1 Amps with a flow rate of 100 mL.min-1. It can be concluded that electrocoagulation is a highly efficient and the fastest method to treat dye effluents from industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater reuse is a proven strategy to mitigate water stress in drought-prone regions. However, this practice is still limited due to high implementation costs, regulatory hurdles, and limited public acceptance. In regions with low reclaim rates, a thorough evaluation of the potential for reuse is needed to support decision-making, focusing on opportunities that address both low-hanging fruit and high-leverage projects. This paper introduces a streamlined, data-centric methodology for assessing wastewater reuse potential, adaptable to various regional contexts. The methodology involves comprehensive data collection and processing to evaluate wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) capabilities and identify potential users, allowing the prioritisation of case studies based on demand alignment. Different treatment and distribution systems are analysed to match WWTP capabilities with user needs, considering volume, quality, and infrastructure requirements. Cost analysis incorporates capital expenditure (CAPEX), operational expenditure (OPEX) and unit costs using novel cost functions for treatment and distribution. Risk analysis adheres to WHO methodology to ensure safety and sustainability. A case study in the Lisbon and Oeste areas in Portugal validates this approach, revealing key insights into the potential and economic viability of water reuse. By comparing tariffs and costs associated with different reuse scenarios, this paper offers benchmarks for the economic feasibility of reuse projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water and energy are essential resources for human life, and carbon emissions (CEs) occur in tandem with their use. Thus, water, energy, and carbon are closely inter-related. Approximately 4% of the global energy is used in urban water sectors (UWSs), which encompass various processes such as water intake, treatment, and distribution and wastewater collection and treatment, all of which consume significant energy and emit CO2. Several countries are actively working toward achieving carbon neutrality by 2050–2060. Therefore, increasing energy efficiency and reducing CEs through comprehensive evaluations of UWSs is essential. This study aimed to quantify energy consumption and CEs in UWSs and proposed a methodology for analyzing water–energy–carbon (WEC) links at the city level. By applying it to Incheon Metropolitan City (IMC), we first identified the UWSs and established a WEC database. Based on this database, the WEC consumption and emissions were analyzed by process or administrative district, and visualizations using Sankey diagrams and Geographic Information System Mapping were created to enhance their understandability. In 2021, the UWSs in IMC consumed 308,496,107 kWh of energy, representing 32.7% of the public electricity consumption of IMC, with an average energy intensity of 0.46 and 0.38 kWh/m³ for water supply systems (WSSs) and sewerage systems (SSs), respectively. Their carbon emissions totaled 315,765,358 kg CO2, accounting for 2.7% of IMC's total carbon emissions, with an average carbon intensity of 0.21 and 0.58 kg CO2/m³ for WSSs and SSs, respectively. The proposed methodology was used to comprehensively evaluate WEC consumption and emissions in IMC. It is expected to enable relevant stakeholders to develop measures, such as water reuse and increasing renewable energy usage in water treatment and wastewater treatment plants, to build sustainable UWSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of effective environmental remediation facilities represents a crucial strategy for water reclamation and addressing the challenges of water scarcity. The objective of this study was to assess the wastewater treatment system (WWTS) in Zabol Industrial Town using the life cycle assessment method. Primary data, collected annually for a functional unit of 1 m3 of wastewater treatment, were subjected to analysis using the ReCiPe, Cumulative Energy Demand, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methods. Human carcinogenic toxicity (50%), freshwater ecotoxicity (13%), and marine ecotoxicity (10%) were the primary environmental impacts due to the WWTS performance. The discharge of heavy metals during sludge generation, coupled with the consumption of natural gas and oil, especially for electricity production, were pivotal factors contributing to the environmental burdens observed. Furthermore, chemical oxygen demand (COD) (56.34%), electricity consumption (>15.47%), and total phosphorous (>4.49%) significantly threatened human health and ecosystem categories, while fossil fuel consumption had the greatest impact on resources. Nonrenewable fossil fuels, namely, natural gas (47.2%) and oil (38.27%), played a predominant role in the energy provision of the system. The IPCC analysis depicted the emissions of CO2 (86.77%) and CH4 (12.16%) stemming from the process of electricity generation. Based on the outcomes of the sensitivity analysis, implementing a 10% increase in COD yielded an increment in all impacts within the range of 1.40% to 6.83%. Given Iran's geographic location and the unique climatic conditions in Zabul, use of solar and wind energy to energize the WWTS can substantially alleviate its environmental burdens. This study presents a comprehensive framework for evaluating the environmental impact, energy consumption, and carbon footprint of a WWTS. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2024;20:1747–1758. © 2024 SETAC Key Points: Wastewater treatment system (WWTS) operations led to significant human carcinogenic and freshwater and marine ecotoxicity impacts.Heavy metal discharge and fossil fuel consumption were key environmental burdens.The electricity generation process in WWTS led to emission of CO2 (86.77%) and CH4 (12.16%).The switch from fossil fuels to solar and wind energy can greatly reduce WWTS environmental impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern agricultural landscape, numerous challenges, such as climate change, diminishing arable lands, and the reduction of water resources, represent significant threats. The Mediterranean greenhouse farming model relies on low-input strategies to maximize both yield and quality. Its protected horticulture is essential for the year-round cultivation of high-value crops, ensuring efficient and sustainable production. In the realm of future agricultural strategies, leveraging internet-based approaches emerges as a pivotal factor for real-time and remote control of various agricultural parameters crucial for crop growth and development. This approach has the potential to significantly optimize agronomic inputs, thereby enhancing the efficiency of targeted vegetable production. The aim of the present review is to underscore the challenges related to the intensive greenhouse production systems emphasizing various strategies leading to low-input greenhouse vegetable production. The goal is to promote more sustainable and resource-efficient approaches in the cultivation of greenhouse vegetables. This review highlights several key strategies for optimizing the greenhouse environment, including efficient water management through conservation tillage, drainage water reuse, and selecting the most appropriate irrigation systems and timing. Additionally, light modulation and temperature control—using solar energy for heating and pad-and-fan systems for cooling—are crucial for enhancing both crop performance and resource efficiency. The review also explores low-input agronomical strategies, such as pest and disease control—including solarization and optimized integrated pest management (IPM)—as well as fertilization and advanced growing techniques. These approaches are essential for sustainable greenhouse farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explored the use of a partially cross-linked graft copolymer (PCLNPG) as an innovative nanopolymer pore-forming agent to enhance polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) membranes for protein separation applications. The study systematically examined the impact of incorporating PCLNPG at varying concentrations on the morphological and surface properties of PPSU membranes. A thorough characterization of the resulting PPSU-PCLNPG membranes was performed, focusing on changes in morphology, water affinity, porosity, pore size, and pore size distribution. The experimental findings demonstrated that the use of PCLNPG led to a significantly more porous structure, as confirmed by SEM analysis, with notable increases in porosity and pore size (nearly double). Additionally, the hydrophilicity of the PPSU membrane was remarkably enhanced. Performance evaluations revealed a substantial improvement in pure water flux, with the flux nearly tripling. The BSA retention was directly correlated with the concentration of the PCLNPG pore former for a loading range of 0.25–0.75 wt.%. The incorporation of PCLNPG also reduced the membrane fouling propensity by reducing both cake layer resistance (Rc) and pore plugging resistance (Rp). These results underscore the potential of PCLNPG-PPSU membranes for wastewater reclamation and nutrient recovery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's ongoing rapid urban expansion, deforestation and climate changes can be observed mainly as unbalanced rain occurrence during the year, long seasons without any rain at all and unordinary high temperatures. These adverse changes affect underground water levels and the availability of surface water. In addition, quite a significant proportion of drinking water is used mainly for non-drinking purposes. With several EU countries increasingly suffering from droughts, reusing quaternary treated urban wastewater can help address water scarcity. At the European level, Regulation 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on minimum requirements for water reuse was adopted. This regulation foresees the use of recycled wastewater mainly for agricultural irrigation. This article provides an overview of various processes, such as filtration, coagulation, adsorption, ozonation, advanced oxidation processes and disinfection, for quaternary treatment of urban wastewater in order to remove micropollutants and achieve the requirements for wastewater reuse. According to the literature, the most effective method with acceptable financial costs is a combination of coagulation, membrane filtration (UF or NF) and UV disinfection. These processes are relatively well known and commercially available. This article also helps researchers to identify key themes and concepts, evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies and determine areas where further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Produced Water (PW) represents the largest waste stream in the oil and gas industry. As a water resource and as a source of valuable minerals such as alkali salts, it is has been highly under-valued, especially in hyper-arid regions. The beneficial use of PW ranges from water reinjection to elevated oil recovery from reservoirs with almost instantaneous returns, to the extraction of minerals from PW, which involves a number of different processes and setups. The economic value of PW-derived end products offers alternative revenue sources, with market fluctuations and conditions different from those of the hydrocarbon market. The end products of water and industrial salt support local industries such as agriculture, reflecting positively on the gross domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, resource extraction from PW of the oil and gas industry helps countries augment their circular economy. In this regard, the economic feasibility of three scenarios—the use of PW for oil recovery, the use of PW as an alternate source of water and industrial salt, and a hybrid process of both—is explored. The results show that there is great potential for water reuse in Enhanced Oil Recovery operations, as well as in the reduction in freshwater consumption for oil- and gas-extraction operations in the state of Kuwait by up to 4.8 percent when PW generated by SK oilfields is considered, and by 42 percent if PW from all oilfields in Kuwait is reused in the same manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater manholes are crucial infrastructure components in sewage systems. They provide necessary access points for inspection and maintenance. However, limited studies were conducted on the life-cycle cost analysis of manholes. The primary objective of this study is to compute and compare the Life-Cycle Unit Cost (LCUC) of cement concrete and polymer concrete manholes to identify a cost-effective alternative for public agencies. To achieve the objective, this study analyzed commonly used 1.83 m diameter manhole data; 343 cement concrete manhole and 88 polymer concrete manhole cost data were collected from the Clark County Water Reclamation District (CCWRD), Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. The results show that the initial costs of polymer concrete are higher than those of traditional cement concrete. Statistical tests were conducted to determine the group differences. The findings show that the LCUCs of polymer concrete manholes are significantly cost-effective when compared to traditional cement concrete manholes. Public agencies can utilize polymer concrete manholes to save costs in future water and wastewater pipeline manhole construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative assessment of the risks of the three current wastewater effluent disposal options and three other potential options was conducted for Southeast Florida communities. The question was how the risk to humans from the use of potable reuse compares to the other five available wastewater disposal alternatives. The need for this type of risk assessment is due to the potential to use potable reuse as a water supply and the potential resistance from the public as a result of such a proposal. Water quality data relevant to disposal of wastewater treatment plant effluent from South Florida utilities along with water quality data on the receiving waters and drinking water standards were obtained for the project. The comparison of the public health risks associated with these disposal alternatives indicated that health risks associated with deep wells and direct potable reuse were generally lower than those of the other alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and high water consumption driven by population growth have led to water stress, affecting over 2 billion people worldwide yearly. In the face of scarce water resources, traditional sewage infrastructure, especially during extreme weather, can not handle the water load and leads to pollution in freshwater sources. Treatment of rainwater and graywater can be considered a potential water source to minimize freshwater consumption and enhance water sustainability, offering simple solutions in cities. Recently, the ability of plants to remove toxic metals from dirty waters through their roots have been utilized and then water reused. In this study, a small-scale domestic graywater treatment system was developed under greenhouse conditions as a nature-based solution. In the selection of plants, species naturally distributed in Düzce province, aquatic, riparian, and understory species were preferred. Plants in the system were supplied with graywater and stored. The plants’ purification levels and growth status under polluted water stress were examined. According to the results the amount of anionic substances in stored water, Asplenium scolopendrium L. was observed to have the highest treatment performance among the species. Although Lythrum salicaria L. and Carex pendula Huds. had a lower value compared to other species, they were shown to be a usable species in graywater treatment. Nasturtium officinale R. BR. had a low treatment value and was found to be a pollution-resistant species. As a result, the reuse of water is essential in today’s conditions where climate zones and species distributions are changing. As seen in this study; Although species from natural vegetation have different purification potentials, they offer the opportunity to be used to purify gray water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sand media filters are especially recommended to prevent emitter clogging with loaded irrigation waters, but their performances rely on backwashing. Despite backwashing being a basic procedure needed to restore the initial filtration capacity, there is a lack of information about the solid removal efficiency along the media bed depth. An experimental filter with a 200 mm silica sand bed height was used to assess the effect of two operation velocities (30/45 and 60/75 (filtration/backwashing) m h−1) and two clogging particles (inorganic sand dust and organic from a reclaimed effluent) on the efficiency of backwashing for removing the total suspended solids retained in different media bed slices. The average solid removal backwashing efficiency was greater with organic particles (78%) than with inorganic ones (64%), reaching its maximum at a 5–15 mm bed depth. A higher operation velocity increased the solid removal efficiency by 16%, using organic particles, but no significant differences were observed with inorganic particles. The removal efficiencies across the media bed were more uniform with organic particles (63–89%) than with inorganic (40–85%), which makes it not advisable to reduce the media height when reclaimed effluents are used. This study may contribute to future improvements in sand media filter design and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Treatment wetlands have been used for decades to treat wastewaters with low organic strength, but little information is available on the treatment of wastewaters with high organic strength. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a vertical flow wetland in the primary treatment of synthetic wastewater with medium organic strength (1976 mg COD/L). Alternatives in the reuse of the resulting treated wastewater were also considered. The wetland consisted of several layers of sand and gravel of different granulometry and was planted with the helophyte Eryngium horridum, a species rarely used in treatment wetlands. The wetland was fed with synthetic wastewater by a single feed pulse, with a hydraulic retention time of 24 h. The treatment removed 81% of TSS and 70% of COD. The concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus increased due to partial mineralization of organic matter. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen removal were 28% and 5%, respectively. Wastewater suitability for reuse in irrigation increased after treatment. However, a later stage is recommended to further reduce COD and nutrient concentration and disinfect the water.

The current concept of wastewater management and treatment in the European Union complies with the requirements of Directive 91/271/EEC on urban wastewater treatment, established in 1991 with a primary focus on limiting excessive organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in treated water. At that time, the reuse of treated water was not considered. Not surprisingly, attempts were made to remove as much carbon as possible in the form of CO2. The removal of nitrogen compounds by denitrification results in the formation of N2, which is then released into the atmosphere. When removing phosphorus compounds, the aim is to incorporate as much phosphorus as possible from the water into the sludge of the wastewater. This also ignores the fact that treated water can be a very valuable resource. In regions, particularly those with advanced agriculture, where wastewater from treatment plants pollutes the environment, adopting an appropriate approach could address summer water shortages, reduce CO2 emissions into the air, and reduce reliance on artificial fertilisers. The key prerequisite for any use of treated wastewater is adequate microbiological purification and the absence of hazardous substances. This paper analyses the effluent characteristics of some examples of wastewater treatment plants along the Slovenian Adriatic coast, and evaluates the possibilities of reusing the treated water. The results are correlated with the wastewater treatment efficiency data from the town of Rovinj (Croatia), which provides the reuse of treated wastewater for municipal purposes.

• Wastewater treatment technologies under microgravity were reviewed. • Wastewater treatment challenges under microgravity were discussed. • Potential solution strategies are suggested. Exploring the vast extraterrestrial space is an inevitable trend with continuous human development. Water treatment and reuse are crucial in the limited and closed space that is available in spaceships or long-term use space bases that will be established in the foreseeable future. Dedicated water treatment technologies have experienced iterative development for more than 60 years since the first manned spaceflight was successfully launched. Herein, we briefly review the related wastewater characteristics and the history of water treatment in space stations, and we focus on future challenges and perspectives, aiming at providing insights for optimizing wastewater treatment technologies and closing the water cycle in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water-scarce regions, including South Africa, have identified water reuse as one of the promising solutions to augment water supply to meet the ever-increasing demand for freshwater resources. However, public perceptions have been identified as a critical factor, which can either facilitate the success and acceptance of water reuse projects or become a formidable barrier. To address this challenge in South Africa, the National Strategy for Water Reuse calls for the development of a national communication strategy to promote understanding of water reuse and foster its public acceptance. This paper outlines the journey from consultation with stakeholders to development of a national communication strategy for water reuse in South Africa. The strategy has been crafted using a framework that is based on an understanding of the complex interplay of public opinions and perceptions of water reuse. The strategy targets public education and aims to empower the public to become water reuse literate. The framework used to develop the strategy is versatile, and capable of effectively addressing the multi-dimensional and context-specific aspects of water reuse. HIGHLIGHTS The importance of public knowledge and attitudes (water literacy) in the implementation of water reuse.; The importance of a communication strategy in the implementation of water reuse.; The basic requirements for developing a communication strategy on water reuse.; The concepts of communication outcomes and sustainability in the implementation of the strategy.;