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Ecological Protection Redline (EPR) is pivotal for constructing an ecological security framework in China. However, the current EPR delineation exhibits deficiencies because the assessment methods predominantly rely on vertical ecological processes, neglecting horizontal interconnections between ecosystems. To address this issue, this study proposed a hydrological distribution model based on water quality purification functions and environmental risk assessment, the research references Chinese drinking water quality standards. We identify the key purification areas and find a high pollutant correlation with a Pearson coefficient of 0.961. Also, the overlap rate between KWPAs and current EPRs is 89.1 %. This paper suggests that the area of the Redline boundary supplement area is 553.46 ha, and suggests that the area of the internal optimization and improvement area is 244.27 ha. Moreover, the study provides a reference tool for identifying areas with significant ecological value of other watersheds.

This editorial introduces the Special Issue titled "Water Resources and Sustainable Development," underscoring the critical need for sustainable management of water resources in light of increasing demand, climate change impacts, and pollution. The issue delves into the intricate relationship between water availability, quality, utilization, and the socioeconomic determinants shaping these aspects, highlighting the necessity for novel, balanced strategies that cater to societal, economic, and environmental requirements. The research within this Special Issue is segmented into four key areas: understanding hydrochemical properties and water quality; evaluating anthropogenic effects on water resources; strategizing water resource management; and applying technological innovations in water resource management. Collectively, these studies broaden our comprehension of water resources and sustainable development, stressing the importance of continuous research in this sphere. As we look ahead, this editorial accentuates the importance of ongoing exploration and innovation in these pivotal areas, focusing on understanding climate change implications, mitigating human-induced impacts, refining water management strategies, and harnessing technological advancements. Its overarching aim is to propel worldwide initiatives towards achieving comprehensive water security and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Doi Canal and the Cho Dem and Ben Luc Rivers play the key roles in irrigation, navigation and ecological restoration. It is important to clearly identify the pollution, influencing factors, ecological risks and possible sources of heavy metals in the surface water of this river system. The surface water of 7 sampling sites was collected over 7 consecutive periods from April 2019 to October 2021. Each surface water sample was analyzed for 9 heavy metals including Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, As. Sampling and sample handling techniques were performed based on the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Among all nine heavy metals examined in the study area, the concentrations of Fe (1.00 ¸ 5.06 mg/L) and Mn (0.14 ¸ 0.28 mg/L) were the highest and the concentrations of Cr, Cd and As were below the lower limit of detection. The results showed that the average Fe and Mn contents both exceeded the permissible thresholds of the National technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). Additionally, the content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni did not meet the water quality standards for aquatic life (United State Environmental Protection Agency).

Rearrangement of land resources following the political changes in Hungary has not ended yet. It is almost impossible to collect information necessary for planning activities on outer areas of settlements. The data are either distributed among various organizations where they can be found in diverse forms, or are not available at all. Water quality protection, however, has become legally ordered concerning municipal activities around the Lake Balaton. This region is considered as the most important recreation area and tourist target in Hungary and is also affected by a number of factors providing sources to environmental conflicts. Settlements of a watershed (Tetves Creek) on the southern shoreline of Lake Balaton (Central Hungary) tendered a complex task for collecting the sources of the authentic data of the Hungarian rural areas along with systematizing and saving these data in a uniform GIS. An application using Autodesk MapGuide has been developed for Internet realization. The implemented web based GI system can be used in Internet and Intranet environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the monitoring history and long-term change trends in surface water quality in China since the reform and opening up, the history of surface water environment monitoring is summarized, including monitoring scope, monitoring methods, and technical requirements. Temporal and spatial patterns of surface water quality in China were analyzed based on the monitoring results. In the past 40 years, the monitoring targets for surface water quality have been continuously improved, the frequency of monitoring has become more science-based, and the monitoring indicators are now comprehensive. Overall, the temporal change trend in surface water quality has followed a "fluctuating changes stage—rapid deterioration stage—fluctuations stalemate stage—rapid improvement stage" pattern. However, the current regional surface water quality is still in a polluted status, and there is a gap between surface water quality status and the goal of building a well-off society. At present, China's surface water pollution is prone to high numbers of incidents and the treatment of surface water pollution has entered a crucial stage. The potential for the continuous reduction of major pollutant discharges has become more challenging, and the marginal cost for pollution control has increased. It is very difficult to comprehensively solve the outstanding water environment problems. In addition to strengthening the existing work on surface water quality control, it is also necessary to strengthen the work of risk identification, early warning, and regulation implementation of the surface water environment. During the 14th year plan period (2021–2025), the overall planning on water resources, water ecology, and water quality will be implemented, and beautiful rivers and lakes will be created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A distributed hydrological model (DHM) coupled vertical ecosystem processes with horizontal ecosystem processes was used to identify the key water purification areas (KWPAs). • The overlap rate between KWPAs and the existing Ecological Protection Redline of China (EPR) is 89.1%. • Farming land and built-up land has higher the environmental risk in KWPAs. • Measures to improve the implementation of EPRs are suggested. Ecological Protection Redline (EPR) is pivotal for constructing an ecological security framework in China. However, the current EPR delineation exhibits deficiencies because the assessment methods predominantly rely on vertical ecological processes, neglecting horizontal interconnections between ecosystems. To address this issue, this study proposed a hydrological distribution model based on water quality purification functions and environmental risk assessment, the research references Chinese drinking water quality standards. We identify the key purification areas and find a high pollutant correlation with a Pearson coefficient of 0.961. Also, the overlap rate between KWPAs and current EPRs is 89.1 %. This paper suggests that the area of the Redline boundary supplement area is 553.46 ha, and suggests that the area of the internal optimization and improvement area is 244.27 ha. Moreover, the study provides a reference tool for identifying areas with significant ecological value of other watersheds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Doi Canal and the Cho Dem and Ben Luc Rivers play the key roles in irrigation, navigation and ecological restoration. It is important to clearly identify the pollution, influencing factors, ecological risks and possible sources of heavy metals in the surface water of this river system. The surface water of 7 sampling sites was collected over 7 consecutive periods from April 2019 to October 2021. Each surface water sample was analyzed for 9 heavy metals including Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, As. Sampling and sample handling techniques were performed based on the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Among all nine heavy metals examined in the study area, the concentrations of Fe (1.00 x 5.06 mg/L) and Mn (0.14 x 0.28 mg/L) were the highest and the concentrations of Cr, Cd and As were below the lower limit of detection. The results showed that the average Fe and Mn contents both exceeded the permissible thresholds of the National technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT). Additionally, the content of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni did not meet the water quality standards for aquatic life (United State Environmental Protection Agency). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Engineer Military Bulletin / Muszaki Katonai Közlöny is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research brief explores the apparent conflict between new food safety rules designed to minimize the presence of wildlife around farm fields, and environmental protection efforts designed to decrease the impacts of pesticides, fertilizers, and sediments on the environment.Using information from existing research, the brief examines the effectiveness of measures being used by Central Coast growers to address environmental problems. We then summarize the history of food safety issues on the Central Coast, and outline potential sources of crop contamination in the field. Finally, we discuss the ways that food safety guidelines conflict with environmental protection methods, proposing the idea that such methods could in fact be designed to reduce contamination sources and improve food safety.

The objective in this study was to explore factors that shape how residents manage their home landscapes, and we applied Rogers' (2003) Diffusion of Innovations to understand fertilizer practices and implications for Extension programming to address non-point source pollution. Data were drawn from a statewide survey of 1,197 Floridians. We identified the extent to which Floridians were using 10 residential fertilizer best practices, how Floridians' perceived characteristics of fertilizer innovations related to adoption, and evaluated how the educational needs pertaining to fertilizer use differed among non-innovative and innovative individuals. Respondents were most engaged in practices such as reading fertilizer packages and labels to apply the correct amount and least engaged in soil testing to inform fertilizer applications as well as asking their landscape professional about training. Floridians perceived the five characteristics of fertilizer best practices at a moderate level overall, and of these, characteristics, compatibility, trialability, and relative advantage predicted adoption. Innovative individuals were more interested in learning from colleagues, neighbors, and public organizations such as Cooperative Extension and government organizations. They were also more interested in learning by visiting an Extension office or through social media than those who were non-innovative. This study may inform policymaking such as local landscape ordinances and planning of Extension behavior change programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality is a complex issue and residential fertilizer can be one of the many contributors to poor water quality. Working with residential audiences to help them understand and reduce their impacts on water quality is an important task among many agricultural education and Extension professionals. In order to effectively work with residential audiences, we must first understand what influences their intent to engage in fertilizer best management practices. In this research, we paired the Diffusion of Innovations and Elaboration Likelihood Model to examine the influence of perceptions of an innovation's characteristics, personal involvement with water, and communication on intent to engage in fertilizer best management practices. The communication was presented to experimental groups as a 35-second video about fertilizer best management practices. Data were collected via a survey instrument and were analyzed using inferential procedures. Four of the five characteristics of innovations significantly influenced intent to engage in fertilizer best management practices among the control group. However, all five characteristics were significant among the entire sample but the influence was less compared to the control group. Involvement increased intent while the video treatments had little effect. The results of the research support existing findings, but also offer areas of new discovery as well as insights for practice and additional study. Future research should examine the repetition of communication as well as different dimensions of involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmland vegetative strips are a proven source of support for ecosystem services and are globally used to mitigate effects of agricultural intensification. However, increasing pressures on agricultural land require increases in their functionality, such as supporting multiple ecosystem services concurrently.The plant species sown in a vegetative strip seed mix determine the establishment, plant community, and ecosystem services that are supported. Currently, there is no clearly defined or structured method to select plant species for multifunctional vegetative strips.Plant traits determine how plants support ecosystem services. Also, the establishment and persistence of plant communities is influenced by key internal and external factors. We propose a novel, evidence‐informed method of multifunctional vegetative strip design based on these essential traits and factors.This study had three distinct stages. The first identified plant traits that support water quality protection, pollinators and/or crop pest natural enemies, using existing research evidence. We then identified key factors affecting plant community establishment and persistence. Finally, we applied these standardized methods to design a multifunctional vegetative strip for a specific case study (UK lowland farmland).Key plant traits identified, included floral display size, flower color, nectar content, leaf surface area, leaf trichome density, percentage fine roots, root length, rooting depth, and root density. Key internal and external establishment factors included life history, native status, distribution, established competitive strategy, associated floristic diversity, flowering time and duration, and preferred soil type and pH. In the United Kingdom case study, we used five different plant traits and all of the identified factors to design a seed mix for a multifunctional vegetative strip.We present a transferable method of vegetative strip design that can be adapted for other ecosystem services and climates. It provides landowners and advisors with an evidence‐informed approach to increase field margin functionality while supporting farmland biodiversity. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES: This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8t52n38. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the quality of drinking water sources of 9 villages in Nang County, Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of China using the water quality index (WQI) model of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), and verifies the evaluation results by the comprehensive pollutant index (CPI) method. The results show that CCME WQI and CPI have outputted similar rankings, and the results of the two methods have high Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. This means CCME WQI is a feasible way to evaluate the safety of rural drinking water sources. CCME WQI evaluation shows that the water qualities in the 9 villages satisfy the requirements on drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selecting an appropriate crisis management plans during uncontrollable loading of pollution to water systems is crucial. In this research the quality of water resources against uncontrollable pollution is protected by use of suitable tools. Case study which was chosen in this investigation was a river-reservoir system. Analytical and numerical solutions of pollutant transport equation were considered as the simulation strategy to calculate the efficient tools to protect water quality. These practical instruments are dilution flow and a new tool called detention time which is proposed and simulated for the first time in this study. For uncontrollable pollution discharge which was approximately 130% of the river's assimilation capacity, as long as the duration of contact (T c ) was considered as a constraint, by releasing 30% of the base flow of the river from the upstream dilution reservoir, the unallowable pollution could be treated. Moreover, when the affected distance (X c ) was selected as a constraint, the required detention time that the rubber dam should detained the water to be treated was equal to 187% of the initial duration of contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of ecological losses caused by surface water contamination forms the basis for establishing the environmental benefit of wastewater treatment. This benefit is defined as the amount of losses avoided in the aquatic environment due to treatment of the discharged wastewater. Estimation of these losses is quite complex and requires prior determination of unit loss indexes. To this end, an analysis of the three methods for estimating the index value of the unit loss caused by surface water pollution was conducted, i.e. the index method, the contingent valuation method and the shadow price method. As a result, the advantages and disadvantages of each method were determined as well as their applicability under local Polish conditions was assessed. Based on literature data, the index method makes it possible to estimate the nationwide index of unit losses caused by surface water pollution. The contingent valuation method, on the other hand, allows estimation of the index value for a single municipality on the basis of interview surveys. Finally, the shadow price method facilitates determination of the unit environmental benefit, the value of which corresponds to the index of the unit loss avoided in the aquatic environment in consequence of wastewater treatment. For the latter, the structure of impact on environmental benefits of particular pollutant groups from the wastewater (nitrogen, phosphorus, suspended solids, organic compounds) was determined. The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds was demonstrated to have the greatest effect. The comparison of methods for estimating the index values of unit losses due to water pollution demonstrated the shadow price method to have the highest potential in terms of its accuracy and capacity to estimate size and structure of the unit loss index for a single wastewater treatment plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Military Engineer / Hadmérnök is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water quality and availability are critical issues currently addressed by agricultural education professionals. Extension professionals need to employ innovative approaches to help residents adopt practices and technologies to reduce the impact of urban landscapes on water resources. This study explored how individuals' dissatisfaction relative to their perceived importance of either clean water for large and local water bodies or plentiful water for local water bodies related to their intent to engage in landscape best management practices following a tailored message. Individuals were randomly assigned to receive a message appealing to improving water quality through good fertilization practices or a message appealing to improving water availability through good irrigation practices. Those who assigned higher importance but perceived lower satisfaction with clean water had greater likelihood of engaging in most fertilizer best practices after receiving a tailored message compared to those who assigned lower importance and perceived higher satisfaction with clean water. Those who assigned higher importance but perceived lower satisfaction with plentiful water were more likely to engage in one of the five irrigation best practices compared to those who assigned lower importance and perceived higher satisfaction with plentiful water after receiving the message. Agricultural education programs should tailor messages to dimensions clientele perceive as important but with which they are unsatisfied, especially when intent is lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• • New framework was proposed for sustainable watershed management. • • The balance of environment and economy would improve the effect and reliability. • • Spatial heterogeneity and investment are key limitation for pollution control. • • Different protection strategies are suggested for urban and agricultural catchment. Balancing clean water and economic growth remains challenge to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) issued by the United Nations. In this study, the water quality impacts and cost-effectiveness analysis of catchment actions were integrated by a new proposed watershed management framework (WAM-SDGs). The source appointment and control practices were incorporated based on physical-based model and heuristic algorithm. The tradeoffs between different targets were balanced using multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) and Pareto score approaches. The method was tested in two paired catchments including typical urban and agricultural catchments in China. The results indicated that 1) the cost-effectiveness and reliability of catchment action was improved by 4% and 3.3% compare to traditional methods. 2) The restriction of urban pollution is mainly attributable to strong spatial heterogeneity, while that of agricultural pollution control is attributed to lack of investment. 3) For water quality improvement, sources and sinks of pollutants are quantified and used as priority areas for catchment action. Due to high pollution intensity and control reliability, urban catchments should be given priority and agricultural catchments are more cost-effectiveness when fund is no longer a limiting factor. The economic-based and water-quality-based protection strategies are suggested for urban and agricultural catchment, respectively. This new framework could be extended to other catchments for global sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic relationship self-efficacy holds with behaviour leads us to suggest that self-efficacy may be a mediating mechanism for spillover. We tested this proposition by investigating whether engaging in simple and easy pro-environmental behaviour is associated with self-efficacy, which then increases intentions and subsequent actions towards new or more challenging pro-environmental behaviours. We tested this hypothesis in two studies using Australian residents. The first demonstrated spillover from easy water-related behaviours to more difficult water-related behavioural intentions, and the second study used longitudinal data to provide evidence for spillover from easy water conservation behaviours to the more difficult self-reported actions of installing water efficient appliances. Both studies supported our prediction of self-efficacy mediating the relationship between easy and more difficult pro-environmental self-reported behaviour. These results suggest that self-efficacy may be an important motivator of environmental spillover, and could be used to help encourage engagement in more challenging pro-environmental behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceuticals comprise an extensive group of compounds whose release into the environment has potential adverse impacts on human health and aquatic ecosystems. In many developing countries the extent of the problem and the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in water bodies are generally unknown. While thousands of tons of pharmaceutical substances are used annually, little information is known about their final fate after their intended use. This paper focuses on better understanding the management of human-use pharmaceutical wastes generated at the residential level within the Administrative Beirut Area. A survey encompassing 300 households was conducted. Results revealed that the majority of respondents were found to dispose of their unwanted medications, mainly through the domestic solid waste stream. Willingness to participate in a future collection program was found to be a function of age, medical expenditure, and the respondents' views towards awareness and the importance of establishing a collection system for pharmaceutical wastes. Respondents who stated a willingness to participate in a collection program and/or those who believed in the need for awareness programs on the dangers of improper medical waste disposal tended to favor more collection programs managed by the government as compared to a program run by pharmacies or to the act of re-gifting medication to people in need. Ultimately, collaboration and coordination between concerned stakeholders are essential for developing a successful national collection plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basin of the Golijska Moravica River is rich in water, and therefore its water is used for water supply of towns and industry not only in the basin but in the whole region as well. This paper presents the status of water quality in the main rivers of the basin, and recommends measures for water quality protection.

While there is current interest in reorienting agricultural policy toward environmental and resource conservation goals, relatively little is known about the influence of cost on conservation adoption decisions or about how farmers combine multiple practices into an overall conservation package. Using farmer survey data combined with information on standard unit installation costs, this study estimates latent demand models for seven on-farm conservation practices. All of the practices exhibit downward-sloping demand. Topographical variations in adoption conform to expectations. The estimation results suggest that cost sharing should have substantial effects on the adoption of several practices, and indicate strong complementarity among others.

Highlights: [•] We develop a computational framework to simulate the optimal width for building buffers along the TGR. [•] Models are combined to estimate the transport of NPS pollutants and pollutant abatement through buffers. [•] Suitable widths of buffers are estimated to reflect regional variations in physical conditions. [•] The resulting map of buffers can be applied to watershed-scale and field-scale conservation planning. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Office of Water have made significant changes in the approaches taken to assessing metals in the aquatic environment. Over the last 20 years, the Office of Water has progressed through a variety of metals assessment tools from total recoverable metal to the biotic ligand model. These changes were initially driven by the recognition that the total metals criteria were out of date and that emerging science would make it possible to address bioavailability more thoroughly. More recent drivers are expectations that the agency ensure the criteria are protective of endangered species and that the agency can bring the best available science to conducting total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for waters not meeting uses because of metal contamination. Changes have included: moving from total recoverable metals concentration to dissolved metals and the development of dissolved metal to total metal translator guidance, the development of water effect ratios (WERs) guidance, and most recently incorporation of the biotic ligand model (BLM) into criteria derivation for aquatic life protection (USEPA, 2007a. Aquatic Life Ambient Freshwater Quality Criteria-Copper 2007 Revision. EPA-822-R-07-001. http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/copper/index.htm.). On March 8, 2007, the agency published its Framework for Metals Risk Assessment (USEPA, 2007b. Framework for Metals Risk Assessment. EPA 120/R-07/001. http://www.epa.gov/osa/metalsframework.) discussing the state of the science for the persistent bioaccumulative, and toxic nature of metals and the considerations of this science that will impact many programs. This paper provides a brief insight to these agency activities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Research related to the ecological risk management of sediment stress in watersheds is placed under a common conceptual framework in order to help promote the timely advance of decision support methods for aquatic resource managers and watershed-level planning. The proposed risk management research program relies heavily on model development and verification, and should be applied under an adaptive management approach. The framework is centered on using best management practices (BMPs), including eco-restoration. It is designed to encourage the development of numerical representations of the performance of these management options, the integration of this information into sediment transport simulation models that account for uncertainty in both input and output, and would use strategic environmental monitoring to guide sediment-related risk management decisions for mixed land use watersheds. The goal of this project was to provide a sound scientific framework based on recent state of the practice in sediment-related risk assessment and management for research and regulatory activities. As a result, shortcomings in the extant data and measurement and modeling tools were identified that can help determine future research direction. The compilation of information is beneficial to the coordination of related work being conducted within and across entities responsible for managing watershed-scale risks to aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is current interest in reorienting agricultural policy toward environmental and resource conservation goals, relatively little is known about the influence of cost on conservation adoption decisions or about how farmers combine multiple practices into an overall conservation package. Using farmer survey data combined with information on standard unit installation costs, this study estimates latent demand models for seven on-farm conservation practices. All of the practices exhibit downward-sloping demand. Topographical variations in adoption conform to expectations. The estimation results suggest that cost sharing should have substantial effects on the adoption of several practices, and indicate strong complementarity among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water scarcity in densely populated areas is a global concern. In China, ensuring water supply and quality in the middle of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project has become a major challenge due to the complexity and diversity of landscape features and the trunk canal construction in the crossing area of this route. Precise assessments of the pressures on water protection along the route are urgently needed. This article provides a rigorous methodological framework to assess water quality protection, identifying the intensity of human disturbance along the route within 2-km radius buffer areas on both sides of the trunk canal, based on land-use changes from 2005 to 2015. The results show that more than 10,000 ha of pervious surfaces were transformed into impervious surfaces, leading to undesirable outcomes. The results of this study can be used for decisive support in China's environmental management, such as with main functional zoning policy and ecological red lines policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize regional economies, social employment, and water quality protection, a multiobjective bilevel optimization model under a fuzzy random environment based on constructed wetland planning is developed in this study. Fuzzy random variables are used to describe the uncertainties in the system, and three special fuzzy random simulation methods are proposed to address the fuzzy random variable calculations. From the inherent bilevel model interaction, a new algorithm called the fuzzy random simulation-based nested genetic algorithm (FRS-based NGA) is designed as an intelligent solution to solve the model. Then, the model is applied to a real-world case: the Chaohu Lake watershed, China. The results under different objective values, probability levels, and possibility levels are compared so that an optimal scheme for regional economic development, social employment, and the wetland construction scale can be identified. Finally, the comparative analysis, sensitivity analysis, and convergence analysis are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]