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Initiated in 2018, solinst levellogger data is available until 2023. Data is collected each year and is uploaded soon after the water year is over. Some loggers were moved to different sites or had technical difficulties, therefore dates that have gaps in data represent a time period where data is not available.

This study aims to optimize ammonium removal from NH4Cl‐enriched groundwater at different concentrations using an electrodialysis (ED) process. A customized design (CD) based on response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to develop predictive models and improve the performance of the demineralization system. Ion removal efficiency was evaluated in 32 unique experimental configurations, taking into account variations in three input parameters: voltage (A), initial ammonium concentration (B) and demineralization rate (C). These parameters were selected for their impact on two response variables: electric conductivity (Y1) and final ammonium concentration (Y2). An in‐depth analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine the variables and their interactions. The results indicated that Y1 was significantly influenced by C, while Y2 was influenced by B. In addition, the predictive models demonstrated strong correlations, with a coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.88 for both response variables. The RSM approach applied to optimize the parameters studied identified the following optimum values: 14.17 V for A, 1 mg/L for B and 70 % for C, giving Y1 of 215.377 μS/cm and Y2 of 0.279 mg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a multistressor world, evidence-based stewardship of aquatic ecosystems requires long-term monitoring data to understand the timing and magnitude of environmental change and potential causes. At the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD; northeastern Alberta, Canada), concern for aquatic ecosystem degradation has triggered renewed and urgent calls by Indigenous, national, and international governance bodies for implementation of a long-term lake monitoring program capable of tracking changes in hydrological conditions and contaminant deposition attributable to major energy projects located upstream, climate change, and other unnatural and natural processes. Challenges imposed by the delta's size, hydrological complexity, inaccessibility of lakes, and other factors, however, have long impeded implementation of a delta-wide lake monitoring program. To address this pressing need, here we review and synthesize results obtained during 7 years (2015–2021) of intensive, multifaceted research at 60 shallow lakes spanning the delta's broad hydroecological gradients to inform an integrated hydrology, water chemistry, and contaminants monitoring program. The research involved systematic, repeated measurements of water isotope composition, water depth variation, water chemistry and turbidity, and metal(loid) concentrations in lake surface sediment and periphytic biofilm. Results reveal marked spatial and temporal variation of hydrological processes and their affects on lake water balance and depth, strong association between hydrological processes and lake water chemistry, and that concentrations of nickel and vanadium (key oil sands indicators) remain within the range of natural variation. Correspondence of generalized additive model trendlines for isotope-derived lake evaporation-to-inflow ratios and water chemistry with climate indices (Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Oceanic Niño Index) demonstrates the sensitivity, and predictability, of lake ecosystem processes in the delta to large-scale climatic patterns. We provide recommendations for field sampling, sample analysis, data display, and integration of information for ongoing monitoring at the PAD. These approaches are readily transferable to other complex landscapes with abundant shallow waterbodies threatened by multiple stressors that may alter hydrological regimes and contaminant delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding on our previous efforts demonstrating the feasibility of extracting chemical information in steady-state systems of nanoparticles under irradiation, we demonstrate that the Cherenkov spectra can be used to observe chemical changes in real-time, in situ, and for non-equilibrium systems under irradiation. This is done by way of a dose-resolved measurement of the localized plasmon resonance absorption band associated with the formation and growth of silver nanoclusters and nanoparticles produced via radiolytic reduction of a solution of silver ion under exposure to an electron beam. Additionally, the method utilized in this study provided a significant resolution with a simplified optical system. This paves the way for a technique to determine similar changes in the material in medicinal, industrial (nuclear industry), and research applications—and indeed in any application involving ionizing radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated how microbial decomposition in headwater streams is influenced by environmental factors and litter quality, including the potential adaptation of microbes to decompose more efficiently leaf‐litter species from their native range (HFA, 'home‐field advantage' hypothesis).We conducted a leaf‐litter decomposition experiment in streams from four subregions contrasting in water chemistry and temperature regime, using cross‐subregion reciprocal incubations of the dominant riparian plant species in each subregion.Low‐quality litters decomposed faster at their native site, supporting the HFA hypothesis for low‐quality litter species. Moreover, temperature sensitivity of decomposition of low‐, but not high‐, quality litters was close to that predicted by the metabolic theory of ecology. Among litter traits, nitrogen content and toughness were the major predictors of decomposition. Temperature and nitrate concentration in stream water enhanced decomposition but, these two extrinsic factors did not act synergistically.Together our results indicated that leaf‐litter traits have a leading role as drivers of the decomposition process in headwater streams. However, this role is indirect, and occurs because low‐quality litters modulate the decomposition effects of environmental drivers (temperature and N in water). Consistently with the above finding, HFA occurred only in low‐quality litter.Thus, if climate change leads to minor local changes in litter quality, microbial decomposition would be accelerated additively by warming and stream‐water nitrate enrichment, with more pronounced effects on low‐quality litters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denver Water used a variety of water treatment and chemistry approaches to resolve fluctuating pH levels and meet its Lead and Copper Rule variance requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World Nuclear Geoscience is the property of World Nuclear Geoscience Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to analyze the physico-chemical parameters of 11 water samples to establish a qualitative description of water resources and assess their suitability for agricultural irrigation in the Oued Ansegmir (OAW) catchment area (1060 km²). The study involved the collection and analysis of water samples, focusing on cations and anions. Hydrogeochemical classification diagrams, including trilinear Piper and Scholler-Berkaloff diagrams, were modeled using Diagrammes software. A multivariate statistical method, principal component analysis (PCA), was employed to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated for all samples to provide a comprehensive assessment of water quality. The Schöeller Berkaloff diagram indicated the presence of a sodium chloride facies (S1, S4) and a calcium bicarbonate facies for the remaining samples. The Piper diagram revealed a potassium sulphate-chloride facies and a calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies. PCA identified two main factors: salinity and ion concentration (PC1), and the distinction between geochemical influences and potential human impacts (PC2). The WQI results showed that 36.4% of the water samples were of good quality, while 63.6% were of poor quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examined water quality of OAW for agricultural purposes. Our results clearly indicate the suitability of OAW water resources for agricultural irrigation, while providing essential and relevant information for agricultural practices along Oued Ansegmir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal and seasonal physiochemical gradients were evaluated in a temperate monsoon river along with functional traits and their links to biological health indicators and status. A 10-year dataset of water quality and fish monitoring data from five sampling sites was used to assess the river health. The multimetric water pollution index (mWPI) and fish-based index of biotic integrity (mIBI-F) were applied to the monsoon river, along with an ordination analysis of fish communities. Significant increases in nutrients, organic matter, ionic contents, and chlorophyll-a were evident at the sites near pollution sources. The summer monsoon exacerbated these conditions, leading to very poor chemical health at middle reach and downstream sites. Although the chemical health improved slightly in autumn, conditions remained poor at downstream sites. Fish trait indicators showed down river declines in species richness, increases in tolerant species, and a proportional shift towards omnivorous species, reflecting ecological stress and deterioration. The relative abundance of invasive alien species increased post-monsoon, particularly at downstream sites, reflecting heightened biological stress. The mIBI-F assessment revealed a decline in biological health at downstream sites, that was strongly correlated with chemical health (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.001). Ordination and regression analyses revealed significant relations between guild-based fish composition and chemical health, influenced by both pollution gradients and seasonal changes. These findings highlight the risks to river health due to agricultural and urban runoff, along with discharge from wastewater treatment plants linked to large industries and metropolitan sewage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic bacteria in stream ecosystems drive organic matter mineralization. However, knowledge on how this ecosystem function is driven by bacterial community composition in interaction with environmental conditions and organic matter resources is poor. This is especially true when considering the regional scale of river networks, at which environmental conditions vary in a scale‐dependent manner and are spatially structured due to asymmetrical water flow. Similarly, organic matter resources may have a terrestrial origin in remote headwaters or be sourced locally from algae living in close proximity to bacteria in benthic biofilms. We investigated benthic biofilm meta‐community structure and function across the > 6700 km2 river network of the near‐natural Vjosa in Albania and Greece and found a strong control of the benthic algal community on bacterial community composition (13.4% of variability explained). In addition, bacterial community composition has linkages to water chemistry, which itself is strongly shaped by the diverse geology in the catchment, and to dispersal, shaping metacommunity structure as a neutral process. Notably, bacterial community composition explained the largest single fraction of variability (31.5%) in extracellular enzymatic activities, while there was no dependency of enzyme ratios on organic matter nor environmental conditions. Synergistic effects between bacteria and algae accounted for additional 47.3% of variability in heterotrophic functioning, emphasizing the importance of algal–bacterial interactions in benthic biofilms. Our findings shed new light on bacterial structure–function coupling highlighting the importance of algal–bacterial interactions at the river network scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Siliciclastic stromatolites are rare in the geologic record, and their occurrence recorded in the literature is restricted to marine and coastal environments. The Upper Jurassic Guará Formation, from the Paraná Basin in southern Brazil, hosts unique non-marine siliciclastic stromatolites, providing a rare opportunity to study trapping and binding mechanisms by microbial mats in a continental setting. These microbialites occur interbedded with eolian and fluvial facies. The structural layering of the stromatolite domes is formed by the intercalation of sandy layers, resulting from trapping and binding of siliciclastic grains by microbial mats and in situ precipitation of amorphous to cryptocrystalline silica, which directly replaced the microbial colonies. The silica layers contain partially preserved spherical to ovoid bodies interpreted as colonies of coccoid microorganisms. These siliciclastic stromatolites were formed due to a specific balance of environmental factors, namely water chemistry and sediment supply, which enhanced the processes of trapping and binding and in situ precipitation. They record the presence of microbial life in a non-marine, silica-rich, fluvial-eolian environment in which there were no previous published occurrences of agglutinated stromatolites. These specimens record macroscopically identifiable evidence of microbial life in a continental environment that must be accounted for in the search for ancient life on Earth and Mars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recurring misconception in some textbooks and research papers has led to an abandonment of fundamental physical laws when describing a subset of acid‐base equilibria, especially regarding the role of the solvent. In the specific case of the autoprotolysis of water, experiments and theoretical calculations prove that the Kw of water at 25 °C, 1.00×10−14, is identical to its acid ionization constant, Ka. Nevertheless, several articles have been published erroneously purporting to give theoretical proof that the Ka of water is 10−15.743 (1.81×10−16) and that the Ka of the aqueous proton (hydronium ion) is 55.3 rather than 1.00. Here we argue that using the incorrect numbers has pedagogical implications beyond those of a simple error. Arguments for the incorrect Ka and pKa values require a misapplication of Henry's law and violate long‐standing methods that use Raoult's law and the conservation of matter to describe the behavior of solutions. As a result, chemistry students may be asked to accept one set of physical principles in one course and another set in another course. Here we argue for adherence to fundamental physical laws governing solution equilibria as applied to the autoprotolysis of water and all aqueous acid base equilibria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Headwater wetlands are important sites for carbon storage and emissions. While local- and landscape-scale factors are known to influence wetland carbon biogeochemistry, the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of these factors limits our predictive understanding of wetland carbon dynamics. To address this issue, we examined relationships between carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations with wetland hydrogeomorphology, water level, and biogeochemical conditions. We sampled water chemistry and dissolved gases (CO2 and CH4) and monitored continuous water level at 20 wetlands and co-located upland wells in the Delmarva Peninsula, Maryland, every 1–3 months for 2 years. We also obtained wetland hydrogeomorphologic metrics at maximum inundation (area, perimeter, and volume). Wetlands in our study were supersaturated with CO2 (mean = 315 μM) and CH4 (mean = 15 μM), highlighting their potential role as carbon sources to the atmosphere. Spatial and temporal variability in CO2 and CH4 concentrations was high, particularly for CH4, and both gases were more spatially variable than temporally. We found that groundwater is a potential source of CO2 in wetlands and CO2 decreases with increased water level. In contrast, CH4 concentrations appear to be related to substrate and nutrient availability and to drying patterns over a longer temporal scale. At the landscape scale, wetlands with higher perimeter:area ratios and wetlands with higher height above the nearest drainage had higher CO2 and CH4 concentrations. Understanding the variability of CO2 and CH4 in wetlands, and how these might change with changing environmental conditions and across different wetland types, is critical to understanding the current and future role of wetlands in the global carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis is performed of the phosphate water chemistry of a high-pressure drum boiler. In Russia, water chemistries with purely phosphate alkalinity and phosphate-and-alkali water chemistry are now mainly used at power plants equipped with drum boilers. One of the main quantitative parameters determining the maintenance of phosphate water chemistries is the ratio of sodium and phosphate concentrations. Calculated dependences of the ratios of pH, the concentration of phosphate, and the sodium-to-phosphate concentration are given. A relationship is found between such ratios and the domains where acid–phosphate corrosion, the hydrogen embrittlement of metal, and alkali cracking occur. It is shown that at concentrations of phosphate below 2.5 mg/dm3, the chloride and sulfate concentrations in boiler water must be monitored to avoid the hydrogen embrittlement of metal. Dependences are presented for the pH and sodium-to-phosphate concentrations at different temperatures. Results are presented from industrial tests of purely phosphate alkalinity water chemistry during the startup and normal operation of a boiler. Analysis of the chemistry of a high-pressure drum boiler water shows that the concentration of phosphate in the pure compartment of a drum has almost no effect on the pH, but the concentration of phosphate in the drum's salt compartment affects it strongly. Attention should therefore mainly be given to the pH prescribed by the relevant standard when managing the water chemistry in the pure compartment. It is shown that phosphate hideout is often observed when starting power units equipped with high-pressure boilers, so mono- and disodium phosphate solutions are used to maintain the pH and concentrations of phosphate. An analysis of the quality of boiler water during a startup shows there was a drop in the concentration of phosphate in the boiler water and a rise in the sodium-to-phosphate concentrations, so a hideout occurred. The possibility of identifying deviations when monitoring phosphate water chemistry is thus demonstrated, based on an analysis of sodium-to-phosphate ratios of concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential scope of application of the ammonia-ethanolamine water chemistry in the secondary circuit of a nuclear power plant (NPP) with a VVER-1200 reactor during pilot commercial operation and normal operation is examined. The water chemistry conditions during pilot commercial operation is controlled by an individual scenario for preparing the power unit for commissioning. An initial high content of iron in the steam generator feedwater is observed at all nuclear power plants. Dosing corrective reagents (such as ammonia, hydrazine, and ethanolamine) at NPP power units VVER-1200 reactors maintains their recommended concentrations and the pH range in the feedwater and blowdown water of the steam generators. A comparative analysis of the water chemistries at NPPs with VVER-1000 and VVER-1200 reactors has revealed no considerable differences between corresponding water chemistries as to the regularities of mass transfer of corrosion products, previously identified dependences of iron concentrations on pH, and their changes with time. A new factor is a sharp decrease in the iron concentrations in the steam generator feedwater (below 1 μg/dm3) at рН25 above 9.45 and in an electrical conductivity of the H-cation treated feedwater sample below 0.3 μS/cm. With the selected water-chemistry and the temperature and heat flux maintained at the VVER-reactor, the factors limiting formation of deposits on the heat-transfer tubes of the steam generator are the concentration of iron products and pH of the working fluid. Data on the fouling of heat-transfer tubes of the steam generator suggest that a stable water chemistry in the secondary circuit allows us to schedule much longer washing intervals for the VVER-1200 steam generators in comparison with those for other VVER-reactors. A further reduction in the mass transfer of corrosion products can be attained by replacing pearlitic steels with low-alloy steels having a chromium content of 1.5 to 2.5% for the manufacture of steam pipelines and individual sections of the feedwater path downstream of the deaerator. The results of operation comply with the main conclusions that were made in developing a model for prediction of corrosion and mass transfer in the secondary circuit of a VVER-reactor and corroborate the feasibility of its application in the design and analysis of water chemistry data during operation of the power unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology / Shuiwendizhi Gongchengdizhi is the property of Hydrogeology & Engineering Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chemical weathering processes are becoming increasingly important in studies on carbon cycling because they are responsible for increased solute fluxes in the proglacial zone, can effectively sequester atmospheric CO2 and raise carbon budgets for lateral transport via rivers. Here, we examined the hydrochemical and hydrogeochemical processes, solute sources and factors controlling riverine pCO2 of the Alaknanda River and its tributaries for three sampling seasons, viz. pre-monsoon (May 2021), post-monsoon (October 2021) and winter (January 2022). The surface water is enriched with Ca2+ and Mg2+ as the dominant cations, while HCO3− and SO42− were the major anions. Gibbs's plot confirmed rock weathering as the leading mechanism in controlling the hydrochemistry of the basin. The chemical composition of river water was mainly regulated by the weathering of carbonate end members: dolomite, limestone and feldspar along with small inputs from silicate weathering. The mean pCO2 values in the mainstream (1702.7 µatm), Pindar (2267.9 µatm) and Mandakini (1136.1 µatm) revealed the streams were oversaturated with CO2 having a higher rate of exporting excess CO2 gas to the atmosphere. The study showed the persistence of high pCO2 closed system characteristics associated with increased suspended sediment concentration resulting from carbonate weathering, dominance of HCO3− over SO42− and thereby results in high values of C ratio. Principal component analysis of the water chemistry suggests that weathering contributes about 41%, while humans contribute about 13% of the ionic load to the river. This study is one of its kind to understand the system characteristics of Alaknanda River water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) supervolcanic eruption occurred 75000 years ago, and resulted in distinctive ash fall deposition in different locations encompassing marine, estuarine, lacustrine, and fluvial sedimentary basins. Of the different sedimentary basins, the YTT crypto‐tephra horizon preserved in the South Kerala Sedimentary Basin (SKSB) of the western coast of India is hosted by a paleo‐estuarine carbonaceous clay layer. Along the eastern margin of SKSB, confined aquifers hosting highly acidic groundwater is associated with this YTT ash and associated organic matter (OM)‐rich carbonaceous clay layer, creating worse acid rock drainage (ARD), which eventually gets neutralised during summer, signalled by the crystallisation of halotrichite. Hydrogeological investigation gave insights on some of the unique geochemical processes, which facilitated the neutralisation of ARD. The main aquifers in the area include laterite and clayey‐sand, which is separated by this impervious layer hosting YTT ash. Wells tapping the clayey‐sand aquifer, beneath this layer, is affected by the ARD condition due to the interaction with pyrite, manifested as low pH of groundwater (3.7). Simultaneously, leaching from YTT ash, which constitutes 11.91% of Al2O3, facilitates Al content to reach groundwater in high concentration (2879.97 ppb). During dry season, when the surface of YTT‐hosting OM‐rich carbonaceous clay layer is exposed, the leached Al interacts with the acid derived from the YTT‐hosting OM‐rich carbonaceous clay layer and results in the precipitation of halotrichite. The two processes, one resulting in ARD condition and the other as formation of halotrichite, occur in succession. Thus, the crystallisation of halotrichite signals the neutralisation of water as well as heralding the potability of water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum is a prevalent element in nature, but bioavailable forms of aluminum are toxic to plants, animals, and humans. The present study is dedicated to the development of an ecologically friendly, fast, simple, reliable, sensitive, and accurate improved procedure for the determination of subtrace concentrations of bioavailable forms of aluminum in natural waters. The procedure includes the separation and pre-concentration of bioavailable forms of aluminum using vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLME) of ionic associates with salicylaldehyde 4-picolinhydrazone (SAPH) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (DDSNa) by isoamylacetate (200 μl) and direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET AAS). The SAPH reagent interacts only with water-soluble forms of aluminum. SAPH is used for the pre-concentration of bioavailable forms of aluminum as well as a chemical modifier; it increases the absorbance and the precision of the analytical signal of aluminum. The calibration curve shows the linear dependence in the range of 0.05–86 μg⋅L−1 of the aluminum concentration (R2 = 0.992), with the limit of detection at 0.015 μg⋅L−1 and the limit of quantification at 0.05 μg⋅L−1. The accuracy of the proposed procedure for bioavailable forms of aluminum determination was verified on model solutions and against a reference method on natural samples of river and lake waters (RSD 3.2–5.2%, recovery 97.1–103.4%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major ion and stable isotope geochemistry of coalmine water of Talcher coalfield was investigated to identify prominent hydrogeochemical processes controlling mine water composition and estimate annual elemental flux. Mine water samples from opencast and underground coalmines were analysed for EC, pH, TDS, TH, major ions and stable isotopes i.e. δ18O and δ2H. Coalmine water exhibited a wide range of pH values, from highly acidic to alkaline, and were dominated by SO42− and Ca2+ in their total anionic (TZ−) and cationic (TZ+) composition respectively. Ca-Mg-SO4 was the most dominant hydrochemical facies. High contribution of Ca2+and Mg2+ and SO42− towards the TZ+ and TZ− and low HCO3−/(HCO3−+SO42−) ratio suggested a major role of sulphide oxidation in determining coalmine water chemistry. A slight deviation in the regression line towards right side of the Global Meteoric Water Line and Local Meteoric Water Line in the bivariate plot of δ18O vs δ2H implied that water experienced evaporation to some extent and originated mainly from atmospheric precipitation. Most of the mine water were undersaturated with respect to carbonate and sulphide phases. Talcher coal mines annually delivered 47.06 × 106 m3 mine water and 28.481 × 103 tonnes of solute loads into nearby drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aryl fluorosulfates of varying complexities have been used in amination reactions in water using a new Pd oxidative addition complex (OAC‐1) developed specifically to match the needs of the fine chemicals industry, not only in terms of functional group tolerance, but also reflecting time considerations associated with these important C−N couplings. Also especially noteworthy is that they replace both PFAS‐related triflates and nonaflates, which are today out of favor due to recent government regulations. The new complex based on the BippyPhos ligand is used at low loadings and under aqueous micellar conditions. Moreover, it is easily prepared and stable to long term storage. DFT calculations on the OAC precatalyst compare well with the X‐ray structure of the crystals with π‐complexation to the aromatic system of the ligand and also confirm the NMR data showing a mixture of conformers in solution that differ from the X‐ray structure in rotation of the phenyl and t‐butyl ligand substituents. An extensive variety of coupling partners, including pharmaceutically relevant APIs, readily participate under mild and environmentally responsible reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are pivotal in the global carbon cycle, transporting terrestrial carbon to the ocean while emitting significant amount of CO2 ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to the atmosphere. However, the partitioning of fluvial inorganic carbon (IC) between downstream transport and atmospheric evasion remains uncertain due to intricate hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes. Inspired by Budyko's hydrological work, this study introduces a dimensionless framework to identify critical factors in fluvial IC partitioning: the IC fraction in equilibrium with the atmosphere and the ratio of advection to evasion timescales. River catchment analyses and modeling reveal that the equilibrium ratio determines the fraction of IC stably transported downstream. The hydrodynamic‐driven timescale ratio determines the fate of out‐of‐equilibrium IC, with low‐order streams favoring atmospheric evasion and higher‐order streams promoting downstream transport. This framework provides a simple yet robust approach to predicting river carbon dynamics, with implications for land‐to‐ocean transport, fluvial emissions, and climate mitigation strategies such as enhanced weathering. Plain Language Summary: Rivers contain large amounts of dissolved inorganic carbon originating from the decomposition of organic matter and soil water fluxes. This carbon is partly transported downstream across the river network to the ocean and partly emitted as CO2 ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ to the atmosphere. Quantifying the partitioning between these fluxes is crucial for accurate carbon budgets from the local to the global scale, but the complex interplay of biogeophysical processes makes it challenging. Inspired by Budyko's seminal work in hydrology, we present a framework that determines the main chemical and physical processes governing the fluvial inorganic carbon partitioning. We identify two dimensionless numbers (or indexes) that can be defined with only a few parameters and provide quantitative and robust predictions on fluvial carbon fate. These numbers are linked to water turbulence and chemistry, and their values change across the river network. Key Points: Rivers partition inorganic carbon between downstream transport and CO2 ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ emissions to the atmosphereIncorporating key hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes, we identify the dimensionless numbers that govern the inorganic carbon partitioningWater hydrodynamics plays a critical role in the fate of the carbon that is out of equilibrium with the atmosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding fish movement in river systems is essential in identifying habitats which are important for species to perpetuate. Water chemistry, paired with fish otoliths, can be used to trace movements among different habitats, although a detailed understanding of spatial variation in water chemistry is first required. To obtain this knowledge, we analysed surface water collected from 59 sites throughout the Clarence River Basin, a coastal river basin in northern New South Wales, Australia. The primary objective was to quantify the spatial variation of trace metals and strontium isotope ratios (87Sr:86Sr) for future and paired use with otolith microchemistry to track fish movement. Using ICP-OES, we identified that some trace metals, particularly strontium and barium as well as 87Sr:86Sr ratios, varied spatially when analysing all water samples and revealed three distinct regions centring around the estuary, interior and outer regions. These differences were driven by variation in the underlying surface geology between the Clarence–Moreton Basin and the New England Block. Tidal influence also affected trace metals and 87Sr:86Sr ratios throughout the estuarine area. We suggest that the level of differentiation identified in the current study has the potential to discriminate broad-scale fish movements among regions/habitats using otolith analysis, with fine scale movements best elucidated using complementary techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is extensively utilized for drinking, irrigation, and industrial activities globally. However, its quality is deteriorating significantly, particularly in coastal regions where saline water infiltration is a major issue. This study investigates the coastal aquifer of Udupi district in Karnataka, India, covering approximately 80 km2, through hydro-geochemical analysis of groundwater samples from 57 spatially distributed locations, pre- and post-monsoon. The major anion and cation parameters analyzed include Cl−, HCO₃−, SO42−, NO₃−, Na+, Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+. The analysis revealed a pH range of 2.9 to 8.3, indicating acidic to slightly alkaline conditions, and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations ranging from 110 to 6683 mg/L, predominantly showing saline characteristics toward the coastline. Hydrogeochemical assessment, including Chadha's plot, identified Na-Cl type water in most samples, indicating the influence of salinity. Approximately 21% of pre-monsoon and 67% of post-monsoon samples were deemed unsuitable for irrigation based on permeability index values, with 2 to 3% exhibiting high salinity hazards. The variation in correlation coefficients between pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods suggests that saline water intrusion, freshwater recharge, and geochemical interactions influence the coastal groundwater system. The molar ratio of Na⁺ to Cl− suggested a reverse cation exchange process, highlighting the complex interactions between saline and freshwater. Overall, 79% of pre-monsoon and 80% of post-monsoon samples were deemed suitable for irrigation, while 21% and 20% were classified as completely unsuitable, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese (Mn) is one of the most abundant metals naturally present in the environment, but currently, it also represents an important factor of environmental contamination due to intense human activity. To investigate the nature of the presence of concentrations above the limits (CSC) established by Legislative Decree 152/06 for manganese in the groundwater underlying a non-hazardous solid waste plant, a study was carried out on the geochemical characteristics of the aquifers present in the study area. The study aimed to determine the natural background value (NBV) of Mn in the groundwater underlying the study area, according to the "Guidelines for Determining the Background Values of Soils and Groundwater" of ISPRA. Indeed, NBV assessment and site-specific considerations can help identify any specific sources of contamination in an area. In the study area, the chemical–physical and geochemical parameters of the water of 11 piezometers were analyzed. Subsequently, statistical tests were applied to detect an NBV identified as 192.3 µg/L, therefore much higher than the CSC, due to possible ongoing local phenomena linked to the geogenic conditions of the soil, which could determine high manganese values. In fact, in the study area, some lithologies favor establishing anaerobic environments and releasing manganese in the groundwater as hydroxides. Consequently, this process can lead to high manganese concentrations, even exceeding legal limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Barra Velha Formation and other Aptian pre‐salt deposits record the history of the proto‐Atlantic basin and the rifting of Gondwana. Studies have sought to characterize the depositional environment of the basin with a focus on carbonate fabrics and magnesium silicate clays. However, the water chemistry and fluid sources in the basin, the silica cycle, and how the basin evolved over time are not fully constrained. Additionally, current understanding of the microbiota that inhabited this basin is incomplete because microfossils have rarely been identified in pre‐salt deposits, especially on the Brazilian margin. This study describes authigenic chert in the Barra Velha Formation that preserves distinct, organic‐rich structures and textures. The petrographic relationships between the chert and carbonate suggest that both formed as authigenic phases, but their formation was temporally decoupled. These relationships and δ30Si and δ18O data suggest that chert post‐dates the formation and subsequent dissolution of the carbonates, and may have formed from a different fluid. By characterizing the chert–carbonate paragenesis and mechanism of chert formation, this study provides new insights into the fluid sources and complexity of the basin. Together, the results of this research suggest that the chert precipitated as primary, authigenic phases after karstification of the carbonate from a newly introduced, low temperature, freshwater fluid that was chemically distinct from the lake water. The chert preserves organic matter that is compositionally and texturally distinct from the void‐filling bitumen associated with the classically studied carbonate facies. Based on the composition and morphologies of organic structures, this is likely primary organic matter and a morphologically diverse microfossil assemblage preserved in place at the time of chert formation. Thus, this early chert provides new insights into the water chemistry, fluid sources and silica cycle in the basin, and represents a unique taphonomic window that helps us characterize the pre‐salt basin microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the hydrochemical structure of groundwater in the Akçaşehir (Karaman) region and the factors forming this structure were investigated using chemical analysis data. In the evaluations, the origin of the chemical composition of the groundwater and the control mechanisms were determined by ion ratio analysis, correlation analysis and other hydrogeochemical methods. The Akçaşehir plain is located in the northeast of Karaman province. There are many drilling wells used in groundwater supply on the plain. The foundation of the study area consists of allochthonous rocks belonging to the Bolkar Mountain Unit. Current sediments with free aquifer characteristics and limestones in the region are important aquifers containing groundwater. In the study, it was determined that 74% of the water samples were in the Mg-Ca-HCO3/Ca-Mg-HCO3 water facies. The most effective hydrogeochemical process forming this structure is carbonate dissociation. The Na+ and SO4-2 increases detected in some samples are related to silicate dissociation and ion exchange processes. In general, it was determined that the water-rock interaction in the area directly affects the hydrogeochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue holes are vertical water‐filled openings in carbonate rock that exhibit complex morphology, ecology, and water chemistry. In this study, macroscopic microbial mat structures found in complete anoxic conditions in the Faanu Mudugau Blue Hole (Maldives) were studied by metagenomic methods. Such communities have likely been evolutionary isolated from the surrounding marine environment for more than 10,000 years since the Blue Hole formation during the last Ice Age. A total of 48 high‐quality metagenome‐assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered, predominantly composed of the phyla Chloroflexota, Proteobacteria and Desulfobacterota. None of these MAGs have been classified to species level (<95% ANI), suggesting the discovery of several new microbial taxa. In particular, MAGs belonging to novel bacterial genera within the order Dehalococcoidales accounted for 20% of the macroscopic mat community. Genome‐resolved metabolic analysis of this dominant microbial fraction revealed a mixotrophic lifestyle based on energy conservation via fermentation, hydrogen metabolism and anaerobic CO2 fixation through the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. Interestingly, these bacteria showed a high proportion of ancestral genes in their genomes providing intriguing perspectives on mechanisms driving microbial evolution in this peculiar environment. Overall, our results provide new knowledge for understanding microbial life under extreme conditions in blue hole environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partitioning of overall beta diversity into local contributions (LCBD; compositional uniqueness) and species contributions (SCBD) has enhanced the understanding of the organization of metacommunities. Here, we evaluated LCBD and SCBD of aquatic macrophyte metacommunities from 29 subtropical coastal wetlands, covering an extension of 640 km, in Southern Brazil. Furthermore, we assessed the environmental uniqueness, considering both the physical and chemical variables of water in wetlands, as well as climatic variables. We assessed the environmental and spatial correlates of LCBD and the environmental correlates of SCBD. We expected that (i) communities with greater compositional uniqueness would be found in environmentally more unique wetlands, (ii) the compositional uniqueness would also be related to climatic variables that determine the hydrological changes in wetlands, and (iii) the contribution of emergent species to beta diversity would be lower than of floating and submerged species. The compositional uniqueness did not present a clear spatial structure, being positively related to uniqueness in water chemistry and negatively to the mean air temperature during the driest quarter. The species contribution to beta diversity was higher for floating species than for emergent ones. Moreover, SCBD correlated to climatic variables and presented a positive relationship with site occupation, suggesting that more frequent species in terms of site occurrence contribute most to beta diversity. Our results show the importance of local environmental and broader climatic predictors in determining the compositional uniqueness of macrophyte communities and species contributions to overall beta diversity in the coastal wetlands of Southern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Southwestern Ghana, groundwater is highly needed for several uses, including drinking, domestic, agricultural, and socioeconomic activities. Groundwater mineralization is usually controlled by natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The mineralization processes and other latent processes can render groundwater unsuitable for human usage. Thus, there is a need for continuous assessment of groundwater. This study aimed to assess the controls of groundwater mineralization in 105 sample stations within the Southwest of Ghana using pollution indexing, hydrochemical, multivariate statistical, and multiple linear regression (MLR) modeling. The tests for physicochemical characteristics followed standard methods. The ionic concentrations of the samples were within acceptable limits, except for nitrate in some locations. The hydrochemical analyses revealed that the water types predominated in the order of Ca–HCO3 > Mg–HCO3 > Ca–Cl > Mg–Cl > Na–HCO3 > Na–Cl. It was also indicated from selected proxies, discriminant diagrams, and multivariate statistical analyses that silicate mineral dissolution and evaporation–crystallization processes are the main controls of the mineralization in the research area. Also, the mineralization processes were noted to be facilitated by the deep and long residence time of groundwater within aquifers. The extent of contamination and suitability of the groundwater for human consumption were evaluated using percentage of pollution index (PPI) and groundwater pollution index (GPI). Their results suggest that 75% of the samples were highly–very highly polluted. The MLR models excellently predicted the relationships between the groundwater quality parameters. They also indicated that the PPI and GPI were mostly influenced by Ca2+, Cl−, HCO3−, F−, and HCO3− concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cycle chemistry monitoring systems are intended for online comprehensive automatic monitoring, analysis, diagnostics, and prediction of the water chemistry in power equipment in all regimes of its operation, including startups and shutdowns, as well as for remote automatic control of one or several processes in the serviced process facility. Basic requirements for cycle chemistry monitoring systems are formulated. Mathematical models, which are based on the material balance, ionic composition of the coolant, and recurrent neural networks, have been developed and studied. They enable us to predict the concentration of impurities along the power unit's path to prevent failures of the water chemistry. An algorithm has been developed for online quality assessment, based on dimensionless coefficients that provide fair information on the water-chemistry conditions and help to detect failures affecting the water chemistry. A simulation model with a user interface has been developed based on a set of algorithms considering the requirements for cycle chemistry monitoring systems, such as visualization, interactivity, reporting, customization, scalability, continuity, and simplicity. The model facilitates the activities performed by the operational personnel of power plants as to decision-making and prevention of failures of the water chemistry of the power unit, enables us to monitor the process parameters of the power unit in real time, analyze statistical data, predict parameters using algorithms on the basis of the material balance, ionic equilibriums, and neural networks. A user manual has been prepared to help one to understand the program interface. The manual contains a brief description of the system structure, including information and diagnostic functions, basic elements of the mnemonic diagram, and a set of control buttons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The country's first tubular microfiltration membranes for water purification from various contaminants, made from an alternative natural material—wood,—was developed at the Dumansky Institute of Colloid and Water Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The proposed procedure cuts significantly the costs of manufacturing membranes. They studied the main patterns of the defluoridation process of water using these lignocellulosic (wooden) membranes, which were modified with a dynamic layer of hydrophilic A-300 aerosil. The modification of the lignocellulosic membranes involved the preliminary formation of an additional retentive layer on their surface, due to the steric mechanism, in the form of a dynamic membrane. The research demonstrated the high efficiency of the water defluoridation process using a dynamic membrane made of SiO2 particles, which retained fluoride ions (F–) ions due to the electrostatic mechanism of their interaction. Specific conditions for forming the dynamic membrane included concentrations of modifying and membrane-supporting aerosil additives at 500 and 100 mg/dm3, respectively, with an operating pressure of 1.0 MPa and a formation duration of 120 min. The concentration of suspended SiO2 particles in the permeate (turbidity) did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (0.3 mg/dm3) in water. The modified lignocellulosic membrane could decrease the fluoride concentration in water to the permissible level for drinking water (0.7–1.5 mg/dm3) from an initial concentration of up to 7.5 mg/dm3 and a neutral pH at an operating pressure of 1.0 MPa. The membrane's specific productivity was 0.024 m3/(m2 h), due to significant pore blockage by SiO2 particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saturation of natural gas hydrates is a key parameter for characterizing hydrate reservoirs, estimating hydrate reserves, and developing hydrate as an energy resource. Several methods have been proposed to estimate hydrate saturation, although most of these studies rely on logging and seismic data. However, the methods for estimating hydrate saturation from recovered core sediments have not been thoroughly reviewed, which hinders a deeper understanding, proper application, and the use of these experimental data to integrate geophysical and numerical model results with the actual geological conditions. In this paper, the methods widely used for estimating natural gas hydrate saturation from core sediments, including those based on pore water chemistry (Cl− concentration, δD, and δ18O values), gas volumetric analysis, and temperature anomaly, have been summarized in terms of the principle, estimation strategy, and issues to be considered of each method. The applicability, advantages and disadvantages, and scope of application of each method are also compared and discussed. All methods for estimating gas hydrate saturation have certain limitations. A comprehensive application of results from multiple methods could lead to a better understanding of the amount of gas hydrate in sediments, although the chlorinity of pore water is the most commonly used method of estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relict caves in fenglin karst may typically have numerous entrances and openings. Hence, they host a variety of environments in which parameters such as light, airflow, humidity, and temperature may vary significantly over short distances. Similarly, drip water hydrochemistry, including isotopic values, may vary due to different contributions of various sources and residence time in the karst. This study investigated environmental parameters, including radiation, using hand-held instruments, along a transect within several major caves in the Niah karst of Sarawak (Malaysia). This has led to a baseline data set which showed an inverse relationship between humidity and temperature, gamma radiation levels that are about 25% of that in surrounding non-karst region, and high percentages of twilight zones in the studied caves. Airflow was found to be variable, with high values of 530 m3/s in Painted Cave and 122 m2/s in parts of Gan Kira passage, with flow towards the southeast at the time of the study. The hydrochemistry of the drip water and surface water was also analyzed and found to be dominantly Ca–Mg–Cl water type which indicates dissolution of minerals through water–rock interaction. In addition, the cave environment, particularly air temperature, humidity, and ventilation, also influences the drip water composition and isotopic values. Three different origins (precipitation, evaporation, and paleo-recharge) of drip water have been identified through the δ18O-δ2H diagram. Enriched isotopic values were observed in the cave entrance due to increased evaporation caused by lower humidity and higher air temperature. Factor analysis identifies the key geochemical processes responsible for the drip water chemistry. The outcome of this study provides the first baseline environmental data for the Niah caves, which could support future initiatives for sustainable management of this famous archeological site in southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring wild fish health and exposure effects in impacted rivers and streams with differing land use has become a valuable research tool. Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) are a sensitive, indicator species that exhibit signs of immunosuppression and endocrine disruption in response to water quality changes and contaminant exposure. To determine the impact of agriculture and development on smallmouth bass health, two sites (a developed/agriculture site and a forested site) in the Susquehanna River watershed, Pennsylvania were selected where bass and water chemistry were sampled from 2015 to 2019. Smallmouth bass were sampled for histopathology to assess parasite and macrophage aggregate density in the liver and spleen, condition factor (Ktl), hepatic gene transcript abundance, hepatosomatic index (HSI), and a health assessment index (HAI). Land use at the developed/agriculture site included greater pesticide application rates and phytoestrogen crop cover and more detections and higher concentrations of pesticides, wastewater-associated contaminants, hormones, phytoestrogens, and mycotoxins than at the forested site. Additionally, at the developed/agriculture site, indicators of molecular changes, including oxidative stress, immune/inflammation, and lipid metabolism-related hepatic gene transcripts, were associated with more contaminants and land use variables. At both sites, there were multiple associations of contaminants with liver and/or spleen macrophage aggregate density, indicating that changes at the molecular level seemed to be a better indicator of exposures unique to each site. The findings illustrate the importance of timing for land management practices, the complex mixtures aquatic animals are exposed to, and the temporal changes in contaminant concentration. Agricultural practices that affect hepatic gene transcripts associated with immune function and disease resistance were demonstrated which could negatively affect smallmouth bass populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the spatiotemporal distribution of cyanobacteria and their relationships with variations in water chemistry (physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal) of Sutlej River, Punjab (India) has been analyzed by employing multivariate statistical methods. Sutlej River exhibits a rich array of cyanobacterial diversity, comprising 28 species across 15 genera, distributed among 11 families and spanning 5 orders within the class Cyanophyceae. In terms of relative abundance, Microcystis aeruginosa (17.47%) was documented as the most abundant taxa followed by Microcystis robusta (16.55%), Merismopedia punctata (11.03%), Arthrospira fusiformis (6.67%) and Pseudanabaena galeata (3.68%). Significant variations were observed among sampling sites in most of the physico-chemical parameters. Principal Component Analysis delineated sampling sites into two discernible groups according to variations in water chemistry. River Pollution Index (RPI) showed that river water is under the unpolluted (RPI 1.5) to negligibly polluted category in the upstream sites, while moderately polluted (RPI 5.5) in the downstream sites. Heavy metal Pollution Index (HPI) revealed consistent heavy metal contamination at sites RWS7 and RWS8 across all seasons. Conversely, site RWS1 consistently exhibited lower HPI values throughout the three studied seasons. Further, Canonical Correspondence Analysis identified that pH, TDS, TA, NO3, Na, and NH4 are the key physicochemical parameters which affect the spatiotemporal distribution of cyanobacteria in the studied river system. Overall, this study will offer significant information for hydrologists, ecologists, and taxonomists to develop future holistic strategies for further monitoring of the Sutlej River and other similar habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers in karst areas face increased risks from persistent growth in human activity that leads to changes in water chemistry and threatens the water environment. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA), ion ratio measurements, and other methods were used to study the water chemistry of the Qingshuijiang River Basin over the past 10 years. The results showed that the main ions in the river were Ca2+ and HCO3–, with a cation order of Ca2+ (mean: 0.93 mmol/L) > Mg2+ (mean: 0.51 mmol/L) > Na+ (mean: 0.30 mmol/L) > K+ (mean: 0.06 mmol/L) and HCO3– (mean: 2.00 mmol/L) > SO42– (mean: 0.49 mmol/L) > Cl– (mean: 0.15 mmol/L) > NO3– (mean: 0.096 mmol/L) > F– (mean : 0.012 mmol/L). In the past 10 years, the concentration of major ions in the river water in the basin has increased significantly. The weathering input of rock (mainly upstream carbonate) was the main source of Mg2+, Ca2+, and HCO3−, though sulfuric acid was also involved in this process. While K+ and Na+ were affected by the combination of human activity and the weathering input of silicate rock in the middle and lower reaches of the river, human activity was the main source of SO42−, NO3−, and F− ions. Irrigation water quality and health risks were evaluated by calculating the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (Na%), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and hazard quotient (HQ). The findings indicated that the river water was generally safe for irrigation and drinking, and the health risks were gradually reduced over time. However, long-term monitoring of the river basin is still essential, especially for the risk of excessive F− in a few tributaries in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epikarst plays a critical role in karst water circulation, however, its studies have often been limited to small springs or basins, ignoring its importance in larger, highly karstified subterranean streams. This study focused on the Longlingong (LLG) subterranean stream system, where the discharge and electrical conductivity (EC) of the subterranean stream outlet for 2.5 years, and found that 85% of all rainstorm events monitored during this period showed a pattern of increasing and then decreasing EC. High‐resolution hydrochemistry monitoring was conducted at the outlet during a rainstorm event when this response pattern occurred. Simultaneously, epikarst water (EW), saturated zone fissure karst water (FW), and surface water (PW) from this system were collected as three recharge sources for hydrochemical analyses based on the results of the field investigations, and end‐member mixing analyses were performed using the EMMA‐MIX model. These combined methods can accurately characterise the response of the subterranean stream system to rainstorm events, assess the contribution and response of individual recharge sources throughout the rainstorm, and reveal the mechanisms involved. The results indicate that the increase in EC is primarily driven by changes in HCO3− concentration resulting from the rapid discharge of EW through sinkholes and shafts. EW contributes 28.7% of the rain‐induced subterranean stream runoff, exceeding FW. The epikarst exhibits a rapid response to rainstorms, as evidenced by a remarkable 681% increase in EW discharge following a rainstorm event. Flood peaks in the subterranean stream are mainly composed of PW (44%) and EW (43.6%). This study highlights the key role of the epikarst as a karst groundwater reservoir. The sensitivity of the epikarst to rainstorms, particularly its role in facilitating rapid piston‐like migration of EW during initial runoff, highlights its significant influence on discharge and hydrochemistry. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the function of epikarst within highly karstified subterranean streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) consume a significant amount of energy to clean wastewater. However, for medium‐ and small‐scale WWTPs, it is crucial to have an energetically self‐sustained treatment. In this regard, novel low‐energy demand treatment systems, such as nature‐based solutions (NBS), are highly suitable alternatives. Constructed wetlands coupled with microbial fuel cells (MFC), referred to as electrowetlands (EWs), are NBS able to treat wastewater while recovering electricity. In this study, initially, various granular carbon materials were tested as anode materials in laboratory‐scale MFCs, and anthracite was selected due to its higher electrochemical activity. Then, pre‐pilot scale tests were conducted, evaluating different EW configurations. The one consisting in a horizontal anode yielded the best wastewater treatment efficiencies (chemical oxygen demand [COD] degradation greater than 90%) and electricity production (11 mW m−2; 260 mWh day−1 m−2). Finally, a 50 m2 pilot was constructed in Valladolid, studying its performance under real conditions for 1 year. The pilot showed robust and stable performance, achieving high wastewater treatment efficiencies (COD degradation >85%, outflow COD of 100 ppm) and generating 115 Wh in 1 year (power density of 0.4 mW m−2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, many scientists considered time as the result of changing the world and believed that time is not true. Among those who say that time is not true, Einstein is the only one who was able to mathematically explain the relativity of time in the field of geometry (space time) and present his equations in relativistic physics. Although Einstein, like other scientists, did not provide a clear definition of time, he presented the relativity of time well. He showed that time is not independent of space and bends along with space. Also, Einstein used the speed of light to convert mass into energy to introduce the law of mass–energy equivalence. Currently, basic laws such as conservation of mass, conservation of energy and equivalence of mass and energy have been presented. Recently, due to the importance of time in the development of science, especially in the field of water and chemistry, "timemass equivalence law" has also been presented (by the author). In this research, with the aim of expanding the relativity of time in the flows of mass and energy (not the field of motion and geometry), while presenting new definitions of "phenomenon", "time" and "specific speed of transformation", in addition to the theory of "mass equivalence law" "Time" was completed, the general equations of equivalence of energy time—and timemass were introduced. Then, to check the results more accurately, the general masstime equation (in this study, absorption kinetics) by performing surface absorption experiments of heavy metals (Fe + 2, Pb + 2, Zn + 2, Ni + 2, Cd + 2, Cu + 2)) was investigated by the adsorbents of green walnut shell (GWH) and its biochar (GWHB), and the results are tested in different ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oceans alleviate the accumulation of atmospheric CO 2 by absorbing approximately a quarter of all anthropogenic emissions. In the deep oceans, carbon uptake is dominated by aquatic phase chemistry, whereas in biologically active coastal seas the marine ecosystem and biogeochemistry play an important role in the carbon uptake. Coastal seas are hotspots of organic and inorganic matter transport between the land and the oceans, and thus they are important for the marine carbon cycling. In this study, we investigate the net air–sea CO 2 exchange at the Utö Atmospheric and Marine Research Station, located at the southern edge of the Archipelago Sea within the Baltic Sea, using the data collected during 2017–2021. The air–sea fluxes of CO 2 were measured using the eddy covariance technique, supported by the flux parameterization based on the p CO 2 and wind speed measurements. During the spring–summer months (April–August), the sea was gaining carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with the highest monthly sink fluxes typically occurring in May, being -0.26 µ mol m -2 s -1 on average. The sea was releasing the CO 2 to the atmosphere in September–March, and the highest source fluxes were typically observed in September, being 0.42 µ mol m -2 s -1 on average. On an annual basis, the study region was found to be a net source of atmospheric CO 2 , and on average, the annual net exchange was 27.1 gC m -1 yr -1 , which is comparable to the exchange observed in the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea. The annual net air–sea CO 2 exchanges varied between 18.2 (2018) and 39.1 gC m -1 yr -1 (2017). During the coldest year, 2017, the spring–summer sink fluxes remained low compared to the other years, as a result of relatively high seawater p CO 2 in summer, which never fell below 220 µ atm during that year. The spring–summer phytoplankton blooms of 2017 were weak, possibly due to the cloudy summer and deeply mixed surface layer, which restrained the photosynthetic fixation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the surface waters. The algal blooms in spring–summer 2018 and the consequent p CO 2 drawdown were strong, fueled by high pre-spring nutrient concentrations. The systematic positive annual CO 2 balances suggest that our coastal study site is affected by carbon flows originating from elsewhere, possibly as organic carbon, which is remineralized and released to the atmosphere as CO 2. This coastal source of CO 2 fueled by the organic matter originating probably from land ecosystems stresses the importance of understanding the carbon cycling in the land–sea continuum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountain streams constitute challenging habitat for many fish species due to rapid and variable flow, cool temperature, and limited food resources. Groundwaters recharge by karst spring may however mitigate harsh habit conditions of mountain streams providing niches for different fish species. This study aims to assess the suitability of mountain streams, replenished by karst springs, for various fish species like alpine bullhead, European grayling, brown and brook trout. The study was conducted in the Chochołowski Stream in the Western Tatra Mountains, Poland. The assessment of abiotic habitat is based on different characteristics of hydrological and thermal regimes as well as water chemical composition investigated between 01.09.2012 and 31.09.2014. The findings reveal that: 1) downstream variability of habitat abiotic conditions (such as water temperature, flow, water chemical composition) may affect the distribution of fish species, 2) karst springs contribute up to 100% of the stream’s recharge during periods of winter low flow, 3) karstic groundwater reduces the variability and amplitudes of stream water temperature and weaken the periodicity in water temperature associated with daily course of air temperature and solar radiation, 4) groundwaters prevent stream freezing in winter and moderate summer temperatures, 5) increasing mineralisation of water below the spring recharge may positively affect fish distribution. The findings underscore the importance of karst springs in modifying the abiotic conditions of fish habitat in mountain streams.

The dissolved oxygen in a coolant can affect the oxidation properties of structural materials. A desirable oxide phase formation is achieved by manipulating the oxygen level in the coolant, which can mitigate structural material degradation in nuclear power plants. Therefore, the role of dissolved oxygen in the corrosion of structural materials in aqueous environments needs to be understood. In this study, a short-term corrosion test (up to 300 h) of Ferritic/Martensitic steels (F/M steels; FeCrW model alloys), namely, Fe12Cr1W, Fe9Cr1W, and Fe9Cr, in stagnant water at 360 °C was performed in a pressurized autoclave with the dissolved oxygen concentration controlled to 1 ppm or a very low level (

Porous materials have attracted considerable interest as water sorbents due to their potential in a broad range of water sorption‐related applications. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are particularly notable for their high porosity and tunability. However, their limited hydrolytic stability often results in pore collapse, which significantly hinders their water sorption performance. To address this issue, an innovative design strategy based on reticular chemistry is essential to enhance structural stability and ensure efficient water sorption. Herein, a novel synthetic approach for constructing a merged‐net MOF structure using metallolinkers is introduced. Specifically, a porphyrin linker is employed to successfully synthesize a porphyrin‐based merged‐net MOF, UPF‐5. This MOF demonstrates significantly enhanced hydrolytic stability and improved water sorption performance while maintaining high pore volume. Additionally, the structure of UPF‐5 allows for the modification of accessible Zr6 nodes, enabling control over the pore environments and fine‐tuning the water sorption properties. This programmable synthetic strategy for porphyrin‐based merged‐net MOFs not only significantly enhances the structural stability for practical applications, including water sorption, but also advances reticular chemistry by discovering unprecedented topologies in MOF chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation translocations may be a useful tool for the restoration of declining freshwater invertebrates, but they are poorly represented in the literature. We conducted a before‐after/control‐impact (BACI) experiment to test the efficacy of conservation translocation for re‐establishing abundant populations of the amphipod Gammarus lacustris, a declining species and wildlife food resource in depressional wetlands in the upper Midwest of the United States of America. Each study site (n = 19) contained at least one treatment wetland receiving translocated G. lacustris from a local donor and one control wetland. We selected study wetlands based on a suite of wetland characteristics and randomly assigned recipient versus control treatment. Gammarus lacustris was detected post‐translocation at only 2 of 22 recipient wetlands (1 of 19 sites). Overall, there was a statistical increase in G. lacustris density in recipient wetlands compared to controls; however, the results were of minimal biological significance due to being driven by a single site with low G. lacustris densities. Accordingly, our results suggest that future conservation translocations of amphipods might be successful if limited to recently restored wetlands or informed by a more complex habitat suitability model to differentiate dispersal limitations from habitat limitations. To develop such a model would involve identifying the fewest, most influential physical and biological factors (e.g. wetland size/structure, fish, aquatic vegetation, and water chemistry) from the numerous inter‐related factors that correlate with the abundance of naturally occurring G. lacustris; candidate wetlands to receive amphipods would be those for which the model predicts abundant G. lacustris but in which they do not presently occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the mineralization of coral is significant for the formation of coral reefs and paleoclimatic reconstructions. However, the fundamental mechanisms involved in biomineralization are poorly understood. A combination of Raman spectral and cross-polarized reflected light microscopy imaging was used to examine the three-dimensional spatial distribution of the skeletal ultrastructures and their associated mineral, organic, and water chemistry in coral, which enable insight into the spatial growth features of the ultrastructures and possible formation processes. A possible mechanism is proposed that controls the formation of skeletal ultrastructures, which likely involves compartmentalized calcifying cells and their related cellular activities. This could clarify the association between coral skeletal mineralization and biology, and it may be beneficial to better protection and application of coral reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]