Search

Biomass gasification has increased due to its ability to provide high-temperature heat, making it promising for the decarbonisation of industrial processes. The economic and technical challenges of large-scale operations need to be addressed by focusing on small-sized gasifiers, while the use of low-grade biomass, is essential to increase the flexibility and sustainability of the plant. However, the utilisation of low-grade biomass is hindered by challenges stemming from variations in the particle distribution and shape, which significantly impact the fluidisation process and overall. In this research, the gasification of shredded municipal waste wood in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidised bed reactor was demonstrated, and the fluid-dynamics and gas production were assessed. The gasification process was yielding a gas with a lower heating value between 3.5MJNm−3 and 3.9MJNm−3 and a cold gas efficiency (CGE) of 46.4 %–48.6 %. Notably, these CGE values are consistent with pilot-scale setups, where CGE values above 50 % are typically not achievable because of poor insulation standards. The reactor's conical shape facilitated dynamic fluid regime transitions, ensuring efficient gas-solid interactions. This design allowed optimisation of fluidisation by accommodating particles of varying sizes throughout the reactor's height, thereby promoting efficient gasification suitable for industrial applications with diverse biomass feedstocks.

Masonry units have been fundamental to building construction for over 6000 years, making them one of the oldest and most widely used materials in the industry. However, their production using ordinary Portland cement has significant environmental impacts, including high carbon dioxide emissions and depletion of natural resources. This highlights the need for more sustainable alternatives. One promising option is the use of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste in masonry unit manufacturing. This paper investigates the use of chipped waste timber as aggregates, bound together with geopolymer cement made from industrial by-products such as fly ash and slag. The result is a new type of masonry units, referred to as wood geopolymer masonry units (WGMUs), which were evaluated against established standards and compared with conventional masonry units (CMUs). The innovative WGMUs demonstrated improved ductility and reduced density compared to CMUs, making them easier to handle and lighter in construction. They also have a distinctive, rustic texture and consistent dimensions that meet Australian standards. Although WGMUs exhibited higher water absorption and drying contraction due to their wood content, these characteristics generally remain within acceptable limits, supporting their potential as eco-friendly construction materials.

To mitigate environmental damage from mineral aggregate extraction, bio-based materials have garnered research interest as potential replacements for natural mineral aggregates. This work utilized waste wood as filler to prepare lightweight foam concrete with thermal insulation, low-temperature and corrosion resistance properties. The feasibility of using wood aggregate-based foam concrete (WFC) was explored in terms of dry density, softening coefficient, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, chloride ion permeability, freezing resistance, and sulfate attack resistance. Results showed that simultaneous addition of waste wood aggregate (WA) and foam effectively reduced WFC bulk weight and thermal conductivity while enhancing water resistance. However, the porous morphology of WA and foam caused the reduction of mechanical properties. In terms of durability, the addition of WA can increase the energy absorption capacity when WFC is subjected to expansion stress, reduce the damage to the structure, and have an inhibiting effect on the cracking of WFC caused by sulfate attack and freeze-thaw cycles. Nevertheless, WA's high water absorption loosened the matrix in WFC's interfacial transition zone (ITZ), increasing harmful pores and negatively affecting durability. In addition, in order to predict the mechanical properties of WFC and the resistance to sulfate attack, this study established a function model for the relationship between the compressive strength (Maintenance specimens of the same age and Specimen of sulfate attack) and the WA dosage. In conclusion, The use of waste wood for the preparation of WFC is more advantageous and sustainable than conventional foam concrete for the insulation of precast walls and coastal structures.

Large quantities of waste wood with residual resin adhesives are not recycled efficiently. To address this issue, waste wood with residual resin adhesives was synthesized into carbon dots (CDs) via a facile hydrothermal self-assembly method to enhance the H2 evolution performance of graphite C3N4 (g-C3N4), a metal-free photocatalyst. Among all samples, the most significant enhanced sample was MCN-UF-3.5, which has an H2 evolution of 22.1 mmol·g-1·h-1, which is 3.91 times that of unmodified g-C3N4. The band gap and recombination of photogenerated charges were both improved by the doping of CDs. Meanwhile, the DFT calculation showed that adding CDs, especially with the -NH2 group, can significantly deform the structure and destroy the symmetry. This consequence implies an enhancement in the activity of the hydrogen evolution reaction, confirming the feasibility of the modification.

In this study, we recycle alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) -treated wood used as a material for pyrolysis and gasification. The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards manufactured according to the mixing ratio and resin type (phenol–formaldehyde resin; PF, urea–melamine formaldehyde resin; UMF) were compared as materials for particleboard, which are used for wood recycling. According to the increase of ACQ particle input ratio, the PF particleboard did not differ in density; however, the thickness welling rate (TSR) and water absorption rate (WAR) decreased. The density of the UMF particleboard increased and the TSR and WAR also decreased. Although the bending strength (BS) of the PF particleboard increased, the internal bond strength (IB) did not show a difference. The UMF showed no difference in BS, but the IB improved. Through physical and mechanical properties, the mixing ratio of ACQ particle and untreated particles was 70:30 as the optimal mixing ratio. The surface was activated by the copper ions of the ACQ treated, which affected the improvement of adhesion and physical and mechanical properties. When ACQ-treated wood, which is classified as waste, was reused as a particleboard, its properties were superior to that of a board manufactured with untreated particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity to utilise environmentally friendly resources has emerged due to environmental management. With the demand for the production of plastics and wood materials, pollution has increased. Consequently, the attraction in natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) is rapidly emerging in the construction industry, mainly to replace synthetic fibre composites. The intensified interest is associated with manufacturing ‘green’ and lightweight panels. This review provides insight into the prospects and challenges related to the processing of wood waste-reinforced polymer composites. Using natural fibres, especially waste as raw material, is desirable for developing value-added products to mitigate environmental pollution. The current materials used for the wood-based composites are reviewed as disadvantages associated with wood plastic composites, such as low interfacial bonding. Efforts such as chemical treatment are outlined to wood fibres to manufacture an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, lightweight, and biodegradable composite with enhanced structural properties was provided. Various waste plastics, plant dust, and coupling agents-based composites investigated for applications, and emerging aspects of wood plastic composite for construction materials applications are outlined.

Waste wood, which has a large amount of cellulose fibers, should be transformed into useful materials for addressing environmental and resource problems. Thus, this study analyzed the application of waste wood as supercapacitor electrode material. First, cellulose fibers were extracted from waste wood and mixed with different contents of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) in water. Using a facile filtration method, cellulose papers with GnPs were prepared and converted into carbon papers through carbonization and then to porous activated carbon papers containing GnPs (ACP−GnP) through chemical activation processes. For the morphology of ACP−GnP, activated carbon fibers with abundant pores were formed. The increase in the amount of GnPs attached to the fiber surfaces decreased the number of pores. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas and specific capacitance of the ACP−GnP electrodes decreased with an increase in the GnP content. However, the galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of ACPs with higher GnP contents gradually changed into triangular and linear shapes, which are associated with the capacitive performance. For example, ACP with 15 wt% GnP had a low mass transfer resistance and high charge delivery of ions, resulting in the specific capacitance value of 267 Fg−1 owing to micropore and mesopore formation during the activation of carbon paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing use of wood products has inevitably resulted in a fast accumulation of waste wood, which is commonly landfilled or recycled for energy or products with low added value. In the present study, a concept has been adopted to reuse the waste wood formwork as the core of FRP sandwich panels. The waste wood formwork has been firstly sliced into wood strips of a specific width, which are then flipped by 90o and bonded together to form a plate as the sandwich core. Such a recycling routine appears as a promising method due to (1) minimum pre-treatment for processing the waste wood; and (2) less likelihood of the hazardous chemicals leakage because of the covered GFRP skins. The flexural behavior of such sandwich panels has been evaluated through a series of three-point bending tests with the thicknesses of GFRP layer and the core plate as the main parameters. The test results indicate that the GFRP-waste wood sandwich panels failed by either rupture of the tensile GFRP sheet or crushing of the compression side. The bending stiffness and flexural strength improves with the increase in the thicknesses of the core plate and GFRP layer, and the panels with three-layer GFRP sheets have the bending stiffness and flexural strength up to 11.0 and 4.4 times higher than that of the core plate. The analytical and numerical predictions on the flexural properties of the sandwich plate show in good agreement with that from the tests, validating the adopted the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occasionally, it is assumed that wood can be fed into an endless usage cascade. This assumption is investigated based on data from new and used chipboards, as well as waste wood of category AI–AIII. The results show, based on 468 data sets, that pollutant concentrations in waste wood vary over a wide range. Depending on the sample group, 46 % to 69 % of the samples examined would not be suitable for material use according to the applicable Waste Wood Ordinance. It must be assumed that waste wood already contains pollutants in relevant concentrations after a single use and can therefore only be fed into the material cycle a second time after the results of an analytical examination are available. An organoleptic examination is not sufficient for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conversion of waste wood containing urea–formaldehyde resin (WW-UF) into solid fuel with lower nitrogen content and better fuel property through the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was studied. With the increase of HTC temperature from 180 to 260 °C, the mass yield and energy yield of the hydrochar decreased from 81.2 to 38.7% and from 81.6 to 62.3%, respectively, while the higher heating values (HHV) of the hydrochar increased from 19.2 to 27.1 MJ/kg. Due to the hydrolysis of urea–formaldehyde resin into urea, the denitrogenation efficiency could reach over 80% at 180 °C. However, the denitrogenation efficiency decreased at elevated HTC temperature because of the condensation/polymerization of urea with carbohydrate derivatives. The combustion and pelletization behaviors of the hydrochar were all improved compared to that of the raw WW-UF. FT-IR spectra confirmed that the UF resin and hemicellulose in the WW-UF could be hydrolyzed at 180 °C, but carbonization of cellulose occurred with HTC temperature over 240 °C. The process water was analyzed by LC–MS/MS to confirm that the mono-saccharides, carboxylic acids, carbocyclic compounds, O-heterocyclic compounds, and N-heterocyclic compounds were presented in process water. The study confirmed that hydrothermal carbonization could be one promising method to covert the WW-UF into clean and efficient solid fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to substitute fossil resources in activated carbon (AC) production, recent efforts have focused on the utilization of renewable raw materials. Regions with important wood industries offer two potentially underestimated resource types: forestry residue biomass (FRB) and waste wood (WW). Although these materials are widely available (approx. 130 mio. m3a-1 FRB, approx. 50 mio. ta-1 WW in the EU), they are mostly valorised through energy production, as they are high in ashes and may be contaminated with organics and heavy metals. In this study, both FRB and WW were treated via one-step pyrolysis for AC production. ZnCl2 was applied as activating agent at pyrolysis temperatures varying from 400 to 600 °C and residence times between 1 and 3 h. Overall, 76 samples were prepared and characterized thoroughly via elemental analysis, N2/CO2 ad/-desorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced carbons showed specific surface areas of up to 1430 m2g−1 and a pore size distribution with a micropore share of up to 80 %. The presence of oxygen-containing functional groups was confirmed via FTIR. Potential feedstock contamination can be mitigated, as minerals and heavy metals could be leached out (up to –99.15 %) by an additional wash step and organic contamination undergoes thermal cracking during pyrolysis. The presented study could be a next step in upcycling considerable waste streams from the wood sector through localised and non-fossil-based AC production.

This paper describes examples of energy crops that are profitable to burn, and whose cultivation is not complicated or expensive. Rapid growth of biomass, especially the green mass of energy crops, is indicated, which means that, in relation to fossil fuels, energy crops are considered renewable raw materials. An assessment of Polish non-food energy agriculture was conducted in the context of the prospects of a renewable energy source, namely, biomass. Recommendations for crop cultivation, the size of possible yields and the most important parameters of the obtained biomass, which have the greatest impact on the suitability of energy use, are presented. Materials of biological origin for combustion are divided into three groups: wood waste, by-products and plant products for the energy industry. It is indicated that 2 tons (Mg) of dry wood or straw is energetically equivalent to 1 Mg of coal, and 1 m3 of biogas is energetically equivalent to 1 kg of Polish coal. A novelty of this article is the interpretation of obtaining primary energy, including energy from renewable sources, in the European Union and Poland, taking into account the production of wood waste, straw, cereals and energy crops. The mechanism of the impact of the production parameters of energy crops was revealed during the prepared analysis of the prospects of Polish energy agriculture. Additionally, we conducted an analysis of the potential of biomass as a source of energy in the context of: obtaining primary energy, including energy from renewable sources, in the European Union and Poland; the number of biogas plants in Poland; and the area of agricultural land that is potentially useful for the cultivation of energy crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity to utilise environmentally friendly resources has emerged due to environmental management. With the demand for the production of plastics and wood materials, pollution has increased. Consequently, the attraction in natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPCs) is rapidly emerging in the construction industry, mainly to replace synthetic fibre composites. The intensified interest is associated with manufacturing 'green' and lightweight panels. This review provides insight into the prospects and challenges related to the processing of wood waste-reinforced polymer composites. Using natural fibres, especially waste as raw material, is desirable for developing value-added products to mitigate environmental pollution. The current materials used for the wood-based composites are reviewed as disadvantages associated with wood plastic composites, such as low interfacial bonding. Efforts such as chemical treatment are outlined to wood fibres to manufacture an environmentally friendly, cost-effective, lightweight, and biodegradable composite with enhanced structural properties was provided. Various waste plastics, plant dust, and coupling agents-based composites investigated for applications, and emerging aspects of wood plastic composite for construction materials applications are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass gasification has increased due to its ability to provide high-temperature heat, making it promising for the decarbonisation of industrial processes. The economic and technical challenges of large-scale operations need to be addressed by focusing on small-sized gasifiers, while the use of low-grade biomass, is essential to increase the flexibility and sustainability of the plant. However, the utilisation of low-grade biomass is hindered by challenges stemming from variations in the particle distribution and shape, which significantly impact the fluidisation process and overall. In this research, the gasification of shredded municipal waste wood in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidised bed reactor was demonstrated, and the fluid-dynamics and gas production were assessed. The gasification process was yielding a gas with a lower heating value between 3.5 MJNm−3 and 3.9 MJNm−3 and a cold gas efficiency (CGE) of 46.4 %–48.6 %. Notably, these CGE values are consistent with pilot-scale setups, where CGE values above 50 % are typically not achievable because of poor insulation standards. The reactor's conical shape facilitated dynamic fluid regime transitions, ensuring efficient gas-solid interactions. This design allowed optimisation of fluidisation by accommodating particles of varying sizes throughout the reactor's height, thereby promoting efficient gasification suitable for industrial applications with diverse biomass feedstocks. • Investigation of staged bubbling fluidised bed gasification utilising municipal waste wood. • Small-scale biomass gasification for natural gas replacement. • Classification of the reactor fluid dynamic regime via the Grace diagram. • Efficient fluidisation of waste wood with wide particle size distribution. • Lower heating value of the product gas between 3.5 MJNm−3 and 3.9 MJNm−3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating consumption of wood products has inevitably led to a rapid accumulation of waste wood, of which a large amount has been landfilled. An innovative concept has been therefore proposed to repurposes waste wood formwork as the core material of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)-wood sandwich beams. A series of four-point bending tests were conducted on these sandwich beams, with the thicknesses and orientations of strengthening GFRP layers as the main test parameters examined. The test findings indicated that the GFRP-waste wood sandwich beams failed in either buckling of compression zone or rupture of GFRP covering. In addition, the increase in the number of GFRP layer resulted in a significant increase in the both bending stiffness and flexural strength, and the beams strengthened with three-layer GFRP sheets exhibited the bending stiffness and flexural strength up to respectively 4.7 and 6.5 times greater than those without such GFRP strengthening. The analytical and numerical predictions of flexural properties of sandwich beams are in a good agreement with the test results, thereby validating the accuracy of the models employed in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste wood, which has a large amount of cellulose fibers, should be transformed into useful materials for addressing environmental and resource problems. Thus, this study analyzed the application of waste wood as supercapacitor electrode material. First, cellulose fibers were extracted from waste wood and mixed with different contents of graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) in water. Using a facile filtration method, cellulose papers with GnPs were prepared and converted into carbon papers through carbonization and then to porous activated carbon papers containing GnPs (ACP−GnP) through chemical activation processes. For the morphology of ACP−GnP, activated carbon fibers with abundant pores were formed. The increase in the amount of GnPs attached to the fiber surfaces decreased the number of pores. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas and specific capacitance of the ACP−GnP electrodes decreased with an increase in the GnP content. However, the galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of ACPs with higher GnP contents gradually changed into triangular and linear shapes, which are associated with the capacitive performance. For example, ACP with 15 wt% GnP had a low mass transfer resistance and high charge delivery of ions, resulting in the specific capacitance value of 267 Fg−1 owing to micropore and mesopore formation during the activation of carbon paper.

Increases in energy demand and waste are a major cause of natural resource depletion and environmental pollution, and technology capable of processing waste to convert it into energy is required to mitigate this issue. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an example of this technology that can convert waste into energy, and various studies have been conducted using it for fuel conversion. This study focused on the production of a solid fuel equivalent to coal for power generation through HTC processes using waste wood. Unlike previous work, which consists only of laboratory-scale HTC experiments, we confirmed scalability through pilot-scale HTC experiments. Overall, it was possible to convert waste wood into HTC solid fuel with a calorific value of over 27,000 kJ/kg through the pilot plant HTC process. Additionally, heavy metal and hazardous substance analyses proved that it can be used as a biosolid fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Design Architecture & Engineering (FBU-DAE) / Tasarım, Mimarlık ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Journal of Design Architecture & Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Hazardous heavy metal contents and the leaching behavior in 60 woody biomass fly ash. • 95% of the woody biomass fly ash could be landfilled without special treatment. • The impacts of furnace type and fuel were statistically analyzed. • Ash produced from waste wood combustion had higher heavy metal contents. • Selenium can be a concern in beneficial use of woody biomass fly ash. In efforts to reduce net CO 2 emissions, the use of woody biomass as a fuel for power generation has grown rapidly. However, this practice is expected to generate large amounts of combustion ash. To support the subsequent use and disposal of combustion ash, it is important to understand its hazardous heavy metal (HHM) contents and leaching behavior. Therefore, we investigated the impacts of furnace type and fuel on HHM contents and leaching behavior based on 60 types of woody biomass fly ash (WBFA). A safety assessment of WBFA as fertilizer based on HHM contents revealed that 20% of the WBFA samples exceeded the prescribed standards. Therefore, WBFA would require preprocessing before reuse as fertilizer. The leaching test results showed that 95% of the WBFA samples could be landfilled as industrial waste without special treatment. However, prior to reuse in construction materials or soil amendments, it would be necessary to remove or fix HHMs to prevent leaching. Overall, WBFA generated from the combustion of waste wood as fuel tended to have higher HHM contents and leachate concentrations than WBFA from other woody biomass-based fuel types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes examples of energy crops that are profitable to burn, and whose cultivation is not complicated or expensive. Rapid growth of biomass, especially the green mass of energy crops, is indicated, which means that, in relation to fossil fuels, energy crops are considered renewable raw materials. An assessment of Polish non-food energy agriculture was conducted in the context of the prospects of a renewable energy source, namely, biomass. Recommendations for crop cultivation, the size of possible yields and the most important parameters of the obtained biomass, which have the greatest impact on the suitability of energy use, are presented. Materials of biological origin for combustion are divided into three groups: wood waste, by-products and plant products for the energy industry. It is indicated that 2 tons (Mg) of dry wood or straw is energetically equivalent to 1 Mg of coal, and 1 m3 of biogas is energetically equivalent to 1 kg of Polish coal. A novelty of this article is the interpretation of obtaining primary energy, including energy from renewable sources, in the European Union and Poland, taking into account the production of wood waste, straw, cereals and energy crops. The mechanism of the impact of the production parameters of energy crops was revealed during the prepared analysis of the prospects of Polish energy agriculture. Additionally, we conducted an analysis of the potential of biomass as a source of energy in the context of: obtaining primary energy, including energy from renewable sources, in the European Union and Poland; the number of biogas plants in Poland; and the area of agricultural land that is potentially useful for the cultivation of energy crops.

The conversion of biomass to olefin by employing gasification has recently gained the attention of the petrochemical sector, and syngas composition is a keystone during the evaluation of process design. Process simulation software is a preferred evaluation tool that employs stoichiometric and kinetic approaches. Despite the available literature, the estimation errors of these simulation methods have scarcely been contrasted. This study compares the errors of stoichiometric and kinetic models by simulating a downdraft steam gasifier in PRO/II. The quantitative examination identifies the model that best predicts the composition of products for the gasification of Japanese wood waste. The simulation adopts reaction mechanisms, flowsheet topology, reactions parameters, and component properties reported in the literature. The results of previous studies are used to validate the models in a comparison of the syngas composition and yield of products. The models are used to reproduce gasification at temperatures of 600∼900 °C and steam-to-biomass mass ratios of 0∼4. Both models reproduce experimental results more accurately for changes in the steam-to-biomass mass ratio than for temperature variations. The kinetic model is more accurate for predicting composition and yields, having global errors of 3.91%-mol/mol and 8.16%-g/gBM, respectively, whereas the simple stoichiometric model has an error of 7.96%-mol/mol and 16.21%-g/gBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric materials, especially thermoplastics, can be mixed with different types of fillers to improve their physicalmechanical performance, at the same time they allow, in many cases, to generate solutions to environmental problems such as the final disposal of wood waste. The plastic wood composites are products made by incorporating wood fibers in the polymer matrix, where the interaction between the two materials is key to achieve an adequate performance of the final product. This review establishes the polymer matrices and the types of wood commonly used in the production of plastic wood products, at the same time defining the previous treatments that must be carried out in the wood and in the polymer to improve the compatibility of the two materials, and in this way improve properties such as water absorption, resistance to decomposition, resistance to weathering and mechanical performance. Related to the mechanical properties, adding the wood fibers in the polymer modifies the rigidity of the polymeric material and the resistance in tension, bending and impact; however, it is established that the use of functionalizing agents is a fundamental key to improve the effect of wood incorporation into the polymer matrix. Finally, the new trends in the use of different types of waste and polymeric matrices to produce plastic wood are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of particle size on combustion kinetics, mechanisms, and decomposition characteristics of five wood samples were examined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under air atmosphere and three different heating rates (10, 40, and 80 °C/min). By using the both Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Coats-Redfern methods, the highest activation energies were found to be for the coarse samples except untreated pine samples. Only a few studies in the literature investigated the effect of particle size on both thermal kinetics and responsible mechanisms of solid biomass fuels under oxidative environment. Therefore, the findings can be taken into consideration for highly efficient design and operation of industrial thermochemical processes by using waste lignocellulosic biomass as a fuel. In this study, the average activation energies calculated by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa were 166.57, 153.08, and 171.42 kJ/mol for the smallest, medium and coarse samples, respectively. A similar trend but lower values were also evaluated by Coats-Redfern and it was stated as 131.34, 137.52, 146.22 kJ/mol for the smallest, medium, and coarse samples, respectively. As particle size increased lower combustion performance indexes were also obtained. Therefore, in addition to the particle size, the chemical content of the samples also had an impact on the alteration of the kinetic mechanisms and thermal decomposition properties of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of environmentally friendly and long-lasting supercapacitor electrodes employing activated carbons obtained from industrial wood waste from Alstonia Scholaris by traditional chemical activation using H 2 SO 4 at High temperature activation is shown in this paper. The new traits of metal oxide (Fe 2 O 3) doped Alstonia Scholaris wood derived activated carbon employing a slow precipitation technique. The produced activated carbon and the Fe 2 O 3 doped activated carbon samples were examined using a variety of analytical methods, including XRD, FESEM, TEM-HRTEM, elemental mapping, N 2 adsorption-desorption, Raman, XPS, and VSM. The BET result of prepared Fe 2 O 3 doped activated carbon exhibits high surface area of 443 m2g−1. However, the assembled ASC cell exhibits high energy density of 38 Wh/kg and power density of 3181 W/kg. This work focuses on an innovative, straightforward process for producing low cost activated carbon from waste wood sources, which might have useful applications in the energy storage system. Graphical abstract of assembles ASC device working mechanisms and their results. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of waste from the regional production of waste wood, waste paper, and cardboard in the form of briquettes may be causing an increase in local emissions, both of major elements and trace elements. When burning paper and cardboard briquettes, more than 70% of Mn, Zn, As, and Pb is released into the air from the total content of trace elements in the fuel. The largest amounts of major and trace elements are released when burning paper briquettes (56 g/kg of fuel); half of these amounts are released from burning briquettes from waste wood and coal (23 g/kg of fuel). The pursuit of alternative uses for those cardboard components that are not suitable for recycling cannot be directed to the production of briquettes for residential combustion in the framework of the application of the principles of the circular economy. In particular, the high concentrations of undesirable elements in the emissions released in the gas phase into the atmosphere are an obstacle existing even when the parameters of the PM10 emissions of a boiler are met. This is related to the high ash content of the cardboard (13.5%). Waste paper or cardboard could be added to waste wood at a maximum of 10% to make the pollution produced comparable to the burning of coal briquettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is to present an investigation of renewable energy potential in one small municipality in south Serbia. Serbia has a relatively small area but a large number of renewable energy resources. This energy is divided into solar, wind, geothermal and waste wood. One municipality on the south east has very large potential for the renewable energy utilization. The municipality of Kuršumlija has an area of 952 km2 but with poor dense of the population. In this municipality we have one of the most powerful resources of the renewable energy, estimated on 118.5 MWt. With the help of different methods such as GIS (Geographical Information System), numerical and geo-statistical analyses, were analyzed total capacity of the renewable energy. Other relevant documents are the municipality strategy documents, satellite recordings, cadaster data, analogue plans and maps. The estimated capacity of geothermal energy with included 23 springs may reach 25.5 MWt. The waste wood estimated capacity is may reach 1123.5 TJ/year or 35.6 MWt. The solar potential may reach 1810.8 Tj/year or 57.4 MWt. The main goal of this research is to present renewable energy potential of the municipality and compare it with dirty kinds of energy. Other goals are to present benefits and advantages of the utilization of renewable energy sources. This research is also important to present to the broader readership and it can be the start initiative for deeper investigation of renewable energy resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfilling is long the most common method of disposal for municipal solid waste (MSW). However, many countries seek to implement different methods of MSW treatment due to the high global warming potential associated with landfilling. Other methods such as recycling and incineration are either limited to only a fraction of generated MSW or still produce large greenhouse gas emissions, thereby providing an unsustainable disposal method. Here, the production of graphene from treated MSW is reported that including treated wood waste, using flash Joule heating. Results indicated a 71%-83% reduction in global warming potential compared to traditional disposal methods at a net cost of -$282 of MSW, presuming the graphene is sold at just 5% of its current market value to offset the cost of the flash Joule heating process., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Within the presented paper, different approaches to determine kinetic reaction models governing pyrolysis of three waste biomass types: waste wood (WW), waste straw (WS) and sewage sludge (SS) based on 5 dynamic heating runs (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 K/min) at TGA are presented and discussed. Fuel properties with lignocelluloses content of the investigated feedstock are presented and discussed. Ambiguous results of the generalized master-plot method draw the idea of determining actual reaction models using the isoconversional methodology. Friedman method provided apparent activation energies as a root for further calculations being the 48.1–294.3 kJ/mol for WS, 21.0–361.9 kJ/mol for WW and 58.1–484.3 kJ/mol for SS. Isoconversional pre-exponential factors were determined using linear compensation effect and were 7.2·106–1.8·1021 1/min, 1.6·104–1.2·1025 1/min, and 1.5·109–3.2·1030 1/min for WS, WW, and SS respectively. Based on isoconversional parameters, actual profiles of reaction models were estimated using the t-Students distribution for 95% confidence intervals and verified in the modelling of pyrolysis conversion profiles. Isoconversional pyrolysis models resulted in fitting to experimental profiles with non-linear coefficients of determination equal to 0.9912, 0.9876, and 0.9406 for WW, WS, and SS respectively. • Isoconversional f(α) for pyrolysis of WW, WS and SS are estimated for dynamic TGA. • A α were determined using compensation effect and E α with Friedman method. • Isoconversional kinetics resulted in fitting with R 2 0.99, 0.99, and 0.94. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the adsorption capacity and the kinetics of commercial waste wood in the UK, used as solid fuel, in the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous media. The experiments were designed according to a fractional factorial design of experiment (DoE) framework, that is, Taguchi DoE, enabling us to reveal the possible inter-parameter interactions and also to pinpoint the optimum experimental envelopes via a statistically-systematic approach. The optimum removal efficiency (i.e. 96.7%) was achieved with a solution pH = 5, an adsorbent dosage = 4 g/L, an initial dye concentration = 0.015 g/L, and with a mixing speed of 30 rpm. The adsorption process was found to be exothermic. The adsorbent was saturated after approximately 60 min, corresponding to a maximum experimental adsorption capacity of 4.8 mg/gadsorbent. The adsorption was best described by Freundlich isotherm. The maximum theoretical monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 29.5 mg/gadsorbent. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model. The dimensionless factor, RL, indicated that the adsorption process was favorable. The results indicate that the waste wood used in this study could be utilized as a low-cost and efficient adsorbent for MB removal. However, further studies investigating the leaching behavior of this waste wood are deemed to be of key importance before any large-scale application of this waste biomass stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An industrial biomass boiler of 200 kW thermal power is analyzed by computational and experimental methods. Gas composition and temperature within the furnace and in the downstream heat exchanger are measured. Combustion, flow and heat transfer processes within the furnace, exhaust tract as well as the forced convection on the water side of the heat exchanger are computationally investigated by the finite volume method‐based computational fluid dynamics procedures. The predictions are compared with the experiments. A satisfactory overall agreement between the predicted and measured temperatures is observed with an average deviation about 5 %. For oxygen mole fractions a fair agreement is found that shows deviations within the range of 10–20 %. For carbon monoxide, calculations exhibit a stronger underprediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims at testing the suitability of waste wood as feedstock in an industrial combustion unit. Firstly, an extensive characterization of properties relevant for combustion was performed on two samples of waste wood and one sample of natural wood for comparison. Both waste wood samples were found to contain significantly higher amounts of metals such as iron and titanium than natural wood. However, one sample was much richer than the other one in all types of impurities, which resulted in a particularly high amount of ash (about 10 w %), and the sample was also found to contain many fine particles. These observations seemed to be explained by an external pollution of the sample by soil. Then, experiments were carried out in a bench-scale fixed-bed combustion unit on the different samples under variable conditions of air flow. All samples could be successfully burnt. However, the waste wood sample polluted with soil appeared to have a lower conversion rate due to its heterogeneity of particle size. A separation between fines and the rest of the sample seemed to solve this issue. Regarding gas emissions, as expected, both waste wood samples gave rise to higher amounts of NO x emissions than natural wood due to their content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Gasification for MSW conversion prevents disposal and pollution. • Modified downdraft gasifier achieved cold gas efficiency of 85.6%. • Gasifier design has no throat. • Mass and energy balance demonstrated that the entire process was potentially feasible. Municipal solid waste has become an issue to be addressed with the rapidly growing human population. With implementation of circular economy strategy, this waste can be recovered as an energy resource, assuring a sustainable growth with minimal wasting. However, huge diversity in municipal solid waste often led to complication of processing. Thus, this study proposed a modified downdraft gasifier designed specifically for such heterogeneous feedstock, which includes municipal solid waste and wood waste. The dimensions of the tamarind wood were measured to be 10 cm in length and 6 cm in diameter. The moisture content of the wood was found to be 5.3 %. In this modified downdraft gasifier, the air for the gasification process is fed downward into a rotary grate with an internal air distribution system that is mounted at the reactor's bottom. Separate hot zones were developed as homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation occurred progressively in the modified gasifier. The suggested gasifier operated at a capacity of 100 kg/h, with air supplied at 150 kg/h and equivalence ratio of 0.3–0.5. Producer gas with the highest calorific value (1250 kcal/Nm3) was produced at the mixed ratio of 50:50 (by mass), with a rate of 250 m3/h. The minor energy and mass imbalance of 1.7 % and 0.2 %, respectively between input and output can be accounted for by environmental heat loss, moisture content and unburned carbon in the ash. The gasifier maintained a consistent syngas flow rate and achieved a cold gas efficiency of 85.6 %. Based on the obtained result, municipal solid waste was successfully transformed into producer gas, with mass and energy balance been adequately maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste wood contains large amounts of cellulose fibers that have outstanding mechanical properties. These fibers can be recycled and converted into highly valuable materials of waste wood. In this study, waste wood cellulose fiber/graphene nanoplatelet (WWCF/GnP) papers were prepared according to the WWCF and GnP contents. Subsequently, the WWCF/GnP papers were varyingly carbonized for their application as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials such as state-of-the-art electronic equipment malfunction prevention, chip-level microsystem, and micro intersystem noise suppression/reduction. The increase in the GnP content and carbonization temperature enhanced electrical conductivity, thereby generating a greater EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) in the high-frequency X-band. Additionally, the thickness of the WWCF/GnP carbon papers improved the electrical conductivity and EMI SE values. The electrical conductivity of the WWCF/GnP-15 carbon paper obtained at carbonization temperature of 1300 °C was approximately 5.86 S/m, leading to an EMI SE value of 43 decibels (dB) at 10.5 GHz for one sheet. Furthermore, overlapping of the three sheets increased the electrical conductivity to 7.02 S/m, leading to an EMI SE value of 72.5 dB at 10.5 GHz. Thus, we isolated WWCFs, without completely removing contaminants, for recycling and converting them into highly valuable EMI shielding materials.

The use of waste from the regional production of waste wood, waste paper, and cardboard in the form of briquettes may be causing an increase in local emissions, both of major elements and trace elements. When burning paper and cardboard briquettes, more than 70% of Mn, Zn, As, and Pb is released into the air from the total content of trace elements in the fuel. The largest amounts of major and trace elements are released when burning paper briquettes (56 g/kg of fuel); half of these amounts are released from burning briquettes from waste wood and coal (23 g/kg of fuel). The pursuit of alternative uses for those cardboard components that are not suitable for recycling cannot be directed to the production of briquettes for residential combustion in the framework of the application of the principles of the circular economy. In particular, the high concentrations of undesirable elements in the emissions released in the gas phase into the atmosphere are an obstacle existing even when the parameters of the PM10 emissions of a boiler are met. This is related to the high ash content of the cardboard (13.5%). Waste paper or cardboard could be added to waste wood at a maximum of 10% to make the pollution produced comparable to the burning of coal briquettes.

Understanding the behaviour of pyrolysis is crucial in gasification of high volatile content lignocellulosic material. In this study, parameters affecting the properties of volatiles and char that are feedstock for the gasification step were studied to determine and optimize operating conditions in pyrolysis for high quality syngas/hydrogen production. A uniform temperature profile was obtained at particle sizes up to 0.5 cm3. Pyrolysis temperatures in the range 600–900 °C significantly influence the char properties, i.e. increasing surface area and total pore size up to 2.5–3 times when increasing temperature, which in turn enhances the gas-solid reactions occurring in the gasification process. Increasing pyrolysis temperatures, i.e. above 700 °C fully decomposed unstable compounds, i.e. levoglucosan and their derivatives, but promoted the formation of phenolic compounds. Around 41% reduction in surface area and total pore volume of the char was observed when increasing particle size from 0.5 to 2 cm3. At pyrolysis temperatures above 800 °C and particle size of 0.5–1 cm3 with a controlled amount of steam, i.e. 5.7 steam to carbon in biomass (S/C) molar ratio, the H 2 content in the gas phase increased to 67 mol% from 49 mol% and the aromatic compounds in the gas stream decreased up to 50.6%. • Increasing pyrolysis temperature increased surface area and total pore volume of char. • Char derived at 900 °C significantly enhanced H 2 production and tar cracking. • Pyrolysis temperatures above 700 °C decomposed all sugars and their derivatives. • H 2 /CO ratio was not affected by pyrolysis temperature and particle size. • Up to 67 mol% H 2 produced from a two-stage gasification with addition of steam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High amounts of lead in waste/recycled wood fuel are known to be a contributing factor to the increased corrosion often related to this type of fuel. In combination with potassium, usually present in the fuel, low‐melting point salt mixtures between lead chloride (PbCl 2) and potassium chloride (KCl) are expected to form. The purpose of this study is to investigate reactions in the mixed salt of PbCl 2 and KCl and its interactions with carbon steel P265GH and its oxide. Laboratory exposures were performed in an isothermal tube furnace with a salt mixture of PbCl 2/KCl (50/50 mol%) put on steel samples. The test duration was 24 hr at either 300°C or 340°C in an atmosphere of 100 ppm HCl and 20 vol% H 2O in synthetic air. After exposure, the salt mixture consists of distinct areas of KCl and PbCl 2 but also the compounds K 2PbCl 4 and KPb 2Cl 5. A general observation is that the oxide thickness increases with temperature and that areas with Pb/K‐mixed salt are frequently found in close connection to more corroded areas. Often the more lead‐rich phase KPb 2Cl 5 is located closest to the corrosion product indicating its importance for the corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Hydrothermal carbonization provides a sustainable solution for improper disposal of discarded biomass. • Waste biomass in bitumen modification effectively alleviates shortage of petroleum resources. • Micron hydrothermal carbon was designed and embedded in a bitumen composite towards enhanced performance. • Irregular fibrous composition and porous structures of hydrothermal carbon play a key role in bitumen matrix. Recycling biomass by-products into bitumen is one of the most effective ways to develop sustainable pavements. To cope with the shortage of petroleum resources and improper disposal of discarded biomass, the hydrothermal carbon (HTC) produced by hydrothermal carbonization of waste wood was adopted to reduce the consumption of bitumen and enhance the performance of bitumen, and the mechanical performances and working mechanism of hydrothermal carbon-modified bitumen (HTCMB) were investigated in this study. The results indicate that HTC significantly enhances bitumen's high-temperature and fatigue properties. When the content of HTC is not more than 3%, its effect on the low-temperature cracking resistance of bitumen can be ignored. The addition of HTC absorbs the polar components in bitumen, thus promoting the dispersion of polar components and effectively preventing the mutual aggregation and crystallization of wax components and asphaltenes in bitumen. The excellent mechanical properties of HTCMB can be attributed to the irregular fibrous composition and porous structures of HTC, which play a good role in reinforcing and connecting the bitumen matrix and dramatically enhances the interaction with bitumen. This study proposes a win–win solution to the shortage of petroleum resources in road engineering and the improper disposal of discarded biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling of waste wood into resol type phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins via fast pyrolysis was demonstrated. Waste wood collected from the building demolition site in Finland was pyrolyzed with 20 kg/h circulating fluidized bed pyrolysis pilot unit. Pilot was operated with high organic liquid yield (60 wt% on average) and the produced fast pyrolysis bio-oil was fractionated by water addition into aqueous phase and water insoluble phase. The obtained fractions were characterized, and the water-insoluble viscous lignin fraction was used in the synthesis of PF-resins. Commercial phenol was successfully replaced by pyrolytic lignin fraction at 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%, 40 wt% and 50 wt% producing resins of low in free formaldehyde content, but resins with high replacement ratio exhibited higher viscosities. The use of H 2 O/n-butanol mixture as solvent at a ratio 70:30 wt/wt% proved capable to prolong the storage time of the resin and helped to maintain the viscosity at acceptable values for at least 2 weeks before their use in the targeted application. Finally, the gluing performance of the resins was evaluated by measuring the tensile shear strength of lap joints formed by gluing 5 mm thick beech wood veneers. All the produced resins fulfilled a dry strength limit of ≥ 10 N/mm2. Wet strength limit ≥ 7 N/mm2 was fulfilled by the resins with the replacement ratio up 40 wt%, but resins with replacement ratio of 50 wt% had somewhat reduced wet strength. These results confirm a promising protentional application of pyrolysis derived lignin fraction in phenolic wood adhesives, at least in dry conditions. • Recycling of waste wood into phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins via fast pyrolysis was demonstrated • Phenol was successfully replaced by pyrolytic lignin fraction at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt% • The use of H 2 O/n-butanol mixture as solvent proved capable to prolong the storage time of the resin • All the produced resins fulfilled a dry strength limit of ≥ 10 N/mm2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Recycling decontaminated CCA treated wood and general timber waste into a wood geopolymer cement (WGC) composites. • The WGC with the decontaminated wood chips showed higher mechanical properties than both the samples with CCA-treated and non-CCA-treated wood chips. • The compressive strength and MOE decreased as the wood content increased, while the MOR increased with the wood content peaking at WC/B ratio of 0.25. • The WGC with WC/B ratio of 0.1 to 0.25 meets the minimum requirement for making load bearing cinderblocks, while all the samples satisfy the minimum requirement for non-load bearing cinder blocks. • The compressive strength of the WGC generally showed a higher value when compared to similar purpose wood-Portland cement composites. Addressing critical societal challenges, such as climate change, resource depletion, and environmental protection, requires sustainable management of resources. This study reports on the results of an experimental program using waste wood, including chromium copper arsenic (CCA) treated wood, to produce ambiently cured geopolymer cement bonded wood composites (WGC), and the results are very encouraging. The composite exhibited a reasonable compressive strength, which ranged between 7 and 27 MPa inversely corresponding to the amount of wood per binder ratio ranging between 0.1 and 0.4, conferring it the possibility of being used as a building material. The compressive strength of the composite with 40% wood chips showed the lowest compressive strength with values of 9.79, 7.29, and 7.92 MPa for decontaminated, CCA-treated, and non-CCA-treated wood chips, respectively. The results indicated that for all the wood per binder ratios, the use of decontaminated wood chips significantly improves the compressive, flexural, and specific strength of the composites, as well as their ductility, compared to non-decontaminated CCA-treated and non-CCA-treated wood chips. This paves the way for using wood waste in sustainability oriented product development and manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]