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Global road development accelerates environmental harm, resource depletion, and fossil fuel consumption due to conventional aggregate and hot mix asphalt (HMA) use. To combat this, sustainable pavement construction is vital. cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs), a type of cold mix asphalt (CMA), offer a sustainable path forward. Incorporating waste materials as fine aggregates in cold mix asphalt addresses waste issues and flexible pavement development. Our research pioneers using crushed waste glass (WG) as a fine aggregate substitute in CBEM's binder layer, emphasizing unique microstructural analysis to uncover strength improvement mechanisms not explored before in binder layer gradation. This study replaces virgin fine aggregate with WG at varying percentages (0% to 100%, in 20% increments) and evaluated mechanical performance, including Marshall stability/flow, indirect tensile strength (ITS), resilient modulus (ITSM), dynamic modulus, flow number, fatigue life, and durability (retained Marshall stability). CBEM-WG mixes with around 60% WG content exhibited mechanical performance comparable to normal CBEM (NCBEM)/conventional HMA and showed improved performance beyond 60% dosage and maximum at 100% WG content. Moisture damage resistance decreases with increasing WG content but remains comparable to HMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of experiments were carried out to explore the impact of waste glass on the durability of concrete. In this study, waste glass was incrementally incorporated to replace sand as the fine aggregate in creating 240 concrete specimens, with substitution rates of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. The concrete specimens were subjected to early strength testing on the 3rd and 7th day, followed by evaluation of strength and permeability after curing for 28 days with dry-wet cycles. Furthermore, ultrasonic wave analysis was conducted on the waveform, and the concrete's internal phases and chemical composition were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The results led to the following observations: (1) The inclusion of glass sand lowered the early compressive strength of concrete, with the lowest drop being 24.78%. However, when it was cured for 28 days and the content of glass sand was not more than 30%, the change rate of its compressive strength was between −2.85% and 3.19%, so it was practically negligible. (2) Glass sand substitution rates ranging from 10% to 30% greatly enhanced the strength of concrete under dry-wet cycles, and the 50% substitution rate significantly improved the permeability properties, although it adversely affected the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability properties of geopolymer mortars prepared using different contents of slag and glass powder (GP) were examined and compared with the properties of Portland cement mortar (PCM). The slag–GP mixes were activated with a 6 M sodium hydroxide solution at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 0.35. The performance of 28-day cured specimens after high-temperature exposure, wetting–drying and freezing–thawing cycles, water slaking, surface abrasion and alkali–silica reaction (ASR) were examined. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out to identify the microstructural changes in the materials. The results showed that an appropriate GP content (10%) enhanced the performance of the slag–GP binary geopolymer and improved its durability. However, ASR expansion was found to increase marginally. The geopolymer specimens achieved higher strength and durability than PCM due to their dense and compact microstructure with significant gel formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borosilicate glasses are the primary waste forms for the industrial immobilization of high‐level liquid waste. Yet, the compositional variation of waste glasses can form the diopside phase, which can be detrimental to the melting process and the properties of the final glass products. This study prepared simulated waste glasses with variable contents of alkaline earth metals, boron, transition metals, and rare earth metal oxide and subjected them to heat treatments. The effect of the compositional variation on the diopside crystallization behavior was explored using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results revealed that the average size of diopside crystals was proportional to the square root of the heat treatment durations. Increased contents of alkaline earth and transition metal oxides could contribute to the growth of diopside crystals, while boron oxide tended to inhibit it. Finally, a prediction model correlating the average crystal size, compositional variation, and heat treatment durations was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though concrete structures are safer than steel structures in terms of fire resistance, the risk exists in concrete structures by spalling or exploding, especially in high-strength concrete. This study aims to produce a particular type of concrete using waste ceramics as fine aggregate and waste glass as coarse aggregate and compare data with normal aggregate concrete. Studies show that using waste ceramic and glass increases the fire resistance of concrete. After fire exposure in the control mix, the residual compressive strength was 10 MPa. The waste aggregate concrete was found to be 26.9 MPa after 800 centigrade exposures, which was an excellent result. Waste materials decreased construction costs and led to a clean environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods for the separation of oil and water exhibit numerous flaws, including limited decontamination capacity, incomplete separation, complex operation, and environmental pollution. Although some film materials are widely used in the process of separating oil and water, they also present challenges such as susceptibility to contamination and high expenses. Here, three types of films are fabricated using waste glass as the raw material by incorporating diverse additives for achieving distinct microstructures. Different micromorphologies resulted in different film properties, with the superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic films prepared with KOH as an additive showing exceptional performance compared to the others, with separation efficiencies is 99.97%. Meanwhile, the preparation method of this film is characterized by low cost, simple operation and green environment. As a result, this has the potential for practical applications in the separation of oil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable construction materials and trash reuse are effective ecological remedial solutions. Concrete is widely used in construction and structural applications. Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a popular concrete innovation with high mechanical properties. However, Portland cement is used in large quantities, making UHPC expensive and limiting its use in structural engineering. Significant CO2 emissions and natural resource depletion occur. To make UHPC more environmentally friendly and affordable, substitute PC in concrete mixture with several additives. This study uses Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and waste glass (WG) at 0%, 10%, and 20% cement replacement to create an eco-friendly and cost-effective UHPC. To accomplish this, 3 cylinders per mix were made and separated. Experimental tests include slump, UPV, compaction factor, and mechanical characteristics. GGBS and WG improved concrete mix workability, according to the findings. For best workability and mechanical properties, replace 10% of cement with WG and GGBS in concrete. Using 10% material additives as cement replacement decreased concrete compressive and tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The global surge in glass waste generation, exceeding 130 million tons annually, presents a pressing environmental issue, compounded by inadequate recycling practices, it is concerning that the global recycling rate for glass waste is below 50%. This research investigates the utilization of WG as a FA substitute in paver block to mitigate the ecological footprint of conventional paver block while enhancing its mechanical properties. WG’s unique characteristics, such as high silica content and impermeability, make it a promising alternative. A comprehensive experimental approach, including tests like water absorption, dry density, workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, demonstrated WG’s potential to improve concrete’s durability and performance. For instance, a 40% WGA replacement reduced the absorption rate 12%, while 20% WGA incorporation-maintained strength properties close to the control mix, with compressive strengths up to 30.80 MPa at 28 days. Employing RSM as predictive models, the study showed R2 values of 0.9513, 0.9983, 0.9156, 0.9925, and 0.9895 for water absorption, dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, respectively. This study offers supporting global research efforts to advance sustainable and affordable construction materials, leading to a significant reduction in landfill waste and the conservation of precious natural resources worldwide.

Abstract This study helps in managing waste glass and greening the environment by incorporating laboratory waste glass into mortar production to make an eco-friendly shielding material against gamma rays. The efficiency of using waste glass powder as a cement replacement or addition in mortar production was studied by using two waste glass sizes: micro glass (particle size range from 10.09 to 24.73 μm) and nano glass (particle size range from 10.57 to 26.42 nm) to design different mortar specimens with varying percentages of fine glass powder from 0 to 30%. Compressive strength and flexure strength were evaluated to determine mechanical properties. The results indicated that adding WGP to mortar positively affects the characteristics of cementitious composites. The linear and mass attenuation coefficients of the samples were experimentally determined using a NaI detector and various radioactive sources (Am-241, Ba-133, Eu-152, Cs-137, and Co-60) with gamma energies ranging from 59.53 to 1332 keV. The obtained coefficients were then compared to the theoretical values of the composites using XCOM software to verify their accuracy. Additionally, the half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path, and effective atomic number were computed. Furthermore, the results revealed that the mortar sample with 30% nano additive glass was the most effective in reducing gamma radiation.

Solid waste management is a major environmental challenge, especially in developing countries, with increasing amounts of waste glass (WG) and waste plastic (WP) not being recycled. In Ethiopia, managing WG and WP requires innovative recycling techniques. This study examines concrete properties with WG and WP as partial replacements for fine aggregate. Tests were conducted on cement setting time, workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. Concrete of grade C-25, with a target compressive strength of 25 MPa, was prepared by partially replacing fine aggregate with WP and WG. The mechanical properties were evaluated after 7 and 28 days of curing. At a 20% replacement level, workability decreased at water–cement ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 but remained stable at 0.4, leading to the selection of the 0.4 ratio for further testing. A 10% replacement of fine aggregate, using a ratio of 3% WP and 7% WG, was found to be optimal, resulting in an increase in compressive strength by 12.55% and 6.44% at 7 and 28 days, respectively. In contrast, a 20% replacement led to a decrease in compressive strength by 14.35% and 0.73% at 7 and 28 days, respectively. On the 28th day, the splitting tensile strength at the optimal replacement level was 4.3 MPa, reflecting an 8.5% reduction compared to the control mix. However, flexural strength improved significantly by 19.7%, from 12.46 MPa to 15.52 MPa. Overall, the incorporation of WG and WP in concrete enhances flexural strength but slightly reduces splitting tensile strength.

The increasing depletion of natural clay resources and the indiscriminate dumping of solid waste has exerted unprecedented pressure on the environment. This study primarily aims to assess the efficacy of waste glass (WG) in enhancing the compressive strength of sludge-shale bricks. The mass loss (ML), apparent porosity (AP), bulk density (BD), water absorption (WA), and compressive strength (CS) of the sludge-shale bricks were evaluated in accordance with the relevant Chinese standards. The optimal parameters were determined to be a WG dosage of 30%, a molding pressure of 20 MPa, a sintering temperature of 1000 °C, and a holding time of 2 h. The performance of the products under optimum conditions was further evaluated through freeze–thaw tests, leaching tests, microstructural and mineralogical analysis. The results indicated that the AP, BD, WA, and CS of sludge-shale bricks prepared under optimum conditions were 35.31%, 1.69 g/cm3 and 15.29% 52.01 MPa, respectively. Leaching tests revealed that incorporating WG and elevation of sintering temperature enhance the efficacy of heavy metal immobilization. Following 25 freeze–thaw cycles, weight loss values for all sludge-shale bricks remained considerably below national limits. Elevated WG dosage and sintering temperature promote structure vitrification and densification, facilitating anorthite formation that enhances CS. This study provides robust data support for the synergistic preparation of sintered bricks using shale, municipal sewage sludge (MSS) and WG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites have been increasingly applied in various fields such as energy conversion, environmental remediation, chemical production, and so on, being used as membranes, catalysts, and supports due to their large specific areas and strong gas adsorption. And, developing low-cost strategies for the preparation of zeolites has attracted the extensive attention of researchers. Coal fly ash, waste glass, discard zeolites, and slags are typical industrial wastes and rich in Si and Al, indicating that these industrial wastes can be utilized as alternative raw materials of zeolite synthesis. Firstly, the chemical composition and properties of these industrial wastes are summarized. Then, the strategies involved in synthesizing different zeolites from various industrial wastes are discussed. In addition, the applications of these zeolites are comprehensively reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study explores the fabrication of 3D printing filament using waste glass powder (WGP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic aiming to enhance the mechanical properties and sustainability of the composite material. The matrix and filler were blended in varying weight ratios (HDPE: WGP) of 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20 to prepare a raw material for filament extrusion. The filament of diameter 1.65 ± 0.05 mm diameter was extruded. Thereafter, a chemical and thermo-mechanical characterization of extruded filament was conducted. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful integration of WGP into the HDPE matrix, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination revealed alterations in crystallinity attributed to WGP reinforcement. Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) analysis demonstrated enhanced thermal stability upon WGP incorporation, which is attributed to its role as a thermal barrier. Tensile test exhibit 45.41% and 17.22% increase in yield stress and ultimate tensile stress for 90:10 composition ratio, respectively. Moreover, including waste glass powder in HDPE, thermoplastic composite offers a sustainable solution for repurposing glass waste, thereby reducing the volume of glass destined for landfills or incineration. Potential applications of this composite filament include its use in construction, automotive, and packaging industries through 3D printing, where improved mechanical properties and sustainability are highly valued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste glass as a solid waste is urgently needed to utilize and alleviate the shortage of natural aggregate. In this paper, a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) modified emulsified asphalt microsurfacing mixture was prepared by partially replacing basalt aggregate with waste glass, and the interlayer shear resistance and night visibility were explored. The optimum content of SBR was determined by evaluating the properties of SBR-modified emulsified asphalt. The wet track abrasion and load wheel test were chosen to optimize the content of asphalt. Moreover, Leutner shear strength was measured to characterize the interlayer shear resistance, and the night visibility was certified through qualitative and quantitative methods. The experimental results indicate that modified emulsified asphalt exhibits good properties when the dosage of SBR is 4%. The addition of waste glass exerts a certain weakening effect on interlayer shear resistance of the microsurfacing mixture, but the adverse impact could be neglected when the content of coarse and fine waste glass is less than 15%. The night visibility is improved significantly when the waste glass is added; the retroreflection coefficients are 52.2 and 45.7 mcd/lx/m2 , respectively, when the content of waste glass fine aggregate and waste glass coarse aggregate reaches 20%, and the reflective effect brought by waste glass fine aggregate is more remarkable. The application of waste glass in the microsurfacing mixture realizes the resource utilization of solid waste, provides a safe environment for driving at night, and achieves the effects of traffic guidance and landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global surge in glass waste generation, exceeding 130 million tons annually, presents a pressing environmental issue, compounded by inadequate recycling practices, it is concerning that the global recycling rate for glass waste is below 50%. This research investigates the utilization of WG as a FA substitute in paver block to mitigate the ecological footprint of conventional paver block while enhancing its mechanical properties. WG's unique characteristics, such as high silica content and impermeability, make it a promising alternative. A comprehensive experimental approach, including tests like water absorption, dry density, workability, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, demonstrated WG's potential to improve concrete's durability and performance. For instance, a 40% WGA replacement reduced the absorption rate 12%, while 20% WGA incorporation-maintained strength properties close to the control mix, with compressive strengths up to 30.80 MPa at 28 days. Employing RSM as predictive models, the study showed R2 values of 0.9513, 0.9983, 0.9156, 0.9925, and 0.9895 for water absorption, dry density, compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and rebound hammer, respectively. This study offers supporting global research efforts to advance sustainable and affordable construction materials, leading to a significant reduction in landfill waste and the conservation of precious natural resources worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-based solid-state lighting is the future of the high-brightness lighting and long-distance automobile illumination industry. It has started replacing light-emitting diode (LED)-based lighting equipment with high thermal stabilities and transparencies, i.e., phosphor in glass (PiG). PiGs have received special attention because of their simple fabrication process and easy colour tuning. The study of glass is usually conducted in the field of phosphor fabrication, with very limited studies on its recycling. We demonstrated the utilization of rejected glass from other sources due to scratches, cracks and defects by some other means by recycling with the development of PiGs. The waste glass slides were crushed into fine powders, and the pulverized samples were sieved to an average particle size of 30 μm. Fine glass frits were mixed with Ce-doped Y3Al5O12 and sintered at 730°C for 30 min to refabricate glass as a PiG to overcome the recycling route for waste glass. A prototype design of laser-driven PiGs (LD-PiGs) has been developed for white light generation. Different concentrations of YAG:Ce (20–50%) in fine glass frits had colour rendering indices (CRIs) >60. The 25 wt.% YAG:Ce-developed PiG pellet showed better results than the other compositions in terms of photoluminescence emission intensity, CRI 69, colour-correlated temperature 5566 K and colour coordinates (0.331, 0.3328). PiG pellets are much better than YAG:Ce and UV-adhesive matrix screens printed on glass substrates used as white light sources. LD-PiGs exhibit superior thermal robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its superior performance over traditional materials, polymer concrete has emerged as a new engineering material in the current context. The main focus of this study was the design and manufacture of polyester polymer concrete (PC) from various recycled materials for use in various building applications. Four different types of recycled aggregate from easily accessible crushed building materials were employed: waste glass (WG), crushed mortar (CM), crushed clay bricks (CB), and crushed concrete (CC). Sustainable modified polymer concrete (SMPC) specimens were made using a conventional casting method and various replacements for normal sand, such as crushed concrete, mortar, clay bricks, and waste glass (10, 20, 30, and 40 volume percent). The mechanical properties of SMPC with and without recycled aggregate were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength. The findings showed that adding (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of (CC, CM, CB, and WG) as a partial substitute for natural fine aggregate improves the mechanical properties (compressive strength, direct tensile strength, and flexural strength) of SMPC. In comparison to other waste materials, the results of using crushed concrete were the best and highest. Similar to reference PC and SMPC with recycled fine aggregate, the rate of strength evolution with age is roughly the same. This research also looked into how the curing temperature affected the SMPC's compressive strength characteristics. The 20, 40, and 60 °C curing temperature ranges were taken into consideration. The findings demonstrate that the compressive strength of PC, both with and without recycled fine aggregate, is significantly impacted by a curing temperature above 20 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex interactions between soil and additives such as lignin, glass powder, and rubber tires were investigated using principles of material and soil mechanics. Previous research has mainly focused on individual additives in clay soils. In contrast, this study investigates soil improvement with two different types of waste materials simultaneously. The improvement of soil properties by hybrid waste materials was evaluated using several laboratory tests, including the standard Proctor test, the unconfined compressive strength test, the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, and cyclic triaxial tests. The aim of this research is to identify key parameters for the design and construction of road pavements and to demonstrate that improving the subgrade with hybrid waste materials contributes significantly to the sustainability of road construction. The mechanical and physical properties were evaluated in detail to determine the optimal mixtures. The results show that the most effective mixture for the combination of waste glass powder and rubber tires contains 20% glass powder and 3% rubber tires, based on the dry weight of the soil. For the combination of waste glass powder and lignin, the optimum mixture consists of 15% glass powder and 15% lignin, based on the dry weight of the soil. These results provide valuable insights into the sustainable use of waste materials for soil stabilization in road construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid waste management is a major environmental challenge, especially in developing countries, with increasing amounts of waste glass (WG) and waste plastic (WP) not being recycled. In Ethiopia, managing WG and WP requires innovative recycling techniques. This study examines concrete properties with WG and WP as partial replacements for fine aggregate. Tests were conducted on cement setting time, workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength. Concrete of grade C-25, with a target compressive strength of 25 MPa, was prepared by partially replacing fine aggregate with WP and WG. The mechanical properties were evaluated after 7 and 28 days of curing. At a 20% replacement level, workability decreased at water–cement ratios of 0.5 and 0.6 but remained stable at 0.4, leading to the selection of the 0.4 ratio for further testing. A 10% replacement of fine aggregate, using a ratio of 3% WP and 7% WG, was found to be optimal, resulting in an increase in compressive strength by 12.55% and 6.44% at 7 and 28 days, respectively. In contrast, a 20% replacement led to a decrease in compressive strength by 14.35% and 0.73% at 7 and 28 days, respectively. On the 28th day, the splitting tensile strength at the optimal replacement level was 4.3 MPa, reflecting an 8.5% reduction compared to the control mix. However, flexural strength improved significantly by 19.7%, from 12.46 MPa to 15.52 MPa. Overall, the incorporation of WG and WP in concrete enhances flexural strength but slightly reduces splitting tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to resource scarcity and environmental challenges, sustainable practices, particularly in recycling and reusing waste materials, have become crucial. This paper reviews the utilization of porous glass, particularly made from recycled waste glass, for manufacturing and environmental applications. Porous glass features a broad size range of tiny pores, offering advantages in recycling due to its inertness, sorption capabilities, and versatility. It can be produced through phase separation, sol–gel, hydrothermal methods, and the use of foaming agents, offering a large surface area and high sorption efficiency. The adsorption capacity, flexibility in enhancing material properties, and reusability of porous glass allow it to be applied in diverse environmental roles, such as contaminant removal from water and wastewater. The controlled release of phosphate from phosphate-porous glass adsorbent enables its use in fertilizing plants while minimizing excess phosphate release into the water bodies. Its unique physicochemical properties also make it suitable for use in construction sectors. Our findings highlight the porous glass's potential to significantly contribute to glass recycling, reduce landfill airspace, and support sustainable material usage. The study underscores the role of porous glass in advancing waste glass recycling and promoting sustainable environmental practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste glass is a high-quality siliceous material for autoclaved material, but its effect as the substitution for quartz sand is variable and not sufficiently clarified. To better apply the waste glass in the autoclaved material, the single and combined effect of waste glass and quartz sand as siliceous material on compressive strength is evaluated, and the transformation of hydration products and microstructure is ascertained based on the comprehensive analysis of XRD, FTIR, TG-DSC and 29Si NMR tests. The results indicate that the compressive strength of the autoclaved materials with waste glass is generally higher than that with quartz sand, and the optimum Ca/Si ratio for the waste glass autoclaved material is 0.7, lower than 0.9 for quartz sand autoclaved material. As a single siliceous material, waste glass inhibits the formation of tobermorite and benefits the production of amorphous and highly polymerized C-S–H. At the fixed Ca/Si ratio of 0.7, the partial substitution of waste glass improves the compressive strength of quartz sand autoclaved material by increasing the yield of tobermorite, and the compressive strength reaches the maximum value at the substitution ratio of 20%. A higher waste glass replacement ratio will then be adverse to the formation of tobermorite and decrease the compressive strength. With the increase of the waste glass replacement ratio, the compressive strength presents a three-stage development process. Boosting the formation of tobermorite at a low replacement level of waste glass or highly polymerized C-S–H at a high enough replacement level of waste glass are two feasible approaches to enhancing the strength of autoclaved materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Briquettes made from carbonized agricultural residues present sustainable material alternatives to wood charcoal and firewood for commercial and industrial applications. However, these briquettes are plagued by property weaknesses including low drop strength and thermal efficiency. Therefore, this study focuses on enhancing the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite briquettes produced from carbonized banana peels and waste glass. Composite briquettes comprised of banana peels biochar and waste glass powder (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were developed, characterized, and evaluated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry to determine thermo-physical properties and higher heating values, respectively. The thermal efficiency and emissions (CO, CO2, and PM2.5) were assessed using the water boiling test and an emissions monitoring system. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of the developed briquettes ranged from 2.5 to 9.7%, 19.2 to 37.2%, 28.7 to 55.6%, and 7.2 to 44.9%, respectively. Drop strength for the briquettes was 84% without waste glass in the composite, increasing to 94–98% with waste glass included in the composite matrix. Higher heating values ranged from 20.1 to 35.8 MJ/kg. Thermal efficiency rose from 22% with no waste glass powder to 40% with 50% waste glass powder addition, while CO and CO2 emissions decreased from 41 to 11 ppm; and 50 to 15 ppm, respectively. PM2.5 remained constant across all banana peel biochar waste glass composites. Notably, even a modest 10% waste glass composition significantly improved drop strength and thermal efficiency, but higher waste glass percentages correlated with elevated ash values and reduced higher heating values. Therefore, the developed composite briquettes can be used in commercial and industrial applications including in some industrial boilers.

Waste packaging glass with different chemical compositions were used to prepare lime-silicate products, a form of eco-friendly building materials. The percentages of glass, occurring in three colours: colourless, green and brown, were 33, 66 and 100 per cent by weight of quartz sand, which, along with lime, is the main component of silicate products. Compressive strength, bulk density and water adsorption were tested on autoclaved cylindrical specimens with a height and diameter of 25 mm. The results show that as the waste glass content of the autoclaved samples increases, the compressive strength and water adsorption increase, at the same time, the bulk density decreases. The chemical composition that determines the colour of the glass shows differences in the physical and chemical characteristics obtained.

This study investigates the use of waste glass as an active aggregate in glass polymers based on water glass, aiming to enhance the sustainability of construction materials by utilizing recyclable waste. Methodologically, the research employs a combination of water glass as a binder with waste glass, analyzing their chemical interaction and the resulting mechanical properties. The primary findings reveal that the inclusion of finely ground waste glass not only promotes the polycondensation and hardening processes of water glass but also significantly influences the adhesive and cohesive strengths of the developed glass polymers. After 7 days of hardening, the tensile strength of these materials exceeds that of standard concrete with values reaching up to 4.11 MPa, indicating strong adhesion capabilities that could pull out fragments of the concrete substrate. Conclusively, the study underscores the potential of waste glass in improving the structural and economic efficiencies of building materials, contributing to a reduction in landfill waste and offering a promising avenue for the innovative use of recyclable materials in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Briquettes made from carbonized agricultural residues present sustainable material alternatives to wood charcoal and firewood for commercial and industrial applications. However, these briquettes are plagued by property weaknesses including low drop strength and thermal efficiency. Therefore, this study focuses on enhancing the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite briquettes produced from carbonized banana peels and waste glass. Composite briquettes comprised of banana peels biochar and waste glass powder (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were developed, characterized, and evaluated using thermo-gravimetric analysis and bomb calorimetry to determine thermo-physical properties and higher heating values, respectively. The thermal efficiency and emissions (CO, CO2, and PM2.5) were assessed using the water boiling test and an emissions monitoring system. Proximate analysis revealed that moisture content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash content of the developed briquettes ranged from 2.5 to 9.7%, 19.2 to 37.2%, 28.7 to 55.6%, and 7.2 to 44.9%, respectively. Drop strength for the briquettes was 84% without waste glass in the composite, increasing to 94–98% with waste glass included in the composite matrix. Higher heating values ranged from 20.1 to 35.8 MJ/kg. Thermal efficiency rose from 22% with no waste glass powder to 40% with 50% waste glass powder addition, while CO and CO2 emissions decreased from 41 to 11 ppm; and 50 to 15 ppm, respectively. PM2.5 remained constant across all banana peel biochar waste glass composites. Notably, even a modest 10% waste glass composition significantly improved drop strength and thermal efficiency, but higher waste glass percentages correlated with elevated ash values and reduced higher heating values. Therefore, the developed composite briquettes can be used in commercial and industrial applications including in some industrial boilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocarbons (fuel) derived from agricultural waste biomass are potential alternatives, and these hydrocarbons are within range of jet fuel and diesel. In the current research work, date seeds are considered a feedstock for bio-oil (composed of oxygenated hydrocarbons) and is subjected to hydro-deoxygenation to produce green jet fuel and diesel. Hydro-deoxygenation is exothermic reaction and involves cracking for which a novel heterogeneous catalyst is synthesised. The heterogeneous catalyst consists of an acidic nature precursor derived from waste glass (SiO2) and active metals (tungsten, nickel and palladium) to provide the acidic sites for better-desired product yield. The synthesised catalysts are characterised in detail by the following techniques X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Ammonia-Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and based on characterisation it is revealed that synthesised will be suitable for hydro-deoxygenation. The most appropriate combination of metal and precursor is Pd-SiO2. Product oil's optimised degree of deoxygenation (DOD) is found to be 93.7% with the following parameters: temperature 340 °C, time 4 h and 4 wt.% of Pd on SiO2. Further on, to prove the commercial viability of the catalyst, it was subjected to five consecutive experimental runs, and it was much active till 5th run if treated before each run. Thus, it can be concluded that bio-oil source is agricultural waste, and for catalyst precursor waste glass is considered; so by considering these factors, the product oil produced has components which lie within the range of jet fuel and diesel, which can be economical as well as eco-friendly source of fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]