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The study deals with the issue of higher educational institution attractiveness in Ukraine under the conditions of the war. It has been analyzed Ukrainian and foreign research concerning with the peculiarities of attractiveness development for preschool, general and higher educational institutions. The paper reveals comparative aspect of planned strategic objectives to develop higher educational institutions in Ukraine and the first steps dealing with their implementation under the conditions of the war. It has been defined basic measures that should be implemented next year with the aim to save intellectual potential of the country and improve the attractiveness of Ukrainian educational institutions. The author researches the issue of higher educational institution attractiveness for students and scientific and pedagogical community. It has been determined modern challenges Ukrainian higher educational institutions faced under the conditions of the war, and implied the change of main aspects dealing with the attractiveness increasing for higher educational institutions. The paper outlines the perspectives of the following research in more detailed studying of the attractiveness of national and foreign higher educational institutions under the conditions of the war.

The study deals with the issue of higher educational institution attractiveness in Ukraine under the conditions of the war. It has been analyzed Ukrainian and foreign research concerning with the peculiarities of attractiveness development for preschool, general and higher educational institutions. The paper reveals comparative aspect of planned strategic objectives to develop higher educational institutions in Ukraine and the first steps dealing with their implementation under the conditions of the war. It has been defined basic measures that should be implemented next year with the aim to save intellectual potential of the country and improve the attractiveness of Ukrainian educational institutions. The author researches the issue of higher educational institution attractiveness for students and scientific and pedagogical community. It has been determined modern challenges Ukrainian higher educational institutions faced under the conditions of the war, and implied the change of main aspects dealing with the attractiveness increasing for higher educational institutions. The paper outlines the perspectives of the following research in more detailed studying of the attractiveness of national and foreign higher educational institutions under the conditions of the war.

This paper aims to present findings on effective organizational aspects and academic integrity issues to support productive asynchronous instruction in the context of main- taining the educational process in Ukraine during the ongoing war. Research indicates that online learning can be effective but is dependent on various factors. Asynchronous learning provides flexibility and allows students to access educa- tional resources even if the situation deterio- rates, making it crucial to sustain the continuity of education and mitigate the adverse impact of war on students' academic progress and future opportunities. Стаття має на меті представити висновки щодо ефективних практик та питань забезпечення академічної доброчесності для організації якісного асинхронного навчання в контексті підтримки освітнього процесу в Україні під час війни, що триває. Дослідження показують, що онлайн-навчання може бути ефективним, але залежить від низки факторів. Асинхронне навчання забезпечує гнучкість і дозволяє учням отримувати доступ до освітніх ресурсів, навіть якщо ситуація погіршується, що робить вкрай важливим підтримувати безперервність освіти та пом’якшити негативний вплив війни на академічний прогрес учнів і майбутні можливості.

L’expérience combattante de la Grande Guerre ne se résume pas à la bataille de Verdun ou à celle de la Somme. Les marins et soldats français de l’armée d’Orient connaissent des conditions de combat spécifiques et endurent des souffrances particulières. Les marins connaissent l’angoisse des mines, tandis que les soldats débarqués aux Dardanelles connaissent la difficulté de creuser des tranchées, celle d’un improbable ravitaillement en eau et la capacité guerrière des soldats ottomans, motivés par la guerre sainte. Les parcours d’évacuation des blessés sont encore plus tragiques que sur le front occidental. à bien des égards, les conditions de combat connues par l’armée d’Orient constituent une synthèse entre le front « industrialisé » occidental et des fronts de type « colonial ». The fighting experience during the WWI cannot be reduced exclusively to the Battles of Verdun and of the Somme. Sailors and soldiers enlisted in the French Orient Army experienced particular war conditions and peculiar sufferings. Sailors were anxious about mines while soldiers landed at the Dardanelles underwent the difficulties of digging trenches and of receiving water supplies. They also faced the war skills of Turkish soldiers, who were engaged in a Holy War. The evacuation of wounded soldiers was even more dramatic than on the Western front. All in all, the fighting experience of these soldiers is a mixture between the “industrialized fronts” in the West and colonial fronts.

Cilj rada je, koristeći ponajprije novine kao povijesne izvore, rekonstruirati socijalnu sliku Zagreba tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata usredotočujući se na utjecaj ratnih prilika na svakodnevni gradski život, uvjete života i na položaj djece kao najosjetljivije skupine stanovništva. Nestašica papira i njegova skupoća u ratnim su godinama uzrokovale smanjen opseg dnevnih i tjednih novina, što je posljedično dovelo do svojevrsne „cenzure“ vijesti - različite tiskovine su često puta donosile i različite vijesti, odnosno, ono što je bilo objavljeno u jednim novinama, u drugima zbog štednje papira nije bilo objavljeno. Da bi se stoga stekla što cjelovitija slika, korištene su različite tiskovine („Narodne novine“, „Jutarnji list“, „Obzor“, „Novine“, „Hrvatska“, „Ilustrovani list“, „Katolički list“ i „Narodna zaštita“) koje su se pokazale kao neiscrpno vrelo podataka i suvremenih opservacija o navedenim problemima. Rad govori o općoj nesigurnost u gradu tijekom rata, katastrofalnim socijalnim uvjetima, karakterističnim ratnim motivima (ranjenici na ulicama, život pod ratnim uredbama, gotovo svakodnevne, usiljene dobrotvorne priredbe) i posljedicama ratnog stanja (nestašica životnih potrepština i siromaštvo, prosjačenje i skitnja, zapuštena djeca i ratna siročad, pomor dojenčadi). Radom je dokazano da su povijesne novine prvorazredan povijesni izvor, a temeljni je znanstveni doprinos rada rekonstrukcija dijela zagrebačke socijalne povijesti tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata, uz naglasak da je taj dio hrvatske povijesti još uvijek slabo i necjelovito istražen., The aim of the paper is to reconstruct the social image of Zagreb during World War I by focusing on the influence of war circumstances on urban life, the living conditions and the position of children as the most vulnerable group of inhabitants, by using primarily newspapers as historical sources. In order to achieve as complete an image as possible, various publications were used (‘Narodne novine’, ‘Jutarnji list’, ‘Obzor’, ‘Novine’, ‘Hrvatska’, ‘Ilustrovani list’, ‘Katolički list’ and ‘Narodna zaštita’) which proved to be an inexhaustible source of information and contemporary observations on the above-mentioned issues. The paper tells about the general sense of insecurity in the city during wartime, the usual war motives (the wounded in the streets, life under war regulations, forced charity events) and the consequences of the war situation (shortage of living supplies and poverty, begging and vagrancy, neglected children and war orphans). The paper has proven that historic newspapers are a first-class historical source. The essential scientific contribution of the paper is the reconstruction of part of Zagreb social history during World War I, highlighting that this part of Croatian history has still been poorly and incompletely researched.

During the war in the Republic of Croatia in 1991 and 1992 water-supply systems (systems of water conditioning) and water-supply objects were targets of the enemy war activities. In that conditions medical corps of Croatian military forces had an additional obligation to provide an effective supply of military formation with water disinfectants, as an alternative drinking water supply. The chlorine products, Calcium hypochlorite (Chlorinated Lime) and Halasonum had significant importance. The bigger quantities of these products were provided from conquered state and military stockpiles of the former state. Due to unknown or unclear declaration about the usability of these products or due to expire date of validity, it was in the short period necessary, to standardized the simple procedure for active chlorine contents determination. The active chlorine content was determined by sodium thiosulphate titrimetric method (c = 0.1 mol L-1) - the modified United States Pharmacopoeia procedure (USP XXII 1990). It was confirmed that determined contents of active chlorine in all samples significantly differentiated from the declarated values, especially in the ampoule forms with pulverized Calcium hypochlorite and in Halasonum tablets. Rational and effective use was performed with the dosage correction of the used disinfectants in water chlorinating procedure. The potential toxic effects to people and envirement were avoided.

During the war in the Republic of Croatia in 1991 and 1992 water-supply systems (systems of water conditioning) and water-supply objects were targets of the enemy war activities. In that conditions medical corps of Croatian military forces had an additional obligation to provide an effective supply of military formation with water disinfectants, as an alternative drinking water supply. The chlorine products, Calcium hypochlorite (Chlorinated Lime) and Halasonum had significant importance. The bigger quantities of these products were provided from conquered state and military stockpiles of the former state. Due to unknown or unclear declaration about the usability of these products or due to expire date of validity, it was in the short period necessary, to standardized the simple procedure for active chlorine contents determination. The active chlorine content was determined by sodium thiosulphate titrimetric method (c = 0.1 mol L-1) - the modified United States Pharmacopoeia procedure (USP XXII 1990). It was confirmed that determined contents of active chlorine in all samples significantly differentiated from the declarated values, especially in the ampoule forms with pulverized Calcium hypochlorite and in Halasonum tablets. Rational and effective use was performed with the dosage correction of the used disinfectants in water chlorinating procedure. The potential toxic effects to people and envirement were avoided.

Children, as the most vulnerable population group are especially exposed to the dangers of war. Besides death, wounding, torture and abuse, there are many additional problems, such as inadequate hygiene and living conditions in shelters without adequate heat and water. The inadequate nutrition of children and deficiency diseases are some of the negative factors. These unfavourable conditions usually lead to increased morbidity and mortality in children, particularly from respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases. The total population of Croatia (1991 census) is 4.784,265. There are 926,000 children between 0-14 years. About 400,000 children are living in especially difficult circumstances. As this inadequate living conditions were expected, we elaborated a new strategy of an active approach to child health care, which has triggered off further action and mobilized a large group of people, resulting in the organization of child health care programmes including the prevention of infectious diseases of children. These programmes have resulted in a relatively low infant mortality rate which includes relatively low mortality from diarrhoeal and respiratory diseases in children.

U radu iznosimo naše zapažanje i iskustva glede dijagnostičkog i terapijskog rada na Kliničkom odjelu dječje i adolescentne psihijatrije u Osijeku. Grupa djece smještena je u skučenom podrumskom prostoru tako da smo metode liječenja morali maksimalno modificirati. Kroz stalnu interakciju s grupom djece zapazili smo burnu dinamiku s mnogo pražnjenja, ali ostvarujući snagu grupe koja je djelovala terapijski., In the work we present our observations and experience connecting diagnostic and therapeutical praxis at the Clinical Department of Children and Adolescent Psychiatry in Osijek. A group of children was accomodated in a small cellar room and we had to adapt maximally our methods of treatment. Through continuous interaction with the group of children an intensive dynamics is observed with much discharge but this made the strength of the group which had favourable effects.

U radu iznosimo neka naša iskustva individualnog i grupnog pedagoškog rada s djecom i omladinom hospitaliziranih na Kliničkom odjelu dječje i adolescentne psihijatrije u Osijeku u ratnim uvjetima. Govorimo o mogućnosti prilagodbe pedagoških aktivnosti u uvjetima rada i aktualnom psihofizičkom stanju djece, a iznosimo i naša zapažanja grupnih interakcija i ponašanja za vrijeme pedagoškog postupka., In the work we expose our experience in individual and group pedagogical work with children and youth hospitalized at the Clinical Department for Children and Adolescent Psychiatry in Osijek in war conditions. I speak about adaptation of pedagogic activities in the war conditions and about real psychophysical condition of the children. Also we expose our observations of group interactions and conduct during the pedagogic treatment.

Glazboterapija je prirodna psihoterapijska metoda liječenja. Glazba je umjetnost koja tonovima održava dječje osjećaje, misli i doživljaje. Kad slušamo glazbu, čini nam se da ona ispreda neku priču, opisuje neki doživljaj, pobuđuje u nama neka raspoloženja. U ovim ratnim uvjetima pokazalo se da je glazboterapija prijeko potrebna na našoj Psihijatrijskoj klinici, osobito na dječjem odjelu. Kroz igru, pjesmu, ples, razne vježbe, u djece se postupno smanjivao strah od ratnih razaranja i strahota. Slušanje glazbe i aktivno sudjelovanje djece stvara smirenje ili oslobađa njihovu energiju. Glazboterapijom kao jednom od psihijatrijskih metoda djeca su svoju impulsivnu energiju sublimirala i pretvorila u aktivnost koja im je pružila zadovoljenje, a to je glazba, ples, sviranje na raznim pomoćnim instrumentima. Sadržaji pjesama ili kompozicija u kojima se ističe domoljubnost, hrabrost, privrženost, pravednost i si. izazivaju u djece snažne emocije i utječu na razvoj i formiranje njihovih karakternih osobina.U praksi se pokazalo da djeca koja su boravila na našem odjelu nemaju toliko strahova kao na samom početku rata kada još nisu bila okupirana svakodnevnom glazboterapijskom metodom kao jednom od bitnih metoda liječenja na našem Odjelu. U radu iznosimo naša iskustva u grupnom radu s djecom. Ističe se glazboterapija u ratnim uvjetima i neka zapažanja u ponašanju djece za vrijeme rada glazboterapije i nakon nje, te kako glazba djeluje smirujuće, pri smanjenju straha hospitalizirane djece na Odjelu u ratnim uvjetima., The music therapy is the natural method of psychotherapy treatment. The music is the art which with the sounds refelxes childs’ feelings, thoughts and events. When we listen the music, it seems like the talking of a story and the description of the experience. It stimulates some feelings in us. This war conditions show that the music therapy is necessary on our psychiatric clinic, specially on the childs department. Children have gradually decreased the fear of the war destonention through the gama, the songs, and the dancing. The listening of the music andective participation in the treatment with the music therapy influences on the childrens mood and makes them calm or liberates their energy. The music theraps in the children helps in the sublimation of the impulsive energy to the activity like a music, a dancing and a playing on the different aid ainstruments which affer them the pleasure. The songs with the prominent patriotism, courage, devation and the justice make in the children the intensive emotions and influence on the development of their character features. The practice shows that children who were on our department don’t have the intensive fear like on the beginning of the war when haven’t been occupied with everyday music therapy as the one of the main part of the treatment methods on our department.