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The stable index of a 0–1 matrix A is defined to be the smallest integer k such that $ A^{k+1} $ A k + 1 is not a 0–1 matrix if such an integer exists; otherwise the stable index of A is defined to be infinity. We characterize the set of stable indices of 0–1 matrices with a given order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy of predicting oxygen consumption (O2) in predominantly aerobic activities based on net heart rate (netHR), sex, and body mass index (BMI) in active adults. NetHR is the value of the difference between the resting HR (HRrest) and the average HR value obtained during a given session or period of physical activity. These activities must be continuous, submaximal, and of a stabilized intensity. The magnitude of the netHR depends mainly on the intensity of the exercise. The HR is measured in beats per minute (bpm). A total of 156 participants, 52 women and 104 men, between the ages of 18 and 81, had their netHR and net oxygen intake (netVO2) assessed. There were 79 participants in group 1 (prediction sample) (52 males and 27 females). There were 77 people in group 2 (validation sample) (52 males and 25 females). The results of the multiple linear regression showed that netVO2 (R2 = 85.2%, SEE = 3.38) could be significantly predicted by sex (p < 0.001), netHR (p < 0.001), and BMI (p < 0.001). The Bland–Altman plots satisfied the agreement requirements, and the comparison of the measured and estimated netVO2 revealed non-significant differences with a trivial effect size. We calculated the formula NetVO2 (mL/(kg·min)) = 16 + 3.67 (sex) + 0.27 (netHR) − 0.57 (BMI) to predict netVO2, where netVO2 is the amount of oxygen uptake (mL/(kg·min)) above the resting value, netHR is the heart rate (beats per minute) above the resting value measured during exercise, sex is equal to zero for women and one for men, and BMI is the body mass index. In addition, based on the knowledge of VO2, it was possible to estimate the energy expenditure from a particular training session, and to determine or prescribe the exercise intensity in MET (metabolic equivalent of task). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pixo: Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade is the property of Pixo Revista de Arquitetura Cidade e Contemporaneidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knee braces are commonly used to support the knee joint and improve function. However, brace sliding caused by the misalignment between brace and knee during motion is a common problem, which reduces the therapeutic effect and leads to brace abandonment. To investigate the effect of mechanism combinations on sliding, an experimental brace was designed to isolate the mechanism as the sole variable. Ten healthy participants were recruited, each of whom worn four combinations of lateral/medial mechanisms: lateral and medial single-axis (SA), lateral super gear (SG) and medial non-circular gear (NCG), lateral four-bar linkage (FL) and medial SG, and lateral FL and medial NCG. The knee flexion angle was collected using inertial measurement units, and brace sliding was measured by 3D motion capture system. All combinations had significant changes in peak sliding of thigh and shank compared to the SA combination (p < 0.05), but lateral FL and medial NCG combination had the lowest peak and final sliding during walking and leg-raising, with significant reductions of 40.7 and 85.3% in peak sliding of thigh, and significant reductions of 56.3 and 72.0% in peak sliding of shank, respectively (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mechanism combination did not significantly impact the knee range of motion (p > 0.05). The mechanism combination that fit the instantaneous center of rotation of lateral/medial condyle of knee joint demonstrates a significant reduction in brace sliding. Additionally, the peak sliding during motion is significantly higher than the final sliding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Previous observational research showed a potential link between physical activities such as walking and the risk of lung cancer. However, Mendelian randomization (MR) studies suggested there was no association between moderate to vigorous physical activity and lung cancer risk. We speculated that specific physical activities may be associated with lung cancer risk. Consequently, we conducted an MR study to examine the potential relationship between walking and the risk of lung cancer. Methods We collected genetic summary data from UK Biobank. After excluding SNPs with F values less than 10 and those associated with confounding factors, we conducted a MR analysis to assess the causal effects between different types of walk and lung cancer. We also performed sensitivity analysis to validate the robustness of our findings. Finally, we analyzed the possible mediators. Results MR analysis showed number of days/week walked for 10 + minutes was associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer risk (OR = 0.993, 95% CI = 0.987–0.998, P = 0.009). Additionally, usual walking pace was identified as a potentially significant factor in lowering the risk (OR = 0.989, 95% CI = 0.980–0.998, P = 0.015). However, duration of walks alone did not show a significant association with lung cancer risk (OR = 0.991, 95%CI = 0.977–1.005, P = 0.216). The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings. And number of days/week walked for 10 + minutes could affect fed-up feelings and then lung cancer risk. There was a bidirectional relationship between usual walking pace and sedentary behaviors (time spent watching TV). Conclusion The study unveiled a genetically predicted causal relationship between number of days/week walked for 10 + minutes, usual walking pace, and the risk of lung cancer. The exploration of potential mediators of walking phenotypes and their impact on lung cancer risk suggests that specific physical activities may reduce the risk of lung cancer.

Walking and running at different speeds are common in daily life. This study investigated 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) kinematics of normal knees of Chinese during walking and running. Forty healthy participants were investigated in 4 conditions: comfortable walking, normal walking, slow running and ordinary running. The range of motion (ROM) and peak values in 6 DOF kinematics were analysed. As the speed increased, a general increase in flexion, lateral and proximal translations occurred. Significant increases of ROM in flexion/extension, axial rotation and medial/lateral translations were observed. The ROM of adduction/abduction, anterior/posterior and proximal/distal translations were greatest during normal walking. The maximum and minimum flexion/extension, maximum internal rotation and tibial lateral translations increased with the increase of speed. The maximum and minimum tibial proximal translations in running were found being greater than walking. A phenomenon between walking and running was observed: both tibial proximal/distal and medial/lateral translations increased when changed from walking to running. Non-linear transition exists in 6 DOF kinematics during walking to running. Discoveries in this study may have potential clinical values to serve as references of normal walking and running in the management of knee injury and knee rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous observational research showed a potential link between physical activities such as walking and the risk of lung cancer. However, Mendelian randomization (MR) studies suggested there was no association between moderate to vigorous physical activity and lung cancer risk. We speculated that specific physical activities may be associated with lung cancer risk. Consequently, we conducted an MR study to examine the potential relationship between walking and the risk of lung cancer. Methods: We collected genetic summary data from UK Biobank. After excluding SNPs with F values less than 10 and those associated with confounding factors, we conducted a MR analysis to assess the causal effects between different types of walk and lung cancer. We also performed sensitivity analysis to validate the robustness of our findings. Finally, we analyzed the possible mediators. Results: MR analysis showed number of days/week walked for 10 + minutes was associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer risk (OR = 0.993, 95% CI = 0.987–0.998, P = 0.009). Additionally, usual walking pace was identified as a potentially significant factor in lowering the risk (OR = 0.989, 95% CI = 0.980–0.998, P = 0.015). However, duration of walks alone did not show a significant association with lung cancer risk (OR = 0.991, 95%CI = 0.977–1.005, P = 0.216). The sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these findings. And number of days/week walked for 10 + minutes could affect fed-up feelings and then lung cancer risk. There was a bidirectional relationship between usual walking pace and sedentary behaviors (time spent watching TV). Conclusion: The study unveiled a genetically predicted causal relationship between number of days/week walked for 10 + minutes, usual walking pace, and the risk of lung cancer. The exploration of potential mediators of walking phenotypes and their impact on lung cancer risk suggests that specific physical activities may reduce the risk of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the effects of ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) on step-based physical activities in individuals with neurological, orthopaedic, or cardiovascular disorders. Electronic searches of databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO were conducted. Two evaluators independently searched with keywords focusing on step-based physical activities, and either articulated or non-articulated AFO. Study quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black quality scale. Eleven studies that met the inclusion criteria were selected, including four being classified as good, four as fair, and three as poor in quality. The majority of these trials found no significant effects of AFO on step activities. Only a few studies reported improvements in step counts and active times in step activity with a limited to moderate level of evidence. Subjective evaluations such as user satisfaction, and physical functionality during step activity, on the other hand, showed substantial changes with the use of AFO interventions, although there was no evidence of improvement in the quality of life. Although the AFO did not seem to have a substantial effect on step activity, it appeared to play a vital role in improving the patient satisfaction level of step activity. Ankle-foot orthoses (AFO) may not significantly affect the step activity of individuals with impaired ankle-foot complex. AFO may enhance patient-reported satisfaction, physical functioning, participation, and fatigue level during step activity. The patient's perception that the AFO is beneficial is in contrast to objective data showing no significant increase in real-world activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 15, 2020, the Serbian government introduced a nationwide lockdown to prevent the spread of COVID-19. The enforcement of lockdown measures led to changes in the daily lives of dog owners, which, in turn, affected the routines of their dogs. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of Serbian lockdown measures enforced for the control of the COVID-19 pandemic on pet dog management. An online questionnaire survey with Serbian dog owners was conducted in the period from July 15 to August 31, 2021. A total of 384 pet owners older than 18 years participated. The survey comprised 34 questions about owners' demographic information, information about their dogs, changes in dog walking and feeding practices, as well as behavior before and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Most questions were closed-ended with the option to mark one or more proposed responses, while some questions had the option to add free text predefined as "other". The survey also included several open-ended questions. The responses of the survey participants in the two different periods (before and during the lockdown) were compared to determine their interdependence. The obtained data indicated that there was no notable rise in the rate of dog adoption or purchase. Furthermore, it was found that dog owners decreased the frequency of walks for their pets in nature or walking fields, choosing instead to keep them indoors or confine them to the backyard more frequently. Some owners believed that their dogs became slightly passive or nervous as a response to enforced lockdown restrictions. No significant changes in dog feeding practices were reported, although a minority of dog owners noted that their dogs consumed slightly less food during the lockdown but gained a small amount of weight. Additionally, owners reported no pronounced changes in the amount of money they spent on dog food. Overall, data collected indicated that lockdown restrictions had a limited impact on dog management; however, further research should be performed to determine any long-term effects.

The primary goal of rehabilitation for individuals with lower limb amputation, particularly those with unilateral transfemoral amputation (uTFA), is to restore their ability to walk independently. Effective control of the center of pressure (COP) during gait is vital for maintaining balance and stability, yet it poses a significant challenge for individuals with uTFA. This study aims to study the COP during gait in individuals with uTFA and elucidate their unique compensatory strategies. This study involved 12 uTFA participants and age-matched non-disabled controls, with gait and COP trajectory data collected using an instrumented treadmill. Gait and COP parameters between the control limb (CL), prosthetic limb (PL), and intact limb (IL) were compared. Notably, the mediolateral displacement of COP in PL exhibited significant lateral displacement compared to the CL from 30% to 60% of the stance. In 20% to 45% of the stance, the COP forward speed of PL was significantly higher than that of the IL. Furthermore, during the initial 20% of the stance, the vertical ground reaction force of PL was significantly lower than that of IL. Additionally, individuals with uTFA exhibited a distinct gait pattern with altered duration of loading response, single limb support, pre-swing and swing phases, and step time. These findings indicate the adaptability of individuals with uTFA in weight transfer, balance control, and pressure distribution on gait stability. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the unique gait dynamics and balance strategies of uTFA patients, highlighting the importance of optimizing prosthetic design, alignment procedures, and rehabilitation programs to enhance gait patterns and reduce the risk of injuries due to compensatory movements.

Urbanity and Gender: what displaces a walking body? – This article explores the relation between body and urban displacement from an intersectional feminist perspective. Based on recent studies on urbanity and gender – feminisms, art and public space – we will analyze modern and contemporary artistic practices in the city, considering the friction between gendered bodies and the city. The aim is to discuss the displacement that certain bodies establish when walking freely through the urban space.

This study aimed to compare the ground reaction forces (GRFs) and spatio-temporal parameters as well as their asymmetry ratios in gait between individuals wearing a transfemoral prosthetic simulator (TFSim) and individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation (TFAmp) across a range of walking speeds (2.0–5.5 km h−1). The study recruited 10 non-disabled individuals using TFSim and 10 individuals with unilateral TFAmp using a transfemoral prosthesis. Data were collected using an instrumented treadmill with built-in force plates, and subsequently, the GRFs and spatio-temporal parameters, as well as their asymmetry ratios, were analysed. When comparing the TFSim and TFAmp groups, no significant differences were found among the gait parameters and asymmetry ratios of all tested metrics except the vertical GRFs. The TFSim may not realistically reproduce the vertical GRFs during the weight acceptance and push-off phases. The structural and functional variations in prosthetic limbs and components between the TFSim and TFAmp groups may be primary contributors to the difference in the vertical GRFs. These results suggest that TFSim might be able to emulate the gait of individuals with TFAmp regarding the majority of spatio-temporal and GRF parameters. However, the vertical GRFs of TFSim should be interpreted with caution.

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes many infections with significant morbidity and mortality. S. aureus can form biofilms, which can cause biofilm-associated diseases and increase resistance to many conventional antibiotics, resulting in chronic infection. It is critical to develop novel antibiotics against staphylococcal infections, particularly those that can kill cells embedded in biofilms. This study aimed to investigate the bacteriocidal and anti-biofilm activities of thiazolidinone derivative (TD-H2-A) against S. aureus. A total of 40 non-duplicate strains were collected, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of TD-H2-A were determined. The effect of TD-H2-A on established S. aureus mature biofilms was examined using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The antibacterial effects of the compound on planktonic bacteria and bacteria in mature biofilms were investigated. Other characteristics, such as cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity, were researched. A mouse skin infection model was used, and a routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used for histological examination. The MIC values of TD-H2-A against the different S. aureus strains were 6.3–25.0 µg/mL. The 5 × MIC TD-H2-A killed almost all planktonic S. aureus USA300. The derivative was found to have strong bacteriocidal activity against cells in mature biofilms meanwhile having low cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity against Vero cells and human erythrocytes. TD-H2-A had a good bacteriocidal effect on S. aureus SA113-infected mice. In conclusion, TD-H2-A demonstrated good bacteriocidal and anti-biofilm activities against S. aureus, paving the way for the development of novel agents to combat biofilm infections and multidrug-resistant staphylococcal infections.IMPORTANCEStaphylococcus aureus, a notorious pathogen, can form a stubborn biofilm and develop drug resistance. It is crucial to develop new anti-infective therapies against biofilm-associated infections. The manuscript describes the new antibiotic to effectively combat multidrug-resistant and biofilm-associated diseases.

[Purpose/Significance] In the era of big data, the volume of data is growing at an exponential rate. One of the most prominent areas affected by this growth is the field of agriculture. The use of agricultural knowledge graphs, which serve as key infrastructures for managing agricultural knowledge, has expanded significantly. However, as the number of nodes and relationships within these graphs increase, so too does their complexity. This complexity gives rise to new challenges in training and representing such large-scale knowledge graphs. It is therefore of great significance to investigate methods for speeding up the embedding process of agricultural knowledge graphs, while preserving their structural integrity and minimizing resource consumption. This research embarks on a novel exploration to address this issue. It stands out from previous studies by concentrating on a hierarchical representation model for agricultural knowledge graphs. The potential impacts of this research on propelling the advancement of the field and on addressing significant real-world problems are substantial. [Method/Process] To confront this challenge, we propose a hierarchical representation model for agricultural knowledge graphs rooted in the HARP framework. Our model leverages the inherent hierarchical features of the agricultural knowledge graph. It incorporates an improved random walk strategy based on relational paths to semantically model relationship objects within the agricultural knowledge graph. This innovative approach effectively retains the hierarchy and asymmetrical relationship structure of the nodes in the graph, setting our work apart from previous research. The validity of our proposed model is fortified by a strong foundation of theoretical and empirical evidence. [Results/Conclusions] Our experimental results reveal several key findings. First, the hierarchical random walk with path (HRWP) model using the LEIDEN algorithm can preserve the spatial structure more effectively and converge more quickly to the maximum modularity, in comparison to the HARP framework. Second, the fusion model employing HRWP takes less training time than the total training time of both models combined, without significantly affecting the time complexity of the original algorithm. Third, we observed that when traditional algorithms are integrated with HRWP, there is an average improvement of 2% across various indicators, with a substantial enhancement in non-neural network models. Therefore, our proposed model not only accurately represents the agricultural knowledge graph but also effectively reduces the training time. Despite the promising outcomes of our study, there remain areas of potential improvement. One such area is the need for a more detailed discussion on the hierarchical nature of relationship objects in future research. This provides potential avenues for future exploration in this field. The findings of this research carry profound implications for the development of agricultural knowledge management systems, offering an effective approach to handle the burgeoning complexity of knowledge graphs.

This study aims to examine the association between neighborhood environment attributes and changes in walking for transportation among older adults. Longitudinal analysis was performed considering a population-based study (EpiFloripa Idoso), carried out in 2009–2010 with follow-up in 2013–2014. Changes in walking, obtained with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire during both waves were associated with data from the environment perception, evaluated using individual items from the Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (baseline only) performing multinomial logistic regression. A total of 1,162 older adults (65.2% women, mean age = 73.7 years) participated. Those who reported the presence of parks and squares (OR = 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI; 1.70, 3.51]), sidewalks (OR = 1.66, 95% CI [1.03, 2.70]), crosswalks (OR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.05, 2.72]), illuminated streets (OR = 2.80, 95% CI [1.24, 6.33]), and safety for day walks (OR = 1.93, 95% CI [1.14, 3.24]) were more likely to remain active or become active when commuting (≥150 min/week). Older adults are more active in neighborhoods that present more favorable attributes regarding walking for transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking is an integral indicator of human health commonly investigated while walking overground and with the use of a treadmill. Unlike fixed-speed treadmills, overground walking is dependent on the preferred walking speed under the individuals' control. Thus, user-driven treadmills may have the ability to better simulate the characteristics of overground walking. This pilot study is the first investigation to compare a user-driven treadmill, a fixed-speed treadmill, and overground walking to understand differences in variability and mean spatiotemporal measures across walking environments. Participants walked fastest overground compared to both fixed and user-driven treadmill conditions. However, gait cycle speed variability in the fixed-speed treadmill condition was significantly lower than the user-driven and overground conditions, with no significant differences present between overground and user-driven treadmill walking. The lack of differences in variability between the user-driven treadmill and overground walking may indicate that the user-driven treadmill can better simulate the variability of overground walking, potentially leading to more natural adaptation and motor control patterns of walking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now common to see pedestrians looking at their mobile phones while they are walking. Looking at a mobile phone can cause stooped posture, slower gait, and lack of attention to surroundings. Because these walking characteristics have been associated with negative affect, walking while looking at a mobile phone may have negative effects on mood. This study aimed to investigate whether walking while looking at a mobile phone had psychological effects. One hundred and twenty-five adults were randomised to walk in a park either with or without reading text on a mobile phone. Participants wore a fitness tracker to record pace and heart rate, and posture was calculated from video. Self-reported mood, affect, feelings of power, comfort, and connectedness with nature were assessed. The phone group walked significantly slower, with a more stooped posture, slower heart rate, and felt less comfortable than the phone-free group. The phone group experienced significant decreases in positive mood, affect, power, and connectedness with nature, as well as increases in negative mood, whereas the phone-free group experienced the opposite. There was no significant mediation effect of posture on mood; however, feeling connected with nature significantly mediated the effects of phone walking on mood. In conclusion, individuals experience better wellbeing when they pay attention to the environment rather than their phone while walking. More research is needed to investigate the effects of performing other activities on a mobile phone on mood while walking and in other settings.

AbstractLet G be a simple undirected graph. In this article, we obtain an explicit formula for the number of 8-cycles in G in terms of the entries of its adjacency matrix. We provide new formulae to find the number of cycles of length 4, 5 and 6 in G. When the girth of G is 10 (resp. 12), an explicit formula for the number of cycles of length 10 (resp. 12) is given. New formulae to find the number of paths of length 3, 4 and 5 in G are also obtained.

Walking is one of the most important activities. However, when abnormalities occur during walking, falls occur. Fractures caused by falls may significantly reduce activities of daily living and quality of life. Falls due to external factors occur during the swing phase when the leg is floating. Detection of the period from the moment the lower leg becomes vertical to the moment of the heel contact may help elucidate the phenomenon of falls in the future and may prevent falls by some manipulation during this period. Therefore, in this study, we develop an algorithm for detecting terminal swing independent of walking speed using a 6-axis sensor attached to the heel of shoes. Preliminary experiments were conducted on a treadmill at walking speeds of 2, 3, 4, and 5 km/h. The theoretical time of the terminal swing was measured using motion capture. Preliminary experimental results showed a correlation between the maximum angular velocity of the lateral direction axis of the 6-axis sensor and the acceleration in the toe direction at the beginning of the terminal swing. Therefore, this study proposes an algorithm for detecting terminal swing using the relationship between the maximum angular velocity of the lateral direction axis and the acceleration in the toe direction at the beginning of the terminal swing. Comparing the time of the beginning of the terminal swing between the proposed method and motion capture, it was confirmed that the algorithm could detect the terminal swing at walking speeds of 3, 4, and 5 km/h with a smaller error than in previous studies.

The mechanisms involved in the coupling between cardiac and locomotor rhythms in patients with heart disease remain unclear. It was speculated that reduced function of the cardiovascular and/or locomotor systems would increase the coupling of these systems to increase energy efficiency in response to increased energy demand during exercise. We investigated the development of cardiolocomotor coupling (CLC) in patients with coronary artery disease. Eight outpatients with coronary artery disease (CAD group) and eight healthy individuals (control group) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing involving a cycle ergometer ramp protocol and treadmill walk test to record CLC strength. The coefficient of determination (R2 value) of the interval between R waves on the electrocardiograph and step interval reflects CLC strength intensity. The Student’s t-test was used to compare cardiopulmonary exercise testing data and R2 values between the study groups. The R2 value was significantly higher in the CAD group than the control group. Peak oxygen uptake and oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold were significantly lower in the CAD group than the control group. Our findings showed that CLC intensity was higher in patients with CAD, suggesting that CLC is more likely to occur in individuals with reduced exercise tolerance due to cardiorespiratory deterioration. Key highlights Eight outpatients with coronary artery disease and eight healthy individuals underwent cardiopulmonary exercise and treadmill walk tests to determine cardiolocomotor coupling strength and physiological characteristics. This study reports a stronger cardiolocomotor coupling during exercise in patients with coronary artery disease compared with healthy individuals, suggesting that cardiolocomotor coupling is more likely to occur in people with reduced exercise tolerance attributed to impaired cardiorespiratory function. Our results support the theory that patients with cardiorespiratory impairment due to coronary artery disease have greater dynamic interaction between the locomotor and cardiovascular systems during exercise, which is concurrent with the hypothesis that cardiolocomotor coupling is a compensatory phenomenon for exercise maintenance.

The aim of this scoping review is to evaluate and summarize the existing literature that considers the validity and/or reliability of smartphone accelerometer applications when compared to 'gold standard' kinematic data collection (for example, motion capture). An electronic keyword search was performed on three databases to identify appropriate research. This research was then examined for details of measures and methodology and general study characteristics to identify related themes. No restrictions were placed on the date of publication, type of smartphone, or participant demographics. In total, 21 papers were reviewed to synthesize themes and approaches used and to identify future research priorities. The validity and reliability of smartphone-based accelerometry data have been assessed against motion capture, pressure walkways, and IMUs as 'gold standard' technology and they have been found to be accurate and reliable. This suggests that smartphone accelerometers can provide a cheap and accurate alternative to gather kinematic data, which can be used in ecologically valid environments to potentially increase diversity in research participation. However, some studies suggest that body placement may affect the accuracy of the result, and that position data correlate better than actual acceleration values, which should be considered in any future implementation of smartphone technology. Future research comparing different capture frequencies and resulting noise, and different walking surfaces, would be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Palíndromo is the property of Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we study maximal chains in certain lattices constructed from powers of chains by iterated lax colimits in the 2-category of posets. Such a study is motivated by the fact that in lower dimensions, we get some familiar combinatorial objects such as Dyck paths and Kreweras walks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now common to see pedestrians looking at their mobile phones while they are walking. Looking at a mobile phone can cause stooped posture, slower gait, and lack of attention to surroundings. Because these walking characteristics have been associated with negative affect, walking while looking at a mobile phone may have negative effects on mood. This study aimed to investigate whether walking while looking at a mobile phone had psychological effects. One hundred and twenty-five adults were randomised to walk in a park either with or without reading text on a mobile phone. Participants wore a fitness tracker to record pace and heart rate, and posture was calculated from video. Self-reported mood, affect, feelings of power, comfort, and connectedness with nature were assessed. The phone group walked significantly slower, with a more stooped posture, slower heart rate, and felt less comfortable than the phone-free group. The phone group experienced significant decreases in positive mood, affect, power, and connectedness with nature, as well as increases in negative mood, whereas the phone-free group experienced the opposite. There was no significant mediation effect of posture on mood; however, feeling connected with nature significantly mediated the effects of phone walking on mood. In conclusion, individuals experience better wellbeing when they pay attention to the environment rather than their phone while walking. More research is needed to investigate the effects of performing other activities on a mobile phone on mood while walking and in other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ANIAV: Revista de Investigación en Artes Visuales is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accurate recognition of patients' movement intentions and real-time adjustments are crucial in rehabilitation exoskeleton robots. However, some patients are unable to utilize electromyography (EMG) signals for this purpose due to poor or missing signals in their lower limbs. In order to address this issue, we propose a novel method that fits gait parameters using cerebral blood oxygen signals. Two types of walking experiments were conducted to collect brain blood oxygen signals and gait parameters from volunteers. Time domain, frequency domain, and spatial domain features were extracted from brain hemoglobin. The AutoEncoder-Decoder method is used for feature dimension reduction. A regression model based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) model was established to fit the gait parameters and perform incremental learning for new individual data. Cross-validation was performed on the model to enhance individual adaptivity and reduce the need for individual pre-training. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the gait parameter fit was 71.544%, with a mean square error (RMSE) of less than 3.321%. Following adaptive enhancement, the coefficient of R2 increased by 6.985%, while the RMSE decreased by 0.303%. These preliminary results indicate the feasibility of fitting gait parameters using cerebral blood oxygen information. Our research offers a new perspective on assisted locomotion control for patients who lack effective myoelectricity, thereby expanding the clinical application of rehabilitation exoskeleton robots. This work establishes a foundation for promoting the application of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology in the field of sports rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is enthusiasm for implementing artificial intelligence (AI) to assist clinicians detect skin cancer. Performance metrics of AI from dermoscopic images have been promising, with studies documenting sensitivity and specificity values equal to or superior to specialists for the detection of malignant melanomas (MM). Early detection rates would particularly benefit Australia, which has the worlds highest incidence of MM per capita. The detection of skin cancer may be delayed due to late screening or the inherent difficulty in diagnosing early skin cancers which often have a paucity of clinical features and may blend into sun damaged skin. Individuals who participate in outdoor sports and recreation experience high levels of intermittent ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is associated with the development of skin cancer, including MM. This research aimed to assess the prevalence of skin cancer in individuals who regularly participate in activities outdoors and to report the performance parameters of a commercially available AI-powered software to assess the predictive risk of MM development. Methods: Cross-sectional study design incorporating a survey, total body skin cancer screening and AI-embedded software capable of predictive scoring of queried MM. Results: A total of 423 participants consisting of surfers (n = 108), swimmers (n = 60) and walkers/runners (n = 255) participated. Point prevalence forMMwas highest for surfers (6.48%), followed by walkers/runners (4.3%) and swimmers (3.33%) respectively. When compared to the general Australian population, surfers had the highest odds ratio (OR) for MM (OR 119.8), followed by walkers/runners (OR 79.74), and swimmers (OR 61.61) rounded out the populations. Surfers and swimmers reported comparatively lower lifetime hours of sun exposure (5,594 and 5,686, respectively) but more significant amounts of activity within peak ultraviolet index compared with walkers/runners (9,554 h). A total of 48 suspicious pigmented lesions made up of histopathology-confirmed MM (n = 15) and benign lesions (n = 33) were identified. The performance of the AI from this clinical population was found to have a sensitivity of 53.33%, specificity of 54.44% and accuracy of 54.17%. Conclusions: Rates of both keratinocyte carcinomas and MM were notably higher in aquatic and land-based enthusiasts compared to the general Australian population. These findings further highlight the clinical importance of sun-safe protection measures and regular skin screening in individuals who spend significant time outdoors. The use of AI in the early identification of MM is promising. However, the lower-than-expected performance metrics of the AI software used in this study indicated reservations should be held before recommending this particular version of this AI software as a reliable adjunct for clinicians in skin imaging diagnostics in patients with potentially sun damaged skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy of predicting oxygen consumption (O2) in predominantly aerobic activities based on net heart rate (netHR), sex, and body mass index (BMI) in active adults. NetHR is the value of the difference between the resting HR (HRrest) and the average HR value obtained during a given session or period of physical activity. These activities must be continuous, submaximal, and of a stabilized intensity. The magnitude of the netHR depends mainly on the intensity of the exercise. The HR is measured in beats per minute (bpm). A total of 156 participants, 52 women and 104 men, between the ages of 18 and 81, had their netHR and net oxygen intake (netVO2) assessed. There were 79 participants in group 1 (prediction sample) (52 males and 27 females). There were 77 people in group 2 (validation sample) (52 males and 25 females). The results of the multiple linear regression showed that netVO2 (R2 = 85.2%, SEE = 3.38) could be significantly predicted by sex (p < 0.001), netHR (p < 0.001), and BMI (p < 0.001). The Bland–Altman plots satisfied the agreement requirements, and the comparison of the measured and estimated netVO2 revealed non-significant differences with a trivial effect size. We calculated the formula NetVO2 (mL/(kg·min)) = 16 + 3.67 (sex) + 0.27 (netHR) − 0.57 (BMI) to predict netVO2, where netVO2 is the amount of oxygen uptake (mL/(kg·min)) above the resting value, netHR is the heart rate (beats per minute) above the resting value measured during exercise, sex is equal to zero for women and one for men, and BMI is the body mass index. In addition, based on the knowledge of VO2, it was possible to estimate the energy expenditure from a particular training session, and to determine or prescribe the exercise intensity in MET (metabolic equivalent of task).

This text examines the action of walking as an inventive practice and its probable experimentation in the feast of São Marçal in São Luís, Maranhão. To do so, the research focuses on the moving poetics produced by the Bumba Meu Boi groups that present the sensitive occurrences and aesthetic specificities of the feast of São Marçal, in relation to other June festivities in the state. Additionally, it addresses the brincante body, considering its festive and walking expressiveness as a possible state of creation, and highlights an inventive poetics, alive and living in the spiral temporality that generates collective exchanges and walking experiments in the investigated event.

In this article, we consider the relationships between walks in a signed graph G˙\dot{G} and its eigenvalues, with a particular focus on the largest absolute value of its eigenvalues ρ(G˙)\rho \left(\dot{G}), known as the spectral radius. Among other results, we derive a sequence of lower bounds for ρ(G˙)\rho \left(\dot{G}) expressed in terms of walks or closed walks. We also prove that ρ(G˙)\rho \left(\dot{G}) attains the spectral radius of the underlying graph GG if and only if G˙\dot{G} is switching equivalent to GG or its negation. It is proved that the length kk of the shortest negative cycle in G˙\dot{G} and the number of such cycles are determined by the spectrum of G˙\dot{G} and the spectrum of GG. Finally, a relation between kk and characteristic polynomials of G˙\dot{G} and GG is established.

Les effets bénéfiques de la marche et la pleine conscience sur le bien-être ont déjà été démontrés dans de précédentes recherches. Dès lors, notre objectif de recherche était de vérifier si une marche en pleine conscience engendrait aussi un effet positif sur le sentiment de bien-être. Au niveau méthodologique, nous avons comparé un échantillon de 63 participants en bonne santé, divisé en deux groupes : un groupe test de marche en pleine conscience (n = 34) et un groupe contrôle de marche classique (n = 29). Chaque groupe a dû marcher quotidiennement pendant au moins 20 min, pendant deux semaines. Le groupe test écoutait des instructions de pleine conscience pendant leurs marches quotidiennes, tandis que le groupe contrôle marchait « normalement », sans consigne particulière de pleine conscience. Le bien-être considéré, correspondant au bien-être subjectif selon Diener (1984), a été mesuré au moyen de l'échelle de satisfaction de vie et de l'échelle d'affects positifs et négatifs, avant et après les deux semaines. Tous les participants ont également passé le questionnaire des cinq facettes de la pleine conscience à deux reprises. Nos résultats ne montrent aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes concernant le bien-être. Cependant, des régressions linéaires ont montré que la pleine conscience prédisait significativement le bien-être pour l'ensemble de notre échantillon. Pour conclure, il semblerait que la marche en pleine conscience n'améliore pas davantage le bien-être que la marche classique, sans consigne particulière. The benefits of walking and mindfulness on well-being have already been demonstrated in previous research. So, our research objective was to check whether walking in full consciousness also had a positive effect on the feeling of well-being. At methodological level, we compared a sample of 63 healthy participants divided in two groups: a mindfulness walk/experimental group (n = 34) and a classic walk/control group (n = 29). Both groups had to walk daily for at least 20 min during two weeks; and the mindfulness walk group was listening a pre-recorded mindfulness instruction set thorough their daily walks, whilst the control group walked "normally", without mindfulness instruction. Well-being considered, corresponding to subjective well-being according to Diener (1984), was assessed through the Satisfaction with Life Scale - SWL and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule –PANAS before and after the two-weeks session. All participants also underwent the Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire -FFMQ twice. Our results show no significant differences between the two groups regarding well-being for the PANAS and SWL. However, linear regression highlighted that mindfulness, assessed with the FFMQ, was a significant predictor for wellbeing across our whole sample. To conclude, it seems that walking in full consciousness does not improve well-being any more than classical walking, without specific instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the lower-limb coordination of individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation (uTFA) while walking is essential to understand their gait mechanisms. Continuous relative phase (CRP) analysis provides insights into gait coordination patterns of the neuromusculoskeletal system based on movement kinematics. Fourteen individuals with uTFA and their age-matched non-disabled individuals participated in this study. Kinematic data of the lower limbs of the participants were collected during walking. The joint angles, segment angles, and CRP values of the thigh-shank and shank-foot couplings were investigated. The curves among the lower limbs of the participants were compared using a statistical parametric mapping test. Compensatory strategies were found in the lower limbs from coordination patterns. In thigh-shank coupling, although distinct coordination traits in stance and swing phases among the lower limbs were found, the lower limbs in both groups were discovered to remain in a similar coordination pattern during gait. For individuals with uTFA, in shank-foot coupling, intact limbs demonstrated a short period of foot-leading pattern which was significantly different from that of the other limbs during mid-stance to compensate for the weaker force generation by prosthetic limbs. The findings offer normative coordination patterns on the walking of individuals with uTFA, which could benefit prosthetic gait rehabilitation and development.

Introduction. The article deals with the problem of walking in the digital age context. It is one of the forms of social activity that lets us keep our mind and body on toes – walking, and it is not high on the public agenda anymore. Theoretical analysis. The analysis of the works of P. Handke, B. Vigarello etc. helps to suggest that every day individual completes a series of tasks being distracted by social media and doing some other minor things. A device cannot be considered either a good or a bad thing; it depends on the function that an owner attaches to the smartphone. Although it rather makes an individual stop from feeling lonely. M. Kundera or L. Tolstoy assumed that solitude is an essential part of life in which they would reflect upon their behaviour and, therefore, find repose. The distance between A and B becomes much shorter: a private car reaches B in a few moments, a personal computer and a smartphone help reply in a second. We do everything to succeed in productivity and, perhaps, damage our health. Conclusion. Thus, it shortens time and distance but limits our possibilities and depletes our chances of earning new experience and ability to enjoy the moments. It seems that only having understood the restrictions of movement, we will realize the value of unhasting stroll.

Let n ≥ 8 be an integer. We characterize the extremal digraphs of order n with the maximum number of arcs avoiding distinct walks of length 4 with the same endpoints.

We say that a sequence a 1... a 2t of integers is repetitive if a i = a i+t for every i ϵ {1,...,t}. A walk in a graph G is a sequence v 1... v r of vertices of G in which v i v i+1 ϵ E(G) for every i ϵ {1,..., r - 1}. Given a k -coloring c: V(G) → {1,..., k } of V(G) , we say that c is walk-nonrepetitive if for every t ϵ N, for every walk v 1... v 2t in G the sequence c(V 1)... c(v 2t) is not repetitive unless v i = v i+t for every i ϵ {1,..., t }, and the walk-nonrepetitive chromatic number σ (G) of G is the minimum k for which G has a walk-nonrepetitive k-coloring. Let C n denote the cycle with n vertices. In this paper we show that σ(C n) = 4 whenever n ≥ 4 and n ∉ {5,7}, which answers a question posed by Barát and Wood in 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The cumulated ambulation score (CAS) has been developed as an index for evaluating mobility in the early postoperative period. This study aimed to estimate the association between CAS and independent ambulation after surgery for proximal femur fractures. Materials and methods: This retrospective cohort study included 223 elderly patients who underwent surgery for proximal femur fractures and had independent ambulation before the injury. Multivariable logistic regression analyses with cognitive impairment, pre-injury Barthel index, and CAS as the test variables were used to predict independent ambulation at 2 weeks (model 1) and 3 months (model 2) postoperatively. We established scoring systems based on the modeling results. Results: The number of patients with independent ambulation at 2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively was 115 and 169, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the CAS was significantly associated with independent ambulation at 2 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. Multivariable analysis showed that models 1 and 2 had good predictive accuracies, with areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.855 and 0.868, respectively. Among the explanatory variables, only the CAS in model 2 was not significantly associated with the postoperative ambulatory ability. Scoring systems for both models 1 and 2 also had good predictive accuracies, with cut-off scores of 3.5 for model 1 and 9.5 for model 2. Conclusions: The CAS predicted independent ambulation at 2 weeks postoperatively; however, this relationship was limited at 3 months postoperatively. Therefore, the CAS may help estimate independent ambulation at discharge from an acute-care hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Falls are associated with hearing loss, which might be explained by the onset of gait disorders. The objective of this study was to examine the association between Age-Related Hearing Loss (ARHL) and gait disorders assessed with GAITrite® walkway in a population of fallers aged 75 and over while accounting for the vestibular function. Methods: We examined data from 53 older patients (mean 84.2 ± 5.1 years; 64% women) included after a GAITrite® walkway assessment together with hearing and vestibular tests. People with high-frequency hearing loss, higher than 10% of the age and sex-matched population with the worst hearing, composed untimely ARHL group (n = 30), whereas all others had expected ARHL (n = 23). Presbyvestibulopathy was assessed accordingly to Barany Society criteria. Results: After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, Mini-Mental State Examination score and presbyvestibulopathy, we found an increase in stride length mean in the untimely ARHL group (p = 0.046), but no between-group differences in stride length variability, cadence or velocity. Untimely ARHL was not associated with presbyvestibulopathy. Conclusions: Untimely ARHL in older fallers was not associated with gait disorders in the studied population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay re-examines several examples of non-performance based artworks from the perspective and history of performance art. For instance, the photomontages I produced as an undergrad art student were based on repeated acts of stealing posters from their public sites on the street between my house and the college. Later, while working collaboratively with Mark Hutchinson in Manchester and London, we made photograms and paintings of scenes that we enacted on the street (striking a match, taking a flag for a walk). Years later, as a solo artist again, I produced a body of work in the form of slide presentations that consisted of photographs of me dressed in homemade costumes that cast me as a monster. In my work with the Freee art collective, we used slogans, our own bodies, costumes and props to give material reality to slogans that we treated as scripts. We wrote manifestos and staged events in which participants read. So, while the forms of my work are image based, the rationale is typically tied to the techniques and values of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection can result in persistent multisystem symptoms, characterizing persistent symptomatic COVID-19 disease or a condition called post-COVID syndrome. The disorders most frequently complained of by patients are fatigue or the subjective perception of muscle weakness (in 63% of cases), sleep disturbances (26%) and anxiety or depression (23%). From the clinical and instrumental evaluations performed at the Specialist Rehabilitation Unit of the “Luigi Sacco” Hospital in Milan, it was possible to highlight alterations in gait biomechanics in patients with post-COVID syndrome. In the patients evaluated, an alteration in the load distribution between the forefoot and hindfoot was found, with a significant correlation between the breech angle and the load on the hindfoot. The baropodometric data also showed a negative correlation between the breech angle and the maximum pressure at the plantar area, thus documenting a reduction in propulsive thrust during walking. In patients with post-COVID syndrome, it is therefore useful to assess gait parameters and plantar support on the ground to set up a targeted rehabilitation program and possibly advise the patient on the use of appropriate orthotics or therapeutic footwear. A rehabilitation program aimed at improving static and dynamic balance, even with proprioceptive exercises, can help reduce the perception of fatigue that very frequently can characterize post-COVID syndrome. Parole chiave Key [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ANIAV: Revista de Investigación en Artes Visuales is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Humanidades is the property of Common Ground Research Networks and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Let B n , q be the set of all block graphs with n vertices and all blocks on q + 1 vertices for every q ≥ 2. In this paper, we determine the unique graph in B n , q that attains the minimum spectral radius. This solves a conjecture posted by Conde et al. (2022) [4]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regular physical exercise can increase insulin sensitivity, improve good cholesterol levels, reduce body weight, and ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors. Over the past decade, e-health technologies using mobile applications were proven to be an effective delivery method for educational interventions. No e-health tools were designated specifically for patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: Final analysis subjects were 7,234 as a result of excluding cases with missing values according to the variables used. We mediated the subjects to walk in advance, 3 months, and 6 months through smart mobile health care, and the level of improvement in the metabolic syndrome index was repeatedly measured. RM ANOVA & Path analysis & Sobel test was conducted to determine whether there was a mediating effect. Results: Subjects who practiced walking for up to 3 months tended to use smart mobile health care devices better for 6 months, and the walking practice rate increased. This confirmed that there was a significant partial mediating effect as a result of the Sobel test. after 6 months, WC and TG decrease. Conclusion: It was found that the more programs that provide advice and interventions on physical activity through smart mobile healthcare devices were used, the more helpful it was to promote walking exercise practice.

Context: Medial knee displacement (MKD) is a common risk factor for lower-extremity injury and is related to altered gluteal muscle activity. Ultrasound imaging (USI) is a reliable means to explore mechanical muscle activity; however, no information exists regarding USI of the gluteals during gait in an MKD population. Objective: To determine differences in USI gluteal muscle activity during gait in individuals with and without MKD. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory. Participants: Out of 28 participants, 14 exhibiting MKD unilaterally during a single-leg squat (19.36 [1.51] y, 169.73 [7.50] cm, and 62.01 [10.57] kg; 10 females) and 14 matched non-MKD subjects (20.29 [1.73] y, 167.24 [9.07] cm, and 67.53 [16.03] kg). Interventions: Bilateral B-mode USI of the gluteus maximus (Gmax) and gluteus medius (Gmed) muscles during quiet stance, heel strike, and a 10-second treadmill walking clip. Main Outcome Measures: Gluteal thickness measures normalized to quiet stance yielded activity ratios, and percentage of muscle thickness change was assessed between heel strike and quiet stance. Differences between groups were assessed with Cohen's d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. Activity ratios with 90% confidence intervals plotted on 10% intervals from 0% to 100% of gait were used to compare groups and limbs. A subsample of images was measured to determine intertester reliability. Results: USI revealed decreased Gmax and Gmed percent change at heel strike (%change = −9.57% [7.15%] and −8.76% [4.26%], respectively). The MKD limb compared with the contralateral limb exhibited decreased Gmed activity ratio at 30% of gait (MKD = 0.89 [0.056]; non-MKD = 1.01 [.052]). Intertester reliability was excellent for gluteus maximus (intraclass correlation coefficient =.987 [.014]) and Gmed (intraclass correlation coefficient =.989 [.013]) measurements. Conclusions: USI highlighted gluteal activity differences of MKD limbs during gait, which may contribute to inadequate hip stabilization during this daily repetitive task. These findings potentiate the use of USI as an intervention- or screening-based visual tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement-correlated brain activity has been found across species and brain regions. Here, we used fast whole brain lightfield imaging in adult Drosophila to investigate the relationship between walk and brain-wide neuronal activity. We observed a global change in activity that tightly correlated with spontaneous bouts of walk. While imaging specific sets of excitatory, inhibitory, and neuromodulatory neurons highlighted their joint contribution, spatial heterogeneity in walk- and turning-induced activity allowed parsing unique responses from subregions and sometimes individual candidate neurons. For example, previously uncharacterized serotonergic neurons were inhibited during walk. While activity onset in some areas preceded walk onset exclusively in spontaneously walking animals, spontaneous and forced walk elicited similar activity in most brain regions. These data suggest a major contribution of walk and walk-related sensory or proprioceptive information to global activity of all major neuronal classes.

Copyright of Art Inquiry is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the thermal comfort and physiological and psychological effects according to tree density in forest environments during rest and during and after physical activities in the summer. Participants consisted of 18 male university students (average age: 24.0 ± 1.6 years old), and a within-subjects experimental design was used. Participants sat on a chair for 5 min to rest, performed a step-box exercise for 8 min, and then sat on the chair again, and rested for 10 min in a forest with high tree density (85.6%) and one with low tree density (12.2% as a control). Thermal comfort (predicted mean vote; PMV and percentage of dissatisfied; PPD) and physiological and psychological responses were measured. We investigated and analyzed the changes in "rest", "during exercise", and "after exercise". As a result, a forest with high tree density showed a statistically significant decrease in PMV and PPD values; an increase in parasympathetic nervous activity; a decrease in respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, and pulse rate; an improvement in mood state; an increase in comfortable, relaxed, and natural feelings; and more of an increase in personal thermal sensation during the recovery period after physical activities than in a forest with low tree density. In conclusion, a forest with high tree density during recovery after physical activities in the summer has higher thermal comfort and physiological and psychological relaxation effects on humans, as compared to one with low tree density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]