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Artykuł przedstawia postrzeganie ustroju Republiki Weneckiej przez polskich podróżników na przełomie XVIII i XIX w. W relacjach z podróży peregrynanci opisywali poszczególne organy władzy, często porównując je z ich odpowiednikami na ziemiach polskich, bądź wyrażali chęć wprowadzenia podobnych rozwiązań w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Opisywano także zachowania szlachty oraz doszukiwano się przyczyn słabnącej potęgi miasta i upadku Republiki Weneckiej, co także wielokrotnie nawiązywało do sytuacji w ojczyźnie pamiętnikarzy.

Przedmiotem badania artykułu są źródła pisane powstałe w kontekście polityki chrystianizacji Żydów bizantyńskich w 2 poł IX w.: polemiczny traktat biskupa Grzegorza z Nicei (844–880) oraz wiersze protosekretarza Krzysztofa (850–900). Celem artykułu jest zbadanie stanowiska wspomnianych autorów wobec polityki chrystianizacji Żydów. Artykuł składa się z czterech części, w których zostały przedstawione informacje o źródłach, zdefiniowani docelowi odbiorcy traktatu metropolity Grzegorza i wierszy protosekretarza Krzysztofa. Dokonano w nich także analizy intencji utworów pisanych w konfrontacji zwolenników i przeciwników polityki chrystianizacji Żydów. Pomimo różnicy między dziełami pod względem gatunków literackich, dzieła te były pisane w celach propagandowych popierając lub sprzeciwiając się chrystianizacji Żydów. Artykuł ukazuje w jaki sposób teksty pisane były wykorzystywane przez strony przeciwstawne w celu obrony własnego stanowiska.

Copyright of Przeglad Socjologiczny is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Koncepcje Jana Kalwina dotyczące relacji pomiędzy Kościołem a państwem są ściśle powiązane z jego eklezjologią. Przed swoim przyjazdem do Genewy w 1536 r. i rozpoczęciem w tym mieście działalności reformatorskiej Kalwin uważał Kościół przede wszystkim za wspólnotę ludzi wybranych do zbawienia, luźno powiązaną z Kościołem widzialnym, instytucjonalnym. Reformator stopniowo dowartościowywał jednak Kościół instytucjonalny, zauważając, że to właśnie w nimi istnieje niewidzialny Kościół wybranych. Wraz z dowartościowaniem Kościoła instytucjonalnego pojawiła się kwestia ustalenia relacji pomiędzy nim a państwem (władzą cywilną). Do podjęcia tej problematyki skłoniła Kalwina również sytuacja w Genewie, w której Kościół ewangelicki stał się oficjalnym wyznaniem państwowym. Należało zatem stworzyć eklezjologię, która odpowiadałaby zaistniałym warunkom. Kalwin zaczął więc nauczać, że władza kluczy i władza miecza różnią się pod względem pełnionych przez siebie funkcji, dlatego nie można mieszać ich ze sobą. Kościół zwiastuje ludziom Ewangelię, natomiast władza państwowa stoi na straży przykazań Dekalogu, sprawiedliwości i pokoju, używając miecza przeciwko złoczyńcom. Kościół i państwo trzeba więc rozdzielić. Koncepcja ta zapowiada późniejszy rozdział państwa od Kościoła w nowoczesnych państwach zachodnich. Z drugiej strony obydwie władze powołane zostały do istnienia przez Boga, dlatego powinny realizować wolę Bożą, pomagając ludziom w przestrzeganiu prawa Bożego. Władza cywilna nie jest więc władzą świecką.

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Review / Przegląd Politologiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Progress. Journal of Young Researchers is the property of University of Gdansk / Uniwersytet Gdanskim and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Autobiografia is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teologia w Polsce is the property of Society of Dogmatic Theologians and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Res Historica is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biblica & Patristica Thoruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of West Pomeranian Review / Przegląd Zachodniopomorski is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Modern Science is the property of Alcide De Gasperi University of Euroregional Economy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Paedagogica Ignatiana is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hatred in People's Poland has never been the focus of separate studies. It has been mentioned as if in passing in descriptions of post-war anti-Semitic pogroms and the campaign of March 1968. The present author demonstrates four other examples of its presence. On each occasion its waves were a response to a crisis: words of those in power, price increases and brutal pacification in the Gdańsk region, martial law. They were spontaneous and isolated responses and, at the same time, fuelled collective actions. They accompanied violent events, revolts and revolutions, a military putsch. They were correlated with fear and threat of violence. The author's hypothesis is that both world wars contributed to the raising of the level of collective hatred. He also points to its stronger presence in urban areas and among young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Prace Jezykoznawcze is the property of University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Politics & Society / Polityka & Społeczeństwo is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims at presenting diverse architecture and urban planning projects which serve as examples of power demonstration. It is hardly a new phonomenon, since renditions of the personality cult in architecture dates back to antiquity. However, in this article the point of focus remains Poland, in particular the period of the Polish People’s Republic. What was selected for the analysis was the projects which symbolised the then manner of exercising power over the state. Therefore, the rebuilding of socialist Warsaw is mentioned, along with the Millennium Schools (Polish tysiąclatki), civil construction during the term of Edward Gierek, including the famous “Gierkówka” motorway, and some investments of lesser importance realized by lower ranking politicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia i Polityka is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Culture Context / Konteksty Kultury is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim. The purpose of the paper is the presentation of a reflection regarding selected elements of symbolic violence present within the educational environment, and some strategies of the student society's resistance. The example of symbolic violence chosen there is an axiological determinism present in education institutions. This determinism is intertwined with an intentional (and counterproductive) isolation of a school discourse from the real experiences of the students. Such a phenomenon, as addressed in the paper, is focused (mainly, but not exclusively) on such topics as: sexuality, politics, and social and ethical controversies, while the students' protests serve as an exemplification of this dynamic. Methods. An analysis of the current (regarding the event) informational materials. The theoretical frame for this purpose is Pierre Bourdieu's concept of symbolic violence, his and Jean-Claude Passeron's critique of the system of education, and Michel Foucault's concept of institution of power (such as: hospital, prison or school). Conclusions. The strategies of violence present in educational institutions (reactionary acting up, anachronic axiological patterns, depreciation of students' beliefs and convictions) result in: increasing the cognitive and axiological dissonance for the students and educational staff alike, waning of the effective school's pressure and because of this - diminution of the actual effectiveness of this institutional symbolic violence built upon a reactionary pattern. When taken together, this leads to: exacerbation of desire for active contestation (e.g., by participating in strikes or other social protests). An anachronism of the school as an institution led to the search for new alternative community. The students organized an alternative means of expression and participation. Taking their participation in the Woman's Strike as an example, it may be observed as students' language become significantly political and their need for a confrontational approach to the schools' "taboo" increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Convivium. Germanistisches Jahrbuch Polen is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Er(r)go: Teoria, Literatura, Kultura is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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More years have passed since the last totalitarian bastion in Europe, the Communist system, collapsed. Apart from the fact that in the last phase of its existence, it was no longer as strong and did not exert as much influence on social life as before, citizens still expect there to be a strong state which is responsible for all aspects of life. In contrast to totalitarianisms, the democratic system is based on individual freedom and responsibility for oneself and others. This article addresses the issue of the existence of principles and values in societies that have experienced totalitarian rule and that currently have serious problems with building social relations on the basis of democratic principles. The systemic transformation from totalitarianism to democracy appears much faster in the political or even economic dimension than in the ethical and axiological one. Therefore, the author initially presents the mechanism of totalitarianism, referring to Hannah Arendt, Zbigniew Brzeziński, Antoni Kępiński or Józef Tischner, in order to later present the causes of disturbances in the formation of positive values in the post-totalitarian society. The anthropological and ethical conception adopted plays a crucial role here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Principia (0867-5392) is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Theology & Morality / Teologia I Moralmosc is the property of Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza (IH UAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Perspektywa katolicka wskazuje niezmiennie na Boży fundament wszystkich słusznych instytucji i praw. Dotyczy to zarówno państwa, jak i prawa własności. Ta ostatnia ma charakter wielowymiarowy: indywidualny i społeczny. Potwierdza to odwołanie do przyrodzonej godności człowieka. Rzeczywista skuteczność działań fiskalnych państwa jest współuzależniona od ich zrozumienia przez podatników. Klarowność w tym obszarze rodzi zaufanie społeczne i pogłębia poczucie bezpieczeństwa. Na władzy ciąży obowiązek nakładania danin o umiarkowanej wysokości, sprawiedliwym charakterze i czytelnej strukturze. W warunkach państwa demokratycznego inicjowanie zmian legislacyjnych jest podstawową drogą do eliminowania potencjalnej niesprawiedliwości i wprowadzania rozwiązań bardziej solidarnych. Katolicka perspektywa stosunków podatkowych akcentuje wzajemne obowiązki władzy i podatników oraz ich współodpowiedzialność za dobro wspólne.

Kościół katolicki jest organiczną wspólnotą wszystkich wiernych chrześcijan z woli Jezusa Chrystusa. W tej organicznej wspólnocie każdy wierzący ma swoje miejsce i funkcje. Funkcje wiernych występują jako indywidualne i kolegialne, i są ściśle ze sobą połączone. Indywidualną funkcją w Kościele jest urząd papieża. Tak jak Apostoł Piotr został wybrany przez samego Chrystusa na pierwszego wśród Apostołów, tak i dziś papież jest głową Kolegium Biskupów. Papież, Biskup Rzymu, jest pierwszym następcą Apostoła Piotra, głową Kolegium Biskupów, zastępcą Chrystusa na ziemi i pasterzem całego Kościoła. Na mocy swego urzędu ma w Kościele najwyższą, pełną, bezpośrednią, powszechną i zwyczajną władzę, którą może swobodnie wykonywać. Jego władza jest najwyższą władzą rządzenia i obejmuje władzę ustawodawczą, wykonawczą i sądowniczą.