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V magistrski nalogi bom predstavil šolo poučevanja roga Philipa Farkasa. Šola se nanaša na vse mlade in tudi odrasle horniste, saj je delo zaradi svoje vsebine postalo temelj za vse horniste širom sveta. Delo opisuje probleme, pristop k rešitvam ter skrivnosti uspešnega poučevanja in poustvarjanja na rog. This master's thesis describes the teaching of French horn according to the school of Philip Farkas, which applies to all young and adult horn players. His book became an important foundation for horn players all over the world because of its content. It describes the problems, solutions and secrets to successful teaching and playing the French horn.

Namen magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti vpliv telesne vadbe na bolnike z revmatoidnim artritisom (RA) v dobi 3 mesecev. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 17 bolnic z RA, starih med 22 in 55 let. Sodelujoče so bile razdeljene v eksperimentalno (10) in kontrolno skupino (7). Na začetku smo izvedli intervju z vsako bolnico posebej in opravili začetne meritve telesne sestave in gibalnih sposobnosti. Vse merjenke so izpolnile tudi dva vprašalnika za ugotavljanje obseg telesne dejavnosti in stopnjo aktivnosti RA. Program telesne vadbe je zajemal vadbo za moč 2-krat tedensko in vadbo za aerobno vzdržljivost in gibljivost 1-krat tedensko. Bolnice so dve vadbi na teden izvajale pod kineziološkim vodstvom, eno vadbo pa so izvajale po naših navodilih, samostojno doma. Na koncu vadbenega procesa smo vse meritve, intervjuje in vprašalnike ponovili. Ugotovljeno je bilo izboljšanje mišične moči in gibljivosti v določenih sklepih. Na začetku študije smo ugotovili, da so bolnice v povprečju premalo telesno aktivne in da se v povprečju ne udejstvujejo nobene vadbe za moč. Ob koncu vadbenega obdobja je eksperimentalna skupina izboljšala moč zgornjih okončin (+ 18,44 ponovitev, p < 0,001), moč iztegovalk kolka (+ 28,89 kg, p = 0,013), vzdržljivost iztegovalk trupa (+ 54,30 s, p = 0,002) in maksimalno porabo kisika (+ 3,90 ml/kgTT/min, p = 0,031). Izboljšanje gibljivosti eksperimentalne skupine, smo ugotovili v spodnjih okončinah pri ekstenziji kolka (+ 6°, p = 0,008) , zunanji rotaciji kolka (+ 6°, p = 0,024) in plantarni fleksiji (+ 4° p = 0,026). Ugotovili smo izboljšanje počutja bolnic in zmanjšanje jutranje okorelosti. Sklepamo lahko, da redna telesna vadba pripomore k izboljšanju kvalitete življenja bolnic z RA in pripomore k boljši fukncionalnosti v smeri mišične moči in gibljivosti. The aim of the master's thesis was to determine the effect of exercise on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) over a period of 3 months. 17 patients with RA aged between 22 and 55 participated in the research. The participants were divided into an experimental group (10) and a control group (7). At the beginning, we conducted an interview with each patient separately and performed initial measurements of body composition and movement abilities. All patients have also completed two questionnaires for determining the amount of physical activity and the level of RA activity. At the beginning of the study, we found that the patients were not enough physically active and that they did not engage in any strength training. The physical training program included strength training twice a week and aerobic endurance and mobility training once a week. The patients performed two exercises per week under the guidance of a kinesiologist, and they performed one exercise according to our instructions, independently at home. At the end of the training process, all measurements, interviews and questionnaires were repeated. An improvement in muscle strength and mobility in certain joints was noted. The measured improved upper extremity strength (+ 18.44 repetitions, p < 0.001), hip extensor strength (+ 28.89 kg, p = 0.013), trunk extensor endurance (+ 54.30 s, p = 0.002) and maximal expenditure oxygen. (+ 3.90 ml/kgTT/min, p = 0.031). We found an improvement in the mobility of the experimental group in the lower limbs in hip extension (+ 6°, p = 0.008), hip external rotation (+ 6°, p = 0.024) and plantar flexion (+ 4° p = 0.026), compared to the control group .We found an improvement in the patients' well-being and a reduction in morning stiffness. We can conclude that regular physical exercise helps to improve the quality of life of patients with RA and contributes to better functionality in the direction of muscle strength and mobility.

Background Adequate trunk muscle endurance is considered to be an important indicator of good low back stability; therefore, its assessment is needed when determining an individual’s risk for back pain. Optimal tests to assess each trunk muscle group separately are difficult to find. The objective of this study was to verify if two groups of trunk muscle endurance tests (standard and alternative) show comparable results in terms of muscle endurance ratios, holding times and rated perceived effort to perform each test. Methods The study was designed as a quasi-experimental repeated-measures design. There was a single group of participants who took part in two different trunk muscle endurance testing. Sixty-eight healthy adult volunteers, aged 20–45 years (31.9 ± 7.2 years), without recent musculoskeletal injury or disorder participated in the study. All participants finished the study. Trunk muscle endurance tests as tested on the Roman chair (B tests) were compared with standard tests as suggested by McGill (A tests). Each group of tests consisted of an endurance test for trunk extensors, trunk flexors, and lateral trunk muscles for left and right side. The order of tests’ performances was randomly assigned to each participant, whereby a participant did perform A and B tests in the same order. In each test of A and B the holding time was recorded and a perceived effort in each test performance was also assessed by participants. Post testing performance the four ratios of trunk muscles endurance comparison were calculated for each group of tests to determine if there is a good or poor ratio between muscles. Results of each participant were compared for trunk muscle endurance ratio calculations, holding times and rated perceived effort for A and B tests. Results Results showed comparable trunk muscle endurance ratios in the three ratios observed, except for the flexors:extensors ratio (AFL:EX: 1.2 (IQR: 0.7–1.6) vs. BFL:EX: 0.6 (IQR: 0.3–0.8); p < 0.001). As compared to A tests, holding times were significantly longer in B tests for the extensors (AEX: 125.5 s (IQR: 104.8–182.8 s) vs. BEX: 284.0 s (IQR: 213.0–342.3 s); p < 0.001) and lateral trunk muscles (AL-LM: 61.0 s (IQR: 48.3–80.8 s) vs. BL-LM: 131.5 s (IQR: 95.5–158.5 s); AR-LM: 63.5 s (IQR: 45.8–77.3 s) vs. BR-LM: 113.0 s (IQR: 86.3–148.8 s); p < 0.001), both were also rated as slightly easier to perform in the extensors (ARPE-EX: 13 (IQR: 12.0–14.0) vs BRPE-EX: 11 (IQR: 10.0–13.0); pRPE-EX < 0.001) and lateral muscles testing (ARPE-LM: 14.0 (IQR: 12.3–15.8) vs. BRPE-LM: 13.0 (IQR: 12.0–15.0); pRPE-LM = 0.001). Conclusions A and B tests are comparable in three of four trunk muscle endurance ratios, while longer holding times and lower perceived effort to perform were observed in most of the B tests. The Roman chair tests could be used as an alternative to standard tests.

Večina testiranj za določitev anaerobnega in aerobnega praga in spremljanje napredka plavalcev poteka z merjenjem vsebnosti laktata v krvi, kar pa lahko predstavlja problem, saj gre za invazivno metodo, prav tako pa vsi trenerji nimajo možnosti uporabe teh testov. Tako se je v zadnjem obdobju povečala uporaba neinvazivnih metod testiranj. Med metodami, ki se uporabljajo za določanje intenzivnosti vadbe, najbolj izstopa uporaba kritične hitrosti predvsem zaradi močne povezanosti z intenzivnostjo, ki ustreza vsebnosti laktata 4 mmol/l in aerobno zmogljivostjo. Glavni cilj magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti učinek izbrane 6-tedenske vadbe na kritično hitrost plavalcev, ali se hitrost plavanja na kritični hitrosti na koncu poveča ter ugotoviti, kakšna je razlika med plavalci, ki so del vadbe plavali počasneje od določene kritične hitrosti in tistimi, ki so plavali na izračunani kritični hitrosti. Poleg tega smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšne vsebnosti laktata dosežejo plavalci pri plavanju s kritično hitrostjo skozi daljši čas. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 14 plavalcev in plavalk Plavalnega kluba Olimpija, ki so najprej izvedli testiranje za izračun kritične hitrosti, nato pa je sledilo obdobje šestih tednov vadbe na kritični hitrosti. Na koncu je sledilo ponovno testiranje za izračun kritične hitrosti. Ugotovili smo, da je 6-tedenska vadba statistično značilno izboljšala le hitrost plavanja na 200 m razdalji pri eksperimentalni skupini (0,1 m/s višja hitrost), medtem ko je pri kontrolni skupini prišlo do poslabšanja hitrosti (-0,03 m/s). Eksperimentalna skupina ni dosegla boljših rezultatov na daljši razdalji plavanja (400 m), kontrolna skupina pa je svoje rezultate poslabšala. Po koncu vadbe se je število zaveslajev na 400 m statistično značilno zmanjšalo (-0,8 zaveslaja), kar pomeni, da so plavalci izboljšali učinkovitost zaveslaja. Večjih sprememb v vsebnosti laktata v krvi po odplavani izbrani seriji 20 x 100 m skozi 6-tedensko obdobje vadbe nismo zaznali pri nobeni izmed skupin. To determine the anaerobic and aerobic limit of swimmers, the lactate concentration in the blood is measured. Lactate is also a good indicator of a swimmer’s improvement however, it is an invasive method of determining one’s improvement and many coaches do not have access to such tests. Therefore, new non-invasive methods started appearing more frequently. Among the non-invasive methods of determining a workout’s intensity, the critical velocity tests are the most common ones. Critical velocity also have a correlation with the workout intensity equal to the blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/L and therefore anaerobic endurance. The focus of this research is to determine the effects of selected 6 weeks long workout routine on a swimmer’s critical velocity. The goal was to determine whether the critical velocity of the swimmers will increase or decrease after the 6-week period, while also showing the difference between swimmers that swam slower than their critical velocity and those who swam at their critical velocity. Every week, blood lactate concentration was measured, to see how critical velocity affects the lactate concentration during an extended time period. For the research, 14 swimmers from Plavalni klub Olimpija were selected. First, they were tested to determine each individual’s critical velocity. After the critical velocity for all 14 swimmers was determined, the 6-week period of testing at critical velocity started. At the end of the 6-week period, all the swimmers were tested for their new critical velocity to determine the changes in it. The findings show that the 6-week long workout routine helped the swimmers increase only their velocity on 200 m distance, which showed a 0.1 m/s increase in their speed for the experimental group. However, the control group show the opposite results with their velocity decreasing for 0.03 m/s on average. The experimental group showed no improvement on swimming the 400 m distance, while the control group showed a decrease in their velocity. While there was no time improvement in the 400 m distance, the swimmers demonstrated an increase in the efficiency of their strokes by lowering the number of strokes for 0.8 strokes on 400 m. There was no measured difference in blood lactate concentrations after the chosen set (20 x 100 m), in the 6-week period between two groups.

Neat (NPP) and recycled (RPP) polypropylene matrix materials were used to prepare wood–polymer composites with untreated wood fibers up to 40 wt.%. Long-term creep properties obtained through the time-temperature superposition showed superior creep resistance of composites with NPP matrix. In part, this is attributed to their higher crystallinity and better interfacial adhesion caused by the formation of a transcrystalline layer. This difference resulted in up to 25% creep compliance reduction of composites with NPP matrix compared to composites with recycled (RPP) polypropylene matrix, which does not form a transcrystalline layer between the fibers and polymer matrix. Despite the overall inferior creep performance of composites with RPP matrix, from the 20 wt.% on, the creep compliance is comparable and even surpasses the creep performance of unfilled NPP matrix and can be a promising way to promote sustainability.

The two-point force-velocity model allows the assessment of the muscle mechanical capacities in fast, almost fatigue-free conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the concurrent validity of the two-point parameters with directly measured force and power and to examine the generalization of the two-point parameters across the different functional movement tests of leg muscles. Twelve physically active participants were tested performing three functional lower limb maximal tests under two different magnitudes of loads: countermovement jumps, maximal cycling sprint, and maximal force under isokinetic conditions of the knee extensors. The results showed that all values from the two-point model were higher than the values from the standard tests (p &lt, 0.05). We also found strong correlations between the same variables from different tests (r &ge, 0.84, p &lt, 0.01), except for force in maximal cycling sprint, where it was low and negligible (r = &minus, 0.24). The results regarding our second aim showed that the correlation coefficients between the same two-point parameters of different lower limb tests ranged from moderate to strong (r &minus, 0.47 to 0.72). In particular, the relationships were stronger between power variables than between force variables and somewhat stronger between standard tests and two-point parameters. We can conclude that mechanical capacities of the leg muscles can be partially generalized between different functional tests.

The main issue about energy availability in male athletes still remains poorly understood: when does the low energy availability (LEA) appear and what effects does it have on performance? We aimed to address this question with a strictly controlled intervention study with randomised order of three step energy availability reduction (reduction of 25%, 50% and 75%) in trained and well-trained male endurance athletes. This study modulated participants’ exercise energy expenditure and controlled energy intake and consequently manipulated energy availability in three progressive stages, set to determine potential effects of LEA. All parameters were strictly measured to prevent any error in estimation of energy availability. Performance was measured with three specific tests for explosive power, endurance and agility. Blood was drawn, resting energy expenditure was monitored and two questionnaires were repetitively used to address any changes in eating behaviours and well-being. Repeated measured design showed poorer performance (power output p=.001, relative power output p=.018, explosive power p=.000, lactate concentration p=.001,), the quartile range for testosterone was lower (p=.026), there was a tendency for lower T3 (p=.072). Eating behaviours and well-being were worse (p=.011 and p=.002). The intervention also resulted in lower body fat (p=.013). Based on the results we concluded that the threshold for LEA in men is much lower than 30 kcal/kg FFM/day. We propose using a spectre of 9-25 kcal/kg FFM/day. Reducing energy availability impairs explosive power first, then endurance. It is associated with a reduction in testosterone, T3 and possibly in IGF-1, but hormones are more resilient to changes in energy availability. Psychological assessment of eating behaviours and well-being proved to be very useful, whereas monitoring resting energy expenditure did not. O nizki energijski razpoložljivosti je znano vedno več, vendar še vedno ne vemo, kdaj se pojavi pri moških in kako učinkuje na telesno zmogljivost. Raziskava te doktorske disertacije je bila usmerjena v reševanje tega problema. Zasnovali smo raziskavo, ki je bila strogo nadzorovana. Gre za interventno študijo z randomiziranim zaporedjem zniževanja energijske razpoložljivosti v treh stopnjah (za 25, 50 in 75 %), ki je potekala na treniranih in zelo treniranih vzdržljivostnih moških športnikih. Zniževanje energijske razpoložljivosti smo dosegli tako, da smo strogo nadzorovali energijske vnose ter v treh stopnjah povečevali energijsko porabo ob telesni vadbi, tako da je ta ustrezala izračunani energijski razpoložljivosti. Ugotavljaji smo učinke nizke energijske razpoložljivosti. Zmogljivost smo merili s tremi športno specifičnimi testi za merjenje explozivne moči, vzdžljivosti in agilnosti. Športnikom smo vzeli kri, izmerili energijsko porabo v mirovanju in večkrat uporabili dva vprašalnika za oceno prehranjevalnih navad in dobrega počutja. Rezultati so pokazali, da z zniževanjem energijske razpoložljivosti dosežemo nižjo zmogljivost (moč p=.001, moč izražena glede na telesno maso p=.018, eksplozivna moč p=.000, koncentracija laktata p=.001,), znižani kvartil vrednosti testosterona (p=.026), obstaja tendenca za znižane vrednosti trijodtironina (p=.072). Prehranjevalne navade in splošno počutje sta slabša (p=.011 in p=.002). Intervenca je povzročila tudi znižan delež maščobe (p=.013). Meja za nastanek nizke energijske razpoložljivosti je precej nižja kot pri ženskah. Predlagamo uporabo spektra 9-25 kcal/kg puste telesne mase/dan. Zniževanje energijske razpoložljivosti najprej zmanjša eksplozivno moč, nato vzdržljivost. Povezano je z znižanim testosteronom, trijodtironinom in verjetno z znižanim IGF-1, opažali pa smo, da so hormoni manj občutljivi na zniževanje energijske razpoložljivosti. Psihološka ocena prehranjevalnih navad in dobrega počutja se je izkazala za zelo uporabno glede na spremembe energijske razpoložljivosti, česar nismo ugotavljali tudi za meritev energijske porabe v mirovanju.

This study investigated whether the addition of eight weeks of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) to a regular preseason soccer training program, including incremental endurance training (IET), would change pulmonary function, lung ventilation, and aerobic performance in young soccer players. Sixteen club-level competitive junior soccer players (mean age 17.63 &plusmn, 0.48 years, height 182 &plusmn, 0.05 cm, body mass 68.88 &plusmn, 4.48 kg) participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups: experimental (n = 8) and control (n = 8). Both groups performed regular preseason soccer training, including endurance workouts as IET. In addition to this training, the experimental group performed additional IMT for eigght weeks with a commercially available respiratory muscle trainer (Threshold IMT), with a total of 80 inhalations (twice per day, five days per week). Pre- and post-intervention tests of pulmonary function, maximal inspiratory pressure, and the Cooper test were implemented. Eight weeks of IMT had a positive impact on expiratory muscle strength (p = 0.001), however, there was no significant effect on respiratory function parameters. The results also indicate increased efficiency of the inspiratory muscles, contributing to an improvement in aerobic endurance, measured by VO₂max estimated from running distance in the cardiorespiratory Cooper test (p &lt, 0.005).

The aim of this study was to severely reduce energy availability (EA) in controlled conditions in trained male endurance athletes to observe any effects on health, performance, and psychological and energy markers. EA was reduced by 50% over 14 days in athletes by maintaining identical energy intake and increasing exercise energy expenditure. Blood was drawn, performance was measured by three specific tests (endurance, explosive power and agility) and two psychological questionnaires were used. Reduced EA (17.3 ± 5.0 kcal/kg FFM/day) resulted in lower body fat% (t(12) = 3.36, p = 0.006), lower power output and relative power output (t(12) = 2.69, p = 0.021 t(12) = 2.34, p = 0.036), explosive power was reduced (t(12) = 6.41, p = 0.000), lactate metabolism was altered (p = 0.001). EA was negatively correlated with haemoglobin and testosterone (r = −0.557, p = 0.30 and r = −0.532, p = 0.037), anaerobic threshold (r = −0.597, p = 0.02) and respiratory compensation point (r = −0.575, p = 0.025). There were significant differences in Well-being (t(12) = 4.11, p = 0.002) and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (t(12) = −2.71, p = 0.020). This is the first study to demonstrate that endurance performance and explosive power can be affected before detrimental health effects occur in male athletes. Drastic reductions of EA could lead to poor eating behaviours. The two psychological questionnaires seem to be more sensitive to EA changes than blood markers.

Background Low energy availability in male athletes has gained a lot of attention in recent years, but direct evidence of its effects on health and performance is lacking. The aim of this research was to objectively measure energy availability (EA) in healthy male endurance athletes without pre-existing relative energy deficiency signs during pre-race season. Methods Twelve trained endurance athletes (performance level 3, 4, and 5) participated in the cross-sectional controlled laboratory study. Fat-free mass, exercise energy expenditure, and energy intake were measured to calculate EA. Resting energy expenditure was measured and estimated to assess energy conservation. Three specific performance tests were used to assess endurance, agility, and explosive strength performance. For psychological evaluation, the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire and a short Well-being questionnaire were completed. Results Mean EA was 29.5 kcal/kg FFM/day. The majority (66.6%) had EA under the threshold for low EA in females. Critical cognitive restraint (≥13) was reported by 75% of participants. There were no differences in performance, blood values, or psychological evaluation when subjects were divided into two groups divided by EA = 30 kcal/kg FFM/day. Cognitive restraint was negatively associated with measured resting energy expenditure and energy conservation (r = −.578, p = .025 and r = −.549, p = .032, respectively). Conclusions The mean EA measured in this study supports the theory that the threshold for low EA in endurance male athletes might be under the threshold for females. In addition, we confirmed cognitive restraint could be useful for early detection of energy conservation. The high cognitive restraint as measured in our sample stressed the need of eating behavior screening in endurance athletes in order to reduce risk of any disordered eating patterns. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12970-021-00419-3.

Namen diplomskega dela z naslovom Povezanost funkcionalnosti dihalnega sistema z aerobno vzdržljivostjo mlajših otrok je ugotoviti, kakšna je povezanost med meritvami dihalnega sistema in aerobno vzdržljivostjo otrok. V teoretičnem delu smo s pomočjo literature opredelili celostni razvoj otroka, razvoj in delovanje srčno-žilnega in dihalnega sistema, vzdržljivost ter njen pomen za celostni in telesni razvoj ter zdravje. Opredelili smo tudi, kako merimo aerobno vzdržljivost in funkcionalnost dihalnega sistema. Podrobneje smo opisali test 20-metrskega stopnjevalnega teka in PEF-meter. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 127 otrok, starih od 3 do 6 let. Podatke za analizo smo zbrali s pomočjo testa 20-metrskega stopnjevalnega teka in meritvami PEF-metra. Test 20-metrskega stopnjevanega teka je bil prilagojen meritvam za predšolske otroke. Z njim smo merili število pretečenih razdalj in aerobno moč. S pomočjo PEF-metra pa smo pri otrocih izmerili maksimalen pretok zraka pri ustih izražen v l/min. Podatke, ki smo jih pridobili v enem izmed mariborskih vrtcev, smo v empiričnem delu obdelali na podlagi deskriptivne statistike. The purpose of my thesis entitled The Relationship between the respiratory system functionality with aerobic endurance of younger children aims at discovering the connection between the measurments of respiratory system and the aerobic endurance of children. In the literature review, the author discusses children's holistic development, the development and operation of cardiovascular and respiratory system, endurance in children and its importance for children's holistic and physical development as well as their health. Next, ways of measuring endurance and functionality of respiratory system are explicated. Further, a 20 meter shuttle run test and PEF meter have been explained in detail. The survey involved 127 children aged between 3 and 6 years who attend a kindergarten in the seocnd biggest town in Slovenia (Maribor). The data were collected by 20 meter shuttle run test and PEF meter measurments. 20 meter shuttle run test was adapted to the measurments for preschool children. It collected the number of running distances and aerobic power. PEF meter measured the maximum air flow through children's mouth expressed in litres per minute. By using descriptive statistics the obtained data was analysed, summarised and interpreted.

V svoji diplomski nalogi se ukvarjam z razvojem hitrostne vzdržljivosti v atletiki. Na začetku diplomske naloge sem se ukvarjal z atletiko na splošno. Zajel sem njen razvoj skozi zgodovino po svetu in nato prešel na našo slovensko zgodovino razvoja atletike, ki se ji je kljub težavam uspelo uvrstiti na mednarodni nivo in je vse do danes še vedno aktivna na velikih tekmovanjih, predvsem po zaslugi naših atletov in atletinj. V naslednjih poglavjih sem se posvetil ciljem diplomske naloge. Cilji so bili jasni, in sicer opisati razvoj hitrostne vzdržljivosti v atletiki, spoznati zakonitosti športne vadbe ter vpliv aerobnega in anaerobnega energijskega procesa, spoznati in opisati metode, s katerimi lahko razvijamo hitrostno vzdržljivost, in dejavnike, ki v športu in izven športa vplivajo na proces razvoja hitrostne vzdržljivosti, ter ugotoviti, kaj bi se lahko spremenilo, dodalo ali odvzelo iz spoznanja strokovne literature in mojega dosedanjega športnega znanja o atletiki. Eden izmed glavnih ciljev, na katerega sem se osredotočil, je bil prodreti v svet atletike skozi teorijo, s čimer sem razširil svoj spekter znanja, ki ga bom v prihodnosti lahko uporabil v pri delu ali morebitnem treniranju športnikov. In this bachelor’s thesis, I discuss speed endurance training in athletics. The first part focuses on athletics in general. It encompasses the world history of athletics and the history of athletics in Slovenia, a country that succeeded to qualify for sports events at an international level and is still an active participant in major competitions, thanks to its athletes. In the next chapters, the thesis focuses on its clearly defined main objectives, which are to describe the training of speed endurance in athletics, gain information about the laws of physical training and the effects of aerobic and anaerobic energy processes, gain information about and provide description of methods intended for speed endurance training, as well as of factors that affect the process of speed endurance training both within and outside of sports and, finally, to ascertain what could be changed, added, or disregarded based on the lessons from academic literature and my personal experience in athletics. One of the main objectives that I focus on in this thesis is to also penetrate into the world of athletics through theory, which has helped me expand my knowledge, so I will be able to use it in the future, either in my work or when training athletes.

V tem zaključnem delu predstavljamo vplive na razvoj in metode za razvoj hitrostne vzdržljivosti, z delitvijo teka sprinta v faze in ugotavljanjem najboljše tehnike ta tek na kratke razdalje. Predstavljeni so tudi energijski sistemi, ki vplivajo na razvoj vzdržljivost, in načini, kako razvijati hitrost in/ali vzdržljivost. Ta dva koncepta sta naposled združena v hitrostno vzdržljivost s predstavitvijo njenega razvoja. V delu izpostavljamo tudi osnovne zakonitosti in pomembnost periodizacije in regeneracije. In this diploma, we present the impacts on development and methods for developing speed endurance, by splitting sprinting stages and identifying the best technique for short-distance running. Energy systems that affect endurance and ways to develop speed and / or endurance are also presented. These two concepts are finally combined into speed endurance with a presentation of its evolution. The paper also highlights the basic principles and importance of periodization and regeneration.

V začetku naloge so opisane osnovne motorične sposobnosti, ki predstavljajo pomemben dejavnik v otroškem razvoju in treningu otrok. Prav tako so opisane nogometne (specialne) motorične sposobnosti, ki so značilne za nogometna gibanja z žogo ali brez na treningih in tekmah. Temeljni cilj diplomske naloge je podrobneje razčleniti osnovno in nogometno vzdržljivost ter z njunimi metodami in predstavitvijo različnih vaj z žogo doseči, da bi bralci naloge razumeli bistveno razliko teh dveh vzdržljivosti in ju posledično znali tudi sami vpeljati v različne nogometne vaje ter uporabiti v samem procesu treninga. Glavni cilj prikazanih vaj je stopnjevanje obremenitev (kondicijske priprave) že od najmlajših selekcij, za ustrezen razvoj otrok in boljše rezultate. Basic motor abilities are important factor in child development and in children training. Special motor abilities characteristic for soccer skills with or without ball at practice or on football matches are described. Basic aimof this dissertation is to describe basic and soccer stamina in more detail to achieve the reader’s understanding the difference between these two and consequently to be able to introduce them in different soccer practices which could be used in the process of training. The aim of the dissertation is to show the furthering and increasing the level of difficulty when training physical fitness from the youngest selections on with the goal for the correct children development and better results.

Mehanska stikala uporabljamo v električnih napravah, s katerimi se srečujemo na vsakem koraku. So ena izmed komponent, ki v električnem krogu omogočijo ali onemogočijo električni tok. Zaradi mehanske narave prihaja pri uporabi stikala do obrabe kontaktnih delov zaradi preskakovanja isker in odbijanja ob sklenitvi stikala. Zato mora proizvajalec pred uvrstitvijo izdelka na tržišče pridobiti certifikat, ki potrošniku zagotavlja pričakovano življenjsko dobo stikala. SIQ testira splošno optimalno delovanje mehanskih stikal v skladu s predpisanimi standardi. Predstavljena sta dva testa in sicer test segrevanja in test vzdržljivosti. Pri testu segrevanja se opazuje temperatura delov stikala, ki med simulirano predvideno uporabo ne sme preseči določene vrednosti. Pri vzdržljivostnem testu pa se ugotavlja ali stikalo prestane določeno število sklenitev in razklenitev. V nalogi je prikazan primer rezultatov testiranja stikala paličnega mešalnika. Mechanical switches are found in electrical devices that we encounter in everyday use. A switch is by definition a mechanical component that can enable or disable the flow of electric current in an electric circuit. Due to the mechanical nature of the switch, contact parts wear out because of striking arcs and bouncing at contacts. Therefore, before launching the product, the manufacturer must obtain a certificate that guarantees the expected lifetime of the switch to the consumer. At SIQ the overall optimum operation of the mechanical switches are tested in accordance with the prescribed standards. Two tests have been performed, namely a heating test and an endurance test. In the heating test, the temperature of the switch parts is observed, which during the simulated intended use must not exceed a certain value. In the case of the endurance test, it is determined whether the switch exceeds a certain number of »makings« and »breakings«. Here a concrete example of the test results of the stick mixer switch is presented.

Dinamika skupne nogometne igre je v veliki meri odvisna od različnih oblik teka, katere zavzemajo večino aktivnosti v igri. Analize nogometne igre potrjujejo, da je večina tekov še vedno srednje in nizke intenzivnosti, da pa s kakovostjo igre raste tudi količina hitrih tekov in šprintov. Gibanja igralcev niso odvisna samo od količine ciklično-acikličnega gibanja, ampak tudi od njegove intenzivnosti. To pomeni, da je uspešnost v igri odvisna tudi od funkcionalnih sposobnosti organizma. Diplomsko delo je prispevek k informiranju strokovnih kadrov o vključevanju testov funkcionalnih sposobnosti v nabor standardiziranih motoričnih testov. Delo je razdeljeno na dva dela. V prvem delu je predstavljena teoretična plat sodobne nogometne igre, uspešnosti in selekcije, drugi del pa predstavlja opravljeno raziskavo. Cilj diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti povezanost rezultatov v posameznih testih vzdržljivosti z uspešnostjo v nogometni igri in njihovo medsebojno povezanost. Uporabili smo naslednje teste: trajajoči sem-tja tek, tek na 600 metrov, Cooperjev test, kvadrat test 5x(4x15m) in oceno uspešnosti v igri. Preizkušanci v našem raziskovalnem delu so bili dijaki 3. in 4. letnika nogometnih oddelkov Gimnazije Ljubljana Šiška. V vzorec preizkušancev je bilo vključenih 24 nogometašev, starih od 16 do 18 let. Preizkušanci so že bili selekcionirani, saj so že pred sprejetjem v nogometni oddelek opravili standardizirane motorične teste. Merjenje smo opravili z vzdržljivostnimi testi in oceno igre njihovega trenerja s pomočjo obrazca s petstopenjsko ocenjevalno lestvico. Izmerjene in pridobljene rezultate smo analizirali s programom SPSS Statistics. Izračunali smo osnovne statistične kazalnike. S Pearsonovim korelacijskim koeficientom smo izračunali povezanost vzdržljivostnih testov z uspešnostjo v igri in njihovo medsebojno povezanost. Z regresijsko analizo smo izračunali v kolikšni meri statistično značilno povezan test vpliva na uspešnost v igri. Z multiplo regresijo smo preverili, kateri vzdržljivostni test v največji meri pojasnjuje uspešnost v igri. Rezultati diplomske naloge so pokazali, da je kvadrat test 5x(4x15m) statistično značilno povezan z uspešnostjo v igri (r=-0,432, p=0,035), in sicer predstavlja 18,7% vpliv na uspešnost v igri. Ugotovljena je bila tudi delna medsebojna povezanost vzdržljivostnih testov. To a great extent the dynamics of football games depends on the manner of running, which is the most active movement in the game. The analyses of football games confirm that most of the running during the game is of low or middle intensity, and they also show that the increase of fast running and sprints improves the quality of the game. The movements of the players do not depend solely on the quantity of the cyclic-acyclic movement, but also on its intensity, which means that the playing success depends on the functional capability of one’s organism as well. This thesis contributes to informing the personnel about including the tests of functional capabilities into the collection of the standard motor ability tests. The thesis is divided in two parts. The first part sums up the theory about the contemporary football play, playing success, and selections, and the second part focuses on the carried-out research. The aim of the thesis was to discover the correlation between the results of the separate endurance tests and the playing success, and their intertwining connection. The following tests were performed: the shuttle run test, the 600m run, the Cooper test, the test of running in the square 5x(4x15m), and the evaluation of playing success. The participants in our research work were the students of 3rd and 4th year of the football class sections at Gimnazija Šiška (Šiška High School). The sample included 24 football players aged from 16 to 18. The selection was made beforehand, for all the football players had to pass the standard motor ability tests to get accepted to the football class section. The measurements were done using the endurance tests and the assessment of the game given by their coach, who used the five-degree grading scale. The obtained results were analyzed with SPSS Statistics program. We calculated the basic statistical indicators. With the Pearson correlation coefficient we calculated the correlation between the endurance tests and the playing success, and their intertwining connection. With the regression analysis we calculated to what extent the statistically typically connected test influences the playing success. With the multiple regression we checked which endurance test best explains the playing success. The results of the thesis show that the test of running in the square 5x(4x15m) is statistically typically connected to the playing success (r=-0,432, p=0,035), for it represents the 18,7% influence on playing success. The partial intertwining connection of different endurance tests was also discovered.

Diplomsko delo z naslovom Vpliv aerobne vadbe na vzdržljivost otrok je razdeljeno na teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo pojasnili izhodišča o vplivu aerobne vadbe na vzdržljivost otrok. Skozi poglavja smo predstavili pojem vzdržljivosti, merjenje vzdržljivosti, vrste aerobne vadbe in načine za izboljšanje aerobne vzdržljivosti pri predšolskih otrocih. V empiričnem delu smo predstavili namen in cilje naše raziskave. Predstavili smo potek eksperimenta in dobljene rezultate oziroma ugotovitve, do katerih smo prišli na podlagi izvajanja osemnajstih vadbenih enot v časovnem obdobju dveh mesecev. Naš namen je bil ugotoviti vpliv aerobne vadbe na vzdržljivost otrok. Vpliv smo proučevali tako, da smo poleg eksperimentalne skupine v raziskavo vključili še kontrolno skupino, s katero programa redne aerobne vadbe nismo izvajali. V kvantitativni raziskavi so sodelovali otroci stari od 4 let in pol do 6 let iz vrtca Cerkvenjak (eksperimentalna skupina) in otroci vrtca Vitomarci (kontrolna skupina). Meritve smo opravili s testom 20-metrskega stopnjevalnega teka pred začetkom izvajanja in po končanem izvajanju programa aerobne vadbe pri eksperimentalni skupini smo opravili še vmesno meritev. Zbrane podatke smo kvantitativno obdelali z računalniškim programom SPSS na nivoju deskriptivne statistike. Rezultate smo predstavili v preglednicah, iz katerih smo lahko razbrali, da aerobna vadba pozitivno vpliva na vzdržljivost otrok. Vzdržljivost se ob redni aerobni vadbi namreč povečuje, saj so otroci eksperimentalne skupine dosegli velik napredek od začetnega do končnega stanja izvajanja vadbe v nasprotju s kontrolno skupino, s katero nismo izvajali programa redne aerobne vadbe. Na podlagi naše raziskave smo ugotovili, da ima redna aerobna vadba dober vpliv na otroke, saj povečuje njihovo vzdržljivost. The diploma thesis entitled The influence of aerobic exercise on endurance in children is divided into the theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part, we explained the bases of the influence of aerobic exercise on endurance in children. Throughout the chapters, we introduced the concept of endurance, endurance test, types of aerobic exercise and ways to improve aerobic endurance in preschool children. In the empirical part, we presented the purpose and goals of our research. We presented the course of the experiment and the obtained results or findings from eighteen sports activities over a two-month period. Our intention was to find out the influence of aerobic exercise on children’s endurance. The influence of aerobic exercise was studied in the two groups - the experimental group and the control group. In the control group, the regular aerobic exercise program was not carried out. 4 and a half to 6 years old children from Cerkvenjak kindergarten (experimental group) and from Vitomarci kindergarten (control group) participated in the quantitative research. The measurements were made using a 20-m shuttle run test before the implementation of the aerobic training program and after the completion of the aerobic training program. Additionally, we performed an intermediate measurement among the experimental group. The collected data were analyzed quantitatively using the SPSS computer program at the level of descriptive statistics. The results were presented in the tables, from which we could see that aerobic exercise positively influences children's endurance. The endurance increases with regular aerobic exercise, as the children in the experimental group have made great progress from the initial to the final stage of the training program, in contrast to the control group, in which we did not implement the regular aerobic exercise program. Based on our research, we found out that regular aerobic exercise has a positive influence on children, as it increases their endurance.

Nogomet, kot eden od najpopularnejših športov današnjega časa, hitro napreduje in tako igralce postavlja pred vse večje izzive. Da bi igralci lahko sledili takšnim zahtevam, morajo razviti visok nivo psihomotoričnih sposobnosti. Tega omogočimo s kakovostno športno pripravo. Športne panoge z ligaškim načinom tekmovanja, kot je nogomet so značilne po dveh tekmovalnih in zelo kratkih pripravljalnih obdobjih. Da bi v relativno kratkem pripravljenem obdobju optimalno razvili športnikove sposobnosti, moramo smiselno prepletati in povezati različne kondicijske sposobnosti. V diplomskem delu bomo predstavili hkratno razvijanje moči in vzdržljivosti nogometašev. Namen diplomskega dela je opredeliti in predstaviti področja, pomembna za načrtovanje in ciklizacijo razvoja vzdržljivosti in moči, prilagojenega za nogometaše stare od 16 do 17 let. Ker gre za obdobje pubertete so predstavljene tudi zakonitosti biološkega in gibalnega razvoja. Football is one of the most popular sports of modern times. Due to its rapid global progress and increased competitveness, the players are faced with greater challenges to reach and remain in their prime. In order for competing athletes to reach their optimal levels, they must develop a high level of psychomotor skills. They can achive this with quality sports preparation. The sports industry, comprising of league competition mode, such as football, is characterized by two competitive and very short preparatory periods. In order to develop the athlete's abilities in a relatively short period of time, we must interlace and connect the various fitness capacities. In this diploma research, we present the optimal simultaneous development of strength and endurance of football players. The purpose of this diploma research is to define and present the areas that are important for the design and cyclization when developing endurance and power, adapted for football players aged 16 to 17 years. Since the puberty period is a large factor for the research subjects, the principles of biological and physical development are also presented.

Ena izmed pomembnejših funkcij fiziološkega sistema je sposobnost hitrega odziva na stres. Hitrejša kot je transformacija energije za potrebe mišičnih kontrakcij, ki izhaja iz aerobnih virov, manjša bo odvisnost od anaerobnih mehanizmov, ki so pomemben faktor pri nastanku utrujenosti (Hepple, 2002 Westerblad, Allen in Lannergren, 2002). Počasnejša dinamika privzema kisika pa pomeni večjo porabo znotraj mišičnih visoko energijskih fosfatov in posledično veliko kopičenje njihovih produktov (Jones in Koppo, 2005). Magistrska naloga prikazuje opazovanje prilagoditev pri vzdržljivostni vadbi. Tekom vadbenega obdobja smo se dnevno osredotočali na trenutek prve spremembe in na časovni potek sprememb. Te prilagoditve smo opazovali z določanjem hitrosti kinetike privzema kisika v drugi fazi - tau (τ) in z merjenjem privzema kisika (Vo2) pri konstantni absolutni obremenitvi. Prilagoditve smo spremljali s sprotnim beleženjem srčnega utripa (FS) in časa, doseženega pri teku na 2000 m, ki je prestavljal trening. V raziskavi je sodelovalo 16 študentov Fakultete za šport, ki se niso sistematično ukvarjali z vzdržljivostnim športom. V poskusno skupino (EXP) je bilo vključenih 9 ljudi, v kontrolno skupino (KON) pa 5 preiskovancev. Vsakemu posamezniku smo na podlagi začetnega testa na 2000 m izračunali tempo teka za potrebe laboratorijskih meritev na tekaškem ergometru. Opravili smo meritve privzema kisika pri izračunanemu tempu teka 2x 1000 m. Vsak posameznik je nato sam izvajal vadbo (tek 5x tedensko na 2000 m). Ko smo opazili prve spremembe (znižanje SF ali zmanjšanje časa teka na 2000 m), smo ponovno opravili laboratorijski test pri enakih hitrosti kot na začetku. Po dvajsetih vadbenih enotah smo opravili še zadnji laboratorijski test pri enaki hitrosti teka kot na začetku. Ugotovimo, da so prve spremembe vidne že po sedmih vadbenih enotah, pri nekaterih že prej. Vadba teka na 2000 m, 5x tedensko, je izboljšala ekonomičnost teka (zmanjšanje Vo2 glede prvo testiranje za 8,1 %) in se do zadnje vadbene enote ni več spremenila. Τ se po prvem testiranju ni bistveno spremenila, in je ostala nespremenjena do konca poskusa. Sklepamo, da štiri tedenska, srednje trajajoča vadba kontinuiranega teka visoke intenzivnosti, izboljša ekonomičnost teka že zgodaj v trenažnem procesu (po 7 zaporednih vadbenih enotah oz. v 2 tednih). Ekonomičnost teka se odraža v zmanjšanju privzema kisika. Sprememb pri τ nismo zaznali. One of the most important function of the physiological system is the rapid response on stress. The greater is the energy transformation for muscular contraction, which results from aerobic sources, the lesser is dependence on anaerobic mechanisms, which are an important factor in the onset of fatigue (Hepple, 2002 Westerblad, Allen, and Lannergren, 2002). Slower kinetics of oxygen uptake (Vo2), means higher consumption of intramuscular energy phosphates and consequently larger accumulation of their byproducts (Jones and Koppo, 2005). In this master's thesis we observed and described the adaptations in endurance exercise. During the training period, we have focused on the moment of the first adaptation and on development of changes in time, on daily basis. Those adaptations were observed by determining the second phase of Vo2 kinetics – tau (τ) and with measurements of Vo2 at the absolute constant load. Adaptations were monitored by recording of heart rate (FS) and time, achieved in 2000 m run, which was considered as training. 16 students of the Faculty of Sports Ljubljana, who weren't systematically endurance trained, took part in the study. 9 subjects were selected as experimental group (EXP) and 5 as control group (KON). Each subject performed an initial test (2000 m run), which was used to determine the velocity for each subject for later laboratory treadmill testing (2x 1000 m run ). The subjects were tested for Vo2, at constant velocity. After testing, each individual performed training, (2000 m run, 5 times a week). When we noticed first changes (reduction in heart rate (Hr) or reduction in time in 2000 m run), we again performed the laboratory testing at the same absolute constant velocity. After twenty training units (the last training counted as a field test), the last laboratory test was performed, again at the same absolute constant speed. We have found, that the first changes are visible after seven training units (even earlier for some subjects). Running 2000 m, 5 times a week, improved the economy of running (reduction in Vo2 compared to the first test by 8.1%) and did not change significantly until the last unit of exercise. Phase 2 τ did not change significantly according to the initial testing, when reduction in Vo2 was observed, and also remained unchanged till the last testing. We conclude, that mid distance high intensity endurance training in duration of four weeks, improves the economy of running early in training perion (after 7 consecutive training units, respectively 2 weeks). Improved economy of training is reflected in reduction in Vo2, while no changes in τ were found.

Menstrualni cikel je sestavni del življenja vsake ženske. Naš namen je bil ugotoviti, kakšen vpliv imajo različne koncentracije spolnih hormonov skozi menstrualni cikel (MC) na vadbeno učinkovitost in kako se spremeni presnova hranil pod vplivom različnih hormonov. Vadbeno učinkovitost smo razdelili na kratkotrajno visoko intenzivno vadbo, submaksimalno vzdržljivost, moč in gibljivost. Naše ugotovitve so naslednje: MC ima vpliv na pripravljenost športnic, vendar ne v tolikšni meri, da bi ogrožal njihov nastop. Izjema so ekstremni športi, kot je npr. ultramaraton, kjer bi lahko imel del cikla pomembno vlogo. Večina virov poroča, da na vzdržljivost menstrualni cikel nima vpliva, niti na kratkotrajno visoko intenzivno vadbo niti na submaksimalno vzdržljivost, nekateri sicer predlagajo, da bi bila lahko vzdržljivost v srednji lutealni fazi povečana. Pri treningu moči avtorji predlagajo, da je trening, zgoščen v folikularni fazi, bistveno učinkovitejši od treninga skozi celoten MC. Na gibljivost ima MC velik vpliv, saj se v času, ko je povišana koncentracija estrogena v telesu, to je v času ovulacije, poveča elastičnost tetiv in kit, zaradi česar je v tem času tudi večja verjetnost poškodb, predvsem sprednje križne vezi. Na presnovo imajo hormoni prav tako precejšen vpliv. Zaključili smo, da bi se zaradi vpliva hormonov na presnovne procese v lutealni fazi lahko povečala vzdržljivost. Prav tako estrogen promovira lipolizo, zaradi česar vpliva na aerobno vadbo. Nasprotno pa se razgradnja proteinov poveča v lutealni fazi, zaradi česar je trening moči bolje izvajati v folikularni fazi. The menstrual cycle is a part of every woman's life. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of different ovarian hormones and the menstrual cycle (MC) on exercise performance. We were also interested in how the metabolism of nutrients changes in correlation with different hormones. Exercise performance was divided into high-intensity short-duration exercise, submaximal long-lasting endurance, strength training, and flexibility. Based on the available scientific data, we can conclude that MC has an effect on exercise performance in athletes, but not to an extent that would threaten their performance in competition. The exceptions to this finding are extreme sports such as ultramarathon, where a phase of the menstrual cycle could have a more significant impact. We could not support the hypothesis that MC has a significant impact on endurance, although the findings of studies vary in relation to this issue. When it comes to strength training, it is believed to be more effective in the first half of the menstrual cycle – the follicular phase – due to a positive impact of estrogen on the muscle mass. Flexibility is strongly affected by sex hormones, especially estrogen. It pikes when ovulation occurs, promotes tissue elasticity, and increases the risk of injuries, with injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament being the most common. Metabolism is also affected by sex hormones. We conclude that the metabolism changes caused by hormones in the luteal phase could improve endurance. It is also known that estrogen promotes lipolysis, affecting aerobic exercise. By contrast, protein catabolism is increased in the luteal phase, which is why strength training is better performed the follicular phase.

Dobra kondicijska priprava ima v današnji košarki izreden pomen. Sodobne smernice košarke vedno bolj kažejo v smer, pri kateri so zelo pomembne gibalne sposobnosti košarkarjev. Ena glavnih gibalnih sposobnosti je tudi vzdržljivost, ki je zelo pomemben košček v mozaiku kondicijske priprave. Poleg ostalih sposobnosti je dobro razvita vzdržljivost ključ do uspešne tekmovalne sezone. Tako kot vsak posamezen šport ima tudi košarka nekatere specifične lastnosti, ki so tehnične, taktične in fiziološke narave, zato je tudi za košarko značilna specialna (specifična) vzdržljivost. Vzdržljivost pa ima še nekoliko večji pomen pri mladih košarkarjih, saj je glede na vsako starostno obdobje mogoče zaznati nekatere značilnosti. Predvsem pri mlajših od 16 let razvijamo predvsem osnovno (aerobno) vzdržljivost, ki je pomemben temelj za kasnejši razvoj specialne (aerobno-anaerobne) vzdržljivosti. Z vsakim letom je nato trening vzdržljivosti bolj specifičen oziroma prilagojen značilnim košarkarskim gibanjem. Vzdržljivost razvijamo na različne načine oziroma z različnimi metodami, ki smo jih na podlagi različnih strokovnih in znanstvenih virov predstavili v diplomskem delu. Prav v mladostniškem obdobju lahko na vzdržljivost najbolj vplivamo, zato je izredno pomembna pravilna izbira metod in načrtovanje vadbe razvoja vzdržljivosti skozi celotno leto oziroma v večletnem obdobju. Vsaka starostna skupina ima zato prilagojen letni načrt, da lahko najustreznejše izkoristimo vse zmogljivosti, značilne za starostno skupino. V želji, da bo letni načrt čim bolj natančen in bomo iz mladih dobili kar največ, moramo večkrat letno izvesti diagnosticiranje (testiranje), s katerim pridobimo koristne povratne informacije. Good physical preparation is very important in today's basketball. Modern basketball guidelines more and more often indicate that motor abilities of players are crucial. One of main motor abilities is endurance (stamina), which is a vital part of physical preparation. Among other abilities, a good endurance preparation is the key to a successful season. Like any other sport, basketball has specific features, technical, tactical and physiological, that is why specific endurance is also important in basketball. Endurance has an even higher meaning with young players, as it is possible to notice some attributes with every age group. With basketball players younger than 16 years old, we especially develop basic (aerobic) endurance, which is a vital base for later development of special (aerobic-anaerobic) endurance. Every year the endurance training is more specific, suited for typical motor skills of basketball. We develop endurance in different ways and with different methods which we have presented with different professional and scientific sources. Especially in adolescent period, we can influence on endurance the most, that is why the right choice of method and planning of exercises throughout the whole year is very important. For this purpose every age group has their own adopted yearly plan, so we can take advantage of every potential of the specific age group. To make this process as efficient as possible and to get the most out of young players, it is vital to diagnose (test) players several times during the year. This way we gather useful feedback information.

V magistrskem delu smo raziskovali eno najpomembnejših področij športa v osnovni šoli, to je aerobna vzdržljivost. Zaradi današnjega sedečega načina življenja so otroci vse manj vzdržljivi, kar s seboj prinaša več možnosti za srčno-žilne bolezni, dobra aerobna vzdržljivost pa je ključna za ohranjanje zdravja. Poleg tega ta funkcionalna sposobnost povečuje koncentracijo in omogoča posamezniku dlje časa opravljati delo ter lajša stres, s katerim se danes srečujejo že tudi otroci. Če učitelj želi uspešno razvijati vzdržljivost otrok, mora poznati njene značilnosti in metode za razvijanje le-te. V teoretičnem delu smo zato raziskali področje vzdržljivosti, aerobne vzdržljivosti in zapisali, kaj vpliva na vzdržljivost. Predstavili smo metode za razvijanje vzdržljivosti in se osredinili na učni načrt za športno vzgojo, da bi ugotovili, kako je v njem zastopana aerobna vzdržljivost. Predstavili in opisali smo športe, dodatne vsebine in motivacijske postopke, ki so ključni za uspešno razvijanje aerobnih sposobnosti otrok od 2. do 5. razreda osnovne šole. Cilj magistrskega dela je bil ugotoviti ali starost, spol in indeks telesne mase vplivajo na aerobne sposobnosti učencev ter na podlagi teorije in dobljenih rezultatov podati predloge za razvijanje vzdržljivosti. Vpliv starosti, spola in indeksa telesne mase na aerobne sposobnosti smo ugotavljali s pomočjo vrednosti, ki kaže največjo količino kisika, ki jo je posameznik sposoben porabiti med vadbo in je najboljši pokazatelj aerobnih sposobnosti posameznika. To vrednost označimo s kratico VO2max. Izvedli smo testiranje z Beep testom, ki je zanesljiv in veljaven test za izračun VO2max tudi na populaciji 206 otrok, starih od 7 do 10 let, ki so bili zajeti v naš vzorec. Raziskava je pokazala, da spol in indeks telesne mase vplivata na VO2max, starost pa ne. Na podlagi ugotovitev raziskave in dobljenih rezultatov smo pripravili lestvico vrednosti za določitev stopnje aerobnih sposobnosti, da bi ugotovili, koliko otrok v našem vzorcu ima glede na vrednost VO2max zelo slabe ali slabe aerobne sposobnosti. Takšne raziskave na vzorcu mlajših otrok v Sloveniji nismo našli, zato rezultatov nismo mogli primerjati, za naš vzorec pa smo ugotovili, da ima kar 35 % testirancev zelo slabe ali slabe aerobne sposobnosti. V razpravi smo nato predstavili prednosti takšnega testiranja za ugotavljanje aerobnih sposobnosti otrok od 2. do 5. razreda in na podlagi teorije in rezultatov podali smernice za razvijanje aerobnih sposobnosti otrok. Učni načrt za športno vzgojo daje kar nekaj možnosti za vključevanje športov, s katerimi razvijamo aerobne sposobnosti, vendar je v veliki meri odvisno od tega, ali jih učitelj vključi, ali ima pogoje za vključevanje teh športov in ali organizira takšne dejavnosti na način, da se aerobna vzdržljivost otrok res izboljšuje. Slednje lahko uresniči z oblikovanjem homogenih skupin, primerno izbiro športa in zagotavljanjem ustrezne obremenitve med vadbo. This master's thesis explores one of the more prominent aspects of sports in elementary schools – aerobic endurance. Due to the sedentary nature of today’s lifestyle, children are becoming less and less endurable, which brings about an increased possibility of cardiovascular illnesses. Aerobic endurance is key for maintaining health. This functional capability also increases concentration, thus enabling an individual to stay concentrated for a longer period of time, as well as decreases stress, which is present even in the everyday lives of children. If teachers wish to develop endurance in children, they need to be familiar with its characteristics and the techniques of its development. The theoretical part of the thesis researches the field of endurance, aerobic endurance, and explores the main factors, which influence endurance. It presents methods of developing endurance and focuses on physical education curriculum in order to establish how it deals with aerobic endurance. The theoretical part also demonstrates and describes physical activities, additional elements and motivational procedures, which are important for a successful development of aerobic abilities in children attending second through fifth grades of elementary school. The aim of this master's thesis is to determine if age, gender and body mass index influences the aerobic abilities of children. Based on the theoretical aspects of this topic and the results of the practical part of the thesis, the aim of the thesis is to offer suggestions on how to develop endurance. The influence of age, gender and body mass index on aerobic abilities was determined with the help of a numerical value, which shows the maximum amount of oxygen an individual is capable of using during exercise and serves as the best indicator of an individual’s aerobic capabilities. This value is marked with an abbreviation Vo2max. For the purposes of this thesis, a Beep test was performed on a sample of 206 children, aged between seven and ten years old. A Beep test is a reliable and valid test for a VO2max calculation. The research showed that gender and body mass index influence the VO2max values, whereas age does not. Based on the ascertainment of the research and the received results, the determining values of aerobic capabilities were arranged on a scale to determine how many children have poor or very poor capabilities, according to their VO2max values. Such a research has not been carried out in a sample of young Slovenian children, which is why the results of this thesis could not be compared against any existing data. For the sample collected for this thesis, it was observed that 35% of the children have poor or very poor aerobic capabilities. The Discussion chapter presents the advantages of testing children for the purposes of determining aerobic capabilities in children from second to fifth grade and offers some pointers for developing aerobic capabilities of children. The physical education curriculum includes some possibilities of incorporating sports activities, which help develop aerobic capabilities however, it is, for the most part, up to the teachers whether or not they wish to use them, whether or not they have the needed requirements to carry them out and the way in which these activities are organised in order to fulfil their intended goal. The latter can be achieved by forming homogeneous groups, selecting an appropriate sports activity and ensuring a proper amount of strain during exercise.

Sodoben nogomet zahteva od nogometaša sposobnost vzdržljivosti in odlično kondicijsko pripravljenost. Da se igralec lahko razvije v profesionalnega nogometaša, se morajo kondicijske priprave začeti že v mladinskih selekcijah skozi različne metode in oblike kondicijskega treniranja. Pri mladih nogometaših se motorične in funkcionalne sposobnosti trenirajo skozi vaje, skladno z njihovim fizičnim in duševnim razvojem, ki so tesno povezane s tehničnim in taktičnim znanjem nogometa. Kondicijski trener mora kondicijske priprave prilagoditi tako skupinam kot posameznikom znotraj ekipe. Glavne motorične sposobnosti, ki jih mora mladi nogometaš osvojiti, so: moč, hitrost, gibljivost, preciznost, koordinacija in ravnotežje. Mladi nogometaš se kondicijsko pripravlja skozi kombinacijo različnih oblik in metod kondicijskega treniranja za osvajanje navedenih motoričnih sposobnosti ter večjo vzdržljivostjo na način, ki ne predstavlja 'mučenja', ampak ga spodbudi za osvajanje veščin, ki mu bodo v pomoč v nogometni igri. Modern football demands from a footballer capability of endurance and excellent physical preparation. The condition that player can develop itself into a professional footballer, is that these physical preparations should begin already in youth sections, trough different methods and shapes of physical training. At young footballers motoric and functional capabilities are being trained trough exercises, in accordance with their physical and mental development, which are tightly connected with technical and tactical football knowledge. Condition trainer must adapt conditioning training to the groups and as well to the individual players inside the team. Main motoric skills, which a young footballer should conquer, are: power, speed, motility, precision, coordination and balance. Young footballer is being physically prepared trough combination of different shapes and methods of conditioning training to accomplish stated motoric skills and greater endurance in a way which doesn’t represent “torturing”, but gives the player motivation to conquer skills which will help him at football play.

Vzdržljivost je kot motorična sposobnost odvisna od številnih dejavnikov in igra pomembno vlogo v večini športnih panog. Prav tako je pomembna v življenju vsakega posameznika, četudi ta ni športnik, saj v veliki meri vpliva na kakovost njegovega življenja v smislu telesnega in mentalnega zdravja ter druge pomembne dejavnike. Za optimalen razvoj vzdržljivosti so pomembni skrbno načrtovani treningi. Poznamo več vrst vzdržljivosti. Kot problem v svoji diplomski nalogi smo izbrali razvoj dolgotrajne vzdržljivosti tekača s ciljem opisati motorično učenje in faze v učnem procesu, osnove vzdržljivosti kot motorične sposobnosti, dejavnike, od katerih je ta odvisna, ter metode za razvoj dolgotrajne vzdržljivosti. Pri pisanju so nam bili v pomoč različnimi viri, predvsem pa tudi pogovori in nasveti izkušenih tekačev in strokovnjakov vzdržljivostnih panog. Vadba vzdržljivosti zahteva postopnost in individualizacijo, sploh kadar je govora o prvih korakih k tekaški vadbi, še posebno pri otrocih. Perseverance as a motoric faculty depends on numerous factors and plays and important role in most sports disciplines. It is just as relevant in the life of every individual, although he/she may not be a sports(wo)man, as its impacts greatly upon his/her corporeal and mental health and other important factors. Carefully planned trainings are relevant for perseverance development. A number of perseverance types may be discerned. As problem at this final paper, we chose the development of runner's long term perseverance, with a view to describing motoric learning and stages in the learning process, fundamentals of perseverance as motoric faculty, factors on which it depends, as well as methods for the development of long term perseverance. At composing this paper, various sources were of assistance, particularly interviews with and advice of experienced runners and experts in disciplines where perseverance is relevant. Exercise in perseverance presupposes a gradual escalation and individualization, particularly at initial steps in running exercise, most importantly among children.