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Molecular data from three chloroplast markers resolve individuals attributable to Radula buccinifera in six lineages belonging to two subgenera, indicating the species is polyphyletic as currently circumscribed. All lineages are morphologically diagnosable, but one pair exhibits such morphological overlap that they can be considered cryptic. Molecular and morphological data justify the re-instatement of a broadly circumscribed ecologically variable R. strangulata, of R. mittenii, and the description of five new species. Two species Radula mittenii Steph. and R. notabilis sp. nov. are endemic to the Wet Tropics Bioregion of north-east Queensland, suggesting high diversity and high endemism might characterise the bryoflora of this relatively isolated wet-tropical region. Radula demissa sp. nov. is endemic to southern temperate Australasia, and like R. strangulata occurs on both sides of the Tasman Sea. Radula imposita sp. nov. is a twig and leaf epiphyte found in association with waterways in New South Wales and Queensland. Another species, R. pugioniformis sp. nov., has been confused with Radula buccinifera but was not included in the molecular phylogeny. Morphological data suggest it may belong to subg. Odontoradula. Radula buccinifera is endemic to Australia including Western Australia and Tasmania, and to date is known from south of the Clarence River on the north coast of New South Wales. Nested within R. buccinifera is a morphologically distinct plant from Norfolk Island described as R. anisotoma sp. nov. Radula australiana is resolved as monophyletic, sister to a species occurring in east coast Australian rainforests, and nesting among the R. buccinifera lineages with strong support. The molecular phylogeny suggests several long-distance dispersal events may have occurred. These include two east-west dispersal events from New Zealand to Tasmania and south-east Australia in R. strangulata, one east-west dispersal event from Tasmania to Western Australia in R. buccinifera, and at least one west-east dispersal from Australia to New Zealand in R. australiana. Another west-east dispersal event from Australia to Norfolk Island may have led to the budding speciation of R. anisotoma. In contrast, Radula demissa is phylogeographically subdivided into strongly supported clades either side of the Tasman Sea, suggesting long distance dispersal is infrequent in this species.

With an estimated 300-375 species, Frullania is the largest genus of Porellales and forms a major clade of leafy liverworts. The cosmopolitan genus includes mostly epiphytes and represents an important component of the cryptogamic vegetation in various, especially tropical, habitats. There have been abundant changes and modifications to the infrageneric classification of Frullania, with up to fifteen subgenera and numerous sections solely based on morphology. Here we present the first molecular phylogeny of Frullania using four markers (rbcL, psbA, trnL-trnF region of cp DNA, nr5.8S-ITS-2 region) and 171 accessions from throughout the range. The molecular data provide evidence for the monophyly of several subgenera and support intercontinental ranges of these clades. Previous subgeneric assignment for a suite of taxa based on morphological evidence is not supported by the molecular data. Representatives of the genera Amphijubula, Neohattoria and Schusterella are nested in robust subclades of Frullania. Basal relationships within Frullania are largely unsupported. Based on the outcome of the phylogenetic analyses we present a revised supraspecific classification and provide evidence for the monophyly of some morphological species. Disjunct distributional patterns within Frullania cannot be explained by Gondwanan vicariance.