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Objective To analyze the nucleic acid testing(NAT) results of voluntary blood donors in Hainan and evaluate the residual risk in the window period of NAT for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods A retrospective analysis on the NAT results of voluntary blood donors at our center from January 2012 to December 2022 was conducted. The new infection rate-window period residual risk model was used to assess the residual risk of HBV, HCV and HIV among blood donors. Results From January 2012 to December 2022, among the blood donated by voluntary blood donors in Hainan, 45.02% (522 684/1 161 042) were collected from first-time donors, 54.98% (638 358/1 161 042) were from repeat donors (including regular donors), and 30.48% (354 227/1 162 042) were from regular donors. The total reactive rate of NAT was 0.19% (2 151/1 161 042). After NAT, the residual risk in the window period of HBV, HCV and HIV was 62.54 per million, 0.431 per million and 0.791 per million, respectively. Conclusion The implementation of NAT among voluntary blood donors in Hainan significantly reduces the residual risk of HCV, and the residual risk of HBV, HCV and HIV transmission in the window period is at a relatively low level.

Objective To establish and improve the emergency recruitment strategy of voluntary blood donors under public health emergencies in Shenzhen and verify its effectiveness. Methods Blood donor recruitment strategies under routine, emergency and combined situation were developed. The blood collection data from 2017 to 2019 before the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic was used as the control group, and those from 2020 to 2022 after the outbreak was used as the experimental group, and the feasibility and effectiveness of this emergency recruitment strategy was confirmed through statistical analysis of key indicators of blood collection and supply. Results Through the application of the emergency recruitment strategy for blood donors in Shenzhen under public health emergencies, statistical analysis of the experimental group and the control group showed a year-on-year increase of 14.11%(73 647.25/521 855.5) in whole blood collection, 42.33%(28 891.47/68 250.95) in platelet collection, 0.33%(529/161 033) in first-time donors, 33.25%(3 154/9 487) in repeated donors and 16.78%(32 585/194 149) in the number of 400 mL donors. The inventory of various types of red blood cell maintained between 6-18 days. After the implementation of the emergency recruitment strategy the blood donation population has shown characteristics as younger age, localization, increased repeated donation and a higher proportion of donors with college education or above. Conclusion The emergency recruitment strategy of blood donors under public health emergencies is feasible and effective, which can quickly and efficiently improve the blood recruitment ability.

Objective To explore the gender and age characteristics of Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in Chinese voluntary blood donors by Meta-analysis, so as to evaluate the prevalence of HEV and provide reference for blood donor recruitment and HEV screening. Methods Databases such as CNKI, Wanfang Medicine and PubMed were searched by keywords or subject words, and the eligible literature were extracted for Meta-analysis of Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence by gender and age using R4.1.3 software. Results 1) A total of 15 gender related literature were obtained, of which 14 involved anti-HEV IgG, containing 38 203 males and 25 760 females, with pooled estimated positive rate of anti-HEV IgG as 24.54%[95% CI(17.32%, 32.56%)] and 19.52%[95% CI(11.71%, 28.76%)], respectively(P>0.05); 13 involved anti-HEV IgM, containing 46 125 males and 33 345 females, with pooled estimated positive rate of anti-HEV IgM as 1.16% [95% CI(0.93%, 1.40%)] and 0.84% [95% CI(0.54%, 1.20%), respectively(P>0.05); 2) A total of 12 age related literature were obtained, of which 11 involved anti-HEV IgG: 0.05). Conclusion There was a certain amount of HEV carriers among Chinese voluntary blood donors and the prevalence of HEV in different regions showed different distribution characteristics by gender and age. No difference was found in the prevalence of HEV among voluntary blood donors by gender. The past infection rates of HEV among voluntary blood donors ≥30 years old was higher than those

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main reasons of acute viral hepatitis. Although the majority of hepatitis E virus infection in humans is transmitted by fecal-oral route around the world, transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) has attracted more and more attention as an emerging global health problem. Worldwide, 0.001 3%-0.281 0% of blood donors are HEV virus asymptomatic infection, and 0.27%-60.50% of blood donors have anti-HEV immunoglobulin antibody IgG. Blood recipient could get infected with HEV even if viral load in the blood is extremely low, which poses a great threat to blood safety. Therefore, HEV screening in blood donors has become an important concern in many countries. This article reviews the evidence and typical cases of TT-HEV, as well as the detection protocols and results of HEV screening in different countries, in order to provide evidence for whether HEV screening should be included in routine screening items for voluntary blood donors in China.

Objective To analyze the serological markers and RNA prevalence of HEV infection in Chinese voluntary blood donors in different regions of China, so as to provide basis for the necessity of HEV screening and the formulation of screening strategies for voluntary blood donors. Methods Databases such as CNKI, Wanfang medicine and PubMed were searched for eligible literature, and the literature data meeting the inclusion criteria were extracted for meta-analysis using R4.1.3 software. Results A total of 26 studies were included, involving 97 928, 117 831 and 82 673 cases, respectively, for anti-HEV IgG, anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA. The pooled estimated prevalence of anti-HEV IgG, anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA among Chinese voluntary blood donors was 23.0% [95% CI (18%, 29%)] vs 1.13% [95% CI (0.94%, 1.36%)] vs 0.028%[95%CI(0.006%, 0.059%)], and there were significant differences among different cities and regions. Conclusion The past infection rate of HEV among voluntary blood donors in China was somewhat high and with significant regional differences. The current infection rate was relatively low and had decreased compared with that in the past decade, but there was still residual risk of blood transfusion. It is necessary to pay more attention to blood HEV screening of voluntary blood donors.

Background: During the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) outbreak, blood donations were significantly decreased; hence, blood transfusion services (BTSs) faced difficulties in delivering the blood supply to the patients in need. Methods: This study aimed to assess the blood collection, supply and demand during pandemic so that it helps to find the appropriate measures to tackle similar global emergencies in the near future. All the patients whose requisition forms for blood requirements came to us from various hospitals were included in the study. Results: Blood collection has been reduced to 46.6%, demand for blood has declined to 54.5% and the blood supply has also been reduced to 67.0% during the COVID-19 pandemic. The demand for blood in females was relatively higher than in male patients. Maximum demands of packed blood cells were recorded for O-positive blood group patients in 30–39 years of age with severe anaemia, followed by cancer and trauma. The demand for blood was more as compared to blood collection and supply. This gap between demand and supply showed a negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BTSs. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on donor attendance and participation. Thus, adversely affects the BTSs in sustaining the equilibrium between blood demand and blood supply.

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus （HCV） and genotypes in blood donors in Huzhou， and provide evidence for establishing early warning mechanism and reducing the risk of HCV transmission through blood transfusion.MethodsA total of 108 011 blood samples from donors were tested for anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA from 2017 to 2021 in Huzhou. Furthermore， HCV genotypes were determined in the positive samples. Statistical analysis was then conducted.ResultsAmong 108 011 blood donors， 33 were positive for HCV， with an overall prevalence of 0.031%. Univariate analysis showed that gender， history of blood donation， occupation， and marital status were significantly associated with HCV prevalence in voluntary blood donors. Further multivariate logistic regression showed that history of blood donation， gender， and marital status were included in the final model， with OR values of 46.075， 6.261， and 5.204， respectively. A total of four genotypes and five subtypes were identified， among which subtype 1b was the highest （39.34%）， followed by 2a （24.59%）.ConclusionHCV infection in blood donors is low in Huzhou. However， it remains crucial to strengthen the pre-blood donation intervention for those who are male， aged 25‒34 and 45 and above， and with no regular employment to improve the blood donation quality. In addition， multiple HCV genotypes and subtypes are prevalent in Huzhou， with subtype 1b being the most common type.

Objective To investigate the prognosis of blood donors with occult hepatitis B virus infection (OBI) by long-term follow-up and repeated testing of HBsAg and HBV DNA. Methods From January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2020, voluntary blood donors were screened by both serological and viral nucleic acid(NAT) testing, then samples were further confirmed as HBV DNA positive by manual nested-PCR amplification.A total of 306 cases were detected as HBsAg negative /HBV DNA positive, then followed-up for a long time and re-examined of HBsAg and HBV DNA to confirm whether they had infected with OBI.The prognosis of patients with OBI who experienced long-term immunization was determined by repeated testing. Results A total of 306 HBsAg negative/ HBV DNA positive blood donors had been followed up, and 40(13.07%, 40/306) were recalled frequently for re-examination.Among them, 90%(36/40), 57.5%(23/40), 40% (16/40)were anti-HBc + , anti-HBs + and anti-HBe + , respectively, and 50%(20/40), 40%(16/40), 7.5%(3/40) and 2.5% (1/40)were anti-HBs+ / anti-HBc + , anti-HBc + / anti-HBs -, anti-HBc -/ anti-HBs + and anti-HBc -/ anti-HBs -, respectively.Those 40 blood donors were followed-up for 1-13 times, with the duration of 8-108 months (0.6~9 years).1 donor (2.5%) was followed-up less than 1 year, 11 (27.5%)>1 year and ≤3 years, 23 (57.5%) 23(57.5%)>3 years and ≤5 years, and 5 (12.5%) for more than 5 years.After long-term following up and repeated testing, 50%(20/40)of OBI blood donors turned negative for HBV DNA (HBsAg negative / HBV DNA negative), 42.5% (17/40)were confirmed as OBI infection (HBsAg negative / HBV DNA positive), and 7.5%(3/40) were hard to determine (after repeated testing, the results were either positive or negative). Conclusion After long-term following up and repeated screening, we found that none of the OBI patients turned into acute or chronic HBV infection, and most of them maintained OBI.However, OBI blood donors carry very low load of HBV DNA for a long time, which could lead to false negative results of NAT and bring a great challenge to the safety of blood transfusion.

Background and Objectives: Although unexpected antibody screening is mandatory according to the Food and Drug Administration and National Blood Policy, the prevalence of irregular red cell antibody and its specificities are not much reported in the donor population of western India. The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of unexpected antibodies in healthy blood donor population of western India. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in one of the largest stand-alone blood centers in western India. Data were retrieved from the Integrated Blood Bank Management System (powered by the blood center located in Ahmedabad) software. The data were analyzed for a period of 24 months, from March 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021. Unexpected antibody screening of all voluntary healthy blood donors was performed with fully automated blood grouping equipment Immucor NEO and Diagast EVO using commercial Capture-R Ready Indicator Red Cells (Immucor, USA) and Hemascreen Pool (Diagast, France). Further antibody identification was performed with 11 cell panels. Results: A total of 53,724 volunteer blood donors donated at our blood center during the study period comprised 51,185 (95.27%) male donors and 2539 (4.72%) female donors. A total of 25 (0.046%) donors showed the presence of unexpected antibodies. Most frequent alloantibodies were anti-M (n = 4, 16%) and multiple antibody (n = 4, 16%). Conclusion: Implementation of unexpected antibody screening in all the healthy blood donors routinely and identification of antibodies in antibody screen-positive donors helped us to understand the prevalence of antibodies in our region and its importance in providing compatible blood components which are devoid of irregular antibodies and to avoid delayed transfusion reactions.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected the usual number of blood donations as well as the component utilisation in routine use severely. Directions by government to maintain social distancing and avoidance of social gatherings resulted in lesser number of voluntary blood donation camps. This resulted in blood scarcity. Aim: To assess the impact on pattern of usage of blood components previously and during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study, conducted in Department of Immunohaematology and Transfusion Medicine (Blood Centre) of a tertiary care hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The study was carried out for a period of two years i.e., from April 2019 to March 2021. The study was divided into two phases. Phase I- April 2019 to March 2020, Phase II- April 2020 to March 2021. Data was collected retrospectively from the donor registers and camp reports. Blood components utilisation data was collected from issue registers. Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word were used to compile the data. Basic descriptive statistics and graphs were prepared using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Independent t-test was applied to assess the difference in mean and Standard Deviation (SD) between two phases. The p-value p

Objective To analyze the epidemic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in voluntary blood donors , and to assess the residual risk of HCV transmission by blood transfusion in Taiyuan. Methods The HCV screening results of voluntary blood donors in Taiyuan from 2016 to 2021 were collected by blood center information system, and the epidemiologic feature of first-time and repeated donors were analyzed. The incidence-window period model was used to assess the residual risk of HCV transmission by transfusion in first-time/repeated donors as well as that in repeated donors under different blood screening modes. Results Of the 662 705 samples in Taiyuan from 2016 to 2021, the HCV positive rate of the first-time donors was 1.83‰(595/325 009) and the residual risk of HCV transmission was 14.91/100 000. The HCV positive rate of the repeated donors was 0.04‰ (13/337 696) and the residual risk was 0.31/1 000 000. The total residual risk of HCV transmission was 7.47/1 000 000. A total of 337 696 blood samples of repeated blood donors were tested, the repeated blood donors’ residual risk of transfusion-transmitted HCV was 0.31/100 000 after dual ELISA tests , and 0.06/100 000 after dual ELISA and once NAT, which reduce by 80.65% since NAT were adopted. Conclusion The residual risk of HCV transmission from repeated donors was less than that from first-time donors. The blood screening mode of HCV by dual ELISA and once NAT can effectively reduce the residual risk of transfusion-transmitted HCV and improve blood safety. The rate of repeat blood donation needs to be increased by continuously optimizing the recruitment strategy of blood donors.

Objective To investigate the distribution frequency of RBC rare blood group among blood donors in Chongqing, so as to provide basic data for the establishment of regional rare blood group donor database. Methods A total of 14 805 voluntary blood donors of Chongqing Blood Center from December 2020 to May 2021 were screened for Jk(a-b-) phenotype of Kidd blood group system by urea hemolysis test and confirmed by saline agglutination test. The indirect anti-globulin test was used to screen the Fy(a-) phenotype of Duffy blood group system, s-phenotype of the MNS blood group system and k- phenotype of Kell blood group system in 1 466 O type blood donors. The polyamine test was used to screen the Di(b-) phenotype of Diego blood group system in 856 voluntary blood donors, and confirmed by anti-globulin test. Results Among the voluntary blood donors in Chongqing, the proportion of Jk(a-b-) phenotype was 0.0203% (3/14 805). The ratio of both Fy(a-b+ ) and S+ s- phenotype among type O blood donors was 0.136 4% (2/1 466), and k- phenotype was not seen. The proportion of Di(a+ b-) phenotype among 856 blood donors was 0.233 6% (2/826). Conclusion The distribution frequency of rare blood group antigens in the above five blood group systems in Chongqing voluntary blood donors presents regional characteristics.

Objective To explore the factors affecting NAT reactive blood donors re-entry, so as to provide data support for formulation of scientific and reasonable strategy. Methods The basic data and laboratory test results of 174 NAT reactive returning blood donors from January 2019 to August 2021 were collected and statistically analyzed by logistic regression. Results Among 174 HBV DNA reactive blood donors applying for re-entry, 81 (46.6%) were eligible for re-entry. Blood donation type and deconstructed Ct value were independent influencing factors of blood donors’ re-entry (P0.05). No significant difference was observed in Ct values of deconstruction test, first re-entry test and second re-entry test (P

Background and Objectives: Although unexpected antibody screening is mandatory according to the Food and Drug Administration and National Blood Policy, the prevalence of irregular red cell antibody and its specificities are not much reported in the donor population of western India. The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of unexpected antibodies in healthy blood donor population of western India. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in one of the largest stand-alone blood centers in western India. Data were retrieved from the Integrated Blood Bank Management System (powered by the blood center located in Ahmedabad) software. The data were analyzed for a period of 24 months, from March 1, 2019, to March 31, 2021. Unexpected antibody screening of all voluntary healthy blood donors was performed with fully automated blood grouping equipment Immucor NEO and Diagast EVO using commercial Capture-R Ready Indicator Red Cells (Immucor, USA) and Hemascreen Pool (Diagast, France). Further antibody identification was performed with 11 cell panels. Results: A total of 53,724 volunteer blood donors donated at our blood center during the study period comprised 51,185 (95.27%) male donors and 2539 (4.72%) female donors. A total of 25 (0.046%) donors showed the presence of unexpected antibodies. Most frequent alloantibodies were anti-M (n = 4, 16%) and multiple antibody (n = 4, 16%). Conclusion: Implementation of unexpected antibody screening in all the healthy blood donors routinely and identification of antibodies in antibody screen-positive donors helped us to understand the prevalence of antibodies in our region and its importance in providing compatible blood components which are devoid of irregular antibodies and to avoid delayed transfusion reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected the usual number of blood donations as well as the component utilisation in routine use severely. Directions by government to maintain social distancing and avoidance of social gatherings resulted in lesser number of voluntary blood donation camps. This resulted in blood scarcity. Aim: To assess the impact on pattern of usage of blood components previously and during COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study, conducted in Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine (Blood Centre) of a tertiary care hospital. The study was carried out for a period of two years i.e., from April 2019 to March 2021. The study was divided into two phases. Phase I-April 2019 to March 2020, Phase II-April 2020 to March 2021. Data was collected retrospectively from the donor registers and camp reports. Blood components utilisation data was collected from issue registers. Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word were used to compile the data. Basic descriptive statistics and graphs were be prepared using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Independent t-test was applied to assess the difference in mean and Standard Deviation (SD) between two phases. The p-value p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A total of 6,060 units were collected during the phase I whereas 3,433 units were collected during the phase II. Mean number of units received during phase I were significantly higher (505±127.2) as compared to phase II (286.1±73.9) (p<0.05). Overall, utilisation of Packed Red Blood Cell (PRBC), Random Donor Platelet/Single Donor Platelet (RDP/SDP) and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) was significantly higher in phase I as compared to phase II (p<0.05). Conclusion: Every day, our understanding of the COVID-19 epidemic grows. An effective communication strategy with voluntary blood donors to urge them to donate, as well as networking with neighbouring blood centres, will go a long way towards managing the blood supply during the epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: There is a shortage of voluntary blood donors in developing countries which are, therefore, more dependent on replacement donors. Aim: To study the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding voluntary blood donation in a rural block in Vellore, South India. Settings and Designs: A cross-sectional survey in randomly selected villages of a rural block in Vellore, South India. Materials and Methods: Knowledge, attitude, and practices were assessed using a pilot-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire on randomly chosen rural adults aged between 18 and 60 years. Results: Of the 104 individuals interviewed, 90% were aware of voluntary blood donation, the main source of this awareness being television. Nearly, two-thirds of the participants felt they would fall sick by donating blood and that women and manual laborers were not capable of blood donation. Among the interviewed, 70.3% were of the opinion that blood can purchased with money. Only 44% were willing to donate blood on a voluntary basis. Perceived weakness and a misconception on the apparent lack of blood were the major reasons for unwillingness to donate blood. There was a significant association between willingness to donate blood and educational status as well as occupation, with the less educated and manual laborers unwilling to donate blood on a voluntary basis (odds ratio [OR] = 3.758, confidence interval [CI] = 1.54–9.156; OR = 5.333, CI = 1.429–19.90, respectively). Conclusions: The study found that although awareness on voluntary blood donation among individuals in the rural community was widespread, hesitancy to donate blood in real life situation was high. Since voluntary unpaid donors are the best candidates for blood donation, community being the best available source, education, and motivation of the community should play a greater role in increasing voluntary blood donation.

Introduction : Similar to other developed countries, only 3% of the total population in Hong Kong donate blood (Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service 2003). More than 20% of annual donations come from youngsters aged 18-25. However, this category of donors has decreased gradually from 24.6% in 2004 to 22.9% in 2008. This study aims to examine the characteristics and intention of young blood donors versus nondonors in Hong Kong; and to explore the factors that may influence Hong Kong young people′s donation behavior. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using questionnaire to solicit information from young people including both blood donors and non-donors. Results: It showed that more non-donors were underweight (26%) than blood donors (16.9%). Blood donors demonstrated to have more knowledge on the usage of donated blood (87.2%). Nearly half of youngster admitted that they made use of donation as a means for blood testing (53.1%) or free physical check-up (47.3%). Conclusions: Recruitment strategies should focus on the enhancement of health education programs related to blood and blood donation for young people to increase their awareness of blood and alleviate their misconceptions about blood donation.

Objective: To deeply understand the epidemic status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among blood donors in Qingyang City, and prevent the risk of transmission of HCV via blood., Methods: To compare the application of nucleic acid and enzyme immunoassay adopted in HCV screening of volunteer blood donors in Qingyang City. The characteristics of positive population and the status of co-infection were studied., Results: From 2015 to 2020, the positive rate of HCV detection among blood donors in Qingyang City was 3.2‰. Among the HCV positive co-infections, treponema pallidum (TP) accounted for the largest proportion, followed by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and HBsAg. Blood donation was mainly based on individual voluntariness, and the main age group was 26-45 years old. The distribution of blood type showed that 31.08% for type B, 28.31% for type O, 27.38% for type A and 13.23% for type AB, the population of type AB was lower than that of type B and type O. The distribution of sex showed that male was more than female. The marital status was concentrated in married population. The regional distribution was concentrated in Xifeng District. Qingcheng County was higher than Huachi County and other places, while Ning County, Heshui County, Zhenyuan County and Huan County were close. The occupation was dominated by unemployed. Their nationalities were all Han. The overall awareness rate of HCV knowledge in young volunteers was 67.2%., Conclusion: There are more HCV infected people with TP infection in voluntary blood donors, and the cognitive level of HCV knowledge in young volunteers needs to be improved.

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