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Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have wide range of application in many fields of industry, agriculture, cosmetics, and health care with probable risk to human health. The present study was conducted to find the chronic toxicity of these nanoparticles in the vital organs. Male healthy Wister Albino rats were subjected on daily bases to 35 intraperitoneal administration of 25 nm CuO NPs (2 mg/kg). All animals were subjected to morphological, histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural examinations. Exposure to CuO NPs induced reduction in body weight gain, urine retention, back arching, and renal calculi formation. The renal tissues demonstrated tubular hydropic degeneration, glomerular hypercellularity, blood vessels congestion and dilatation, renal interstitial oedema, mitochondrial injury, and lysosomal hypertrophy. Conversely, the liver displayed hepatocyte insultation, sinusoidal dilatation, Kupffer cells hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, hepatocytes mitochondrial cristolysis, mitochondrial swelling, lysosomal hyperplasia, and nuclear alterations. Furthermore, the cardiac tissues demonstrated congestion, cardiocytes disarray, and disorganization. In addition, the neural tissue exhibited Purkinje cells degeneration and cerebral cortex spongiosis. The results suggest that CuO nanomaterials engage with the vital organs’ components, potentially leading to alterations that could affect the organs function. Further research is encouraged for better understanding the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis of CuO NPs.

Tobacco smoking is a widely practiced recreational activity and is associated with numerous health risks. Hence, the present study was conducted on Swiss albino mice to assess the impact of aqueous extract of tobacco and cigarette smoke on behavioral, hematological, and histopathological parameters of the lungs, liver, and kidney. The mice were divided into Control (Cont), Tobacco nicotiana (TN), and Cigarette smoke (CS) groups (n=6). TN group received aqueous tobacco orally at a dose of 5ml/kg BW for 21 days, whereas CS group was exposed to inhalational commercial cigarette smoke for the same duration. On day 22, blood samples and visceral organs were collected to evaluate hematological (TEC, TLC, Hb%) and histopathological parameters from euthanized mice. The TEC values were significantly elevated (P0.05) than in the TN group, but the mean Hb% values showed no significant changes. Lower body weight, aggressive behavior, and weakness were observed in the treated groups. Histopathologically, the lung revealed emphysematous changes, alveolar septal thickening, inflammatory cells infiltration, congestion, and thrombus formation in pulmonary artery. Liver exhibited hepatocyte degeneration with karyomegaly and karyorrhexis, derangement of hepatic cords and sinusoids with central vein congestion. Derangement of renal tubules, edema, and glomerular degeneration observed in the kidney. These observations lead us to postulate that tobacco and cigarette smoke exert detrimental effects on the structure of some vital organs in the body after direct or indirect uptake. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2024; 7(2.000): 357-368]

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of concentrate supplementation on carcass characteristics of heifers finished on Tifton 85 pasture. Thirty-two cross-breed heifers (Charolais and Nellore) on average aged 25.51 months and weighing 298 kg were used in a completely randomized experiment. The animals were distributed uniformly to receive four different levels of concentrates based on the body weight: 0.0; 0.4; 0.8 and 1.2%. Animals were slaughtered at 29 months of age. There was increasing linear effect of levels energy supplementation on: slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weights,hot and cold dressing percentage, thigh thickness, carcass compactness, and L* and b* color values. It was observed quadratic effect of levels of energy supplementation on the percentage of fat in the carcass. Different levels of energy supplementation did not modify the accumulation of vital organs and visceral fat or the sensory attributes of the meat. Higher levels of energy supplementation promote increases in carcass traits of heifers when finished on Tifton 85 pasture.

Heavy metal pollution in aquatic environments threatens marine life and lowers the quality of freshwater supplies. This research aimed to quantify the heavy metal concentration in fish, avian tissue, and water of the Mangla reservoir. Concentrations of heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb were determined in five vital organs of six species of fishes (Cirrhinus cirrhosis, Catla catla, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Wallagu attu, Cyprinus carpio, Sperata seenghala) and five species of migratory birds (Anas strepera, Aythya ferina, Anas platyrhynchos, Anas crecca, Anas clypeata) and water of Mangla dam. Heavy metal concentration was observed with AAS’ help after the samples’ complete chemical digestion. The average concentration of these metals in water samples was higher than the mean values in fish and birds. Heavy metals damaged fish and birds in the same order: Cd > Cu > Cr > Pb. The results of this research will hopefully prompt further consideration on the dangers of heavy metal contamination in freshwater ecosystem.

ABSTRACT Supplementation of Cv (clove) and Ts (tulsi) augments the growth rate and gut health of broilers. However, studies on their impact on the vital organs and male reproductive system remain scarce. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of Cv and Ts supplementation on hematological profiles, as well as the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and testes of broilers, both morphologically and biometrically. Sixty one-day-old broiler chicks, divided into four homogenous groups (control-T0 and three supplement groups-T1, T2, and T3), were fed 0.5% Cv and 2% Ts (T1), 1% Cv and 3% Ts (T2), and 1.5% Cv and 4% Ts (T3) with drinking water for 21 d. Organ samples were collected on d 14 and d 28 for macroscopic and microscopic (hematoxylin and eosin stain) investigation. Cv and Ts didn’t affect the hematological profile, organ weight gain, and their general histoarchitectures. However, the histomorphometric investigation showed an increased (p

Background: Cooking oils are a major part of human diets, but repeated use of heated oils can have detrimental effects on consumer health. This study aims to investigate the impact of different heating grades of vegetable oils on the hemato-biochemical parameters and vital organs like the heart, liver, kidney, and intestine in mice. Methods: Thirty mice were randomly assigned to different treatment groups, including a control group (diet only), unheated cooking oil (UHCO) group, single heated cooking oil (SHCO) group, three times repeatedly heated cooking oil (3RHCO) group, and repeatedly heated cooking oil (ReHCO) group. Blood and organ samples were collected on day 31 to investigate hemato-biochemical parameters and histo-morphological alterations in response to the oil treatments. Results: The oil-treated groups showed significant (P<0.05) decreases in the total erythrocyte, leukocyte, and hemoglobin levels. Meanwhile, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, glucose, and creatinine increased significantly (P<0.05), while low-density lipoprotein and protein levels dropped markedly in the treatment groups. Severe histo-morphological alterations were also found in the liver (hepatocytic degeneration with hydropic change in the 3RHCO and ReHCO groups), kidney (glomerular atrophy with increased glomerular space, tubular degeneration, and lymphocytic infiltration in the SHCO, 3RHCO, and ReHCO groups), and colon (lymphocytic infiltration in the mucosal layer of ReHCO group). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the consumption of heated oils can have severe adverse effects on consumers' health, leading to alterations in blood chemistry and damage to vital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between indicators of liver and kidney function and foetal vital organ function. One hundred and eighty-five pregnant women who underwent cordocentesis and whose foetuses were diagnosed with abnormal foetal organ function were enrolled. The indicators of liver and kidney function were compared between foetuses with abnormal vital organ function and healthy foetuses. There was a significant difference between foetuses with and those without normal cardiovascular systems in terms of total protein, albumin, total bile acid, and creatinine levels (P <.05). A significant difference in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels was observed in foetuses with and those without normal foetal urinary systems (P <.05). A difference between foetuses with normal and those without normal musculoskeletal systems was noted when comparing LDH levels. Further, there was a significant difference in gestational age and AST, alanine aminotransferase, albumin, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, LDH, adenosine dehydrogenase, fibronectin, and creatinine levels between foetuses with normal versus abnormal blood systems (P <.05). Thus, hepatic and renal function indicators may be associated with abnormal foetal vital organ function. What is already known on this subject? Foetal cardiac function is currently evaluated using colour Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in clinical practice, but there are few predictive indicators of the function of other vital organs. It is difficult to determine whether children have abnormalities in the urinary system, digestive system, nervous system, or other vital organs. What do the results of this study add? In this study, it was found that total protein, albumin, total bile acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, fibronectin, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, adenosine dehydrogenase, and other liver and kidney function indicators may be associated with foetal vital organ dysfunction. However, the forecast range of specific indicators must be further improved upon. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study provides an additional reference for predicting foetal cardiac function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oxidative stress is defined as the condition in which balance between the synthesis and detoxification of reactive oxygen species in cells is disrupted. This research explored the effects of intermittent and prolonged fasting on malondialdehyde (MDA), carbonyl, reduced glutathione (GSH), and specific activity of catalase as biomarkers for oxidative stress in hearts, brains, and kidneys of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Methods: Fifteen NZW rabbits were divided into control, intermittent fasting (IF), and prolonged fasting (PF) groups. The controls were fed ad lib. IF and PF groups were fasted for 16 and 40 hours, respectively, followed by eight hours of non-fasting, for six days and were sacrificed on the 7th day. One hundred mg of heart, brain, and kidney tissues were homogenized in 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline. MDA, carbonyl, GSH, and catalase were analyzed by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA and post hoc test. Results: In heart, MDA was significantly greater in the control than in the IF and PF groups. In brain, GSH was greater in the IF than in the PF and control groups. Also, in brain, catalase specific activity was significantly greater in the control than in the IF and PF groups. In kidney, catalase specific activity was significantly less in the PF than in the control group. Conclusions: The effect of fasting on oxidative stress in various organs showed various responses, however fasting reduced oxidative stress based on MDA and GSH levels in the heart and brain, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high concentration of metal toxicants in aquatic ecosystems has a detrimental impact on fish health that ultimately jeopardizes human health. Such threats mostly arise in mineral-rich areas where an increase in metal concentrations occurs in aquatic bodies due to anthropogenic activities like mining. The present study assessed the health of food fish Channa punctata from the mineral-rich areas of Ganjam, Odisha, India, mined for heavy and transition metal ores like ilmenite, zircon, monazite. The fishes collected from these areas showed histopathological anomalies in vital organs like the liver, kidney, gills, stomach and intestine while cytological analysis revealed vacuolated cytoplasm and micronuclei. Biochemical analysis showed a significantly lower lipid concentration in muscle (i.e., 0.177 ± 0.177 mg/gm) and liver (i.e., 0.169 ± 0.002 mg/gm) as compared to non-exposed fishes from adjoining non-mineral rich areas having a mean protein concentration of 87.48 ± 8.16 and 77.75 ± 0.892 mg/gm tissue in the muscle and liver, respectively, and a mean lipid concentration of 0.29 ± 0.009 mg/gm muscle and 0.34 ± 0.009 mg/gm liver. Chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of zirconium oxychloride, a salt of zirconium, resulted in a significant decline in the concentration of protein, ranging from 57.5 ± 0.929 − 63.88 ± 1.95 mg/gm in muscle and 45.35 ± 2.332 − 51.98 ± 1.036 mg/gm in the liver. The lipid concentrations in muscle (0.03 ± 0.009 − 0.17 ± 0.009 mg/gm) and liver (0.06 ± 0.012 − 0.19 ± 0.007 mg/gm) were also significantly lower than the non-exposed fishes. Marked degenerative changes were identified in the histological sections of the gill, intestine, stomach, liver and kidney of zirconium oxychloride–treated fishes along with various nuclear deformities and micronucleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labeo rohita was sampled to determine the contamination levels of chromium, lead, nickel, copper and manganese from wild (Trimmu and Balloki Headworks) and controlled fish ponds at Ravi Campus (UVAS) from September to December, 2013. Sampled fish were blotted dry, weighed and liver and intestine were removed to study histology and metals concentration. Chromium seems ubiquitous and was detected in all the water samples as well as liver and intestinal tissues of experimental fish. Its level was lowest in water samples and fish organs in samples collected from UVAS fish ponds while the highest in samples collected from Balloki Headworks, the main recipients of waste from Lahore city. Fish liver depicted Chromium (Cr) only but the intestine revealed the presence of Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) too. Cadmium was below the detectable limit in all water and tissues (liver, intestine) of sampled fish. Heavy metals load and their range induced pathological alterations, infiltration and necrosis in liver and intestinal tissues. Canonical discriminate analysis of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Cd and the extent of histopathological changes differed significantly among localities establishing an appropriate link with living media and their vertical flow in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO) is a mediator and biomarker of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Excessive levels of NO for long periods have been associated with inflammation and tissue damage. The metabolism and synthesis of NO is usually measured indirectly, as metabolites and enzymes involved in reactions, often as the nitrite/nitrate (NOx) level. The aim of the present study was to measure the NOx levels in vital organs of juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed to various levels of eprinomectin in the water. The fish were exposed for 24 and 48 h to start concentration (0 h) of eprinomectin in water (0.0, 1.12, 1.80, and 3.97 μg/L). The eprinomectin concentrations in water were lower at 24 h (0.0, 0.85, 1.14, and 1.15 μg/L) and 48 h (0.0, 0.39, 0.69, and 1.28 μg/L), due to the process of eprinomectin metabolization. Subsequently, the fish were left for 48 h of recovery in eprinomectin-free water. NO levels were measured indirectly, as NOx levels in brain, liver, and gill tissue. Within 24 h of exposure, there was no significant increase in NOx levels in the organs evaluated at any of the concentrations tested. However, increases in NOx levels did occur at 48 h of exposure in all organs, particularly at the two highest concentrations of eprinomectin (1.80 and 3.97 μg/L). The transfer of fish to eprinomectin-free water did not result in reversal of NOx levels after 48 h of recovery, especially in fish that had been exposed to the two highest concentrations in the brain and liver tissues, and for the highest concentration in the gills. We conclude that silver catfish exposed to eprinomectin for up to 48 h present possible cerebral, hepatic, and branchial inflammatory process associated with increased tissue NOx levels, and that recovery for 48 h in water without antiparasitic is insufficient for the fish to recover from the poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biology literature presents allometric relations for the specific metabolic rate (SMRk) of an organ k of mass mk within the body of mass mB: SMRk ∝ mBfk (body mass allometry, BMA). Wang et al. used BMA, summed-up energy from all organs and validated Kleiber’s law of the whole body: SMRM ∝ mBb’, b’ = −0.25. The issues raised in biology are: (i) why fk and b’ < 0, (ii) how do the organs adjust fk to yield b’? The current paper presents a “system” approach involving the field of oxygen deficient combustion (ODC) of a cloud of carbon particles and oxygen deficient metabolism (ODM), and provides partial answers by treating each vital organ as a cell cloud. The methodology yields the following: (i) a dimensionless “group” number GOD to indicate extent of ODM, (ii) SMRk of an organ in terms of the effectiveness factor; (iii) curve fitting of the effectiveness factor to yield the allometric exponents for the organ mass-based allometric laws (OMA); (iv) validation of the results with data from 111 biological species (BS) with mB ranging from 0.0075 to 6500 kg. The “hypoxic” condition at organ level, particularly for COVID-19 patients, and the onset of cancer and virus multiplication are interpreted in terms of ODM and glycolysis.

The aim of this study was investigating to detriment the toxic effects of digoxin on the vital organs of mice like heart, Brain, liver, and kidneys. The experimental animals were categorized into 3 groups (T1, T2& C) each consist of 10 mice divided according to daily treatment with digoxin. T1, T2 groups representing dosing orally with 5, 10 mcg/ kg, respectively. C group acts as a control and treated with distilled water for 21 days. After a study period, animals were sacrificed. Histological samples were prepared by using hematoxylin and eosin stain. The study results of the T1 group show that different effects in liver tissue: degeneration signs, necrosis, low to severe periportal fibrosis and appear septal fibrosis. In Brain samples, perineural oedema with mild ganglion cell degeneration was clear. Kidney slices show enlargement of Bowman space with shrinkage of glomerular tuft and vacuolation of epithelia of lining urinary tubules. The T2 study group: brain slices present perineural and vascular edema, severe ganglion cell degeneration and necrosis. The renal tissue appears few infiltrations of inflammatory cells and vacuolation of urinary tubules. The main histological changes of Heart slices in both groups (T1, T2) were hemorrhage with oedema but the severity of lesion in T2 was higher characterized by hemorrhage with oedema and hyalinization of the myocardium. In conclusion, this study revealed that the digoxin of both doses: 5 mcg/kg and10 mcg/kg has histopathological effects in different vital organs of mice like (liver, brain, kidney and heart tissue), but these effects were severe in T2 group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the toxicities of different types of mosquito repellents i.e. coils, mats and liquid vapors in animal models. Different types of mosquito repellents including liquid vaporizers, coils and mats have been extensively used by the people to get protection from the mosquitoes and diseases associated with them. The active constituents of these repellents include; allethrins, pyrethrins, paraffin and various other derivatives, are well known for their toxicities. Exposure of albino mice to these repellents for 3 h per day over a period of 20 days produced significant toxicological effects on vital body organs including; liver, lungs, kidneys, brain and heart. The order of toxicity of different repellents on nervous and hepatic tissues was found to be: Coil > Liquid > Mat while in renal and cardiac tissues, the coil was again found to be the most toxic one, mat with medium toxicity whereas liquid as least toxic (Coil > Mat > liquid). Lungs tissues are almost equally affected by all the repellants. On the basis of current findings, it has been concluded that exposure to various types of mosquito repellents can be deleterious to health and can cause various health related issues by producing pathological changes in the vital organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effects of Indomethacin (IMC) treatment on embryo implantation and histomorphology of uterus, ovary, and other vital organs and its effective dosage in establishing embryo implantation dysfunction model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The experiments were performed on 24 (6 × 4 groups) adult female SD rats aged 12 weeks old. G1 was the control group and received a normal diet with normal saline. However, on pregnancy days 3 (Pd3) and 4 (Pd4), G2, G3, and G4 were given normal saline and subcutaneously administered IMC twice daily at different doses of 4.33, 4.66 and 5.00 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were euthanized on day 8 of pregnancy (Pd8). The uterus was excised and examined for signs of pregnancy, followed by tissue samples from liver, kidney, and ovary (for histomorphological examination using haematoxylin and eosin stain). All IMC treatment doses disrupted the implantation process and caused a significant reduction in embryo development. Analysis for histopathological changes revealed that IMC doses above 4.33 mg/kg body weight caused more adverse reproductive health effects in rats. Vasoconstriction and micro vascularization were detected in the liver, while degenerative Bowman's capsules and inflammatory cells were observed in kidney sections from IMC-treated rats. IMC therapy interfered with implantation and embryo development in rats, resulting in significant uterine vasoconstriction and atrophy, 4.33 mg/kg bwt dose appeared to be optimum to establish embryo implantation dysfunction in SD rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People have used Annona muricata leaves traditionally as tea drinks. Traditional use of A. muricata leaves is as an infusion which is closed to water extract. The potential health benefit of A. muricata tea leaves that is traditionally used for maintaining health which lately is being used by cancer patients. Therefore it is urgent to verify the safety of A. muricata leaves extract. Method: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial was conducted on 30 colorectal cancer out patients who had undergone primary tumor resection. Twenty eight subjects completed the study, divided into two groups, namely ethanol-soluble fraction of A. muricata leaves water extract (ESFAM) (n = 14), and placebo (n = 14) for 8 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were withdrawn from subjects by venipuncture at baseline and at the end of the study period. Results: The effect on bone marrow can be considered to be safe. The measure in indices of organs function, i.e liver and kidney also showed similar results and within normal range after supplementation. The dose given to the subjects is safe and highly tolerable, as shown by very few (6.7%) of patients complained intolerable adverse effects. Conclusion: This study indicates the safety of ESFAM supplementation

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Copyright of Journal of Arab Studies in Education & Psychology is the property of Association of Arab Educators and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar os componentes não-integrantes da carcaça de novilhos superjovem e jovem terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 24 novilhos castrados, 12 com idade média inicial de 8,1 meses e 12 com 20 meses, pertencentes às categorias superjovem e jovem, respectivamente, e abatidos com idade média de 13,1 e 22meses. O peso de carcaça estipulado foi de 180 kg e a espessura de gordura subcutânea mínima pretendida foi de 3 mm. O peso de carcaça e a espessura de gordura subcutânea reais foram de 180,30 kg e 3,08 mm e 187,39 kg e 2,94 mm, respectivamente, para novilhos jovens esuperjovens. Os animais jovens apresentaram maior peso absoluto e relativo dos pulmões (p < 0,05) em comparação aos superjovens (3,96 e 3,37 kg; 1,31 e 1,15%, respectivamente). Os animais jovens apresentaram maior (p < 0,05) peso absoluto (11,55 e 10,41 kg) e relativo ao peso de corpo vazio (3,83 e 3,56%) do conjunto total dos órgãos vitais em comparação aos animais superjovens. A categoria jovem apresentou maior (p < 0,05) peso absoluto e relativopara peso de corpo vazio para todos os componentes avaliados do trato gastrintestinal, exceto para o abomaso. Estas diferenças explicam, em parte, o maior rendimento de carcaça dos novilhos superjovens em relação aos jovens.The objective of this study was to evaluate the non-carcass body components of steers and young steers finished on feedlot. Twenty-four steers were used, being twelve with initial mean age of 8.1 months (super young) and twelve with initial mean age of 20months (young). The animals were slaughtered at 22 and 13.1 months of age, respectively. The desired carcass weight was 180 kg with a minimum of 3 mm backfat thickness. Actual carcass weight and backfat thickness were 180.30 kg and 3.08 mm and 187.39 kg and 2.94mm, respectively, for steers and young steers. Steers had higher (p < 0.05) lung weight in absolute and relative terms than the young steers (3.96 versus 3.37 kg and 1.31 versus 1.15%, respectively). The steers had higher (p < 0.05) absolute (11.55 versus 10.41 kg) andrelative weight (3.83 versus 3.56%) of the total vital organs than the young steers. The absolute weight and relative to empty body weight for total gastrointestinal tract were higher for the steer category (p < 0.05), except for abomasum. These differences partiallyexplain the higher carcass dressing percentage of the young steers.

Background: People have used Annona muricata (A. muricata) leaves traditionally as tea drinks. Traditional use of A. muricata leaves is as an infusion which is closed to water extract. The potential health benefit of A. muricata tea leaves that is traditionally used for maintaining health which lately is being used by cancer patients. Therefore it is urgent to verify the safety of A. muricata leaves extract. Method: A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial was conducted on 30 colorectal cancer out patients who had undergone primary tumor resection. Twenty eight subjects completed the study, divided into two groups, namely ethanol-soluble fraction of A. muricata leaves water extract (ESFAM) (n = 14), and placebo (n = 14) for 8 weeks. Peripheral blood samples were withdrawn from subjects by venipuncture at baseline and at the end of the study period. Results: The effect on bone marrow can be considered to be safe. The measure in indices of organs function, i.e liver and kidney also showed similar results and within normal range after supplementation. The dose given to the subjects is safe and highly tolerable, as shown by very few (6.7%) of patients complained intolerable adverse effects. Conclusion: This study indicates the safety of ESFAM supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening of 83 mature wild rodents of Bandicota bengalensis (52 male and 31 females), live trapped from premises near railway station, fish market and agricultural fields in Ludhiana district of Punjab province, India was carried out to assess the natural occurrence of helminth parasites and their potential as reservoirs of zoonoses. On necropsy, intestine of rats was found infected with adult cestode parasites of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana. Liver was found infected with Capillaria hepatica and Cysticercus fasciolaris. These parasites were present either alone or as concurrent infection. In overall, 68.67 % rats were found infected of which 59.65 % were infected with nematode parasite, C. hepatica and 75.44 % with cestode parasites. Grossly, pathognomonic lesions of C. hepatica and C. fasciolaris were seen clearly and microscopic changes were observed only in severely infected cases. Overall investigation on the effect of these parasitic infections on pathophysiology of the host revealed that rodents serve as reservoirs of these parasitic infections without having much pathogenic effect on their vital organs, fecundity and enzyme activities. Because of its close association with human habitations, B. bengalensis may act as an important source of zoonotic infections and thus direct or indirect contact with excrements and carcasses of this rodent species, should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Smilax myosotiflora has been extensively used in Malay traditional medicine to improve strength and power during sexual activities. However, the potential toxic effects of its methanolic extract have not yet been studied. Design: To evaluate its toxicity on vital organs and reproductive system, the methanolic extract from the tubers of S. myosotiflora was orally administrated in male rats. Materials and Methods: Forty eight male rats were randomly divided into four groups (I-IV) of 12 each. Rats in group I were administered with 0.4 ml of distilled water (vehicle) whilst groups II, 111 and IV received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of the extract in 0.4 ml of the vehicle respectively. Body weight changes and general behaviors of male rats during experimental period were recorded. Males following continuing daily dosing were killed and necropsied after a total dose period of 70 days. Sex and other internal organs were removed and weighed. Epididymal sperm count and morphology were also determined. Result: Non-toxicity effect of S. myosotiflora was present as no changes in body weight, internal organ weight and general behaviors. Epididymal sperm count demonstrated a significant increase by 18% when treated with S. myosotiflora extract at the dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg. Conversely, sperm morphology failed to show any significant differences between the controlled and extract-treated groups. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the long-term oral administration of S. myosotiflora for 70 days was found to be devoid of any toxicity in male rats. Thus, its use in folkloric medicine as an aphrodisiac is relatively safe when used over the tested period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted for the period of 90 days to investigate the effect of Aflatoxin Biwhen present in feed on the growth and histology of advance fry of Catlacatla. The fish was rerered in glass aquaria in Fish Hatchery Complex of the Department. There were 5 treatments and a control with two replicates in each. 180 advance fry were randomly stocked in each glass aquaria. 15 fish per aquaria containing 90 liter fresh clean tubewell water. Five fish were then randomly collected from each aquaria weighed and measured. The prepared feed was divided into 6 equal parts. Part 1 was as control while remaining 5 parts received Aflatoxin in the order of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppb termed as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Water quality was monitored on daily basis. At the end of the experiment, liver, kidney and intestine were removed for histopathological studies. Results showed that the body weight of advance fry Catlacatla was the highest in control group as compared to aflatoxins treated aquariums. The growth of aflatoxicosed fish was significantly different and lower than control (p< 0.05). Specific growth rate was higher in control aquarium, lowest was in T5 where 50 ppb aflatoxins were applied. Feed conversion ratio was highest in T5 as compared to control. The survival rate was 100% upto T3 while in T4 and T5 was lowest. Weight gain and food conversion ratio (FCR) varied significantly (P<0.05) between control and treatments with diets contaminated with 10 ppb to 50 ppb (AFBl/kg after 90 days). Several histological alterations were recognized in the liver of the fish examined and these were chronic manifestations. Collapsed liver were found in dead fish in T4 and T5. The liver of fishes in T2, T3 and T4 had extensive necrosis, acute cellular swelling or ballooning necrosis, chronic granulomatous inflammation, loss of color where the necrotic tissue becomes paler than the surrounding normal tissue. It is concluded that liver was the principal target organ for aflatoxins. After the invasion of aflatoxins into the liver, lipids infiltrate hepatocytes and leads to necrosis or liver cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Forensic doctors are frequently asked by magistrates when dealing principally with knife wounds, about the depth of the blade which may have penetrated the victim's body. Without the use of imaging, it is often difficult to respond to this question, even in an approximate way. Knowledge of the various distances between organs and the skin wall would allow an assessment to be made of the minimum blade length required to obtain the injuries observed. The objective of this study is thus to determine average distances between the vital organs of the thorax and abdomen, and the skin wall, taking into account the person's body mass index (BMI). Materials and methods: This is a prospective single-center study, carried out over a 2-month period at University Hospital in Angers. A sample of 200 people was studied. The inclusion criteria were as follows: all patients coming to the radiology department and the emergency department for an abdominal, thoracic or thoraco-abdominal scan with injection. The exclusion criteria included patients presenting a large lymphoma, a large abdominal or retroperitoneal tumor, a tumor in one of the organs targeted by our study and patients presenting ascites. The organs focused on were: the pericardium, pleura, aorta, liver, spleen, kidneys, abdominal aorta and femoral arteries. The shortest distance between the organ and the skin wall was noted. Median distances were calculated according to gender, abdominal diameter and BMI. Results: We associated these values to propose an indicative chart which may be used by doctors in connection with their forensic activities. Discussion: The problem of the depth of a wound is frequently exposed to the expert. Without a reliable tool, it is difficult to value and a personal interpretation is often done. Even if, in current days, tomodensitometry is frequently done in vivo or after death, measurement can be difficult because of the local conditions. We classified values according to the different factors of fat repartition (BMI, abdominal diameter, gender). These tables, collectively used, permit evaluation of the distance between wall and thoracic or abdominal vital organs. Conclusion: We suggest an indicative chart designed for forensic doctors in their professional life to help determine the minimum penetration length for a knife, which may wound a vital organ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperthermic shock is a thermoregulatory disorder that affects living organisms that are acutely or chronically exposed to high temperatures or when performing intense physical activity in a hot environment. In this paper, we will show the changes embodied in hyperthermic shock caused by multiple injuries to vital organs in Wistar rats that were suddenly exposed to high temperatures of up to 410 for about 10-15 minutes, their central temperature rising above 40.60C. This process resulted in multiple injuries of the vital organs, evidenced by electron microscopy. In addition, this suggested that most changes caused by hyperthermic shock are incompatible with life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effect of an ethanolic seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella F., (Caesalpiniaceae) on the histoarchitecture of the some vital organs and clinical chemistry was evaluated in Wistar female albino rats. The study was divided into four groups. Group I received distilled water and served as vehicle treated control. Groups II, III and IV were orally administered 100, 200 and 300mg/kg b.wt dose of seed extract respectively for 10 consecutive days and subsequently euthanized twenty four hours after the last dose. Histoarchitecture of the vital tissues in treated groups appeared normal. Hematological analysis showed a significant increase in RBC count, various types of WBCs, platelet count, hemoglobin levels and packed cell volume levels in all the seed extract treated groups. Serum biochemistry revealed significantly decreased cholesterol, triglycerides and creatinine levels whereas HDL level was found to be significantly increased in all the treated groups. Our results suggest that the ethanolic seed extract of C. bonducella probably possesses chemical constituents of cytoprotective potential and should be further explored as a source of natural medicine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article investigates the effect of melatonin (MEL) and buffalo epiphyseal proteins (BEP) on the tissues proteins contents of female rats' vital organs exposed to arsenic (As) and fluoride treatments. Results show that fluoride (F) and As reduced the protein concentration in the rats' brain, cardiac, hepatic and renal tissues, while melatonin and BEP did not cause any adverse effect. The experiment also demonstrates that protein depression brought on by F and As was reduced by MEL and BEP.

Experiments were performed on albino male Wistar rats that were treated with three Herbal extracts of Epilobium hirsutum, Epilobium angustifolium and Epilobium parviflorum (Onagraceae), with a rich content in flavonoids. We investigated the possible cytotoxic effects of the hydro-alcoholic extracts on some metabolic - endocrine - immunologic organs (brain, hypophysis, adrenals, liver, kidney, thymus and spleen) with biochemical, histological and histoenzymological methods. There were no cytotoxic effect. Epilobium hirsutum, which has the best content in flavonoids, has had the most favorable effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this experiment we tested the effects of some vegetable extracts (biopreparations) of Polygonum aviculare L.(knotgrass) and Polygonum bistorta L.(meadow bistort), from the Polygonaceae family, on some vital organs, in experimental rats. The duration of experiment was of 10 days, when we have daily gavaged a group of femal Wistar rats, with 1 ml vegetable extract of Polygonum aviculare, prepared from plant's aerial part and the other group also received 1 ml vegetable extract of Polygonum bistorta, from the caudices of the plant. After 10 days rats were sacrificed and blood samples were taken for determination of serum transaminases activity (GPT and GOT). Also, were removed samples of brain - hipotalamus, adrenal glands, liver, kidney and thin gut (duodenum). From adrenals was determined the cholesterol content. At the analyzed organs level was made the histology with help of hematoxylin - eosine staining emphasizing the neuro - endocrine - pituitary - adrenal axis reaction. The metabolic organs as the liver, kidney and duodenum were also investigated through the determination of some enzymes activity such are: lactate dehidrogenase, succinat-dehidrogenase, Mg-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, cytochromoxidase. The obtained results were grouped analyzed, after methodologies. Thus, on the biochemical plans, the GPT level doesn't have a significantly modification, but diminishes the GOT level into treated groups. The cholesterol content in adrenals doesn't modify. As concern the histologic structure of analized organs we point out, in forerank, at the pituitary level, an easier stimulation of neuro-endocrine secretion at the neuron level and on the axonal route, but without any pathologically signification. In the remainder, the structure of the analyzed organs there is any pathological modifications in adrenals, liver, kidney and duodenum. As concern analyzed histochemical and histoenzymological activity it doesn't modify in vegetable extracts treated groups compared with control group, with a little exception, namely, in the treated groups at the duodenum level the ATP-ase activity is easier increased compared with the control group. In conclusion, the administration of Polygonum aviculare and Polygonum bistorta extracts don't produces any pathological effects at the neuro-endocrine axis level and in the metabolic studied organs. There are no differences between the action of those two vgetable extracts obtained from different species, at least in our experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of evolution and ecology, there is a trade-off between the benefits of processing food through a digestive system with specific phenotypic attributes and the cost of maintaining and carrying the digestive system. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that digestive modulations at several levels can match each other to meet the energy and nutrient demands of Mongolian gerbils, a small granivorous rodent species, by acclimating them to a high-quality diet diluted with alfalfa powder. Mongolian gerbils on the diluted diet maintained metabolizable energy intake by an integrated processing response (IPR), which included increases in dry matter intake, gut capacity and rate of digesta passage after 2-weeks of acclimation. Down-regulation of hydrolytic enzyme activity in the intestinal brush-border membrane supported the adaptive modulation hypothesis. The absence of up-modulation of summed enzyme hydrolytic capacity on the diluted diet indicated that greater mass of small intestine on a high-fibre diet is not a direct indicator of digestive or absorptive capacity. Changes in mass of vital organs and carcass suggested that the amount of energy allocated to various organs and hence physiological functions was regulated in response to diet shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the importance of plasticity of central processing organs (i.e., stomach and intestinal organs) to animals in the wild, field studies of changes in organs and their relationships with variable environmental conditions and energy demands are needed. We determined relationships among diet quality, indicators of energy demand, sizes of central processing organs, and rate of nutrient uptake in free-living white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in western Kentucky. Moderate winters and dry summers characterized the study site. In contrast to studies conducted in more extreme environments, we found limited differences in the sizes and function of central processing organs among seasons. Masses, but not lengths of intestinal organs or the rate of glucose uptake, differed among seasons. Heart and spleen masses, but not masses of the lungs, kidneys, or liver, also differed among seasons. Differences in the amount of food ingested and percentage of protein in the diet were likely contributors to seasonal differences in intestinal organ masses. Lactation was associated with heavier masses of all central processing organs and increased rate of glucose uptake, but not with heavier masses of vital organs. Greater size and function of intestinal organs during lactation was attributed primarily to high energy demand and secondarily to diet. We postulated that large changes in size and function of central processing organs in free-living mammals occur during intense, but not moderate, changes in energy demand and diet composition and are dependent on the type of energy demand incurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because caffeine and tissue levels of Zn are closely related, the objectives of this study were to determine the changes in plasma caffeine levels over a period of 5 h when different concentrations of Zn combined with a fixed concentration of caffeine were injected into the femoral vein of rats and to determine the relationship between tissue levels of caffeine and Zn at 5 h postinjection. Rats were divided into three groups: group 1, 220 µg caffeine; group 2,220 µg caffeine + 8 µg Zn/g body weight (BW); group 3, 220 µg caffeine +16 µg Zn/g BW. Blood from groups 1 and 3 was collected at 3 min, 30 min, 1h, 3h, and 5h to determine the pharmacokinetics of caffeine. All groups were killed at 5 h. Caffeine and Zn concentrations of the brain, kidney, heart, and liver of all groups were determined. The plasma-caffeine curve in group 3 showed a lower concentration at 3 min and a slower caffeine-elimination rate during the first 3 h. Brain and kidney caffeine levels remained constant in all groups, whereas caffeine levels were increased in the heart in group 2 and in the liver in group 3. Zn concentrations in the brain and kidney were lower in group 2 compared with groups 1 and 3 and higher in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2. Zn concentration in the heart was the same among the three groups but was increased in the liver in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2. Therefore, we concluded that caffeine combined with Zn affects caffeine pharmacokinetics. With caffeine intake, levels of Zn (16 µg/g BW) that are slightly higher than the daily requirements (12 µg/g BW) may prevent a reduction of Zn in tissue. In addition, caffeine’s effects on Zn concentration among organs are different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID - 19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, known as the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is a highly contagious disease that has already affected more than 220 countries globally, infecting more than 212 million people and resulting in the death of over 4.4 million people. This review aims to highlight the pertinent documentary evidence upon the adverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on several vital human organs. SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lung tissue by causing diffuse alveolar damage and may result in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 infects the cell via cell surface receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Besides lungs, SARS-CoV-2 critically damage tissues in other vital human organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. The effect on the heart includes muscle dysfunction (acute or protracted heart failure), myocarditis, and cell necrosis. Within hepatic tissue, it alters serum aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. It contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI). Localized infection of the brain can lead to loss or attenuation of olfaction, muscular pain, headaches, encephalopathy, dizziness, dysgeusia, psychomotor disorders, and stroke; while the gastrointestinal symptoms include the disruption of the normal intestinal mucosa, leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain. This review encompassed a topical streak of systemic malfunctions caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As the pandemic is still in progress, more studies will enrich our understanding and analysis of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biology literature presents allometric relations for the specific metabolic rate (SMRk) of an organ k of mass mk within the body of mass mB: SMRk ∝ mBfk (body mass allometry, BMA). Wang et al. used BMA, summed-up energy from all organs and validated Kleiber's law of the whole body: SMRM ∝ mBb', b' = −0.25. The issues raised in biology are: (i) why fk and b' < 0, (ii) how do the organs adjust fk to yield b'? The current paper presents a "system" approach involving the field of oxygen deficient combustion (ODC) of a cloud of carbon particles and oxygen deficient metabolism (ODM), and provides partial answers by treating each vital organ as a cell cloud. The methodology yields the following: (i) a dimensionless "group" number GOD to indicate extent of ODM, (ii) SMRk of an organ in terms of the effectiveness factor; (iii) curve fitting of the effectiveness factor to yield the allometric exponents for the organ mass-based allometric laws (OMA); (iv) validation of the results with data from 111 biological species (BS) with mB ranging from 0.0075 to 6500 kg. The "hypoxic" condition at organ level, particularly for COVID-19 patients, and the onset of cancer and virus multiplication are interpreted in terms of ODM and glycolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]