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Oil can be extracted by centrifugation, hot and cold extraction, enzyme extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microwave extraction. The use of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) has gained widespread popularity. It helps to produce rapid movement of the solvent and results in a higher acceleration and mass transfer speed. In this study, solid coconut waste (SCW) was used as an alternative way to extract virgin coconut oil (VCO) using UAE. The experimental design was analyzed using face-centered central composite design (FCCCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) with three parameters which were time (10–60) (min), temperature extraction (30–70) (°C), and material-to-solvent ratio (1:1–1:3.5) (g/ml). The optimal condition was 47 min, 45 °C, and 1:3.2 material-to-solvent ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the types of fatty acids in the liver tissue of mice were evaluated under different diets. As a result, mice fed with a high-fat diet-including basic pellets mixed with eight percent (w/w) peanut oil, two percent (w/w) cholesterol, and 0.1% (w/w) calcium carbonate-showed the highest cholesterol content (1.5 ± 0.08 mg/100 g) compared to normal mice (0.23 ± 0.04 mg/100 g). Whereas the cholesterol content in the liver tissue of mice fed with basic pellets and orally treated with a free fatty acid fraction (FFA1) from virgin coconut oil, which was made up of the C8:0-C12:0 fraction (97.3%) was prepared did not differ from the control group (using only standard pellets). This demonstrated that MCFA (C8:0-C12:0) was directly consumed and converted to energy without accumulating cholesterol. The gas chromatography analysis result showed that the fat droplets in the liver tissues of treated mice were mostly saturated long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), in which C16:0 and C18:0 carbon chain length fatty acids were predominant in the liver tissue. The results confirmed the hypothesis that MCFA is preferentially absorbed and converted to energy while saturated LCFA has a tendency to induce fat accumulation in the metabolic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a processed form of coconut meat that is pure and free of free fatty acids. VCO is widely recognized as a cooking oil, cosmetic, antioxidant and beneficial for health, due to its high content of lauric acid. The method used in this research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The stages carried out in this research start from literature study, field research, laboratory analysis, data processing, and reporting. The purpose of this research is to produce VCO by utilizing CaO from oysters and Eco-enzyme to de-emulsify proteins to separate oil from water and measure the decrease in free fatty acid number and the decrease in peroxide number as quality parameters of the VCO produced. The application of CaO and Eco-enzyme fermentation is simple by mixing 0.2 g, 0.4 g, 0.6 g CaO and 0.2 mL, 0.4 mL, 0.6 mL Eco-enzyme respectively with 100 mL coconut milk. After treatments, it can be concluded that: separation of water from oil in the manufacture of VCO from coconut milk can occur using CaO and using Eco-enzyme It means that de-emulsification of protein in coconut milk is working well. To determine the quality of production VCO from CaO de-emulsification found 50.00 % the decreasing of Free Fatty Acid number and the decreasing of peroxide number is 28.57 %. From eco-enzyme de-emulsification the results are 55.55 %, the decrease of the acid number (DAN) and 57.14% the decrease of the peroxide number (DPN). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bayi mempunyai kulit yang sensitif terhadap keadaan yang ada dilingkungannya. Kondisi kulit bayi yang tipis mengakibatkan bayi lebih rentan terhadap iritasi, infeksi, dan alergi. Masalah yang sering terjadi pada bayi dan anak adalah diaper rash (ruam popok). Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk melakukan analisa terhadap kasus kelolaan dengan menggunakan virgin coconut oil (VCO) terhadap diaper rash pada bayi. Hasil Pada 3 hari berturut-turut diberikan intervensi virgin coconut oil (VCO) pada daerah yang terdapat diaper rash dapat dilihat bahwa terjadi perubahan derajat diaper rash yang dialami By.Ny.F. Pada hari pertama derajat diaper rash yang dialami By.Ny.F dalam derajat 1 yaitu derajat ringan. Kemudian pada hari kedua derajat diaper rash yang dialami By.Ny.F masih dalam derajat 1 tetapi ada perubahan warna kulit yang awalnya kemerahan yaitu memudar. Pada hari ketiga derajat diaper rash yang dialami By.Ny.F dalam derajat 0 yaitu terdapat penurunan yang artinya kulit By.Ny.F yang awalnya terdapat kemerahan menjadi tidak terdapat kemerahan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu analisis menunjukkan adanya perubahan yang signifikan atau perubahan yang baik pada hasil observasi dengan penggunaan virgin coconut oil (VCO) terhadap diaper rash pada bayi.

A clinical study conducted in 2020 showed that virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been found effective in the rapid relief of COVID-19 symptoms and normalization of the C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration among probable and suspected cases of COVID-19. This present study aimed to validate those results and to evaluate the effects of VCO among COVID-19 patients through a 28-day randomized, single-blind trial conducted among 76 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain report)-confirmed adults, with VCO given as a COVID-19 adjunct therapy. The results showed that VCO recipients were free from symptoms and had normal CRP concentrations by day 14. In comparison, participants in the control group reported relief from signs and symptoms on day 23, with normal CRP concentrations on day 25. This second study bolsters the use of VCO as an effective adjunct therapy for COVID-19-positive patients showing mild-to-moderate symptoms.

Desa Sulang merupakan salah satu desa yang ada di Kecamatan Kawan Kabupaten Klungkung. Secara tofografi Desa Sulang berstruktur perbukitan, banyak tumbuh tanaman kelapa. Secara historis buah kelapa di Desa Sulang diproses untuk membuat minyak kelapa tradisional (lengis tanusan). UD Kelapa Sari merupakan Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah (UMKM) yang membuat minyak kelapa tradisional (lengis tanusan). Jumlah tenaga kerja yang terlibat sebanyak 10 orang di luar pemilik. Masalah UD Kelapa Sari, belum ber-pengalaman membuat Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Agar hasil produksi UD Kelapa Sari memiliki nilai jual lebih mahal, selanjutkan dilakukan pendampingan pembuatan VCO. Pembuatan VCO diproses menggunakan teknik fermentasi atau tanpa pemanasan menggunakan api. Metode pelaksanaan pelatihan yaitu ceramah dan edukasi. Solusi yang ditawarkan, pemilik dan tenaga kerja diberikan pelatihan teknis pembuatan VCO dari mentor yang sudah berpengalaman. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah mitra telah berhasil membuat VCO walaupun masih dalam jumlah terbatas. Hasil VCO ini akan memberikan peluang yang lebih baik untuk perkembangan ekonomi di Desa Sulang apabila dapat menjalin kemitraan dengan pemerintah dan instansi terkait, memperbaiki sistem pembukuan, labelisasi, dibuatkan ijin produksi dan dapat dipasarkan secara online.

The health benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a controversial topic in the academic community globally. This study provides data on the effect virgin coconut oil has on the blood cholesterol levels of subjects tested locally. The effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on blood cholesterol were investigated by randomly placing six (6) healthy individuals into a test group that received VCO supplementation and another six (6) participants in a control group that did not receive any VCO, making 12 participants that were recruited using the snowball method. Blood cholesterol levels were measured at the start of the experiment and one month later for all participants. Paired t-test statistical analysis was done using the before and after results for each group which showed that consuming 10 ml of VCO twice daily for a month is associated with a statistically significant reduction in total cholesterol (p=.0045), LDL “bad cholesterol” (p=.0026), cholesterol/HDL ratio (p=.0073) and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). There was no significant change in triglycerides, VLDL, HDL, and HDL/LDL ratio in the test group. There was no statistically significant change in the blood cholesterol levels amongst the participants in the control group who did not receive VCO. The fatty acid profile for the VCO used was found to be normal except for the lauric acid content (37.78%) which was below the internationally accepted standard of 45.1%. Based on the preliminary results obtained in this pilot study, it recommended that a randomized clinical trial using a larger sample size over a longer period be done to assess the effects of VCO on blood cholesteral levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) can be made from several types of coconuts by using several techniques that potentially result ini clear colour, distinct coconut smell, and long shelf life. In this study, centrifugation method was used in the manufacture of VCO by using green coconuts and red coconuts with a ratio of 1:1 and 2:1. This study aims to determine the ratio of the best raw materials and determine the % yield. This study uses factorial design and a quicker method for calculating the effect of the process variable with eight runs (experimental). The most influential variable was the centrifugation time, where the optimum yield was 35 minutes, the centrifugation speed was 800 rpm, and the ratio of green coconut and red coconut was 4:3. yielded 56.8% yield. It can be concluded that the best way to produce VCO with a high yield is to use a centrifugation method with a ratio of green to red coconuts of 4:3, a centrifugation time of 35 minutes, and a centrifugation speed of 800 rpm.

Immunomodulators are an essential part of the prevention process for treating various diseases related to the body’s immune system. This study aimed to determine the immunomodulatory activity of virgin coconut oil (VCO) with and without the enzyme bromelain in pineapple waste extract on the proliferation of mice lymphocyte cells through an in vitro test. VCO was made using two methods: enzymatic using bromelain enzyme (VCOb) from pineapple waste with 10, 25, and 50%, and mixing method without bromelain enzyme (VCOm). The two types of VCO produced were calculated for the yield, moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA), and physicochemical properties. For immunomodulatory activity, the test solution was taken from VCOb and VCOm with a variation concentration of 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL. Isolation of lymphocyte cells was obtained from the spleen organ of Swiss Webster strain mice which was performed aseptically with a ketamine-xylazine anesthetic. The lymphocyte cell proliferation test was performed using the MTT Assay, and the Optical Density was measured using a microplate reader at 550 nm. The results showed that 50% VCOb produced the highest yield and 22.22% higher than VCOm. However, the results showed that increasing bromelain enzyme concentration would increase the moisture content and free fatty acid content, but still below 0.2%. The VCOb and VCOm had immunomodulatory activity against mice lymphocyte cell proliferation. However, the immunomodulatory activity of VCO with bromelain enzyme from pineapple waste extract (VCOb) was higher than without bromelain enzyme (VCOm). The highest immunomodulatory activity was obtained at 100 µg/mL of VCOb with a percentage increase of 158.26% compared to negative controls, followed by VCOm of 100 µg/mL with a percentage increase of 137.66% compared to negative controls. The optimum dose of VCOm and VCOb for increasing the proliferation of mice lymphocyte cells has not been found.

This study aims to determine the effect of tempeh yeast inoculum on the color, odor, and yield in the manufacture of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) from Cocos nucifera viridis. This research was conducted in November 2020 in Brebes, Magelang, and Lampung. This research employed the descriptive quantitative method. The population of this experiment was coconut fruit found in Lampung, Brebes, and Magelang. The sample used was green coconut (Cocos nucifera viridis) found in Lampung, Brebes, and Magelang. The working procedure of this research consisted of fermenting the sample and observing the oil produced by Virgin Coconut Oil. This research's data collection techniques were observation, documentation, and products calculation. Based on the observations, the researchers found the highest yield in the experiment of 80 ml cream with an inoculum of 8 grams (30.4%), followed by a volume of 80 ml of cream with a 6-gram inoculum (28.4%). The smallest yield was formed at a volume of 80 ml cream with inoculum 4 grams (14.6%). The VCO obtained in this research had a distinctive aroma of coconut oil and was clear in color. Therefore, the amount of tempeh yeast inoculum affects the color, odor, and yield in the manufacture of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) from Cocos nucifera viridis.

The growth of the virgin coconut oil (VCO) industry over the past few years has highlighted the need to improve VCO standards to promote better quality and detect adulteration. The Philippine National Standard for VCO (PNS/BAFPS 22:2007) has three groups of parameters -- identity characteristics, quality characteristics, and contaminant limits. It has only one identity characteristic -- the % fatty acid composition, which is based mainly on Codex Stan 210-1999. However, because the fatty acid composition does not distinguish VCO from refined, bleached, and deodorized coconut oil (RBDCO), additional methods are needed to differentiate VCO and RBDCO and to detect adulteration. This study proposes a new spectrophotometric measurement at 278 nm, which can accomplish both objectives. Regarding VCO quality characteristics, PNS/ BAFPS 22:2007 states that VCO should be colorless and sediment-free. However, some VCO products may have light yellow color due to the method of production, and sedimentation naturally occurs below the freezing point of VCO, which is 25 °C. New methods are proposed to address the concerns of color and sediment. Because the Codex methods are optimized for vegetable oils with long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, some methods need to be adjusted for the analysis of VCO, which is composed mainly of saturated medium-chain fatty acids. These standards and methods can be adopted by regulatory agencies and guide the industry to ensure quality VCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) merupakan salah satu alternatif imunostimulan alami yang dapat meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh di tengah pandemi COVID-19. Salah satu enzim yang digunakan dalam pembuatan VCO adalah enzim bromelin. Limbah pengolahan selai nanas berupa kulit dan mata nanas mengandung enzim bromelin yang dapat mempercepat terbentuknya VCO. Metode pengabdian ini adalah dengan memberikan sosialisasi dan pelatihan pembuatan VCO kepada anggota UMKM Bay Tat Mak Ririn. Setelah dilakukan pelatihan, anggota UMKM Bay Tat Mak Ririn berhasil memproduksi VCO melalui pemanfaatan limbah selai nanas. Disamping itu, diperoleh peningkatan produksi VCO menggunakan enzim bromelin yang bersumber dari limbah selai nanas sebesar 1,8% dibandingkan dengan VCO tanpa enzim bromelin. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa keterampilan peserta dalam memproduksi VCO melalui pemanfaatan limbah selai nanas meningkat.

Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) merupakan salah satu tanaman perkebunan yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia dan memiliki banyak manfaat. Salah satu produk dari buah kelapa adalah Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) yang dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan baku lotion. Krim lotion adalah bentuk emulsi setengah padat yang digunakan sebagai pelembab atau pemakaian pelindung pada kulit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : (1) menentukan metode isolasi VCO yang tepat, sehingga dihasilkan rendemen tertinggi dan karakteristik yang baik, (2) menentukan rasio antara VCO dan air yang tepat dalam pembuatan lotion. Penelitian tahap I, yaitu menentukan metode isolasi VCO terdiri atas empat perlakuan, yaitu (1) metode asam, (2) metode enzimatis, (3) metode pengocokan dengan mixer, dan (4) metode sentrifugasi. Pengamatan pada VCO yang dihasilkan, yaitu rendemen, asam lemak bebas, dan kadar air. Penelitian tahap II, yaitu menentukan perbandingan VCO dan air, yaitu 0:83,4; 2:2,17; 2,25:1,92; 2,5:1,67; 2,75:1,42; dan 3:1,17. Pengamatan pada lotion meliputi uji homogenitas, uji stabilitas, uji pH, bobot jenis, dan uji organoleptik. Pengujian karakteristik VCO dan lotion dilakukan analisis dengan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan dan uji Games Howell. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan metode isolasi pengocokan dengan mixer menghasilkan rendemen tertinggi, kadar air dan asam lemak bebas yang memenuhi standar SNI, sehingga metode tersebut diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan lotion. Lotion yang memiliki nilai karakteristik mutu sesuai SNI dan organoleptik yang disukai adalah lotion dengan rasio penambahan VCO dan air 3:1,17 dengan nilai yang mendekati dengan lotion komersial.

Background: VCO is an oil made from fresh coconuts and processed naturally or do not require heating and do not add other chemicals. The fatty acids contained in the VCO has the added benefit of making your skin soft. VCO is effectively applied as a moisturizer to the skin so that it can improve skin hydration and promotes healing of the skin. Decubitus is damage to the skin caused by friction or pressure on the skin located bony section. Purpose: This literature review aimed to determine the effectiveness of the VCO in reducing the risk of decubitus sores. Method: This research method Quantitative descriptive approach Systematic Review through some journals that are relevant to this article. This research article search by using keywords 1 "prevention of decubitus sores" keyword 2 "VCO" search database sources used in this study is Portal Garuda, ISJD and Google Scholar were published from 2015 to 2019 year. Results: The results of this study identified include the use of VCO prevent decubitus sores, that VCO is effective in prevention of decubitus sores in patients with stroke or bedrest.The use of VCO as decubitus sores preventive therapy has many benefits. Substances that are contained in the VCO can provide benefits or nutrients to keep the skin moist. Conclusion: Nurses as nursing care providers are expected to use the VCO to prevent decubitus sores in patients with stroke or bedrest as an intervention in a hospital or as therapy can do at home community.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative ailment having pathological hallmarks of plaques due to amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles in brain. These cerebral plaques and neurofibrillary tangles potentially affect the neuronal synaptic transmission and ultimately cause cognitive decline. In the absence of an effective treatment module for AD, alternative therapeutic strategies are being explored. Given the fact that dysregulation of brain glucose metabolism is an early detectable trait of AD, coconut oil and its variants/derivatives have generated considerable interests as an invaluable therapeutic agent for AD. The role of coconut oil-derived medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) which are rapidly metabolized into ketone bodies to serve as an alternate source of energy for the cerebral tissue is well recognized. Recently, evidences underlying the mode of action of coconut oil in alleviating the symptoms of AD have started emerging. In this review, a comprehensive snapshot of the recent developments and biochemical basis of coconut oil-induced amelioration of AD symptoms including its dietary role in suppression of neuro-inflammation, reversing the process of neurodegeneration, enhancement of cell survival pathways and inhibition of secretion of Aβ peptides are presented. Investigations in animal models and clinical trials in humans using coconut oil and its derivatives aimed at reversing the AD-induced cognitive decline are also discussed. To conclude the knowledge gaps in the treatment of AD using coconut oil and way forward are presented. Scientific evidences point toward the immense therapeutic value of coconut oil in the prevention or treatment of AD through its multi-pronged biochemical effects. Nevertheless, identification of bioactive components, besides MCFAs, responsible for the neuroprotective effects, clinical trials to fix the dosage and consolidation of information flow are warranted. • Recent biochemical and molecular advances illustrating the neuroprotective effects of coconut oil. • Coconut oil-based MCFAs-derived ketone bodies and their role in cerebral cellular energy and signaling. • A comprehensive outlook of current state of knowledge of coconut oil in the alleviation of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-aging is one of the top goals in the field of health care and aesthetics. Anti-aging cosmetics derived from nature are oriented to long-term development, bringing safety to users and being environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to develop an anti-aging cosmetic formulation process based on coconut oil in combination with deer antler stem cell extract. The results show that the presence of deer antler stem cell extract added to the foundation made the serum product highly stable and helped improve skin aging significantly after 2 weeks of use. The skin site where the serum product was applied showed a smooth and elastic skin surface, with very few fine lines and shallow wrinkles. Serum reduced the number of wrinkles (48.09% compared to commercial serum (ME) and 60.31% compared to positive control (PC)), reduced skin recovery time (39.31% compared to ME and 67.1% of PC) after two weeks of use. After 2 weeks of use, collagen density increased 10.18% compared to ME and 63.76% compared to control. Epidermal thickness increased by 106.1% compared to PC and 121.7% compared to ME.

Introduction: Virgin coconut oil (VCO), a saturated fat, has been reported to have anti-diabetic properties and there is dearth of information on its potency to correct abnormal haemostatic parameters associated with diabetic patients. Objectives: Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate effect of VCO consumption on abnormal haemostatic parameters in diabetic rats. Materials & Methods: A total of fifteen (15) male rats weighing 200–250g were divided into three (3) experimental groups: Normal control group (Group I) and Diabetic control group (Group II), both fed on normal rat chow for 4 weeks, and the Diabetic test group (Group III) , fed on 10% VCO diet for 4 weeks. The Group II and Group III rats were injected alloxan (150mg/kg) intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. After 72 hours of injection, the blood glucose was determined to confirm hyperglycemia. At the end of the experiment, fibrinogen concentration, prothrombin, bleeding and clotting times were determined in the animals. Results: The results showed a significant increase in the fibrinogen concentration and prothrombin time of Group II compared to Group I and Group III. However, there was significant decrease in bleeding time of Group II when compared to that of Group I and Group III while the clotting time of Group II was significantly decrease compared to Group I. Conclusion: Thus, VCO normalizes abnormal haemostatic conditions in diabetics

A clinical study conducted in 2020 showed that virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been found effective in the rapid relief of COVID-19 symptoms and normalization of the C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration among probable and suspected cases of COVID-19. This present study aimed to validate those results and to evaluate the effects of VCO among COVID-19 patients through a 28-day randomized, single-blind trial conducted among 76 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain report)-confirmed adults, with VCO given as a COVID-19 adjunct therapy. The results showed that VCO recipients were free from symptoms and had normal CRP concentrations by day 14. In comparison, participants in the control group reported relief from signs and symptoms on day 23, with normal CRP concentrations on day 25. This second study bolsters the use of VCO as an effective adjunct therapy for COVID-19-positive patients showing mild-to-moderate symptoms., (© Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society 2024.)

Hydrogen reformer is a principle of hydrogen formation by using the reaction between reactants with a catalyst and a heating process in vapor form. Copper powder was used as the catalyst with a porosity of 28.245% and 31.736%, and a heat temperature of 310 oC. Variation of the ratio between water and virgin coconut oil (VCO) mixture of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5 was developed to investigate the hydrogen generated productivity. The images of burning flame was taken at the outlet pipe of steam reaction to indicate the productivity of the hydrogen. The results shown that the productivity of the hydrogen was obtained by calculating the images of flame colors. The images indicate that the productivity of the hydrogen increase with adding virgin coconut oil (VCO) to water is greater. The average amount of energy and the power needed to react all variations on a comparison of hydrogen reformer tube 5 are 53.53885 kJ and 0.18666 kJ/sec, respectively.

It as done a research on the influence of the rotational speed of stirring and standing time on the yield and quality virgin coconut oil (VCO). VCO is made with mechanical engineering variations stirring round and standing time. Variations in the rotational speed of stirring cream coconut milk is 372, 385, 449, 503, and 539 rpm. The results were obtained optimum rotational speed is 503 rpm with a yield 23.66 % (v/v). Variations coconut cream standing time is 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 hours. The results were obtained optimum standing time is 8 hours with a yield of 22.90 % (v/v), the water content of 0.17 %, acid content of 0.26 %, saponification value of 247.656 mg KOH/g of fat, and a peroxide value of 0.199 mL eq/kg.

Cocos™ Emulsion is new food emulsion product that made of virgin coconut oil (VCO). A sensory analysis was conducted among targeted consumers, which were 150 schoolchildren (age 4 - 12) and 100 adult panelists (age 21 - 60). The principle component analysis (PCA) was applied to assess the organoleptic acceptability of public and schoolchildren on this novel product. In summary, both adult and schoolchildren panelists showed a significant preference (P < 0.05) toward Cocos™ Emulsion than VCO for both sensory attributes of taste and odour, as it was palatable. The scores plot of sensory attributes among all panelists were found highly scattered around, indicating no age-dependent preference on the sensory rating of each attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this research were to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacteria in the secretion of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) patients as the development of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) analysis in Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) fermentation process. It is expected that LAB in the VCO could be antimicrobial/antibacterial of bacteria in the secretion of CSOM patients. There were 2 stages conducted within this research, firstly using blood agar and dilution method in isolating the bacteria in CSOM patients's secretion. Secondly, the isolates were identified morphologically, physiology, and another biochemical test. There are 126 isolates and 5 kinds of pathogenic bacteria(Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphilococus aureus, Staphilococusepidermidis, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella Sp) and one kind of fungi (Candida sp)as the result. The samples of CSOM patients are 60% above aged 20 and 40% below it, and an equal balance of percentage between male and female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Diaper rash is a dermatitis eclusively localized in the diaper area, commonly attack children less than 2 years of age, usually conservatively cured by the parents so that only 7-35% babies suffer from diaper rash. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) that are beneficial to health, has been widely sought after to resolve health problems, also acts against bacteria and microbe. The Content of Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) in VCO hydrolyzed faster, and more quickly absorbed in the body tissue. Aim :The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Virgin Coconut Oil on prevention diaper rash. Methods : This research is pre-experimental with posttest only design. Conducted from May to June 2014. The research was done in Puskesmas Depok II Sleman area, with 14 respondents according to the determined criteria. Respondents were instructed to apply VCO in the diaper area once every morning after bath for 30 days. Data analysis used univariable analysis, bivariable analysis with Chi-Square test. Result :The results of the data obtained in this study was 78.6% of respondents regularly use VCO, but not experiencing diaper rash and there are 21.4% of respondents do not regularly use VCO and 14.3% had diaper rash. The results showed there was significant effect of VCO on prevention diaper rash with a significance p value = 0,003(p

For years and years, the main output of the coconut sector on the international market was copra, crude coconut oil (CNO) and its derivatives. However, since approximately 10 years, we see new products so called “non-traditional” products entering global exchanges. The market growth of these products, mainly coconut water extracted from mature or immature nuts, virgin coconut oil (VCO) cold pressed from the fresh kernel, coconut sugar taken from the sap flowing out of the flower, is exponential. They benefit from the healthy, simple and natural image that is conveyed by the coconut tree in the subconscious minds of the consumers. The craze for this new products create also biggest expectative from the consumers towards the coconut stakeholders. This is why this article will also suggest some tracks of reflection for the research and expert’s communities, who would like to support this expansion, thus contributing to the future of the millions of small coconut farmers.

Natural oils include mineral oil with emollient, occlusive, and humectant properties and the plant-derived essential, coconut, and other vegetable oils, composed of triglycerides that microbiota lipases hydrolyze into glycerin, a potent humectant, and fatty acids (FAs) with varying physico-chemical properties. Unsaturated FAs have high linoleic acid used for synthesis of ceramide-I linoleate, a barrier lipid, but more pro-inflammatory omega-6:-3 ratios above 10:1, and their double bonds form less occlusive palisades. VCO FAs have a low linoleic acid content but shorter and saturated FAs that form a more compact palisade, more anti-inflammatory omega-6:-3 ratio of 2:1, close to 7:1 of olive oil, which disrupts the skin barrier, otherwise useful as a penetration enhancer. Updates on the stratum corneum illustrate how this review on the contrasting actions of NOs provide information on which to avoid and which to select for barrier repair and to lower inflammation in contact dermatitis genesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the physical, mechanical, and antioxidant properties of chicken skin gelatin films incorporated with virgin coconut oil (VCO). Prepared chicken skin gelatin films at different VCO concentrations (0–30%) were characterized for their physical (water vapor permeability and light transmission), mechanical (tensile strength, elongation at break), and antioxidant (DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content) properties. The tensile strength and elongation at the film's break showed a decreasing and increasing trend with the increase of VCO concentration. The water vapor permeability of films showed no significant difference as the added oil concentration increased. In addition, the films with VCO added showed a good light barrier with a lower light transmission value at a high oil concentration. The incorporation of oil in gelatin films decreases the glass transition temperature (T g) with the increasing amount of oil. Furthermore, the film's microstructure became rougher and more discontinuous with the addition of oil percentage. The increasing VCO concentration also enhanced the intensity of the Amide A, Amide I, Amide II, and Amide III functional groups. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content in films also increased with VCO concentration. Thus, these results revealed that VCO could be incorporated with gelatin film to make active film packaging or edible film packaging for some food applications for protein-rich food, such as meat or edible packaging for primary packaging. • The TS and EAB of the film showed a decreasing and increasing trend with the increase of virgin coconut oil concentration. • A film with VCO added showed a good light barrier with a lower value of light transmission at a high concentration of oil. • The incorporation of oil in gelatin films decreases the glass transition temperature (T g) with the increasing amount of oil. • The microstructure of film became rougher and more discontinuous with the addition of oil percentage. • The increasing of VCO also enhanced the intensity for Amide A, Amide I, Amide II, and Amide III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance or quality of the Virgin coconut oil (VCO) during continuous/prolonged deep fat frying of soaked bengal gram dhal was evaluated at 180 °C ± 5 °C for 8 h with the help of physico-chemical and rheological parameters. Chemical changes indicated that the free fatty acid (FFA) content and TBA increased significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) from 0.11 to 0.98 % lauric acid and 0.06 to 0.61 malonaldehyde/kg of oil respectively. Initially, the peroxide value (PV) of VCO sample was 3.25 meqO/kg which increased to 9.12 meqO/kg after 6 h of frying but at the end of frying the value of PV was again found to decrease (8.01 meqO/kg). The regression coefficients (R) between CD, CT and frying time were 0.964 and 0.983 respectively. The L*, a* and b* colour values measured on the CIELAB colour scale showed a decrease in L* and increase in a*, b* values after 8 h of continuous frying. The p-AV and total polar compounds were increased significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) from 2.41 to 17.93 and 2.77 to 8.14 % respectively. Initially, the viscosity of VCO was 49.87cp which increased to 69.87cp after 8 h of continuous frying. The FTIR spectra justify that VCO samples after 8 h of frying found to be stable and acceptable as there was no change occurred at 1,739 cm frequency which mainly corresponded to carbonylic compounds resulted from the hydroperoxide decompositions after 8 h of continuous frying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer amongst Malaysian women. Both the disease and its treatment can disrupt the lives of the woman and adversely affect all aspects of life and thus can alter a woman's quality of life. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on the quality of life (QOL) of patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: This was a prospective study of breast cancer patients admitted into the Oncology Unit of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. The sample consisted of 60 patients with stage III and IV breast cancer allocated to either an intervention group (n = 30) or a control group (n = 30) using a simple random table. QOL was evaluated from the first cycle of chemotherapy to the sixth cycle, and data were collected using a validated Bahasa Malaysia version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Breast Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-C30) and its breast-specific module (QLQ-BR 23). Results: The mean age of breast cancer patients was 50.2 (SD = 13.5) years. There were significant mean score differences for functioning and global QOL between groups (a < 0.01). The intervention group also had better scores for symptoms including fatigue, dyspnea, sleep difficulties, and loss of appetite compared to the control group. Although there are deteriorations for sexual enjoyment, the intervention group exhibited improvement in breast functioning and symptom scores for body image, sexual function, future perspective, breast symptoms, and systemic therapy side effects. Conclusion: VCO consumption during chemotherapy helped improve the functional status and global QOL of breast cancer patients. In addition, it reduced the symptoms related to side effects of chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-aging is one of the top goals in the field of health care and aesthetics. Anti-aging cosmetics derived from nature are oriented to long-term development, bringing safety to users and being environmentally friendly. The aim of this study was to develop an anti-aging cosmetic formulation process based on coconut oil in combination with deer antler stem cell extract. The results show that the presence of deer antler stem cell extract added to the foundation made the serum product highly stable and helped improve skin aging significantly after 2 weeks of use. The skin site where the serum product was applied showed a smooth and elastic skin surface, with very few fine lines and shallow wrinkles. Serum reduced the number of wrinkles (48.09% compared to commercial serum (ME) and 60.31% compared to positive control (PC)), reduced skin recovery time (39.31% compared to ME and 67.1% of PC) after two weeks of use. After 2 weeks of use, collagen density increased 10.18% compared to ME and 63.76% compared to control. Epidermal thickness increased by 106.1% compared to PC and 121.7% compared to ME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a vegetable oil that is extracted from fresh coconut meat and is processed using only physical and other natural means. VCO was compared to refined, bleached, and deodorized coconut oil (RCO) using standard quality parameters, 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and headspace solid-phase micro - extraction/gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME/GCMS). VCO tends to have higher free fatty acids (FFAs), moisture, and volatile matter and lower peroxide value than RCO. However, the range of values overlap and no single standard parameter alone can be 31 used to differentiate VCO from RCO. Using 31P NMR, VCO and RCO can be distinguished in terms of the total amount of diglycerides: VCO showed an average content (w/w %) of 1.55, whereas RCO gave an average of 4.10. There was no overlap in the values found for individual VCO and RCO samples. There are four common methods of producing VCO: expeller (EXP), centrifuge (CEN), and fermentation with and without heat. VCO products prepared using these four methods could not be differentiated using standard quality parameters. Sensory analysis showed that VCO produced by fermentation (with and without heat) could be distinguished from those produced using the EXP and CEN methods; this sensory differentiation correlated with the higher levels of acetic acid and octanoic acid in the VCO produced by fermentation. Studies on physicochemical deterioration of VCO showed that VCO is stable to chemical and photochemical oxidation and hydrolysis. VCO is most susceptible to microbial attack, which leads to the formation of various organic acids, in particular, lactic acid. However, at moisture levels below 0.06 %, microbial action is significantly lessened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated some pharmacological properties of virgin coconut oil (VCO), the natural pure oil from coconut [ Cocos nucifera Linn (Palmae)] milk, which was prepared without using chemical or high-heat treatment. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of VCO were assessed. In acute inflammatory models, VCO showed moderate anti-inflammatory effects on ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced ear edema in rats, and carrageenin- and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema. VCO exhibited an inhibitory effect on chronic inflammation by reducing the transudative weight, granuloma formation, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. VCO also showed a moderate analgesic effect on the acetic acid-induced writhing response as well as an antipyretic effect in yeast-induced hyperthermia. The results obtained suggest anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties of VCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, virgin coconut oil (VCO) is becoming valuable oil and is receiving an attractive topic for researchers because of its several biological activities. In cosmetics industry, VCO is excellent material which functions as a skin moisturizer and softener. Therefore, it is important to develop a quantitative analytical method offering a fast and reliable technique. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with sample handling technique of attenuated total reflectance (ATR) can be successfully used to analyze VCO quantitatively in cream cosmetic preparations. A multivariate analysis using calibration of partial least square (PLS) model revealed the good relationship between actual value and FTIR-predicted value of VCO with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.998. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study the unique factors of virgin coconut oil (VCO) compared with coconut oil (i.e., coconut oil processed through heating the coconut milk and palm oil sold on the market). Its novelty is that it (VCO) contains lactic acid bacteria and bacteriocin. Lauric acid content was analyzed by the Chromatographic Gas method. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was conducted by the dilution method using MRSA + 0.5% CaCO3 media. Iodium number, peroxide, and %FFA were analyzed using a general method, and isolation bacteriocin by the deposition method using ammonium sulfate. In addition, macromolecular identification was conducted by 16S rRNA. VCO was distinguished by a higher content of lauric acid (C12:0) 41%–54.5% as compared with 0% coconut and 0, 1% palm oil, respectively. The VCO also contains LAB, namely Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paracasei, and can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhosa and bacteriocin. Comparison with VCO is based on having a high content of lauric acid, 54%, and LAB content. The difference between VCO and coconut oil and palm oil is fatty acids. In VCO there are lauric acid and stearic acid, namely lauric acid VCO (A) 54.06%, VCO (B) 53.9% and VCO (C) 53.7%. The content of stearic acid VCO (A) is 12.03%, VCO (B) 12.01% and VCO (C) 11.9%. Coconut oil contains a little lauric acid, which is 2.81%, stearic acid 2.65% and palmitic acid 2.31%. Palm oil can be said to have very little lauric acid, namely in palm oil 1, 0.45%, and even in palm oil 2, 0%; in turn, palmitic acid palm oil 1 has 2.88% and palm oil 2 palmitic acid has 24.42%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy equipped with Attenuated total reflection (ATR) was employed along with chemometrics to develop the methodology for classification and quantification of virgin coconut oil (VCO) from its adulterant paraffin oil (PO) in proportions of 1–18% v/v PO. Out of a total of 128 samples, based on spectral data of 96 samples, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used on the selected informative region (3000-2800 cm−1 and 1800-700 cm−1) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) was applied on selected 13 wavenumbers obtained from the loading plot. LDA accurately classified 100% of the initial groups as well as when cross-validated. For quantification, Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Square Regression (PLS-R) calibration models were developed and compared for normal, first and second derivatives of the combined optimized region and separate optimized regions 3000-2800 cm−1 and 1800-700 cm−1 to get a robust calibration model. PLS-R model for 2nd derivative of optimized spectra (1800-700 cm−1) showed best results for prediction with high precision and accuracy (RPD: 38.17, RE%: 0.05), the high R2 value of 0.999 and low root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.16% v/v. The lowest limit of detection of PO in VCO was predicted as 1% v/v. • ATR-FTIR spectroscopy along with chemometrics was applied for the detection of PO adulteration in VCO. • PCA and LDA successfully differentiated and classified PO adulterants from VCO. • Outstanding R2 (0.999), RMSEC (0.142) and RMSEP (0.162) values obtained for PLS-R. • The lowest limit of detection of PO in VCO was predicted as 1% v/v. • This whole technique is swift and needs no redundant sample preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]