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This research looks at how some plant species' development and metabolic characteristics are affected by heavy metal pollution in mining soils. Two mining sites provided soil samples, which were compared to control soil from a university campus. The growth, protein, carbohydrate, and proline content of the chosen species--Sorghum bicolor, Vigna mungo, Eleusine coracana, Brassica juncea, and Telfairia occidentalis--were assessed in a greenhouse environment. The findings showed that plants growing in polluted soils had lower amounts of protein and carbohydrates, and that Vigna mungo and Sorghum bicolor were more resistant to metal stress. In polluted soils, elevated proline buildup indicated a stress reaction. The research emphasizes the detrimental effects of heavy metal pollution on plant health and raises the possibility that tolerant species might be useful in phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigated the seasonal incidence of gram pod borer or Helico armigera, and spotted borer infesting Vigna mungo. The infestation of pod borer was first observed in the third week of August 2024 and showed a positive correlation with both maximum and minimum temperatures, morning relative humidity, and evening relative humidity. Factors that correlated the infestation of spotted pod borer are also mentioned.

Background: Blackgram is an important pulse crop grown in India. The creation of new variability through hybridization or mutation breeding will produce novel segregants for important yield attributing traits. The selection from the population will be effective if the traits have good genetic variability estimates. Methods: The present investigation was conducted on analysing genetic variability parameters in F2 populations of the blackgram crosses CO 5 × VBN 9 and CO 6 × VBN 11 which were evaluated during rabi, 2022. Result: Based on the coefficient of variations, it was found that sufficient amount of genetic variability and high to moderate heritability with high genetic advance were present in the populations for the traits viz., plant height, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant indicates the presence of additive gene action which can be improved by simple selection in the earlier generations. The positive skewness was observed for the traits viz., number of branches per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight and seed yield per plant in F2 population of CO 5 × VBN 9 and number of clusters per plant, number of pods per cluster, number of pods per plant and seed yield per plant in the F2 population of CO 6 × VBN 11. The above traits could be improved by intensive selection for rapid improvement. The leptokurtic nature of the distribution for the trait hundred seed weight in CO 5 × VBN 9 population and the traits viz., number of clusters per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and seed yield per plant in CO 6 × VBN 11 population indicates that these traits are controlled by few minor genes. Hence, the good segregants could be selected from these two populations for yield improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a highly nutritious grain legume crop, mainly grown in South and Southeast Asia, with the largest area in India, where the crop is challenged by several biotic and abiotic stresses leading to significant yield losses. Improving genetic gains to increase on-farm yields is the primary goal of black gram breeding programs. This could be achieved by developing varieties resistant to major diseases like mungbean yellow mosaic disease, urdbean leaf crinkle virus, Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose, powdery mildew, and insect pests such as whitefly, cowpea aphids, thrips, stem flies, and bruchids. Along with increasing on-farm yields, incorporating market-preferred traits ensures the adoption of improved varieties. Black gram breeding programs rely upon a limited number of parental lines, leading to a narrow genetic base of the developed varieties. For accelerating genetic gain, there is an urgent need to include more diverse genetic material for improving traits for better adaptability and stress resistance in breeding populations. The present review summarizes the importance of black gram, the major biotic and abiotic stresses, available genetic and genomic resources, major traits for potential crop improvement, their inheritance, and the breeding approaches being used in black gram for the development of new varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbohydrates are significant components of legumes, and their profiling can provide information about their nutritional value and potential health benefits. This study explores the proximate composition and carbohydrate profiles of accessions of three underutilized legumes, namely, Vigna radiata, Vigna mungo, and Macrotyloma uniflorum. The total starch and soluble sugar are determined. Starch granule morphology and diameter are determined using scanning electron microscopy and chain length distribution of amylopectin is analyzed using Capillary Electrophoresis. All accessions of the legumes vary both in their proximate composition and carbohydrate components. Accessions of M. uniflorum (PI‐658594‐01‐SD) have the highest carbohydrate component (7.6%) while V. radiata (TVR‐42) has the least (4.2%). Macrotyloma uniflorum accensions (PI‐658594‐01‐SD, and PI‐180437‐01‐SD) have the highest starch and sucrose contents, while V. mungo accensions (TVM‐13, and TVM‐11) have the lowest. The glucose and fructose contents are lower than sucrose in all the accessions of the legumes. Macrotyloma uniflorum accensions exhibit larger granules while accessions of Vigna species have the smallest granules. All species accessions exhibit similar amylopectin chain length distribution profiles although accessions of V. mungo slightly differ in their proportion of long and short glucan chains. The three species of underutilized legumes exhibit unique characteristics which make them suitable for consumption and may be exploited as a source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a condition triggered by environmental factors, particularly prevalent in humid conditions, leading to substantial yield losses in black gram. While the potential for genotypic PHS tolerance exists, it has not been thoroughly assessed in black gram. Hence, the present study aimed to delve into the genetic variation for PHS tolerance in diverse black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) germplasm, and also to comprehend the impact of various physical and physiological traits on PHS. A diverse set of 112 black gram accessions collected across the phytogeographical zones of India were examined for their seed and pod characteristics. Water absorption by pods and seeds and fresh-seed germination was calculated by following the standard procedure given by the International Seed Testing Association. The alpha-amylase activity was measured on dry seeds (0 h), 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after germination of each accession, using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer, and hard-seededness was measured using a texture analyzer machine. The results showed a wide range in PHS tolerance and FSG, and 13 accessions were found to be PHS-tolerant (PHS value < 10%). An indicator of PHS, seed germination in a pod, ranged from 2.75% in IC485641 (highly tolerant to PHS) to 95.85% in IC530501 (highly susceptible to PHS). Correlation and multivariate analysis revealed that PHS was positively correlated with water imbibition by pod and seed, fresh-seed germination and alpha-amylase activity. PHS-tolerant accessions showed a slow increase in alpha-amylase activity, in contrast to PHS-susceptible accessions. The utilization of alpha-amylase activity as a biochemical marker has the potential for evaluating PHS tolerance across various black gram accessions. The identified PHS-tolerant accessions can be used as donors in crop improvement programs aimed at developing PHS-tolerant black gram varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black gram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is a highly nutritious grain legume crop, mainly grown in South and Southeast Asia, with the largest area in India, where the crop is challenged by several biotic and abiotic stresses leading to significant yield losses. Improving genetic gains to increase on-farm yields is the primary goal of black gram breeding programs. This could be achieved by developing varieties resistant to major diseases like mungbean yellow mosaic disease, urdbean leaf crinkle virus, Cercospora leaf spot, anthracnose, powdery mildew, and insect pests such as whitefly, cowpea aphids, thrips, stem flies, and bruchids. Along with increasing on-farm yields, incorporating market-preferred traits ensures the adoption of improved varieties. Black gram breeding programs rely upon a limited number of parental lines, leading to a narrow genetic base of the developed varieties. For accelerating genetic gain, there is an urgent need to include more diverse genetic material for improving traits for better adaptability and stress resistance in breeding populations. The present review summarizes the importance of black gram, the major biotic and abiotic stresses, available genetic and genomic resources, major traits for potential crop improvement, their inheritance, and the breeding approaches being used in black gram for the development of new varieties.

Urdbean leaf crinkle disease (ULCD) affects mainly the urdbean or blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) causing distinct symptoms that often result in serious yield losses. It has been known to occur for more than five decades and is considered to be of viral etiology. The identity of the causal agent, often referred to as the urdbean leaf crinkle virus, is not unequivocally proved. There are few attempts to characterize the causal agent of ULCD; however, there is no unanimity in the results. Recent attempts to characterize the causal agent of ULCD using next-generation sequencing of the virome of ULCD-affected urdbean plants indicated the involvement of cowpea mild mottle virus; however, without conforming through Koch's postulates, the etiology of ULCD remains inconclusive. Claims of different insect vectors involved in the transmission of ULCD make this disease even more mysterious. The information available so far indicates that either two different viruses are causing ULCD or a mixture of viruses is involved. The identity of the virus/es causing ULCD still remains to be unambiguously ascertained. In this review, we attempt to analyze information on the various aspects of ULCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)], derived from various industries, including fly ash from coal-based Thermal Power Plants, can be a source of toxic pollution of land and water bodies. This study aimed to bioremediation of such pollutant dump sites using bacteria capable of both Cr(VI) reduction and plant growth-enhancing substance production. The bacteria were isolated from the rhizospheric fly ash of a Thermal Power Plant, Kanpur. One of the rhizospheric isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa R32 showed high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Cr(VI) (1250 µg/ml), heavy metal tolerance (ZnCl2, CdCl2, Pb(NO3)2) up to 100 µg/ml, Acid Red 249 (AR) tolerance and halotolerance (6% NaCl). The isolate R32 also produces plant growth-promoting (PGP) hormones in the absence or presence of Cr (VI). R32 could completely reduce Cr(VI) at a tested dose of 100 and 500 µg/ml after 24h and 72h, respectively. However, decolorization of AR was observed after 48 hours at an initial concentration of 100 µg/ml and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Vigna mungo seed inoculation with isolate R32 showed increased rootling growth compared to shoot after 7 d treatment with 0, 100, 500, and 1000 µg/ml of Cr(VI) concentrations, respectively. Root length tolerance index in Cr(VI) treated V. mungo seedlings was reduced to 56%, 35%, and 29%, respectively, when treated with 100, 500, and 1000 µg/ml Cr(VI) in comparison to control. Cr(VI) sub-MIC concentrations can affect the plant growth-promoting properties of rhizospheric bacteria. Herein, we report the isolation of rhizospheric bacteria P. aeruginosa R32 showing concurrent PGP substance production and Cr(VI) bioreduction capabilities in the presence of PGP inhibitory Cr(VI) concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IAC VR211 and IAC VM211 were developed for growing in Brazil with the aim of responding to the domestic and export market. The cultivars have a mean cycle of 85 days and yield potential of 2,191 kg ha-1 for IAC VR211 and 1,603 kg ha-1 for IAC VM211. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vigna mungo, a highly consumed crop in the pan-Asian countries, is vulnerable to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Understanding the post-transcriptional gene regulatory cascades, especially alternative splicing (AS), may underpin large-scale genetic improvements to develop stress-resilient varieties. Herein, a transcriptome based approach was undertaken to decipher the genome-wide AS landscape and splicing dynamics in order to establish the intricacies of their functional interactions in various tissues and stresses. RNA sequencing followed by high-throughput computational analyses identified 54,526 AS events involving 15,506 AS genes that generated 57,405 transcripts isoforms. Enrichment analysis revealed their involvement in diverse regulatory functions and demonstrated that transcription factors are splicing-intensive, splice variants of which are expressed differentially across tissues and environmental cues. Increased expression of a splicing regulator NHP2L1/SNU13 was found to co-occur with lower intron retention events. The host transcriptome is significantly impacted by differential isoform expression of 1172 and 765 AS genes that resulted in 1227 (46.8% up and 53.2% downregulated) and 831 (47.5% up and 52.5% downregulated) transcript isoforms under viral pathogenesis and Fe2+ stressed condition, respectively. However, genes experiencing AS operate differently from the differentially expressed genes, suggesting AS is a unique and independent mode of regulatory mechanism. Therefore, it can be inferred that AS mediates a crucial regulatory role across tissues and stressful situations and the results would provide an invaluable resource for future endeavours in V. mungo genomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study accounted for fabrication, physico-mechanical, and morphological properties of extracted pine cone scale fiber (natural fiber) and vigna mungo powder (natural filler) reinforced polypropylene composite using the compression molding technique. The behavior of hybrid composites was examined through tensile, flexural, hardness, impact, and SEM characterizations. Compared to the neat polymer matrix, the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites improved. The flexural and hardness properties where significantly enhanced with the addition of Vigna mungo powder. The hybrid composite C2 (30% pine cone scale fiber reinforcement) showed the highest density tensile and impact strength. The composite C5 (30% vigna mungo powder reinforcement) showed the least density, lowest impact, and high flexural strength. This was attributed to the chemical treatment of the fibers, which improved the fibers’ tensile properties due to the removal of the wax layer from fiber surface. The study concluded that naturally occurring pine cone scale fiber and vigna mungo powder could be used as potential reinforcements and can be a viable alternative material for polymer-based composites.

In petri plate bioassay we studied the effects of aqueous leaf extracts from 3- tree species viz., mango (Mangifera indica L.), sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.), moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) on seed germination and seedlings growth of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). We also identified the bioactive compounds in these extracts. The aqueous 5 % leaf extract of A. squamosa significantly increased the germination and seedling growth of both blackgram and cowpea. The seed germination was stimulated by 15 % and 0 %, root length by 21 % and 36.6 %; shoot length by 30.9 % and 21.77 %, seedling weight by 25 % and 95 %than control, respectively. Aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera at 5 % concentration also improved the shoot length; root length and seedling dry weight in both crops over control. On the contrary, it inhibited the seed germination of cowpea by 15 %, when compared to control. Besides, allelochemicals found in moringa leaves also inhibited the germination. According to GCMS results, 2-piperidinone (26.50 %), catechol (15.50 %) and benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro (21.48 %) were, respectively, abundant in the leaf extracts of Annona, Mango, and Moringa. The presence of high amount of phenolic and flavonoids compounds in moringa leaves inhibited the cowpea seed germination than annona. Thus, tree botanicals could be used as a biostimulant as well as bioherbicide to replace the synthetic agrochemicals, thereby, protecting the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress severely affects plant growth and productivity. Black gram is an extensively cultivated legume crop worldwide. Its production has not improved much in the last decade as it is adversely affected by biotic and abiotic stresses among which drought is a major factor. Salicylic acid (SA) pre-treatment to a Vigna mungo variety significantly increases chlorophyll, proline, carbohydrate, and total phenolic content. APX, GPX and SOD activities also increase and CAT activity decreased. At molecular level, induced expression of various stress-related genes, i.e. heat shock protein (Hsp), calmodulin (CAM), malate dehydrogenase (MD), metallothionein (MT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), tryptophan synthase (TSN), zinc finger (ZF), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and WRKY proteins are analysed by quantitative RT PCR after 1 mM SA treatment under short-term drought stress. It is observed that 1 mM SA pre-treatment is optimum to increase tolerance against short-term drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The current experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on the growth, physiological, biochemical, antioxidant and agronomic parameters of black gram Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper under salinity stress. One group of experimental plants of V. mungo varieties ADT-5 was treated with 75 mM NaCl, and the other group was kept without NaCl as control. Various concentrations of SA (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mM) were sprayed on the experimental plant to test its effect. Under salinity stress, the morpho-biochemical parameters were significantly reduced in the salt-treated plant. The results revealed that SA foliar spray mitigated the salinity-induced adverse effect on plant. The apparent increase in chlorophyll a by 81%, chlorophyll b by 63%, carotenoid by 25%, decreased malondialdehyde by 5% and electrolyte leakage by 29% was reported using SA (0.5 mM) foliar spray under salt stress. Foliar application of SA enhanced proline content and enzymatic antioxidants enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GR) activity of V. mungo by 18, 29, 46, 37, and 38%, respectively, compared to the control group. It was revealed that foliar application of SA could enhance the yield of the V. mungo under salt stress conditions. Our results demonstrated that SA mitigated the deleterious impact of salt stress and may be used as a tool to enhance food production under global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is focussed on the polyphenolic components from the seed coat extract of Vigna mungo (SCEVM) and correlates the findings with their specific therapeutic properties by evaluating the levels of total phenolic (142.1 ± 0.2 mg GE/g) and flavonoid (101.3 ± 0.1 mg Quercetin Equivalents/g) contents with DPPH, ABTS and Superoxide radical models. SCEVM exhibited rich in terpenoids (95.5 ± 0.4 mg/100 g) and specific flavonoids such as quercetin and catechin. These bioactive components were effectively involved in the catalysis and promotion of anti-inflammatory (78.6%), anti-cholesterol activity (93.35 ± 0.5) and the maximum pancreatic cholesterol esterase inhibition of 97.21%. Antidiabetic property of SCEVM was determined by inhibition analysis against α-amylase and α- glucosidases enzyme and the SCEVM was showed significant α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition of 82.3 ± 0.4 and 80.5 ± 0.1% respectively. A strong correlation between the polyphenols and antioxidant characteristics of SCEVM was observed and the results will provide a technical basis for high trough put and cost-effective utilization of SCEVM in food industry for the development of nutraceuticals for various therapeutic management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes and pulses are important food components with various phytochemicals and health benefits. However, the health-related bioactivities of some underutilized species remain uninvestigated. To breed a new bean lineage with particular health-related properties, this study investigated phenolics (specifically, isoflavones) and the in vitro inhibitory activities of the enzyme relevant to some non-communicable diseases in underutilized cultivars of Phaseolus lunatus (lima beans), compared to the commonly consumed P. vulgaris (red kidney bean) and beans in the Glycine and Vigna genera. The results indicated that soybeans in the Glycine genus contained the highest isoflavone contents, especially glycitein (1825–2633 mg/100 g bean) and daidzein (1153–6471 mg/100 g bean), leading to potentially higher enzyme inhibitory activities (25–26% inhibition against α-amylase, 54–60% inhibition against α-glucosidase, 42–46% inhibition against dipeptidyl peptidase IV, 12–19% inhibition against acetylcholinesterase and 20–23% inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase) than those from other genera. Interestingly, lima beans with low isoflavone content (up to 2 mg/100 g bean) still possessed high inhibitory activities against lipase (12–21% inhibition) and β-secretase (50–58% inhibition), suggesting that bioactive compounds other than the isoflavones might be responsible for these activities. Isoflavone contents and enzyme inhibitory activities in Vigna beans were diverse, depending on the particular cultivars. The information gained from this study can be used for further investigation of bioactive components and in-depth health properties, as well as for future breeding of a new lineage of bean with specific health potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic distance assessment of forty blackgram genotypes was conducted employing Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics considering ten quantitative characters. All the studied genotypes were grouped in ten discrete clusters, among which cluster I was indeed the largest with thirteen genotypes followed by cluster V with eight genotypes, cluster IV with seven genotypes and cluster II with five genotypes. Cluster IX was digenotypic, other clusters III, VI, VII, VIII and X were all solitary. Cluster IV and IX had the greatest inter-cluster gap followed by cluster VIII and IX, clusters VII and IX, clusters II and IX, clusters III and IX, clusters V and IV, clusters IX and Cluster X and between cluster VI and IX, implying that a successful breeding programme can be begun by selecting diverse lines to improve productivity and other yield-related traits. In the current investigation, cluster X, cluster VI, cluster IV and cluster VIII were considered divergent enough and found to be the best. Hence, genotypes from these clusters viz., TU 94-2 from cluster IX, PU 31 from cluster VI, IPU 94-1 from cluster IV and LBG 623 from cluster VIII can be used in the crossing programme for additional genetic enhancement. Cluster IX had the highest mean score for traits viz., the number of clusters per plant, the number of pods per plant, pod length, test weight and grain yield per plant. The number of pods per plant provided the most to genetic diversity succeeded by the number of clusters per plant, days to maturity, plant height, pod length and test weight. As a result, in a crossing programme, selecting and utilising genotypes based on these traits will be more rewarding. Furthermore, taking into account the genotype disposition in various clusters, one can perform different possible crosses to produce heterotic hybrids or transgressive segregants, based on the nature of gene action regulating the traits.

Gahana bori (in Bengali) or ornamental lentil dumpling is a state-of-art preparation designed in the form of paisleys, ornaments or flowers, used as a decorative adjunct with the main dish. Here, we have made an attempt to evaluate the dirtotherapeutic potency of this traditional preparation. The principal ingredient is the Vigna mungo (blackgram/urad bean). In its preparation, the soaked bean is pasted and placed on a cloth piece having a central small pore. The fermented paste is squeezed onto the poppy seeds containing plate in such a way that it looks like an ornament. The sundried preparation is generally fried in oil and served along with the meal. For the first time, we have scientifically explored Gahana bori. The number of total aerobes, total anaerobes, yeast, mould, and LAB were increased during soaking. The contents of free phenolics and flavonoids were increased in the fermented paste and that also reflected by the higher in vitro DPPH antioxidant activity. The levels of B-group of vitamins particularly the quantity of riboflavin, thiamin, folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin C were also enriched in the products. The water extract of this product exhibited a notable antibacterial activity against enteropathogens. Thus, the lentil-based Gahana bori is not only improved the appearance or presentation of food product but also the same have a good health beneficial potentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the specialization of organic inputs is very important and the use of locally available inputs is significant. Current experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of Panchagavya, Casuarina needle litter and Paenibacillus polymyxa either single or in combined inoculation with each other on growth and yield of Vigna mungo under identical experimental condition. The results revealed that seedlings inoculated with Panchagavya + Casuarina needle litter powder+ Paenibacillus polymyxa recorded higher growth and yield of Vigna mungo. It was recorded that 16 % total length, 11.5% collar diameter, 46 %number of leaves and 55.7% increase over control plants. It is recemented that similar studies are needed to find out the impact of combined inoculation of Panchagavya + Casuarina needle litter + Paenibacillus polymyxa on Vigna mungo under field condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable management of huge volume of agricultural waste in India can be resolved through composting and used as soil amendment. Agriculture waste compost amendments can optimistically alter the physicochemical (pH, C, N, & P) as well as biological nature (microbial activity/biomass and enzymatic activity) of infertile soil. Hence this study, the agriculture wastes such as sugarcane trash, corn stover, and pearl millet stalks were converted to composite through decomposition pit. Interestingly, test crops residues individual composites and their mixed form contained considerable quantity of vital elements like TC, TN, TP, TK, and C:N ratio and can effectively convert infertile soil to fertile soil. These test crop composites also had a significant impact on MBN (42.3 μg g−1), MBC (198.4 μg g−1), and MBP (196.4 μg g−1) in test soil, as well as dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity. However, the mixed composite effects are significantly greater than the individual test crop composite effects. Furthermore, it effectively remediates/converts infertile soil to fertile soil, and it ultimately demonstrated positive effects on Vigna mungo biometric (SH, RH, WB, and DB) and biomolecule (total chlorophyll, total carbohydrate, and total proteins) profiles, followed by individual test crop composites. According to the findings of this study, the incorporation of crop residue-based mixed composite significantly transforms infertile soil into fertile soil and promotes the growth of V. mungo. • Effectively decompose the sugarcane trash, corn stover, & pearl millet stalks. • Each test crop composite contain vital elements like TC, TN, TP, TK, and C:N ratio. • Showed optimistic effects on MBN, MBC, and MBP in test (infertile) soil. • Also demonstrated fine dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity. • It also showed considerable effects on V. mungo biometric and biomolecule profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes and pulses are nutrient-dense foods providing a good source of protein, complex carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. To breed a new lineage of beans with specific nutritional and health beneficial purposes, more information on original lineage beans must be obtained. However, data concerning the nutritive compositions, total phenolic contents (TPCs), and health benefits regarding the antioxidant potentials of some original lineage beans in Thailand remain scarce, causing difficulty in decisional selection to breed a new lineage. Thus, this study aimed to examine the nutritional values (proximate compositions, vitamins, and minerals), TPCs, and antioxidant activities of ten original lineage bean cultivars in Glycine, Phaseolus, and Vigna genera from Genebank, Department of Agriculture (DOA), Thailand. The results indicated that beans in the Glycine genus potentially provided higher energy, protein, fat, and calcium contents than other genera, while the Phaseolus genus tended to provide higher carbohydrate and dietary fiber. Specifically, lima bean cultivar '38' exhibited high vitamin B1, and red kidney bean cultivar '112' exhibited high potassium content. Beans in the Vigna genus exhibited high TPCs and antioxidant activities. However, their nutritional compositions were markedly varied. The results of this work could support bean consumption as a feasible alternative diet and be used as a reference for future bean breeding (within the same genera) of a new lineage with particular nutritional requirements and health potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is an important tropical and sub-tropical shortduration legume that is rich in dietary protein and micronutrients. Producing high-yielding blackgram varieties is hampered by insufficient genetic variability, absence of suitable ideotypes, low harvest index and susceptibility to biotic-abiotic stresses. Seed yield, a complex trait resulting from the expression and interaction of multiple genes, necessitates the evaluation of diverse germplasm for the identification of novel yield contributing traits. Henceforth, a panel of 100 blackgram genotypes was evaluated at two locations (Ludhiana and Gurdaspur) across two seasons (Spring 2019 and Spring 2020) for 14 different yield related traits. A wide range of variability, high broad-sense heritability and a high correlation of grain yield were observed for 12 out of 14 traits studied among all environments. Investigation of population structure in the panel using a set of 4,623 filtered SNPs led to identification of four sub-populations based on ad-hoc delta K and Cross entropy value. Using Farm CPU model and Mixed Linear Model algorithms, a total of 49 significant SNP associations representing 42 QTLs were identified. Allelic effects were found to be statistically significant at 37 out of 42 QTLs and 50 known candidate genes were identified in 24 of QTLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is an important tropical and sub-tropical short-duration legume that is rich in dietary protein and micronutrients. Producing high-yielding blackgram varieties is hampered by insufficient genetic variability, absence of suitable ideotypes, low harvest index and susceptibility to biotic-abiotic stresses. Seed yield, a complex trait resulting from the expression and interaction of multiple genes, necessitates the evaluation of diverse germplasm for the identification of novel yield contributing traits. Henceforth, a panel of 100 blackgram genotypes was evaluated at two locations (Ludhiana and Gurdaspur) across two seasons (Spring 2019 and Spring 2020) for 14 different yield related traits. A wide range of variability, high broad-sense heritability and a high correlation of grain yield were observed for 12 out of 14 traits studied among all environments. Investigation of population structure in the panel using a set of 4,623 filtered SNPs led to identification of four sub-populations based on ad-hoc delta K and Cross entropy value. Using Farm CPU model and Mixed Linear Model algorithms, a total of 49 significant SNP associations representing 42 QTLs were identified. Allelic effects were found to be statistically significant at 37 out of 42 QTLs and 50 known candidate genes were identified in 24 of QTLs.

Abstract Background Black gram [Vigna mungo (L)] seeds are a rich source of digestible protein and dietary fibre, both for human and animal consumption. However, the quality and quantity of the Vigna seeds are severely affected by bruchid beetles during storage. Therefore, analyses of the expression of the bruchid induced transcript dynamics in black gram pods would be helpful to understand the underlying defense mechanism against bruchid oviposition. Results We used the RNAseq approach to survey the changes in transcript profile in the developing seeds of a moderately resistant cultivar IC-8219 against bruchid oviposition using a susceptible cultivar T-9 as a control. A total of 96,084,600 and 99,532,488 clean reads were generated from eight (4 each) samples of IC-8219 and T-9 cultivar, respectively. Based on the BLASTX search against the NR database, 32,584 CDSs were generated of which 31,817 CDSs were significantly similar to Vigna radiata, a close relative of Vigna mungo. The IC-8219 cultivar had 630 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of which 304 and 326 genes up and down-regulated, respectively. However, in the T-9 cultivar, only 168 DEGs were identified of which 142 and 26 genes up and down-regulated, respectively. The expression analyses of 10 DEGs by qPCR confirmed the accuracy of the RNA-Seq data. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses helped us to better understand the role of these DEGs in oviposition mediated defense response of black gram. In both the cultivars, the most significant transcriptomic changes in response to the oviposition were related to the induction of defense response genes, transcription factors, secondary metabolites, enzyme inhibitors, and signal transduction pathways. It appears that the bruchid ovipositioning mediated defense response in black gram is induced by SA signaling pathways and defense genes such as defensin, genes for secondary metabolites, and enzyme inhibitors could be potential candidates for resistance to bruchids. Conclusion We generated a transcript profile of immature black gram pods upon bruchid ovipositioning by de novo assembly and studied the underlying defense mechanism of a moderately resistant cultivar.