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Study Design A post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. Purpose This study aimed to identify factors at the time of injury associated with declining activities of daily living (ADLs) in the chronic phase of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) managed conservatively. Overview of Literature Although a conservative approach is the treatment of choice for OVFs, ADLs do not improve or eventually decrease in some cases. However, the risk factors for ADL decline after the occurrence of OVFs, particularly the difference between those with or without initial bed rest, are unknown. Methods A total of 224 consecutive patients with OVFs aged ≥65 years who received treatment within 2 weeks after the occurrence of injury were enrolled. The patients were followed up for 6 months thereafter. The criteria for evaluating the degree of independence were applied to evaluate ADLs. Multivariable analysis with a logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the risk factors for ADL decline. Results In total, 49/224 patients (21.9%) showed a decline in ADLs. Of these, 23/116 patients (19.8%) in the rest group and 26/108 patients (24.1%) in the no-rest group experienced a decline in ADLs. In the logistic regression analyses, a diffuse low signal on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (odds ratio, 5.78; 95% confidence interval, 2.09–16.0; p=0.0007) and vertebral instability (odds ratio, 3.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.32–11.4; p=0.0135) were identified as independent factors in the rest and no-rest groups, respectively. Conclusions In patients with acute OVFs, a diffuse low signal on T2-weighted MRI and severe vertebral instability were independently associated with ADL decline in patients treated with and without initial bed rest, respectively.

Study Design: A post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors at the time of injury associated with declining activities of daily living (ADLs) in the chronic phase of osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) managed conservatively. Overview of Literature: Although a conservative approach is the treatment of choice for OVFs, ADLs do not improve or eventually decrease in some cases. However, the risk factors for ADL decline after the occurrence of OVFs, particularly the difference between those with or without initial bed rest, are unknown. Methods: A total of 224 consecutive patients with OVFs aged ≥65 years who received treatment within 2 weeks after the occurrence of injury were enrolled. The patients were followed up for 6 months thereafter. The criteria for evaluating the degree of independence were applied to evaluate ADLs. Multivariable analysis with a logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the risk factors for ADL decline. Results: In total, 49/224 patients (21.9%) showed a decline in ADLs. Of these, 23/116 patients (19.8%) in the rest group and 26/108 patients (24.1%) in the no-rest group experienced a decline in ADLs. In the logistic regression analyses, a diffuse low signal on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (odds ratio, 5.78; 95% confidence interval, 2.09–16.0; p=0.0007) and vertebral instability (odds ratio, 3.89; 95% confidence interval, 1.32–11.4; p=0.0135) were identified as independent factors in the rest and no-rest groups, respectively. Conclusions: In patients with acute OVFs, a diffuse low signal on T2-weighted MRI and severe vertebral instability were independently associated with ADL decline in patients treated with and without initial bed rest, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is an emerging disease. This review aims to investigate the role of gender-related factors in the diagnosis, clinical, and surgical management of LBP. Methods: From January 2002 to March 2023, EMBASE, SCOPUS, OVID-MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched to identify relevant papers for further analysis. Results: Fifteen papers were included in this review. Sex- and gender-related differences were analyzed regarding the following points: (1) LBP epidemiology; (2) LBP physiopathology; (3) conservative management of LBP; (4) major vertebral surgery for LBP. The conservative treatment of LBP highlights that women claim services later in terms of poorer health status than men. In the postoperative phase, female patients show worse LBP, quality of life, and disability, but equal or greater interval change, compared with male patients complaining of lumbar degenerative disease. Conclusions: LBP epidemiology and clinical outcomes, following conservative and surgical management of patients complaining of back pain, might depend on both sex- and gender-related factors. It is mandatory to assess gender-related indicators in patients referred to LBP and address them to improve their clinical outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review seeks to identify the SINS score application in the radiation oncology field. This literature review was performed searching papers on MEDLINE published from January 2010 to August 2022. In terms of vertebral painful lesions and RT symptomatic responses, the SINS score could be an interesting aid in order to choose the right therapeutic approach. Lesions with higher level of instability, and therefore higher SINS score, could did not find any significant benefit from radiation therapy which is more effective on the tumor-related pain component. For SINS as a predictor of adverse event after RT or its changes after RT, we obtained contrasting results. The reported few experiences showed ambiguous conclusions. Further prospective studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Case series summary: A 1-year-old castrated male Maine Coon cat was referred because of a 1-week history of progressive spastic non-ambulatory paraparesis. An MRI examination of the thoracolumbar spine showed multiple lytic lesions, with the most aggressive one centred on the adjacent endplates of L1–L2 and its associated disc. Ventral new bone formation, L1 vertebral body shortening and mild dorsal displacement of the caudal aspect of L1 were noted. Contrast enhancement of both paravertebral soft tissue and extradural lesion was present. These findings were compatible with L1–L2 discospondylitis (DS), spinal epidural empyema (SEE), with secondary L1 pathological vertebral fracture, subluxation and spinal cord compression. CT of the thoracolumbar spine, abdomen and thorax confirmed these findings. The patient deteriorated to paraplegia with absent nociception, despite initial medical therapy. A right-sided L1–L2 hemilaminectomy and spinal decompression were then performed, followed by application of a unilateral construct comprising four smooth arthrodesis wires and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). S taphylococcus aureus was isolated from both epidural material, intraoperatively sampled and blood culture. Antibiotic therapy was continued for 6 weeks, based on susceptibility results. The outcome was excellent, with a gradual improvement and complete neurological recovery at the 8-week postoperative check. Repeated spinal radiographs showed an intact apparatus and marked signs of vertebral fusion. At the 14-month follow-up examination, the cat remained free of clinical signs. Relevance and novel information: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report of SEE and DS in a cat that required surgical stabilisation. The outcome was still optimal, despite the rapid neurological deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vertebral instability (VI) in osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) varies from mild to severe. The relationship between the VI of OVFs and independent factors, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and lumbar muscle volume, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether BMD and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of lumbar muscles are related to VI in OVFs. Methods: On the basis of the thoracolumbar lateral radiographs of 95 acute OVFs in postmenopausal women (mean age 80.6 years; range: 64-103 years), supine and standing vertebral collapse rates (CRsp and CRst, respectively) were determined. Subsequently, VI was defined as follows: VI=CRst−CRsp. Using axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CSA of the psoas major, erector spinae, and multifidus muscles at the L3/4 intervertebral disc level were measured. The BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (total hip) was measured for all participants using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The patients were classified into group 1 (VI

Introduction: We aimed to investigate the risk factors that affect vertebral deformity 6 months after osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) at the time of injury. Materials and methods: From May 2017 to May 2020, 70 postmenopausal women with OVFs were evaluated for age; body mass index; number of previous OVFs; total 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels; posterior wall injury on computed tomography; cross-sectional area (CSA) of the psoas major, erector spinae, and multifidus; fat infiltration; vertebral instability (VI) upon admission; collapse rate (CR); and kyphotic angle (KA) at 6 months after injury. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors for the CR and KA. Results: The CR was correlated with posterior wall injury (r = 0.295, p = 0.022), 25(OH)D levels (r = − 0.367, p = 0.002), and VI (r = 0.307, p = 0.010). In the multiple regression analysis, the 25(OH)D levels (p = 0.032) and VI (p = 0.035) were significant risk factors for the CR at the 6-month follow-up. The KA was correlated with the 25(OH)D levels (r = − 0.262, p = 0.031) and VI (r = 0.298, p = 0.012). In the multiple regression analysis, the CSA of the psoas major (p = 0.011) and VI (p < 0.001) were significant risk factors for the KA at the 6-month follow-up. Conclusion: In cases with large VI at the time of injury, the CR and KA were significantly higher at 6 months after injury. Moreover, the CR was affected by the 25(OH)D level, while the KA was affected by the CSA of the psoas major upon admission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dorsal laminectomy is routinely performed for spinal cord compressions or stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal. However, despite good results, relevant complications have been described in dogs. Considering the incomplete understanding of the necessity for complementary surgical stabilization after performing laminectomies in the cervical region, this study compared the resistance and range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spinal column subjected to Funkquist B laminectomy between the sixth and seventh vertebrae in dogs. Forty-four cervical vertebral columns (C2-T1) of dogs, with an average weight of 26.2±3.8 kg, were selected using radiography and computed tomography. Four experimental groups (n=11) were established according to the mechanical test: two control groups (flexion and extension control) and two laminectomy groups (flexion and extension laminectomies). Numerical results of the maximum loadfor measuring the resistance and ROM of the columns of the two control groups and the two laminectomy groups were compared. The laminectomy groups showed a lower maximum load, regardless of the mechanical test performed (P<0.001). The ROM was not influenced by laminectomy, the type of mechanical test (ventral flexion or extension), or its interaction (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the effect of the laminectomy factors (yes or no) and the effect of the mechanical tests for ventral flexion or extension (P<0.05). In conclusion, Funkquist B dorsal cervical laminectomy between C6 and C7 decreases mechanical resistance with a supraphysiological loading force but does not alter the ROM, suggesting that it can be used without additional mechanical stabilization in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Dorsal laminectomy is routinely performed for spinal cord compressions or stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal. However, despite good results, relevant complications have been described in dogs. Considering the incomplete understanding of the necessity for complementary surgical stabilization after performing laminectomies in the cervical region, this study compared the resistance and range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spinal column subjected to Funkquist B laminectomy between the sixth and seventh vertebrae in dogs. Forty-four cervical vertebral columns (C2-T1) of dogs, with an average weight of 26.2±3.8 kg, were selected using radiography and computed tomography. Four experimental groups (n=11) were established according to the mechanical test: two control groups (flexion and extension control) and two laminectomy groups (flexion and extension laminectomies). Numerical results of the maximum load for measuring the resistance and ROM of the columns of the two control groups and the two laminectomy groups were compared. The laminectomy groups showed a lower maximum load, regardless of the mechanical test performed (P

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To investigate whether the correction amount by balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) is associated with the incidence of adjacent vertebral fractures (AVF). Data from 61 patients without and 25 patients with AVF were analyzed. A linear regression model was used between vertebral instability and corrected angle or height to divide patients into the overcorrection and undercorrection groups. Vertebral fractures overcorrected for instability led to a higher incidence rate of AVF [42.4% and 46.9% with overcorrection vs. 10.7% and 13.3% with undercorrection for angle and height, respectively]. Overcorrection of fractured vertebrae may associate with the increased incidence of AVF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constrictive myelopathy has been described in pugs with paraparesis and is characterized by fibrous connective and granulation tissue within the dura mater causing spinal cord compression and focal gliosis. An association between constrictive myelopathy and caudal articular process (CAP) dysplasia is suspected; however, some studies have reported CAP dysplasia as an incidental finding. The imaging appearance of constrictive myelopathy is currently limited to a small number of cases. The aim of this multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was to detail the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and to correlate these with clinical signs of presumptive constrictive myelopathy in pugs. Medical databases from five veterinary referral hospitals were reviewed to identify pugs with pelvic limb ataxia and paresis, that had a complete record of signalment, neurological examination, and MRI of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. The exclusion criteria were pugs with other conditions, such as unequivocal subarachnoid diverticula, hemivertebrae causing vertebral canal stenosis, intervertebral disc extrusions/protrusions, and multifocal/diffuse lesions. Twenty‐seven pugs met the inclusion criteria. All cases were ambulatory with paraparesis and ataxia. Nearly 60% were incontinent. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a focal myelopathy in all cases showing one or more of the following lesions: CAP dysplasia (25/27), focal subarachnoid space irregular margination (26/27) with circumferential or dorsal contrast enhancement (10/12), and a symmetric V‐shaped ventral extradural lesion (23/27). This study describes specific MRI features of pugs with presumptive constrictive myelopathy, which authors hypothesize to be a consequence of chronic micro‐motion. Our results may help in diagnosing and subsequently treating this condition, which may warrant vertebral stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To demonstrate prediction of complications in osteoporotic vertebral fractures with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes over time. MRI signal intensities in osteoporotic vertebral fractures were investigated according to the interval between onset and imaging as follows: 0–10 days (early), 11–20 days (middle), and 21–30 days (later). The diffuse low pattern rates were 52%, 84%, and 95% and 20%, 24%, and 52% in the early, middle, and later periods on T1-WI and T2-WI, respectively. The diffuse low pattern increased with time. The MRI prediction of complications depends on the time phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The details of clinical symptoms of osteoporotic vertebral fracture with intravertebral clefts are poorly understood at present. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between clinical symptoms and imaging features of osteoporotic vertebral fracture with intravertebral clefts. METHODS: Clinical data of 168 patients with single-level osteoporotic vertebral fracture with intravertebral clefts were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical symptoms were evaluated by Visual Analogue Scale score and Oswestry Disability Index. The incidence of delayed neurologic deficit was recorded. X-ray was used to measure the local kyphosis angle and vertebral instability, and CT was used to diagnose the posterior wall fracture of the vertebral body. The relationship between clinical symptoms and imaging features of osteoporotic vertebral fracture with intravertebral clefts was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The Visual Analogue Scale score and Oswestry Disability Index were 7.7±1.6 and (62.9±19.2)%, respectively. Delayed neurologic deficit occurred in 37 patients (22.0%). Local kyphosis angle and vertebral instability was (16.8±7.7)° and (7.9±4.4)°, respectively. The incidence of posterior wall fracture was 89.8%. (2) The Visual Analogue Scale and Oswestry Disability Index were significantly correlated with vertebral instability (r=0.33, P < 0.001; r=0.53, P < 0.001), but had weak correlation with local kyphosis angle (r=-0.16, P=0.03; r=-0.16, P=0.03). (3) The incidence of vertebral instability in patients with delayed neurologic deficit was significantly higher than that in patients without delayed neurologic deficit (P < 0.001), but there was no difference in local kyphosis angle between two groups (P=0.18). All patients with delayed neurologic deficit had posterior wall fracture, but only 2/3 patients with posterior wall fracture had delayed neurologic deficit. (4) In summary, vertebral instability is one of the factors leading to clinical symptoms of osteoporotic vertebral fracture patients with intravertebral clefts. The vertebral instability may be the main cause of delayed neurologic deficit. In order to treat back pain and delayed neurologic deficit effectively, it is important to control vertebral instability of osteoporotic vertebral fracture patients with intravertebral clefts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the usefulness of acquiring extension radiographs for the evaluation of the degree of spondylolisthesis. Methods: Routine radiographs of the lumbar spine were retrospectively evaluated in 87 patients (mean-age 63, range 32-86) by two independent radiologists. All patients received radiographs in standing neutral, flexion and extension position. Vertebral body depth, sagittal translational displacement and lordosis angle were measured and slip percentage (SP) was calculated on standing neutral, flexion and extension radiographs. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-sided t test. Inter- and intraobserver reliability was assessed using the kappa-coefficient. Results: There was no statistically significant SP-difference between neutral standing and extension images. Ventral instability was diagnosed in 25-34 % (cut-off >8 % SP-difference) for neutral versus flexion comparison. The detection rate of flexion-extension radiographs representing the extremes of motion was lower with 15-22 %. Inter- and intraobserver reliability was good to excellent. Conclusion: Slip percentage in routine standing extension radiography ultimately does not differ from that obtained in a static neutral standing view. Extension radiography may therefore be omitted in a routine work-up of ventral instability in lumbar spondylolisthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grade IV spondylolisthesis in Meyerding classification is a special pathology given the particular anatomy, biomechanics, clinical presentation or surgical options. The clinical presentation may include a vertebral instability syndrome with various degrees of presentation but also radicular syndromes and caudaequina syndrome. Surgical treatment is a difficult attempt, and the available techniques are subject to controversy. The objectives of surgery are decompression of the neural elements, lumbar spine alignment, lordosys correction, with a normal disc space, and calibration of neural foramina. The gold standard is represented by reduction and fusion, but as an alternative option is “in situ” fixation, if the first attempt failed.

Purpose: Posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) components have an orderly sequence of rupture. However, it is still unclear how many structures have to be damaged to consider it disrupted. We aim to establish imaging criteria, which can define the complex as competent or incompetent. Methods: Prospective study of 74 consecutive vertebral acute traumatic fractures, using X-rays and MRI scan (FS-T2-w/STIR sequences). We analyzed the association between MRI signal (intact, edema, disruption) of each PLC component-facet capsules (FC), interspinous ligaments (ISL), supraspinous ligaments (SSL) and ligamentum flavum (LF)-and the variables: AO/TLICS classification, treatment, surgical findings, interspinous diastasis index (IDI), local kyphosis (LVK) and ISS (TLICS) score. χ test and U Mann-Whitney were used for statistics. Results: MR images of ISL edema correlated surgically with intact ligaments or laxity, and were associated with 87.5 % of facet distraction, LVK: 11.6º, IDI: 1.2. Images of ISL, SSL or LF disruptions showed in all cases ruptures under surgical examination. Images of SSL disruption associated with LVK: 14.5º, IDI: 1.8. Images of ISL disruption associated with SSL/LF rupture, LVK: 16º, and IDI: 2; while LF disruption showed LVK: 18º, IDI: 1.9. When comparing 'competent PLC' (images of facet distraction and ISL edema) with 'incompetent PLC' (images of SSL disruption ± ISL or LF disruption) the latest showed more severe scores in every variable ( p < 0.001), except neurologic status. Conclusion: Following PLC rupture sequence, ISL edema with facet distraction seems not to be enough to define a posterior tension band incompetence. It is the further step of SSL rupture what gives the key to PLC incompetence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low invasive techniques for the treatment of lumbar disk herniation are still a subject of debate and interest in the field of vertebral surgery. We present a critical review of 80 cases of percutaneous nucleotomy performed from 1989 to 1999 at the First Orthopaedic Clinic in Pisa. The analysis of the results confirms the usefulness of this method for lumbar disk hernias in young patients who precisely meet the indications for surgery. Furthermore, automised percutaneous nucleotomy did not provoke collapses in the intervertebral space or instability in the functional units following the emptying of the nucleus. Post-operative magnetic resonance imaging revealed, in all cases, the creation of a discal scar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most appropriate treatment for radiculopathy associated with disc pathology is still controversial. Since 1934, surgical treatment has consisted of hemilaminectomy and removal of the herniated material. Many authors believe that these procedures may cause degenerative spondylosis and vertebral instability. Several surgical methods have been proposed, but the long-term effects are still being debated. In addition there appear to be few well-designed outcome studies on the management of this disease. In the present study, 150 patients were selected for surgery with strict criteria and all treated with the standard technique. The series was evaluated by subjective analyses (Roland questionnaire; 120 patients), objective examinations (68 patients - 56.6%) and radiographic studies including dynamic views (analyzed by the Taillard and Boxall methods) to establish the presence of vertebral instability (50 patients - 41.6%). The subjective and objective analyses showed a high rate of good results. Radiographic studies showed vertebral instability in 30 cases, but only 9 were symptomatic. Recurrences were not observed and only a few patients suffered from leg pain. The standard procedure for lumbar disc herniation showed good results at 10- and 15-year follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical Issue: The head accounts for about 8% of the total body weight, and only modest ligaments stabilize the cervical spine. In children, the ratio head weight/body mass is even worse, so not surprisingly injuries to the cervical spine are common. This article reviews the most common classifications of different cervical fractures. In addition, ruptures of the ligaments and lesions to the intervertebral discs and the vertebral arteries are discussed., Practical Recommendations: In high velocity trauma, it is vital to exclude lesions to the vertebral arteries and the cervical ligaments to prevent/minimize further harm and to accurately assess the stability of the cervical spine., (© 2021. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Introduction: Vertebral instability (VI) in osteoporotic vertebral fractures (OVFs) varies from mild to severe. The relationship between the VI of OVFs and independent factors, such as bone mineral density (BMD) and lumbar muscle volume, is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether BMD and the cross-sectional area (CSA) of lumbar muscles are related to VI in OVFs., Methods: On the basis of the thoracolumbar lateral radiographs of 95 acute OVFs in postmenopausal women (mean age 80.6 years; range: 64-103 years), supine and standing vertebral collapse rates (CRsp and CRst, respectively) were determined. Subsequently, VI was defined as follows: VI=CRst-CRsp. Using axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), CSA of the psoas major, erector spinae, and multifidus muscles at the L3/4 intervertebral disc level were measured. The BMD of the lumbar spine and proximal femur (total hip) was measured for all participants using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The patients were classified into group 1 (VI <20%) and group 2 (VI ≥20%)., Results: We observed a negative correlation between VI and CSA of the erector spinae muscle (r=-0.3962, P<0.0001). No significant correlations were observed between VI and BMD. The CSA of the erector spinae muscle in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (P=0.0002). No significant difference in the BMD or the CSA of the psoas major or multifidus muscles was observed between the two groups. A multivariable analysis of factors of VI was performed. Both age (odds ratio [OR], 1.099; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.015-1.189; P=0.020) and the CSA of the erector spinae (OR, 0.996; 95% CI, 0.993-0.999; P=0.020) were significant predictors of high VI., Conclusions: Although the severity of OVFs was related to the CSA of the erector spinae muscle, it was not associated with BMD., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there are no relevant conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 by The Japanese Society for Spine Surgery and Related Research.)

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to compare the rectus abdominis and multifidus muscle activity and rectus abdominis/multifidus ratio ratios during various leg-raising exercises. [Subject and Methods] This study was conducted on 10 healthy males. Leg-raising exercises were performed in four different positions. [Results] The activity of the rectus abdominis was greatest for raising the legs while flexing the trunk. The rectus abdominis/multifidus ratio value of co-contraction of the rectus abdominis and multifidus was lowest for raising the legs while flexing the knees. [Conclusion] Raising the legs while flexing the knees, which provides the significant co-contraction of the rectus abdominis and multifidus, is recommended for treating vertebral instability in patients with back pain.

Objective: To describe the diagnostic findings, surgical technique and outcome in dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc-associated dynamic compression., Study Design: Retrospective case series., Animals: Client owned dogs (n = 11)., Methods: Medical records (2005-2010) of dogs with a stress myelographic diagnosis of spinal cord injury due to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc-associated dynamic compression with inconclusive compression in the neutral myelographic views that had hemilaminectomy and vertebral stabilization were reviewed. Data on pre- and postoperative neurologic status, diagnostic findings, surgical techniques and outcomes were retrieved. Follow-up clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed immediately, and at approximately one, two, and six months postoperatively as well as at annual follow-up examinations., Results: The stress myelography demonstrated distinct ventral dynamic compression due to bulging of the disc and additional dorsal compression due to infolding of the ligamentum flavum in some cases. The median percentage of post-stress reduction in spinal cord height on the lateral view was 18.0% (9.8-27.2%). All dogs recovered after surgery and at follow-up examinations were still ambulatory (median: 45 months, range: 7 to 94 months)., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Thoracolumbar intervertebral disc degeneration may result in disc-associated dynamic compression. Stress myelography was an effective means of diagnosing this condition and hemilaminectomy with vertebral stabilization was an effective treatment resulting in long-term neurological improvement in all dogs.