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Uvod: Test dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi je funkcijski test za oceno vzdržljivosti mišic plantarnih fleksorjev. Je enostaven za izvedbo ter ne zahteva veliko časa in posebne opreme. Kljub pogosti uporabi v klinični praksi, so merske lastnosti pomanjkljivo preverjene, postopki izvedbe testa pa so neenotni. Namen: Povzeti in analizirati izsledke raziskav o merskih lastnostih testa dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi za oceno vzdržljivosti mišic plantarnih fleksorjev in pripraviti navodila za poenotenje njegove izvedbe. Metode dela: Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed in CINAHL. Vključili smo raziskave, objavljene do decembra 2021, v katerih so proučevali merske lastnosti testa dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi pri zdravih ljudeh in ljudeh z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami. Rezultati: V pregled je bilo vključenih 13 raziskav. Zajele so 328 zdravih preiskovancev (od tega 46 starejših odraslih) in 163 preiskovancev z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami. Zanesljivost so ugotavljali v 12 raziskavah, veljavnost v eni, povezanost s spolom, starostjo in stopnjo telesne pripravljenosti v dveh ter sposobnost zaznavanja sprememb v sedmih raziskavah. Rezultati so pokazali, da je zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca za test dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi pri zdravih zmerna do odlična (ICC = 0,57?0,99) in zanesljivost med preiskovalci odlična (ICC = 0,96?0,99). Test je zmerno pozitivno (r = 0,51) povezan s hitrostjo hitre hoje pri starejših odraslih ženskah. Na izid testa vplivajo spol, starost in stopnja telesne pripravljenosti preiskovanca. Standardna napaka merjenja pri zdravih je med 0,3 in 8 dvigov. Pri ljudeh z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami je zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca visoka do odlična (ICC = 0,79?0,92). Zaključek: Test dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi je zanesljivo orodje za ocenjevanje vzdržljivosti mišic plantarnih fleksorjev zdravih ljudi in ljudi z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami, medtem ko je njegova veljavnost slabo preverjena. Potrebne so dodatne raziskave predvsem pri ljudeh z različnimi mišično-skeletnimi okvarami. Introduction: The standing unipedal heel-raise test is a functional test used to assess plantar flexor endurance. It is easy to perform, requires little time and no special equipment. Although it is widely used in clinical practise, its measurement properties are limited and test procedures are inconsistent. Purpose: To summarise and analyse research findings on the measurement properties of the standing unipedal heel-raise test for assessing plantar flexor endurance and provide instructions for standardising its performance. Methods: PubMed and CINAHL databases were used for the literature search. We reviewed studies published up to December 2021 that examined the measurement properties of the standing unipedal heel-raise test in healthy people and people with musculoskeletal disorders. Results: 13 studies were included. They examined 328 healthy people (46 older adults) and 163 people with musculoskeletal disorders. 12 studies assessed reliability, one study assessed validity, two studies assessed correlation with gender, age, and fitness level, and seven studies assessed ability to detect change. Results showed that the unipedal heel-raise test has moderate to excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.570.99), and excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.960.99) in healthy people. It has a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.51) with fast walking speed in older female adults. Gender, age, and fitness level affect the results of the test. The standard error of measurement in healthy people ranges from 0.3 to 8 raises. In people with musculoskeletal disorders, the test has good to excellent reliability (ICC = 0.790.92). Conclusion: The standing unipedal heel-raise test is a reliable tool for assessing plantar flexor endurance in healthy people and people with musculoskeletal disorders. However, studies on its validity are scarce. Further studies are needed, especially in people with musculoskeletal disorders.

To describe the cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Diagnoses, Interventions and Outcomes (Q-DIO) Instrument into the Slovene language.Based on general international guidelines, a six-step process of localization to translate and adjust the instrument from English into the Slovene language was used. Content validity was quantified based on an agreement of eight experts. The instrument was tested using a sample of 140 nursing documentations from two Slovenian tertiary hospitals.26 of 29 items showed an excellent content validity index ranging from 0.857 to 1.000, and a modified kappa index above 0.856. The content validity indexes of the three remaining items adjusted based on experts' comments were subsequently estimated at 1.000. Construct validity was significantly different between the two groups of documentations. The Cronbach coefficient for the whole questionnaire was 0.860. Cronbach's alpha if item deleted reamins above 0.80 for all items. The criteria for the difficulty grades of items and discrimination validity were acceptably met for more than 75% of items.Based on the results of the study, it may be concluded that Q-DIO is a reliable instrument for measuring the quality of nursing documentation. The deviations in the results of some items are due to poor nursing documentation quality, and indicate that nursing classifications have not yet been fully implemented into practice in the study setting. Additional testing of the instrument is recommended.Opisati medkulturno prilagoditev inštrumenta Kakovost negovalnih diagnoz, intervencij in izidov (Q-DIO) v Slovenski jezik.Za prevod in prilagoditev inštrumenta iz slovenskega v angleški jezik je bil, na osnovi mednarodnih priporočil, uporabljen šeststopenjski postopek lokalizacije. Vsebinska veljavnost je bila izračunana na osnovi strinjanja osmih strokovnjakov. Testiranje inštrumenta je bilo izvedeno na vzorcu 140 negovalnih dokumentacij iz dveh Slovenskih terciarnih bolnišnic.Indeksi vsebinske veljavnosti posameznih postavk so bili odlični za 26 od 29 postavk in so se gibali od 0,857 do 1,000. Modificirani Cohenov indeks kapa pa se je gibal nad 0,860. Indeksi vsebinske veljavnosti drugih treh postavk, ki so bile popravljene na podlagi mnenj strokovnjakov, so bili naknadno ponovno ocenjeni. Vrednosti vseh treh so naknadno znašale 1,000. Konstruktna veljavnost se je značilno razlikovala med skupinama dokumentacij. Cronbachov koeficient za celotni vprašalnik je znašal 0,860. Koeficient Cronbach α posameznih postavk je ostal nad 0,80 tudi ob izključitvi katerekoli postavke. Analiza posameznih postavk inštrumenta glede pogostosti izbire postavke in veljavnosti diskriminacije je pokazala sprejemljive vrednosti za več kot 75 % postavk.Na podlagi rezultatov raziskave je mogoče sklepati, da je Q-DIO zanesljiv instrument za merjenje kakovosti negovalne dokumentacije. Odstopanja v rezultatih nekaterih postavk so posledica slabe kakovosti negovalne dokumentacije in kažejo, da klasifikacije zdravstvene nege še niso bile v celoti vpeljane v prakso v študijskem okolju. Priporočljivo je nadaljnje testiranje instrumenta.

Uvod: Cervikobrahialni sindrom je opredeljen kot bolečina ter senzorično motorični primanjkljaj zaradi kompresije vratne živčne korenine. Zaradi simptomov, ki jih imajo pacienti prihaja do težav tudi pri izvajanju dejavnosti vsakodnevnega življenja, del katerih je rokovanje s predmeti in spretnost roke. Najpogosteje uporabljen test za oceno spretnosti je test devetih zatičev, vendar merske lastnosti pri cervikobrahialnem sindromu še niso raziskane. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je bil preveriti merske lastnosti testa devetih zatičev pri pacientih s cervikobrahialnim sindromom. Ugotavljali smo zanesljivost posameznega preiskovanca, sočasno veljavnost z meritvami mišične jakosti prijema roke in pincetnega prijema in njegovo povezanost z občutkom z regulacijo sile ter intenzivnostjo bolečine. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 35 pacientov s cervikobrahialnim sindromom starih od 25 do 70 let, večinoma ženskega spola (n = 29). Ob prvem ocenjevanju smo izvedli test devetih zatičev, oceno bolečine s številsko lestvico za oceno intenzivnosti bolečine, izmerili jakost prijema roke in pincetnega prijema z dinamometrom Jamar ter občutek za silo pri prijemu roke in pincetnemu prijemu. Drugo ocenjevanje s testom devetih zatičev je bilo opravljeno tri dni po prvem. Izračunali smo intraklasni korelacijski koeficient in Pearsonov ali Spearmanov koeficient korelacije ter parni t-test med udoma. Rezultati: Vsi preiskovanci so imeli simptome cervikobrahialnega sindroma unilateralno. Mišična jakost in občutek za silo okvarjenega zgornjega uda sta bila statistično značilno nižja od vrednosti neokvarjenega zgornjega uda (vsi p

Uvod: Priporočena revidirana enotna ocenjevalna lestvica za Parkinsonovo bolezen, ki je izboljšana različica svoje predhodnice, enotne ocenjevalne lestvice za Parkinsonovo bolezen, zajema ne-motorične dejavnosti vsakodnevnega življenja, motorične dejavnosti vsakodnevnega življenja, pregled motoričnih funkcij in motorične zaplete. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil pregled izsledkov raziskav o merskih lastnostih revidirane enotne ocenjevalne lestvice za Parkinsonovo bolezen. Metode: Literatura je bila iskana v podatkovni zbirki PubMed. Zajete so bile raziskave, objavljene v angleškem jeziku do avgusta 2021. Rezultati: V pregled je bilo vključenih sedem raziskav. Zanesljivost so preverjali v petih in veljavnost prav tako v petih raziskavah. Za vse štiri dele revidirane enotne ocenjevalne lestvice za Parkinsonovo bolezen je bila ugotovljena odlična zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca in med preiskovalci (ICC = 0,92 – 0,99). Ugotovljena je bila srednja do visoka notranja skladnost posameznih delov revidirane enotne ocenjevalne lestvice za Parkinsonovo bolezen (?_c = 0,79 – 0,93). Ugotovljena je bila odlična kriterijska veljavnost z enotno ocenjevalno lestvico za Parkinsonovo bolezen v celoti (r = 0,96), zelo visoka do odlična korelacija posameznih delov obeh lestvic (r = 0,76 – 0,96) in visoka (r = 0,63 – 0,74) korelacija EuroQOL-5-dimenzionalnega vprašalnika v obliki indeksa in vprašalnika o kakovosti življenja s Parkinsonovo boleznijo-8 z deli I in II revidirane enotne ocenjevalne lestvice za Parkinsonovo bolezen. Zaključek: Pregled raziskav kaže, da je revidirana enotna ocenjevalna lestvica za Parkinsonovo bolezen zanesljivo in veljavno ocenjevalno orodje za oceno bolnikov s Parkinsonovo boleznijo. To lahko sklepamo glede na odlično zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca in med preiskovalci ter kriterijsko veljavnostjo z enotno ocenjevalno lestvico za Parkinsonovo bolezen. Visoka notranja skladnost delov I in II omogoča samostojno izvedbo teh dveh delov za oceno motoričnih sposobnosti bolnikov s Parkinsonovo boleznijo. Introduction: The Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale is divided into four parts: non-motor aspects of experiences of daily living, motor aspects of experiences of daily living, motor examination and motor complications. Purpose: The purpose of this diploma work is to review the findings of research on the measurement properties of the Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Methods: The literature was selected through the PubMed article browser. Articles published in English until August 2021 were included in this review. Results: Seven studies were included. Reliability as well as validity were tested in five studies. Excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.92 - 0.99) were found for all four parts of the Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Medium to high internal consistency of individual parts of the Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale was found (α_c = 0.79 – 0.93). Excellent criterion validity to the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale as a whole was determined (r = 0.96) as well as very high to excellent correlation of individual parts of both scales (r = 0.76 – 0.96) and high (r = 0.63 – 0.74) correlation of the EuroQOL-5-dimensional questionnaire in the form of an index and the quality of life questionnaire with Parkinson's disease-8 with parts I and II of the Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. Discussion and conclusion: The Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale is a reliable and valid assessment tool for assessing patients with Parkinson's disease, according to excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability and criterion validity to the unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. The high internal consistency of parts I and II allows these two parts to be performed independently to assess patients' motor skills.

Uvod: Zmožnost prehajanja iz sedečega v stoječ položaj predstavlja bistven element telesne pripravljenosti. Zahteva precejšnjo mišično zmogljivost, velike obsege gibljivosti sklepov, primerno tehniko in ustrezno ravnotežje. Pri časovno merjenih testih vstajanja s stola se pogosto uporablja interval 30 sekund, v katerem preiskovanec izvede čim več pravilnih gibov vstajanja. Tako pridobimo podatke o posameznikovi mišični zmogljivosti spodnjih udov. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil pregledati raziskave o merskih lastnostih testa vstajanja s stola v tridesetih sekundah pri različnih skupinah preiskovancev. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda s sistematičnim pregledom literature, ki je potekal v podatkovni zbirki PubMed in zajel raziskave o merskih lastnostih, ki so ustrezale merilom za vključitev. Iskanje literature je potekalo v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Zajete so bile raziskave, objavljene do konca novembra 2020. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih 13 raziskovalnih člankov. Zanesljivost so preverjali v desetih, veljavnost v osmih, sposobnost zaznavanja sprememb prav tako v desetih raziskavah. Rezultati zanesljivosti so pokazali, da je test vstajanja s stola v tridesetih sekundah visoko do odlično zanesljiv tako pri posameznem preiskovalcu (ICC = 0,84–0,97) kot tudi med preiskovalci (ICC = 0,92–0,98). Rezultati veljavnosti so raznoliki in večinoma nakazujejo zmerno povezanost s primerljivimi testi telesne pripravljenosti ali mišične zmogljivosti. Test dobro razlikuje med visoko in nizko telesno dejavnimi posamezniki ter negativno korelira s starostjo. Razprava in zaključek: Pregled literature je pokazal, da je test vstajanja s stola v 30 sekundah zanesljiva in veljavna metoda za ocenjevanje ter je njegova uporaba v kliničnem okolju primerna. Test ne zahteva veliko prostora, materiala ali časa. V raziskavah so se pojavljali različni protokoli izvedbe testa, ki bi jih bilo smiselno poenotiti. Za najbolj učinkovito ocenjevanje pacienta se priporoča kombinirati test vstajanja s stola v tridesetih sekundah z drugimi merami izida. Introduction: The ability to move from a sitting to a standing position is an essential element of physical fitness. It requires considerable muscle capacity, broad range of motion, proper technique and balance. In timed sit to stand tests, an interval of 30 seconds is often used, in which the subject performs as many correct movements of getting up as possible. Thus, we obtain data on an individual’s muscle strength of the lower extremities. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to review research on the measurement properties of the thirty second sit to stand test in various groups of subjects. Methods: A descriptive method with a systematic review of the literature was used fort his thesis. The literature review was conducted in the PubMed database and included research articles on measurement properties that met the inclusion criteria. The search for literature was limited to research articles in Slovenian and English language, published by the end of November 2020. Results: Thirteen studies were included in the literature review. Reliability was tested in ten, validity in eight, and ability to detect changes also in ten studies. The reliability results showed that the 30-second sit-to-stand test is highly to excellently reliable both for intrarater (ICC = 0.84–0.97) and interrater reliability (ICC = 0.92–0.98). Validity results are varied and mostly suggest a moderate association with comparable fitness or muscle performance tests. The 30-second sit to stand test distinguishes well between high and low physically active individuals and correlates negatively with age. Discussion and conclusion: A review of the literature has shown that the 30-second sit-to-stand test is a reliable and valid method of assessment and its use in a clinical setting is appropriate. The test does not require much space, material or time. It would make sense to unify test protocols because various different versions of this test were performed in the included studies. To capture a broader range of effects and for more effective assessment of the patient it is recommended to combine the 30-second sit-to-stand test with other assessment instruments or to include it in a battery of assessment tools.

Test devetih zatičev je eno najpogosteje uporabljenih merilnih orodij za oceno spretnosti roke, tudi pri pacientih z multiplo sklerozo in po možganski kapi, vendar pa se postopki izvedbe testa in načini poročanja izidov razlikujejo. Namen pregleda literature je bil povzeti merske lastnosti testa devetih zatičev pri teh dveh populacijah pacientov ter pripraviti navodila za poenotenje izvedbe testa. Metode: Pregled literature je potekal v PubMed in CINAHL ter zajel raziskave o merskih lastnostih, ki so ustrezale merilom za vključitev. Rezultati: V pregled smo vključili deset raziskav. Za test devetih zatičev je bila pri obeh populacijah ugotovljena visoka do odlična zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca. Zanesljivost med preiskovalci pri pacientih z multiplo sklerozo je bila odlična, po možganski kapi je niso proučevali. Povezanost testa je bila višja s funkcijskimi testi za oceno dejavnosti kot merilnimi orodji telesnih funkcij. Občutljivost testa devetih zatičev je bila zmanjšana pri preiskovancih s spastičnostjo. Zaključek: Test devetih zatičev je veljavno in zanesljivo merilno orodje za oceno spretnosti roke pri pacientih z multiplo sklerozo ali po možganski kapi. Prevedli smo standardna navodila za izvedbo testa, ki smo jih dopolnili s prilagoditvami za preiskovance, ki ne zmorejo opraviti testne naloge v celoti. The Nine Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) is one of the most commonly used measurement tools to assess fine motor skills of the hand, including patients with multiple sclerosis and patients after stroke. However, there is a variation in the test protocols. The purpose of the literature review was to summarize the measurement properties of the 9-HPT in both populations and to prepare standardized instructions. Methods: The literature review was conducted in databases PubMed and CINAHL. The included studies of the 9-HPT measurement properties had to meet the inclusion criteria. Results: Ten studies were included in the review. Intra-rater reliability of the 9-HPT in both populations was high to excellent. Inter-rater reliability in patients with multiple sclerosis was excellent, it was not studied in patients after stroke. Concurrent validity of the 9-HPT was greater with measures of activity than body functions. Intra-rater reliability and sensitivity were decreased in patients with spasticity. Conclusion: The 9- HPT is a valid and reliable measure of fine motor skills in patients with multiple sclerosis or after stroke. We translated the standardized instructions, which we supplemented with adjustments for patients, who are unable to fully complete the task.

The aim was to adapt the Croatian and the Serbian versions of the Oral Health Impact Profile for the edentulous population (OHIP-EDENT-CRO and OHIP-EDENT-SRB).The translation and cross-cultural adaptation were carried out in accordance with accepted international standards. A total of 95 and 177 removable denture wearers were recruited in Croatia and Serbia respectively. The reliability was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and by test-retest (30 participants in each country). The concurrent validity was determined by calculating the Spearman's rank coefficient between the OHIP-EDENT summary scores and one question related to removable denture satisfaction. Construct validity was determined by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Responsiveness was determined by comparison of the OHIP-EDENT summary scores before and after dental implant placement to support mandibular overdentures (23 patients in Croatia, 21 in Serbia).Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.92 in Croatia and 0.87 in Serbia. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 in Croatia and 0.94 in Serbia. In Croatia the Spearman's correlation coefficient was -0.71 (p0.001) and in Serbia -0.74 (p0.001). Both confirmed concurrent validity. Construct validity was tested by EFA, which extracted four factors in each country, accounting for 66.59% of the variance in Croatia and 59.33% in Serbia. Responsiveness was confirmed in both countries by a significant OHIP-EDENT summary score reduction and a high standardised effect size (3.9 in Croatia, 1.53 in Serbia).The results prove that both instruments, the OHIP-EDENT-CRO and the OHIP-EDENT-SRB, have very good psychometric properties for assessing OHRQoL in the edentulous population.Namen raziskave je določiti psihometrične lastnosti hrvaške in srbske različice vprašalnika za oceno kakovosti življenja v zvezi z oralnim zdravjem (OHRQoL), to je »Oral Health Impact Profile« za brezzobo populacijo (OHIP-EDENT-CRO in OHIP-EDENT-SRB).Prevod in medkulturno prilagajanje sta bila izvedena v skladu s sprejetimi mednarodnimi standardi. Na Hrvaškem in v Srbiji je bilo vključenih 95 oziroma 177 udeležencev s snemno zobno protezo. Zanesljivost smo ocenili z izračunom Cronbachovega koeficienta alfa in s ponovnim testom, ki je vključeval 30 udeležencev v vsaki državi. Sočasna veljavnost je bila določena z izračunom Spearmanovega koeficienta ranga med zbirnimi ocenami OHIP-EDENT in enim vprašanjem v zvezi z zadovoljstvom s snemno protezo. Veljavnost konstrukta je bila določena z eksplorativno faktorsko analizo (EFA). Odzivnost je bila določena s primerjavo zbirnih rezultatov OHIP-EDENT pred namestitvijo zobnega vsadka za podporo mandibularne delne proteze in po njej (23 hrvaških in 21 srbskih pacientov).Cronbachov koeficient alfa je na Hrvaškem in v Srbiji znašal 0,92 oziroma 0,87. Intraklasni korelacijski koeficient je znašal 0,98 za hrvaško in 0,94 za srbsko različico. Za hrvaško različico je Spearmanov koeficient korelacije znašal –0,71 (p0,001), za srbsko pa –0,74 (p0,001) in pri obeh je bila potrjena sočasna veljavnost. Veljavnost konstrukta je bila preizkušena z EFA, ki je v vsaki jezikovni različici določila štiri dejavnike. Ti pojasnjujejo 66,59 % variance pri hrvaškem in 59,33 % variance pri srbskem vprašalniku. Odzivnost je bila v obeh državah potrjena z znatnim zmanjšanjem skupnega rezultata OHIP-EDENT in z visoko vrednostjo standardizirane velikosti učinka (3,9 na Hrvaškem; 1,53 v Srbiji).Rezultati dokazujejo, da imata oba instrumenta, OHIP-EDENT-CRO in OHIP-EDENT-SRB, zelo dobre psihometrične lastnosti za oceno OHRQoL pri brezzobi populaciji.

Monitoring core body temperature (Tc) during training and competitions, especially in a hot environment, can help enhance an athlete’s performance, as well as lower the risk for heat stroke. Accordingly, a noninvasive sensor that allows reliable monitoring of Tc would be highly beneficial in this context. One such novel non-invasive sensor was recently introduced onto the market (CORE, greenTEG, Rümlang, Switzerland), but, to our knowledge, a validation study of this device has not yet been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the CORE sensor. In Study I, 12 males were subjected to a low-to-moderate heat load by performing, on two separate occasions several days apart, two identical 60-min bouts of steady-state cycling in the laboratory at 19 °C and 30% relative humidity. In Study II, 13 males were subjected to moderate-to-high heat load by performing 90 min of cycling in the laboratory at 31 °C and 39% relative humidity. In both cases the core body temperatures indicated by the CORE sensor were compared to the corresponding values obtained using a rectal sensor (Trec). The first major finding was that the reliability of the CORE sensor is acceptable, since the mean bias between the two identical trials of exercise (0.02 °C) was not statistically significant. However, under both levels of heat load, the body temperature indicated by the CORE sensor did not agree well with Trec, with approximately 50% of all paired measurements differing by more than the predefined threshold for validity of ≤0.3 °C. In conclusion, the results obtained do not support the manufacturer’s claim that the CORE sensor provides a valid measure of core body temperature.

V magistrskem delu smo preverjali veljavnost novo razvitega pripomočka – resne računalniške igre CCRacer – za merjenje kognitivnega nadzora. Kognitivni nadzor zajema procese, ki vodijo in usmerjajo naše misli in vedenje v skladu s trenutnimi cilji. Sestavljajo ga inhibicija, posodabljanje informacij, preklapljanje med informacijami in načrtovanje. Klasični testi za merjenje komponent kognitivnega nadzora so večinoma v obliki »papir-svinčnik« in kognitivni nadzor merijo izolirano in v situacijah, ki niso podobne tistim v vsakdanjem življenju. Z namenom preseganja teh omejitev je bila razvita računalniška igra CCRacer, ki je oblikovana kot simulacija vožnje avtomobila in je sestavljena iz štirih nalog, vsaka od njih je namenjena merjenju ene od komponent kognitivnega nadzora. V validacijski raziskavi je sodelovalo 85 udeležencev pri prvem testiranju in 38 pri drugem testiranju. Vsako izmed štirih nalog CCRacerja smo primerjali z dvema klasičnima testoma za merjenje komponent kognitivnega nadzora. Glede na rezultate lahko potrdimo, da so tri naloge CCRacerja ustrezne za merjenje kognitivnega nadzora in bi lahko ob manjših popravkih v določenih situacijah nadomestile klasične teste za merjenje inhibicije, preklapljanja in posodabljanja. Nalogo Načrtovanje iz CCRacerja pa bi bilo smiselno testirati na večjem vzorcu v nekoliko spremenjeni obliki. Naloge iz CCRacerja so udeleženci ocenili kot statistično značilno bolj zanimive od klasičnih testov, zato je njihov potencial za uporabo v različnih populacijah in za različne namene velik. In my master thesis I examined validity of a newly developed psychometric instrument CCRacer, a serious game for measuring cognitive control. Cognitive control consists of processes that guide and direct our thoughts and behavior according to current goals. Its components are inhibition, updating, shifting and planning. Most commonly used tests for measuring cognitive control are »paper-and-pencil« tests assesing cognitive control in isolated situations that are not real-life situations. To overcome these limitations we developed a serious game CCRacer – a driving simulation game – containing four tasks for measuring four components of cognitive control. We conducted a validation study with 85 participants and a re-test study with 38 participants. The results confirmed three CCRacer tasks as valid for measuring updating, shifting and inhibition. CCRacer planning task should be modified and its validity further examined on a larger sample. CCRacer tasks were perceived as significantly more interesting than other tasks, and participants also felt more motivated for participating. To summarize, CCRacer seems to be a promising tool for measuring cognitive control and has a lot of potential for use in different populations and for different purposes.

Uvod: Testi za določitev nestabilnosti ramenskega sklepa so manualni testi, ki vključujejo skupino provokacijskih testov, pri katerih je kriterij lahko pojav oziroma poslabšanje simptomov nestabilnosti in/ali bolečine ali ublažitev le-teh, in skupino testov, ki testirajo podajnost sklepa. V skupino provokacijskih testov za sprednjo nestabilnost spadajo testi hotenega aktivnega zadrževanja ali test oklevanja, relokacijski test in test presenečenja, v skupino testov za testiranje podajnosti sklepa pa test preskoka, znak vdolbitve in Gageyjev test. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pregledom literature predstaviti merske značilnosti treh manualnih testov za določanje nestabilnosti ramenskega sklepa. Metode dela: Znanstvena in strokovna literatura je bila iskana po podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, ScienceDirect in CINAHL. Vključeni so bili članki z metodološko oceno po PEDro lestvici 4 ali več. Rezultati: Izsledki pregledanih raziskav kažejo na nizko do dobro zanesljivost testa oklevanja, ki je visoko občutljiv, z nizko do visoko specifičnostjo. Relokacijski test je pokazal nizko zanesljivost in visoko občutljivost in specifičnost, test preskoka pa nizko do zmerno zanesljivost in visoko občutljivost in specifičnost. Za ocenjevalni kriterij pri testu oklevanja in testu relokacije se je prisotnost oziroma zmanjšanje oklevanja izkazalo za boljši kriterij kot bolečina. Razprava in zaključek: Pregled literature kaže, da so si avtorji raziskav neenotni glede zanesljivosti, a se povečini strinjajo o veljavnosti posameznih testov. V prihodnje bi bilo treba v raziskave vključiti tudi zdrave ljudi, jih načrtovati prospektivno, določiti, ali so testi primerni tako za travmatsko kot tudi netravmatsko nestabilnost, proučiti uporabnost testov na pacientih z akutno, subakutno ali kronično bolečino in standardizirati izvedbo testov. Introduction: Shoulder instability manual tests include provocative manoeuvres, which exacerbate or lessen symptoms of instability and/or pain in the shoulder joint and tests which measure joint laxity. The first group includes the Apprehension, Relocation and Surprise/Release tests and the joint laxity group includes the Load-and-Shift, Sulcus Sign and Gagey tests. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present the measurement properties of three shoulder instability manual tests based on a literature review. Methods: PubMed, ScienceDirect and CINAHL scientific databases were searched to find relevant literature. Articles included had a minimum rating of 4 on the PEDro scale. Results: The results of the literature review show that the Apprehension test has a low to substantial reliability, high sensitivity and low to high specificity. The Relocation test showed slight reliability and high sensitivity and specificity, the Load-and-Shift test showed slight to moderate reliability and high specificity and sensitivity. The presence of apprehension or relief of apprehension in the Apprehension and Relocation test is a better diagnostic criterion than pain. Discussion and conclusion: The literature review shows little agreement on the reliability with better agreement on the validity of these three tests. There is a need for the standardization of tests and better designed prospective studies in the future, which also include healthy individuals and take the duration of pain and the type of instability into consideration.