Search

Vegetable oils are extracted from oilseeds, fruits and other parts of plants. The method used in oil extraction is of great importance, as it affects both the quality of the final product and the environment. It is desirable that the extraction method be minimally costly, fast, environmentally friendly, and produce oil of high quality and quantity. Common oil extraction methods are mechanical pressing and solvent extraction, and these methods have advantages and disadvantages over each other. Mechanical extraction and solvent extraction are controversial due to poor product quality and high environmental impacts. This review presents applications where conventional oil extraction processes are assisted by microwave or ultrasound. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction on the quality of the extracted oil and also to compare the results with those of conventional extraction methods. For this purpose, this review discusses the effects of microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction on the physicochemical, oxidation indices, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant properties of oil extracted from oil seeds and fruits. Furthermore, this review provides readers with in-depth information on the mechanisms involved, their use, and the impact of operating conditions. The yield and quality of the oil obtained by these processes can vary depending on parameters such as microwave power, ultrasound power, processing time, and temperature. Finally, the review also discusses the challenges and advantages of the industrial application of these technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application The use of ultrasound for enhancing the extraction of sumac fruit oil was investigated to maximize the utilization of available sumac fruit resources. The optimal extraction parameters were determined using single‐factor trials and Box–Behnken design optimization and were found to be a liquid‐to‐material ratio of 13:1 mL/g, an ultrasound temperature of 47°C, and an ultrasound duration of 32 min. These yielded a 20.59% extraction rate of the oil. The ultrasonic‐assisted approach markedly increased the extraction rate and significantly reduced the extraction time when compared to classical Soxhlet extraction. The resulting sumac fruit oil had a brown‐yellow color with peroxide, acid, and iodine concentrations of 2.43 mg/g, 0.44 g/100 g, and 135 g/100 g, respectively, and relative density (d2020), and refractive index (20°C) values of 0.911, and 1.469, respectively. The primary fatty acids in the oil were stearic, linoleic, palmitic, linolenic, and oleic acids. With a 74.14% unsaturated fatty acid content, it has a high nutritional value as well as significant development and usage potential.This study demonstrates a highly efficient method for extracting vegetable oils and fats. It has the advantages of simple operation, low extraction temperature, short extraction time, high extraction rate, no damage to the material structure, excellent phusicai and chemical properties of the extracted vegetable oil, low cost, and the potential application in the food industry is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the association between the Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (dTAC) and the Total Antioxidant Capacity of food groups (fgTAC) with the sleep time of Brazilian graduates participating in the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME Study). This cross-sectional study analyzed 6,387 graduates (2,052 men, 4,335 women, 35.3 ± 9.3 years old) from the CUME Study. Data was collected online, and dTAC was obtained by the Ferric Reduction Antioxidant Power (FRAP) method. Daily sleep time was classified as short sleep, normal sleep, and long sleep (≤6, 7–8, and ≥9 h, respectively). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate the Odds Ratio (OR) and its 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) between short sleep and long sleep with quartiles of dTAC and the fgTAC. Lower odds of short sleep was observed for the third quartile of dTAC and for fourth quartile of fgTAC of fruits, beans, and lentils, and for the third quartile of fgTAC of vegetables and oils and fats. Higher odds of short sleep for the fourth quartile of fgTAC of teas and coffees. For long sleep, inverse associations were observed for the fourth quartile of fgTAC of oilseeds and the third quartile of fgTAC of teas and coffees. Higher odds of long sleep were observed for the third quartile of artificial juices and sodas. We cannot independently assert an association between higher dTAC and sleep time. In turn, the associations between sleep time and fgTAC show the importance of the food matrix that antioxidants are inserted, requiring longitudinal studies to observe the direction of associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental concerns associated with mineral oil lubricants have led to the exploration of vegetable oil‐based lubricants as a more sustainable and benign alternative. Nanolubricants have emerged as one of the innovative solution for producing improved friction reduction as well as better thermal and tribological performances. This research investigates the potential of karanja oil as a base lubricant, improved with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles as additives. Different amounts of CuO (ranging from 0.01% to 0.1% w/w) were introduced to karanja oil to form nanobiolubricants. These formulations were subsequently evaluated for their physiochemical and tribological properties, such as thermal stability by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), kinematic viscosity, viscosity index, pour point, and anti‐wear characteristics following ASTM standards. Remarkably, even at low nanoparticle loadings, significant improvements in anti‐wear performance were observed. The study aims to elucidate the lubricating behavior of karanja oil when combined with CuO nanoparticles, revealing that these nanobiolubricants exhibit enhanced physicochemical and tribological properties, as well as improved thermal stability. These results emphasize the key role of nanoparticle concentration in optimizing the effectiveness of formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contaminants in vegetable oils can cause irreversible damage to human health. In this study, the quantitative detection of Cd in vegetable oils was investigated based on Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods. The necessary preprocessing of the Raman signal was performed using baseline calibration and the Savitzky–Golay method. Three variable optimization methods were applied to the preprocessed Raman spectra. Namely, bootstrap soft shrinkage, multiple feature spaces ensemble strategy with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), respectively. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) modeling for the determination of Cd in vegetable oils. The results show that three variable optimization algorithms improved the predictive performance of the model. Among them, the CARS–PLSR model has strong generalization performance and robustness. Its prediction coefficient of determination (RP2$R_{\mathrm{P}}^2$) was 0.9995, the root mean square error of prediction was 0.3533 mg/kg, and the relative prediction deviation was 44.3748, respectively. In summary, rapid quantitative analysis of Cd contamination in vegetable oils can be realized based on Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A growing interest in using Nigella sativa oil (NSO) in the prevention or treatment of several cardiovascular diseases has prompted this study. The research aims to investigate the effect of NSO on cardiac damage prevention after long-term administration in induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Methods: NSO was analyzed for its fatty acids composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and administered in rats before and after isoproterenol (45 mg/kg body weight) induced myocardial infarction. The following parameters were assessed: electrocardiograms, histopathological examination, serum biochemical aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), serum and heart inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)), and tissue oxidative stress (total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidative stress (TOS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and the total thiols (THIOL)). Results: Linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) were approximately 89% of total fatty acids while palmitic acid (C16:0) was 6.10%. Administration of NSO for 28 days helped in preventing QT and QTc interval prolongation and reduced heart rate (HR), after MI induction. The histological assessment showed improvement in myofibrillary degeneration and necrosis and also better reduced inflammatory process in the groups treated with NSO. In serum, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1b and IL-6 were downregulated in chronic conditions (for IL-1b, NSO vs. control was 86.09vs 150.39 pg/mL, and for IL-6 NSO vs. control was 78.00 vs. 184.98 pg/ml). In the heart tissue, the downregulation was observed only for TNF in both acute and chronic conditions (acute NSO vs. control was 132.37 vs. 207.63 pg/mL, and chronic NSO vs. control was 135.83 vs. 183.29 pg/ml). The pro-oxidant parameters TOS, NO, MDA, and OSI, were reduced in the groups treated with NSO only after 14 days of treatment, suggesting that the NSO antioxidant effect is time-dependent. Conclusions: NSO administration might have a favourable impact on the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation processes after MI induction in rats, and it is worth considering its administration as an adjuvant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant extracts have emerged as promising options for the controlling maize weevil due to their bio‐insecticidal potential and reduced environmental impact in developing countries. The experiments were carried out to assess the effectiveness of crude plant oil from Eucalyptus globulus, neem (Azadirachta indica), marigold (Tagetes minuta), moringa (Moringa stenopetala), Ayobangira (Ocimum basilicum), custard apple (Annona squamosa), and Chenopodium ambrosioides. These extracts were evaluated at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g per gram, diluted with 10 ml of deionized water, and applied to 50 grams of maize against Sitophilus zeamais. The insects were reared in a plastic jar with one liter of capacity. For comparison, Actellic 2% dust at a dose of 0.05 g/50 gram maize was utilized as a standard check, with untreated seeds serving as the control. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with triple replications. Adult S. zeamais mortality was approximately 83% for maize seeds treated with A. indica, T. minuta, A. squamosa, and E. globulus within 96 hours of treatment at a rate of 0.10 g and 0.15 g/50 g of maize. Plant crude oil treatments with A. indica and E. globulus at all tested rates at higher concentrations (0.10 g and 0.15 g per 50 g) inhibited S. zeamais F1 progeny production with approximately 97.2 ± 0.03%. The proportion of maize grain infection by S. zeamais was dramatically reduced after treating the plant with crude oil. Furthermore, the oil treatment for these plants had no effect on seed germination percentage. Overall, the findings suggest that these plant crude oil extracts can be utilized to control S. zeamais. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant essential oils have been extensively investigated for their application in food industry due to their broad antimicrobial spectrum and safety. However, rare studies investigated their application in decontaminating rice noodles from fungal contamination. In this study, the cinnamon essential oil was screened out among 12 species of plant essential oils, and its antifungal activity against Penicillium oxalicum isolated from rice noodles was investigated. Our study revealed that cinnamon essential oil inhibited the spore germination in a concentration‐dependent manner, and a dosage of 0.025% (v/v) could entirely disable the spore germination. The disruption of the fungal plasma membrane was evidenced by the change of plasma membrane permeability and the leakage of cellular components. The cinnamon essential oil in vapor phase (0.00625% [v/v]) could totally inhibit the growth of fungi inoculated on rice noodles. In addition to the potential application in inactivating fungi germination on rice noodles, this study also demonstrated the feasibility of cinnamon essential as an environmental disinfectant. This study is the first report that cinnamon essential oil has been studied for decontaminating rice noodles from fungal contamination with P. oxalicum, which not only broadens the application field of plant essential oil but also provides an alternative approach for rice noodle preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol whipped cream, widely used in various foods, relies on solid fats rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) for stable gas entrapment. In this study, the potential of oleogels as a healthy fat substitute for formulating aerosol whipped cream was studied. The analysis focused on the effects of different types (beeswax [BW], rice bran wax [RW], and carnauba wax) and the quantities of wax on the properties of the aerosol whipped creams. The BW‐oleogel‐based aerosol whipped cream exhibited the highest foam ability and foam stability. The superior physical properties of the bees wax‐oleogel were attributed to the higher overrun and height stability of its whipped cream compared to RW and carnauba oleogels. The 6% BW‐whipped cream showed significantly higher overrun and cream stability. The 6% BW oleogel whipped cream contained 4.4 times lower SFAs than the dairy milk fat whipped cream. This study represents the first exploration into the feasibility of formulating oleogel‐based aerosol whipped cream using liquid vegetable oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Medium‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols rich in α‐linolenic acid (ALA‐MLCT) are a kind of functional structural lipids that provide ω‐3 fatty acid and faster energy supply to human body. To improve the functional and nutritional properties of vegetable oils, we proposed an effective strategy for the synthesis of ALA‐MLCT by enzymatic interesterification of coconut oil and flaxseed oil. Lipase UM1 exhibited the highest interesterification activity compared with commercial Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435. MLCT (76.59%) and ALA‐MLCT (45.03%) were obtained under the optimum reaction conditions: substrate molar ratio (coconut oil/flaxseed oil) 1:1, temperature 40 °C, Lipase UM1 loading 25 U g‑1. Furthermore, we identified 14 characteristic triacylglycerols molecules between enzymatic interesterification and physical blend by orthogonal partial least squares‐discrimination analysis (OPLS‐DA) model. The content of triunsaturated type triacylglycerols in enzymatic interesterification product (11.29%) was lower than that of physical blend (36.25%). Enzymatic interesterification product had lower solid fat content and 2.44 times oxidative stability than physical blend. These findings provide an effective strategy for the synthesis of functional ALA‐MLCT and advance the understanding of the relationship between triacylglycerols composition and physicochemical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Baicalein is a functional flavonoid that has been intensively studied for its health benefits. Loading baicalein in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions could provide advantages for its application in foods. This work investigated the characteristics of O/W emulsions loaded with baicalein formulated by combination of vegetable oils and homogenisation pressures. Rice bran oil (RBO) and coconut oil (CCO), classified as long‐chain triglycerides and medium‐chain triglyceride, were used in the homogenisation process at 600–1200 bar. The rice bran oil‐in‐water emulsion loaded with baicalein (RBOb/W) produced at 1200 bar provided the emulsion with the smallest particle size of the surface‐weighted mean diameter (d3,2) of 220 nm. The result showed that loading baicalein into RBO could reduce the particle size of O/W emulsion while it increased the particle size of coconut oil‐in‐water emulsion loaded with baicalein (CCOb/W). The RBOb/W and CCOb/W emulsions were physically stable in terms of droplet size during storage at 4 °C for 28 days. The change in viscosity of freshly prepared emulsion loaded with baicalein was dominant compared with the emulsion unloaded baicalein, however, the viscosity profiles of emulsions loaded with baicalein are like emulsions unloaded with baicalein after storage. The influence of baicalein on the viscoelastic properties of emulsion was observed in the storage modulus (G′) at low frequencies. These results suggest that baicalein could potentially interfere with the stabilising effect of Tween 20, contribute to droplet interactions, and migrate from the surface of RBO but not CCO. High baicalein retention of 91–98% was observed in the RBOb/W emulsions. This study recommends that RBO is preferable over CCO to produce O/W emulsion loaded with baicalein in terms of droplet size, stability and retention. It would be useful information to produce functional ingredients for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Butter is among the most popular and commercially valuable dairy products. Its high commercial value makes it a major target for adulteration, which aims to reduce production costs by using lower-quality fats and oils from other sources. The annual global market is around USD 30 billion (2023), expected to reach USD 36 billion in 2028, which also justifies the enormous interest in adulteration. In this work, a confirmed case of butter adulteration was studied by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Stable Carbon Isotopic Ratio Analysis (SCIRA) techniques, employed to detect the inclusion in butter production of vegetable oils, such as soybean and palm oils. A total of 21 samples seized by the Brazilian Federal Police were analysed by NMR and SCIR, and compared to original butter obtained from commercial sources. The composition of all the seized samples was a mixture of butter (dairy fat of animal origin) with fat of vegetable origin (soybean and palm oil) and did not contain milk as a major component. While NMR was an unequivocal choice to discriminate the chemical composition of food samples, identifying the short-chain saturated fatty acids present in milk fat, including the butyryl alkyl chain, SCIRA was able to discriminate the origin of fat present in the butter samples as C3 sources, such as palm vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional use of polyurethane in various applications is hindered by significant challenges, such as toxicity concerns, moisture sensitivity, and environmental impact. In response, there has been a notable surge in research focusing on bio-based alternatives, particularly non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs), aligning with sustainable development objectives. NIPUs offer a promising solution by eliminating the need for isocyanates, employing cyclic carbonates and diamines instead. Out of various sources available, non-traditional vegetable oils present a viable starting material for cyclic carbonate synthesis due to their availability, renewability, and affordability. However, despite the growing interest in NIPUs, there remains a scarcity of literature on the utilization of non-traditional oils for their development. This short review aims to fill this gap by providing an overview of bio-based NIPUs synthesized from non-traditional vegetable oils such as jatropha oil, castor oil, lignin oil, linseed oil, and rubber seed oil. The review covers the synthesis methods of NIPUs via polyaddition reactions of carbonates and amines, detailing properties, advantages, and applications of each oil-based NIPU. Furthermore, by identifying research gaps and proposing potential solutions, this paper aims to encourage researchers to consider non-traditional oils for NIPU synthesis, facilitating significant advancements in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an analysis of key parameters such as: heat transfer coefficients, flow, pressure drop, pump power, heat losses and temperature drop in the oil pipeline. Tests were performed on a real oil pipeline plant with a diameter of 457 mm and a length of 91000 m. The oil pipeline is dig into the ground at a depth of 1.5 m. As an experimental fluid, crude oil of the paraffinic type, with a pour point of +8 to +26 oC, was used. In order to improve transport properties and prevent the appearance of paraffin inside the pipeline, the crude oil was heated to a temperature in the range of +20 to +50 oC. Origin software was used to display the research results. An analysis of the key transport parameters and their mutual dependencies and influences is also given. The aim of the work is to analyze and determine the optimal parameters of crude oil transport, as well as to determine the relation between heating temperature, paraffin content, flow temperature and cooling rate, where oil solid content will not occur. For such research, paraffin type oil was chosen as the experimental fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation highlights the necessity of monitoring some basic physico-chemical water quality indicators and their phytotoxic effect using ecotoxicological bioassays such as "seed germination tests." The phytotoxicity of raw and treated vegetable oil refinery wastewater (VORW) using different treatment processes was assessed through some physiological responses (relative seed germination (RSG), seedling elongation, and germination index (GI)) using Lactuca sativa cultivar. Biotest results of different raw water samples revealed a noticeable correlation between the organic matter content and water phytotoxicity. In fact, VORW showed a very low RSG (17 ± 0.7 to –47 ± 0.58%) and high phytotoxic effects (GI < 50%). The use of coagulation/flocculation (CF) allowed a satisfactory phytotoxicity removal where RSG obtained ranged from 83 ± 1.58 to 90 ± 1.2%. However, the effluent still presents high to moderate phytotoxicity since GI remained below 80% which indicates the presence of toxic elements remaining after CF treatment. When VORW were treated using membrane processes, their phytotoxicity was gradually decreased with the decrease in the membrane pore size. The use of microfiltration membranes (MF), with pore size of 5 µm, 1.2 µm, 0.45 µm, and 0.22 µm, showed RSG values ranged from 37 ± 1.15 to 77 ± 1.68% and GI of less than 80% indicating a moderate to high phytotoxicity. However, the use of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 100 kDa, 30 kDa, and 10 kDa made it possible to achieve an RSG of 100% and an IG exceeding 80% showing that the VORW-treated using UF does not exhibit any phytotoxicity effect. Hence, UF appears to be the most efficient and environmentally friendly technology that could be used for safely treated VORW irrigation purposes compared to CF and MF processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The coexistence of various organic pollutants in soil always draws extensive attention because of their difficulties and complexity for remediation. Especially, the impacts of bioremediation on soil co-contaminated with benzene, toluene, and trichloroethylene (TCE) have seldom been comprehensively evaluated yet. In this study, the contributions of biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and their combination for the bioremediation of the co-contaminated soil containing benzene, toluene, and TCE were systematically investigated. The addition of nutrients ((NH4)2SO4 (as N source), K2HPO4 (as P source), vegetable oil and CH3COONa (as C sources)) enhanced the degradation efficiency of the co-contaminated soil by 10.19% to 49.62%. The optimal biostimulation condition involved using vegetable oil as the carbon source with a C: N: P ratio of 100: 10: 1. Meanwhile, the addition of the microbial cultures screened and domesticated from the co-contaminated soil, named B-T, effectively enhanced the removal rate of contaminants by 33.02% to 37.55%. The genera comprising Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, and Chryseobacterium in B-T exhibited the highest relative abundance, suggesting their potential for the removal of benzene, toluene, and TCE. Besides, the coupling of biostimulation and bioaugmentation enhanced the degradation efficiency by 62.38% to 68.84%, showing the most effective biodegradation effects. The coupled strategy showed synergistic effects of both, increasing the quantity and activity of microorganisms and accelerating the biodegradation of target contaminants. The findings indicated that the coupling of bioaugmentation and biostimulation treatment strategy holds promise for the bioremediation of benzene, toluene, and TCE from co-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government initiatives, price cuts, and innovations in technology have caused a shift in the world's raw material consumption towards renewable materials. The polymer industry has shown particular interest in studies on more environmentally friendly epoxidation processes that use vegetable oils. Epoxidized vegetable oils are renewable, affordable, and eco‐friendly, which makes them a promising green material to partially replace and toughen polymers derived from petrochemicals. Using a kinetic model from the literature, this study develops a system of fractional‐order differential equations to investigate the significance of oleic acid epoxidation. With oleic acid serving as the primary raw material, the study focuses on producing epoxidized oleic acid with a high yield and a longer reaction time. We apply both qualitative and quantitative analysis to the model using fixed‐point theorems. The model's Ulam–Hyers stability is established. Investigation of the fractional operator's effect is done through computational simulations and the Laplace Adomian decomposition technique. The investigation of the effects of fractional operators on the epoxidation process reveals that temperature, molar ratios, and fractional order are significant determinants of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work deals with the chemical properties of vegetable oils commonly used for deep‐frying, for example, sunflower, corn, cotton, canola, and olive oils. Ten deep‐frying cycles were carried out for 20 min each. Oil degradation was measured by peroxide values (PVs) and was highly correlated with the presence of conjugated‐diene and conjugated‐triene structures. Frying cycles caused two alternative reactions, which both impacted the PV. In one reaction, there was an increase in PV with the oxidation of the unsaturated bonds, and in the second stage, there was a decrease in the cleavage of the double‐bond oxide. Additionally, the point of returns (PRs) and activation energy (Ea) were determined for the two stages. The PRs were eight cycles for olive and corn, five cycles for canola, four cycles for sunflower, and three cycles for cotton oil. In terms of ER, the olive and cotton oils had the highest ER and were most resistant to decomposition, and the associated activation energy formation of peroxide decomposition products. The corn oil was the least resistant to decomposition. In addition, this work demonstrated a novel analytical technique that showed the correlation between the total value of conjugated diene‐triene structures and PV, using a titration method. The correlation was high confidence for the regression, recovery, and U95. This significant correlation is useful for measuring the PV of oils subjected to other processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable valorization of discarded resources remains a challenge, and their requirements are crucial for long-term development. In this sense, we characterize biofuels of the diesel range obtained with used vegetable oils subjected to hydrodeoxygenation with Ni supported on tire rubber carbon obtained by the pyrolysis of waste tires. Under optimal reaction conditions, the vegetable oil conversion was 81.2 % with a selectivity of 82.3 % to C10–C18 alkanes, which is supported by the results of the catalyst characterization. A vertical direct injection engine was used to compare the behavior of the renewable biofuel and petroleum diesel blends. In comparison to petroleum diesel, the blends with renewable biofuel showed minimal power loss. In addition, the use of blends containing biofuels allowed a reduction of 25 % of CO and HC, as well as a decrease of 48 % is smoke compared to petroleum diesel, due to the fact that renewable biofuels improved evaporation after injection, reduced the density, and did not contain aromatic components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-dairy creamer is a class of microencapsulated powdered fats and oils that are widely used in the food industry. However, the oils used in it are hydrogenated vegetable oils, which contain large amounts of saturated fatty acids and are extremely harmful to the human body. This study investigated the effects of replacing hydrogenated vegetable oil with walnut oil to prepare walnut non-dairy creamer on lipid levels and intestinal microorganisms in mice. The results show that low-dose walnut non-dairy creamer significantly decreased the contents of TC and TG in serum and increased the content of HDL-C (p < 0.01). The contents of MDA, ALT, and AST were significantly decreased, while the content of SOD was increased (p < 0.01). The abundance of Firmicutes in the walnut non-dairy creamer group decreased, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes (B/F) increased, which significantly increased the richness of Lactobacillus and Oscillospira (p < 0.01). Allobaculum richness was significantly decreased (p < 0.01). In conclusion, a low dose of walnut non-dairy creamer can effectively promote the metabolism of blood lipids in vivo, alleviate oxidative stress injury and lipid accumulation damage to mouse hepatocytes, and ameliorate the adverse effects of a high-fat diet on the intestinal microbiota of mice. This study provides a theoretical basis for the replacement of traditional non-dairy creamer and the research and development of walnut deep processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid and peroxide values are important indicators to evaluate the hydrolysis or oxidation level of vegetable oil. In order to achieve rapid determination of these parameters by Raman spectroscopy, rapeseed and soybean oil were analyzed, and a competitive adaptive reweighted sampling-back propagation neural network (CARS-BPNN) method was developed. First, the Raman spectrum was preprocessed to reduce noise using moving window smoothing. Next, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), successive projections algorithm (SPA), and uninformative variable elimination (UVE) was applied to extract the Raman characteristic information that indicated the acid and peroxide values. Based on the extracted characteristic information, back propagation neural network (BPNN), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and support vector machine (SVM) prediction models were established and compared. The results showed that the best accuracy was obtained using CARS-BPNN. For rapeseed oil, the coefficients of determination (R2) of acid value and peroxide value were 0.9207 and 0.9772. The root mean square error (RMSE) values were 0.0909 and 0.0022, respectively. For soybean oil, the coefficients of determination (R2) of acid and peroxide values were 0.9381 and 0.9716. The RMSE values were 0.1250 and 0.0027, respectively. A good correlation coefficient and a small RMSE value were obtained. The results indicate that Raman spectroscopy combined with CARS-BPNN accurately evaluated the acid and peroxide values, which provides a reference for the optimization of the Raman spectrum and creates a new approach for the evaluation of vegetable oil quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the thermal stability of omega fatty acid-enriched vegetable oils, focusing on their behavior under high-temperature conditions commonly encountered during frying. This research aims to evaluate changes in fatty acid composition, particularly the degradation of essential omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids, and the formation of harmful compounds such as trans fatty acids (TFAs). Various commercially available vegetable oils labeled as containing omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9, including refined sunflower, high-oleic sunflower, rapeseed, and blends, were analyzed under temperatures from 180 °C to 230 °C for varying durations. The fatty acid profiles were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated a significant degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and an increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and TFAs with prolonged heating. The findings highlight the varying degrees of thermal stability among different oils, with high-oleic sunflower and blended oils exhibiting greater resistance to thermal degradation compared to conventional sunflower oils. This study underscores the importance of selecting oils with favorable fatty acid compositions for high-temperature cooking to minimize adverse health effects associated with degraded oil consumption. Furthermore, it provides insights into optimizing oil blends to enhance thermal stability and maintain nutritional quality, crucial for consumer health and food industry practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm fat has uniquely optimal melting characteristics that are difficult to replace in products such as baked goods and chocolate-based items. This study investigates the efficacy of using Pickering emulsions derived from Swiss plant oils and their micromilled press cakes. Emulsification was carried out at both the lab and pilot scales using sunflower- and rapeseed-based recipes, with and without additional surfactants, for both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions. The resulting emulsions were measured for viscosity and short- and long-term stability and linked to the properties of the raw materials. The results indicated that the contact angle, size, and macronutrient composition of the particles significantly impact emulsion quality, though differences in oil pressing methods might predominate these effects. The combination of particles and surfactants demonstrated a clear advantage with respect to interface stabilisation, with a suggested link between the wax content of the oil and particles and the resulting emulsion quality and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude palm oil (CPO) is the most produced vegetable oil globally, with Brazil contributing only 0.74% of global production. Pará and Bahia account for more than 82% of Brazil's output. Despite its widespread use in the food industry after refining, there is little research on CPO consumption and perception in Brazil, particularly regarding its nutritional aspects. This study, conducted between March and July 2022, explored Brazilians' perceptions and the potential for CPO consumption. The results show that most participants are unfamiliar with CPO but view its nutrients favorably. Less than half regularly purchase CPO. Refined palm oil (RPO) is even less known, with many unaware that refining CPO can produce carcinogenic substances. The respondents showed little concern about RPO in their foods, rarely noticing its presence on labels. Despite limited knowledge, participants understand that refining reduces CPO's health benefits, leading to a greater preference for crude oil over refined oil. This study highlights the need for better dissemination of information about CPO in Brazil, emphasizing its nutritional benefits and the importance of adhering to daily lipid intake limits. Adding CPO at the end of cooking or consuming it raw to preserve thermosensitive compounds is also recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chloropropanols, their fatty acid esters, and glycidol and its fatty acid esters (GEs) are process contaminants in foods that pose potential health risks. These contaminants typically arise during the deodorization process of vegetable oils, particularly in high concentrations within oils like palm oil and products derived from them, such as margarine, baked goods, pastries, and infant formula. Chloropropanol esters and GE can hydrolyze under the influence of lipases, forming chloropropanols. Elevated temperatures during food production can lead to the release of free 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) or free 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD) in products containing both fat and salt. The exposure to these contaminants, especially for infants and young children, raises concerns about potential health hazards. While extensive research has focused on 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, and GE, knowledge regarding other chloropropanols such as 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloro-1-propanol (2,3-DCP), and their fatty acid esters remains limited. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview encompassing formation mechanisms, analysis methods, toxicological implications, occurrence patterns, exposure levels, mitigation strategies, and legislative considerations concerning these contaminants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concentrates on the utility of the newly formulated machining fluid used for turning AISI 4340 steel under the near dry machining method. The preparation of the novel machining fluid involves a blending of vegetable oils and conventional lubricant in a 50:50 ratio. Three distinct compositions were investigated within this work. The biodegradability tests confirms that the novel lubricantaligns with the ethos of "Green Machining." The study's focal points include an analysis of the following crucial metrics – machining force, machining temperature, and surface finish. From the analysis, the best-formulated blend was identified. To evaluate its performance, the variance analysis on the dataset (ANOVA) and Weighted Entropy decision-making method that ranks the best option along with alternatives was executed. Further, the optimal process parameters were determined using Dragon Fly Algorithm (DFO) and Particle Swarm Algorithm (PSO) to enhance the efficacy and quality of machining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β‐Sitosterol is a major bioactive constituent and the most abundant phytosterol in nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils. It is structurally similar to cholesterol, except for the addition of the ethyl group. The primary benefit of β‐sitosterol is that it lowers the body's absorption of low‐density lipoprotein, or “bad” cholesterol. Research efforts to date and information from the available literature have demonstrated that β‐sitosterol has many pharmacological benefits to improve human health; it effectively prevents heart diseases, cancer, and diabetes. To date, many investigations on β‐sitosterol have been conducted in in vitro and in vivo studies. There are considerable research gaps because there are almost no clinical studies to examine the safety and effectiveness of β‐sitosterol for various human diseases. This review aims to discuss the dietary sources and variations of β‐sitosterol in food crops and how it can successfully prevent cancer and diabetes, including the mechanism underlying these benefits. In addition, we also discuss the research gaps and provide our perspective on future research to propose β‐sitosterol as a nutraceutical candidate to prevent human diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Plant essential oils (PEOs) have received significant attention in animal production due to their diverse beneficial properties and hold potential to alleviate weaning stress. However, PEOs effectiveness is often compromised by volatility and degradation. Microencapsulation can enhance the stability and control release rate of essential oils. Whether different microencapsulation techniques affect the effectiveness remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PEOs coated by different microencapsulation techniques on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal health of weaned Tibetan piglets. Methods: A total of 120 Tibetan piglets, aged 30 days, were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates, each containing six piglets. The experimental period lasted for 32 days. The groups were fed different diets: a basal diet without antibiotics (NC), a basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg tylosin and 50 mg/ kg colistin sulfate (PC), 300 mg/kg solidified PEO particles (SPEO), 300 mg/kg cold spray-coated PEO (CSPEO), or 300 mg/kg hot spray-coated PEO (HSPEO). Results: The results showed that supplementation with SPEO, CSPEO, or HSPEO led to a notable decrease in diarrhea incidence and feed to gain ratio, as well as duodenum lipopolysaccharide content, while simultaneously increase in average daily gain, interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels and the abundance of ileum Bifidobacterium compared with the NC group (p < 0.05). Supplementation with SPEO, CSPEO, or HSPEO significantly elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and concurrently reduced serum lipopolysaccharide and interferon γ levels compared with the NC and PC groups (p < 0.05). Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in the SPEO and HSPEO groups significantly increased compared with the NC group (p < 0.05). Additionally, CSPEO and HSPEO significantly reduced jejunum pH value (p < 0.05) compared with the NC and PC groups (p<0.05). Additionally, Supplementation with HSPEO significantly elevated levels of serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), abundance of ileum Lactobacillus, along with decreased serum interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels compared with both the NC and PC groups. Discussion: Our findings suggest that different microencapsulation techniques affect the effectiveness. Dietary supplemented with PEOs, especially HSPEO, increased growth performance, improved immune function, and optimized gut microbiota composition of weaned piglets, making it a promising feed additive in piglet production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on natural sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for both food and nutraceutical prospects has significantly grown in recent years. Some plant oils and lipid extracts contain carotenoids, xanthophylls, sterols, and/or phenolic compounds that can provoke a lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs) overestimation when quantifying them using nonselective colorimetric assays. Herein, we have optimized a mid‐infrared method using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) to quantify LOOHs in oils or lipid extracts. This method is based on the conversion of triphenylphosphine (TPP) to triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) in the presence of hydroperoxides, with a direct assessment of TPPO levels following the formation of an oil film on the ATR crystal's surface, allowing for a low detection limit of 0.5 mmol of LOOH kg−1. The concentration of oil and TPP, as well as the reaction time, were optimized. It was demonstrated that the presence of pigments, unsaponifiable compounds, phenolics, and/or PUFAs on oils, do not disrupt the analysis. Furthermore, the stoichiometry of the TPP/LOOH reaction was examined, confirming the reliability of the method in detecting various forms of hydroperoxides. An accelerated oxidation study was carried out and the hydroperoxide contents measured using TPP/TPPO were found to be comparable to those obtained using the ferric thiocyanate method. Our method offers a fast, simple, robust, and sensitive approach to accurately quantify hydroperoxides, regardless of the chemical composition of oil or lipid extracts. Practical Application: The hydroperoxide assay method outlined in this study allows for the rapid and straightforward detection of hydroperoxides in pure oil matrices. The method's elevated sensitivity facilitates the early identification of oxidation indicators in oils, especially those with significant carotenoid or xanthophyll contents since these compounds may affect the results when using methods based on colorimetric quantification of hydroperoxides. This accurate, precise, and reproducible approach requires only small quantities of test samples and chemical products, making it well suited to routine application in laboratories and industrial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible vegetable oils are sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids, necessary for a balanced diet capable of providing elements that act on the energetic, structural, and hormonal composition of humans. The growing consumption of these foods has encouraged the search for techniques capable of characterizing their compositions and transformations when subjected to industrial processes or during domestic use. We propose to analyze the transformations undergone by edible vegetable oils originating from different plants due to thermal oxidation. For this, dynamic viscosity, oxidative stability index, fatty acid profile, and infrared spectra determined before and after being subjected to thermal oxidation. The results from infrared spectroscopy were improved through Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Among other results, it was possible to establish correlations between the FTIR spectra, dynamic viscosity, and the profile of fatty acids, allowing the prediction of the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) after thermal oxidation by measuring the spectrum of samples before the thermal oxidation process. Furthermore, it is observed that the dynamic viscosity is strongly altered by thermal oxidation, which is directly related to the decrease in PUFA content. The results obtained can be used to predict quality factors of edible vegetable oils, helping to choose the right type of oil for each industrial or domestic process. Practical Applications: This research holds significant practical implications, particularly in detecting adulteration and fraud of edible vegetable oils. The developed method uses physicochemical properties and infrared spectroscopy with principal component analysis to characterize oils and to determine the oil stability index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatized olive oils were prepared by the addition of ginger and turmeric spices and their combination (ginger + turmeric) with two different forms: powder and extracts. The spices were incorporated to olive paste at kneading stage (co‐processing) or directly to olive oil as infusion (maceration) (5% for powder, 3% for extract; w/w). Aromatization provided a lower peroxide value accompanied by a longer induction period, increased total phenolic content, and enhanced antioxidant activity. The use of turmeric as a powder may be advantageous for use in vegetable oils, especially because the bioactive antioxidant compounds it contains are hydrophobic. In another way, it was also the reason why the alcoholic extract of ginger gave more effective results than turmeric, which had a higher extraction yield than ginger. For both the co‐processing and maceration methods, ginger powder and extract induced the strongest radical scavenging activity in oil. The pungent taste was more marked in turmeric‐aromatized oils and spicy taste in ginger‐aromatized oils. The use of these two spices together incorporated the bioactive components into the oil while balancing the burning effect of ginger, making it more possible to benefit from its high antioxidant effect. Practical Applications: Aromatization of olive oil by maceration and co‐processing not only enriched it with bioactive components but also improved oxidative stability with quality indices such as free acidity and peroxide. In terms of quality indices and oxidative stability, maceration had advantages over co‐processing. However, co‐processing was more effective in terms of total phenolic and radical scavenging activity. At the industrial level, the incorporation of an aromatic material at one step of the process, that is, co‐processing or co‐milling, can be advantageous in terms of application without requiring extra time for the aromatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species causes harm to cell membranes and biomolecules, wherefore chronic diseases develop. Antioxidants scavenge such free radicals combating oxidative stress. This research aimed to determine the antioxidant potential of the aqueous stem bark, root and leaf extracts of Rhaphiolepis bibas against standards. DPPH radical scavenging activity was high from th stem bark extract at 72.33% with root extract at 65.85% and leaf extract at 55.91%, while ascorbic acid scavenged 89.53% of DPPH radicals. The leaf extract had the highest H2O2 scavenging activity of 91.92% with stem bark at 91.17% and the root extracts at 89.12%. The aqueous root extract of R. bibas had a significantly higher FRAP capacity in comparison to the leaf extracts and the stem bark. The abilities to chelate iron by the leaf extract were statistically higher compared to the root and stem bark extracts. Stem bark extracts had the highest phenol content of about 149.44 followed by the root extract at 141.14 and the least amount of phenol was found in the aqueous leaf extract having 73.012 Gallic acid equivalent/g. The root extracts had the highest total flavonoid 377.66-milligram quercetin equivalent/gram dry weight followed by stem bark extract at 255.72 and the least amount was found in aqueous leaf extract having 164.52 mgQE/g of sample dry weight. The existence of secondary metabolites linked to antioxidant action was shown by the qualitative phytochemical screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose obtained from oat hulls by bleaching with peracetic acid was modified, employing an ultrasound method that resulted in an esterification reaction with different vegetable oils (soybean, sunflower, and coconut) to produce modified cellulose (MC) with increased hydrophobicity. MC samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and their wettability and oil and water absorption capacities. FTIR indicated that the reaction occurred with all oils, which was observed by forming a new band associated with ester carbonyl groups at 1747 cm−1. The modification did not affect the crystalline structure or surface morphology of the cellulose. MC samples modified with all oil sources showed a 6 to 9-fold decrease in water absorption capacity, a 3-fold increase in oil absorption capacity, and a higher affinity for nonpolar solvents. The modified samples adsorbed lower amounts of water at a slower rate. Different oil sources did not affect the main properties of MC. The ultrasonication-assisted process was not only effective in modifying cellulose by esterification with vegetable oils but was also an eco-friendly and simple strategy that does not require toxic reagents, providing reassurance of its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-linked polymers synthesized through inverse vulcanization of unsaturated vegetable oils (biopolymers) were used as matrices for incorporating gentamicin (GEN) to form a biocomposite that can amplify GEN antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two different biopolymers were synthesized using soybean (PSB) and sunflower (PSF) oils by inverse vulcanization cross-linked with sulfur in a 1:1 weight ratio. The study involves the synthesis and characterization of these biopolymers using FTIR and SEM as well as measurements of density and hydrophobicity. The results reveal the formation of biopolymers, wherein triglyceride molecules undergo cross-linking with sulfur chains through a reaction with the unsaturated groups present in the oil. Additionally, both polymers exhibit a porous structure and display hydrophobic behavior (contact angle higher than 120°). The biopolymers swell more in GEN solution (PSB 127.7% and PSF 174.4%) than in pure water (PSB 88.7% and PSF 109.1%), likely due to hydrophobic interactions. The kinetics of GEN sorption and release within the biopolymer matrices were investigated. The antibacterial efficacy of the resulting biocomposite was observed through the analysis of inhibition growth halos and the assessment of P. aeruginosa viability. A notable enhancement of the growth inhibition halo of GEN (13.1 ± 1.1 mm) compared to encapsulated GEN (PSF-GEN 21.1 ± 1.3 and PSB-GEN 21.45 ± 1.0 mm) is observed. Also, significant bactericidal activity is observed in PSF-GEN and PSB-GEN as a reduction in the number of colonies (CFU/mL), more than 2 log10 compared to control, PSF, and PSB, highlighting the potential of these biopolymers as effective carriers for gentamicin in combating bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS) associated with Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca is one of the most destructive diseases of olive trees in the Salento Peninsula (Southern Italy), particularly on the cultivars Cellina di Nardò and Ogliarola Salentina. This study proposes the NuovOlivo protocol as a management strategy to permit coexistence between X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca and olive drupes and extra-virgin oil production. Thirty-two private olive orchards affected by OQDS and cultivated following the standard agronomic techniques in use in the area were surveyed during the 2019–2023 olive-growing seasons. Tested cultivars included Cellina di Nardò, Ogliarola Salentina, Coratina, Ascolana Tenera, Nociara, Leccino, and Bella di Cerignola. At the beginning of the protocol application, the susceptible plants showed OQDS symptom severity of 40–80% and did not produce olives or oil, while the resistant(?)/tolerant cultivars exhibited a 2–8% leaf scorch and a drupe production less than 1–2 kg/plant. After the removal of dry branches in January–February, plants were sprayed two times per year (preferably in March and October) with NuovOlivo®, a mixture of aqueous botanical extracts esterified in the presence of sodium hydroxide with vegetable oils and activated at the time of use with sodium bicarbonate. In all the orchards, a slow-release fertilizer was distributed, and weeds were controlled by mowing or chopping. Upon eventual appearance, the dry twigs were removed. Treated olive trees produced new vegetation, rebuilt their foliage, reduced OQDS symptoms, and turned out cluster inflorescence and drupes. The drupes yield was 6.67–51.36 kg per plant, with an average of 13.19% in extra-virgin olive oil (free acidity 0.01–0.2%). Plants used as controls showed OQDS symptoms and were unproductive, and newly formed shoots were desiccated. The proposed protocol promotes, supports, and restores new vegetation, flowers, fruits, and oil production of the treated olive plants affected by OQDS without losing susceptible olive plants. The Apulian landscape and economy, based on olive presence and production, could be also safeguarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tricyclic-aromadendrene-type sesquiterpenes are widely distributed and exhibit a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antibacterial, insecticidal and cytotoxic properties. Several key sesquiterpene synthases (STSs) of this type have been identified, of which, viridiflorol synthase has been engineered for efficiently biosynthesizing viridiflorol in an Escherichia coli strain. This paper comprehensively summarizes the distribution and biological activity of aromadendrene-type sesquiterpenes in plant essential oils and microorganisms. The progress in aromadendrene-type sesquiterpene biosynthesis research, including the modifications of key STSs and the optimization of synthetic pathways, is reviewed. Finally, the prospects and associated challenges for the application and biosynthesis of these natural products are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and simple method for identification of oil and fatty products of plant origin by their own fluorescence and diffuse reflection of IR radiation using colorimetry and near-IR spectroscopy is proposed. Analytical signals were recorded using 3D-printed devices with built-in UV and IR LED matrices (390 and 850 nm) and a smartphone with the PhotoMetrix PRO® application installed and FTIR spectroscopy in the near-IR region (10,000–4000 cm–1) with the NIRA attachment used for the analysis of solids. Diffuse reflectance spectra were processed using the TQ Analyst and The Unscrambler X applications. The studied objects were identified and differentiated using chemometric algorithms, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The mass fraction of fat in the declared products was determined using univariate and multivariate (PLS algorithm) analyses. Adulterated butter was located separately from natural products on the PCA and HCA graphs. They did not intersect with each other on the dendrogram. Samples of butter with different milk fat mass fractions (61.5, 72.5, 82.5, and 99.0%) were used to construct a calibration relationship and determine the milk fat concentration using the PLS method and univariate analysis. The calibration error (RMSEC) were ≤1.31%; the predictive properties (RMSEP), ≤4.45%. The methods under consideration were tested with samples of butter and vegetable oil products from various manufacturers. The RMSEP values for dairy products was ≤4.97%; for margarine, >10% using multivariate analysis. The relative deviation of the results from the mass fractions of fat indicated on the packaging was ≤4.8% when using univariate analysis. This parameter for margarine was in the range 96.3–96.5%. The results correlated with those of FTIR spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrins are ring-shaped sugars used as additives in medications to improve solubility, stability, and sensory characteristics. Despite being widespread, Chagas disease is neglected because of the limitations of available medications. This study aims to review the compounds used in the formation of inclusion complexes for the treatment of Chagas disease, analyzing the incorporated compounds and advancements in related studies. The databases consulted include Scielo, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, LILACS, and Embase. The keywords used were "cyclodextrin AND Chagas AND disease" and "cyclodextrin complex against Trypanosoma cruzi". Additionally, a statistical analysis of studies on Chagas disease over the last five years was conducted, highlighting the importance of research in this area. This review focused on articles that emphasize how cyclodextrins can improve the bioavailability, therapeutic action, toxicity, and solubility of medications. Initially, 380 articles were identified with the keyword "cyclodextrin AND Chagas disease"; 356 were excluded for not being directly related to the topic, using the keyword "cyclodextrin complex against Trypanosoma cruzi". Over the last five years, a total of 13,075 studies on Chagas disease treatment were found in our literature analysis. The studies also showed interest in molecules derived from natural products and vegetable oils. Research on cyclodextrins, particularly in the context of Chagas disease treatment, has advanced significantly, with studies highlighting the efficacy of molecules in cyclodextrin complexes and indicating promising advances in disease treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the use of Baobab oil in the cosmetics industry. The oil is obtained through cold pressing and then refined and deodorized to obtain a highly pure end product. It contains skin-nourishing and moisturizing unsaturated fatty acids, as well as a high content of tocopherol for high oxidative stability. Dermatological studies have shown that Baobab oil does not cause skin irritation or allergic reactions and has moisturizing properties. It is sustainably sourced, and Evonik supports local communities through the procurement of Baobab seeds. Baobab oil is considered a differentiated choice for achieving the goals of "Sustainabeauty". [Extracted from the article]

Zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were composited with NaY zeolite using two different approaches to the ship‐in‐bottle method. The two synthesized nanocatalysts showed that the ZIF‐8 composite with NaY zeolite could stabilize their structure as catalysts in an acidic environment. The NaY@ZIF‐8 nanocomposites that were prepared were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), elemental mapping (MAP), thermogravimetric (TGA), temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3‐TPD), and inductively coupled plasma analyses. The synthesized composites were used as catalysts for the esterification reaction of acetic acid with four different alcohols and the transesterification reaction of animal fats, vegetable oils, and waste oils. The results show that the efficiency of the esterification reactions for the two catalytic composites was 98.5% and 94.3%, respectively, and 78.1% for the transesterification reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spent bleaching clay (SBC) is a hazardous waste produced by vegetable oil refining industries. SBC contains a residual oil (RO) with a lot of organic and inorganic impurities and its disposal leads to severe environmental consequences. In this study, SBC regeneration by extraction, acid modification and pyrolysis under various conditions and biodiesel production were studied. The GC-MS of the extracted RO shows that the fatty acid content is in conformity with crude oil and is appropriate for biodiesel production. FTIR was recorded in order to evaluate the main functional groups of fresh-, spent-, regenerated bleaching clay. The specific surface area (SSA) of fresh bleaching clay (FBC) (166.1 ± 1.7 m2/g) was lower than regenerated bleaching clay (RBC) one. The highest SSA (252.1 ± 1.7 m2/g) was revealed by pyrolysis at 550°C and activation with 10% sulfuric acid. Subsequent increase in the acid concentration and temperature of pyrolysis caused a decrease in the SSA. The heavy metals concentration in RBC was lower than the limits for activated bleaching clay in the National Food Safety Standard. Hence, RBC effectively copes with heavy metal removal. The peroxide, anisidine, acid values and oxidation stability of oil bleached with RBC are comparable to the FBC. Implications: The disposal of spent bleaching clay from vegetable oil refining industries has been recognized as a significant environmental issue. After adsorbing the impurities, spent bleaching clay becomes contaminated with a high concentration of organic and inorganic substances, including residual oils, fatty acids, phospholipids, and potentially toxic heavy metals. This makes spent bleaching clay a hazardous waste and improper disposal can lead to severe environmental consequences. Due to the potential environmental harm caused by spent bleaching clay disposal, it is crucial for vegetable oil refining industries to adopt proper waste management practices. Overall, the proper management and disposal of spent bleaching clay is essential to prevent environmental contamination and safeguard human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cooking is an essential aspect of everyday life. Cooking oils and methods exert enormous effects on the nutritional, physicochemical, microbial qualities, and bioactive compounds of vegetables. Most of them are either directly or indirectly related to human health. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to find out the effect of two cooking methods (traditional and steam cooking) and four selected culinary oils (soybean oil, mustard oil, extra virgin olive oil, and extra virgin coconut oil) on the cooked vegetables. The results indicated that steam‐cooked mixed vegetables retained more nutrients than traditional ones. The traditional cooking method of preparing mixed vegetables with soybean oil revealed higher amounts of crude fat, 26.90 ± 0.10%, whereas steam cooking and traditionally cooked vegetables without oils showed lower amounts of crude fat, 1.21 ± 0.04%, and 1.94 ± 0.04%, respectively. The highest crude fibre from 5.68 ± 0.20 to 6.48 ± 0.02% was recorded by the steam‐cooked vegetables in comparison with traditionally prepared mixed vegetables. Traditionally cooked vegetables with mustard oil showed a higher crude protein (13.30 ± 0.10%). The mixed vegetables that were steam‐cooked using extra virgin olive oil revealed a decreased percent of carbohydrates, 49.42 ± 0.03%. Most of the essential minerals especially for the human body like Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn were found notable in both traditional and steam‐cooking processes using extra virgin olive oil, and mustard oil. The leading bioactive compound ß‐carotene 67.04 ± 0.04 mg/100 g was noted by the steam‐cooked vegetables with mustard oil. The highest anthocyanin 32.69 ± 0.02 mg/100 g and ascorbic acid 42.31 ± 0.01 mg/100 g were recorded in the steam‐cooked vegetables without culinary oils. Steam‐cooking with extra virgin coconut and olive oil resulted in high total carotenoid and phenolic content (31.60 ± 0.05 and 3.11 ± 0.04 mg/100 g, respectively). However, the findings suggest that culinary oils used in the present study retained more essential minerals and bioactive compounds than soybean oil. Only sufficient amount of edible oil may be used for vegetables cooking and proper functioning of fat‐soluble vitamins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve efficient utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials, a bioregenerant (BR) was developed in this research, and waste vegetable oil (WVO), alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APEO), plasticizer [tributyl acetylcitrate (ATBC)] and tackifying resin (FTR) were chosen as components of the regenerant. The composition ratio of BR was designed based on the response surface method (RSM), and the optimal BR dosage and the regeneration effect of BR on the bioregenerated mixture (BRM) with different RAP contents were determined and investigated. Results showed that the optimal composition ratio of BR was found to be WVO-APEO-ATBC-FTR=100:2:23:10. The addition of BR significantly reduced the high-temperature stability and aging resistance of the mixture, but improved its low-temperature cracking resistance and fatigue resistance. Additionally, BR prominently contributed to the improvement for the water stability of the regenerated mixture, and its regeneration effect was found to be similar to that of two commercial regenerants, although excessive BR led to the decline of water stability. Moreover, the high-temperature stability and aging resistance of BRM when mixed with 20%, 30%, and 40% RAP were similar to those of the new asphalt mixture (NAM). At 20%, 30%, and 40% RAP content, both the low-temperature cracking resistance and fatigue resistance of BRM met the requirements. However, when the RAP content exceeded 40%, the water stability of BRM went beyond the specification limit. Taking into account the overall road performance, it is suggested that the optimal BR dosage is 5%–9%, and the maximum RAP content ensuring the road performance of BRM meets the requirements is 40%. These research findings will contribute to addressing the stacking problem of reclaimed asphalt pavement materials and environmental pollution, aligning with green and environmentally friendly sustainable development principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L. [Brassicales: Brassicaceae]) is a major oilseed crop grown globally as a source of vegetable oil, animal feed and biofuel feedstock. The global demand for canola oil as a biofuel feedstock has increased due to recent regulations in the European Union, United States, and Canada. In North America, canola production is centered on the northern Great Plains where it is challenged by two highly destructive flea beetle species, the crucifer (Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze, 1777) and the striped (Phyllotreta striolata Fabricius, 1803) flea beetles. In the spring, adult P. cruciferae and P. striolata begin feeding on canola seedlings, creating a 'shot hole' appearance, which can reduce the plant's photosynthetic capacity leading to uneven plant emergence and growth, reduced plant stand density, and reduced seed yield. Losses resulting from flea beetles are estimated in the tens of millions of dollars annually. At present, the principle means for flea beetle control are insecticides applied as systemic seed treatments and/or subsequent foliar sprays. The continued use of these products is being questioned due to environmental concerns and acquisition of resistance. As such, significant research effort is being directed toward the development of an integrated pest management system for these abundant and hard to manage pests of canola. Here, we review the ecology, pest status, and management of flea beetles in North America and discuss future research needed to promote flea beetle management and sustainable canola production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable fats and oils are prone to contamination by mineral oil hydrocarbons due to the lipophilic and ubiquitous character of the latter. As the aromatic fraction of these hydrocarbons, MOAH, is associated with carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and detrimental effects on foetal development, finding strategies to limit or reduce their contamination is highly relevant. Deodorisation (i.e. a refining step) has shown the ability to remove MOAH < C25 in vegetable fats and oils, but there is little information about the structures removed. Therefore, the present study investigated the impact of deodorisation conditions on the removal of different structures of MOAH in spiked coconut oil. An inscribed central composite design was built with time and temperature as variables (0.5-4h, 150-240 °C), while pressure (3 mbar) and steam flow (1 g water/g oil per hour) were kept constant. The analysis of MOAH in the oil was performed using a fully automated liquid chromatography coupled with two parallel comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography systems with flame ionisation and time-of-flight mass spectrometric detection. Response surfaces plotting the MOAH loss according to time and temperature were built for different MOAH fractions. The latter were defined based on the number of aromatic rings (>3 or ≤3) and the number of carbon atoms present (C16-C20, C20-C24, C24-C35, C35-C40). It was found that at 200 °C, compounds < C24, including weakly alkylated triaromatics, could be reduced to below the limit of quantification, while at 230 °C, it was possible to remove >60% of the C24-C35 fraction, including pentaromatics of low alkylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The female prostate, also known as Skene's gland, is present in both humans and rodents. Prenatal exposure to ethinylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen found in oral contraceptives, induces pormotes neoplasic prostate lesions in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Conversely, pequi oil (Pe), extracted from the Brazilian Cerrado fruit, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, mitigates risks associated with chronic diseases related to lifestyle and aging. This study evaluates the impact of prenatal exposure to Pe (300 mg/kg) on senile gerbil offspring's male and female prostates under normal conditions and EE2 exposure (15 μg/kg/day). Histological and morphometric analyses revealed that Pe reduced male body weight and prostate epithelial height, along with a thinner muscle layer. In females, EE2 exposure reduced prostatic weight, while Pe exposure lowered epithelial height and the relative stromal compartment volume, increasing the muscle layer. Pequi oil holds potential in mitigating alterations induced by exposure to the endocrine disruptor EE2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental issues, including climate change and plastic pollution, have compelled scientists to look at alternatives to traditional polymers. Scientists are actively researching biobased hyperbranched polymers, an emerging group of highly branched polymers made from sustainable resources. They are seen as a promising alternative to petrochemical-based polymers. Hyperbranched polymers can be made using single- and double-monomer techniques. This review provides an extensive perspective of the synthesis and properties of biobased hyperbranched polymers made from a variety of renewable starting materials, including starch, lignin, vanillin, levulinic acid, furfurylamine, ferulic acid, citric acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, and tannic acid and various vegetable oils have been investigated till date. Most of these biobased hyperbranched polymers have been created using vegetable oil as their raw materials because numerous vegetable oil derivatives like monoglycerides, polyols, and fatty acids can be potentially used as monomers for the polymer. In the paper, specifics about modified biobased hyperbranched polymers, their composites, nanocomposites, and functionalized versions are highlighted. These materials belong to a class that combines the special characteristics of hyperbranched polymers with the reinforcing and functionalizing effects of fillers like silver, carbon, silicone, clay, etc. Lastly, the paper also discusses the various practical applications of biobased hyperbranched polymers in various industrial sectors and their prospects for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)