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Thermal stability of the multilayer (Mg/NbOx)82 nanostructure and the effect of heat treatment on its electrical properties and phase composition depending on the bilayer thickness are studied. The studied (Mg/NbOx)82 samples contain 82 bilayers whose thickness varies in the range from 2.2 to 6.2 nm. The NbOx layer thickness in the multilayers is the same (0.96 nm) in all samples, while the magnesium layers thickness is varied. It is established that the magnesium layers are either discrete (a set of nanosized particles) or continuous depending on their thickness. A metallothermic reaction occurs in (Mg/NbOx)82 multilayer nanostructures at a temperature of 430 °C: niobium oxide decomposes and the released oxygen partly oxidizes the magnesium layers. That leads to the conductive magnesium metal layers breaking and to the sharp increase of the nanostructures’ resistance by more than two orders. Despite the metallothermic reaction, the layering of the (Mg/NbOx)82 nanostructures as a whole and the presence of unoxidized magnesium inclusions remain even after heating up to 450 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The next generation of advanced materials is tending toward increasingly complex compositions. Synthesizing precise composition is time-consuming and becomes exponentially demanding with increasing compositional complexity. An experienced human operator does significantly better than a novice but still struggles to consistently achieve precision when synthesis parameters are coupled. The time to optimize synthesis becomes a barrier to exploring scientifically and technologically exciting compositionally complex materials. This investigation demonstrates an active learning (AL) approach for optimizing physical vapor deposition synthesis of thin-film alloys with up to five principal elements. We compared AL-based on Gaussian process (GP) and random forest (RF) models. The best performing models were able to discover synthesis parameters for a target quinary alloy in 14 iterations. We also demonstrate the capability of these models to be used in transfer learning tasks. RF and GP models trained on lower dimensional systems (i.e., ternary, quarternary) show an immediate improvement in prediction accuracy compared to models trained only on quinary samples. Furthermore, samples that only share a few elements in common with the target composition can be used for model pre-training. We believe that such AL approaches can be widely adapted to significantly accelerate the exploration of compositionally complex materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in ferroic materials center upon understanding domain structures and their boundaries. This study innovates by directing the growth of lead halide perovskite microcrystals from the gas phase onto pre‐chosen substrates, thereby inducing an interfacial strain that prompts ferroelasticity‐driven structural transformation. A method of ferroelastic engineering in vapor‐grown perovskite heterostructures is thus unveiled, revealing ordered domain patterns of bright crystals with contrasting electro‐optical properties. In the case of the frustrated halide perovskite crystals, the strain is relaxed by the formation of alternating crystallographic twin domains. In the demonstrated orthorhombic system, these domains alternate between (110) and (002) orientation, with a (112) domain boundary. Perovskite ferroelastic effect with facet stability is correlated, attributed to the exposure of lower surface energy terminations, promoting the material's stability and efficiency. This findings result from direct electrical measurements, which pave the way for the tailored design of ferroic materials, optimizing their optoelectronic characteristics for enhanced device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solution‐based methods for fabricating all‐inorganic perovskite film arrays often suffer from limited control over nucleation and crystallization, resulting in poor homogeneity and coverage. To improve film quality, advanced vapor deposition techniques are employed for continuous film. Here, the vapor deposition strategy to the all‐inorganic perovskite films array, enabling area‐selective deposition of perovskite through substrate modulation is expanded. It can yield a high‐quality perovskite film array with different pixel shapes, various perovskite compositions, and a high resolution of 423 dpi. The resulting photodetector arrays exhibit remarkable optoelectronic performance with an on/off ratio of 13 887 and responsivity of 47.5 A W−1. The device also displays long‐term stability in a damp condition for up to 12 h. Moreover, a pulse monitoring sensor based on the perovskite films array demonstrates stable monitoring for pulse signals after being worn for 12 h and with a low illumination of 0.055 mW cm−2, highlighting the potential application in wearable optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise control and understanding of crystal orientation in perovskite polycrystalline films are crucial for the development of efficient and stable devices. However, achieving this control remains a significant challenge. Herein, a PbI2 oriented growth strategy is developed, combined with in situ vapor–solid reaction transformations, to achieve oriented growth of full‐vacuum perovskite films. Grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) analysis revealed the general pattern of PbI2 oriented vapor growth and in situ vapor–solid reaction transformation in this two‐step process. The resulting preferred orientation has effectively reduced trap state density, optimizing the carrier dynamics. As a result, champion efficiencies of 22.11% (0.148 cm2), 20.60% (1 cm2), and 19.41% (5 × 5 cm2 mini‐modules) are achieved, which are the highest value for perovskite based on vapor–solid reaction. Additionally, the oriented growth method is applicable to a variety of guide layers and is extended to 30 × 30 cm2 film, demonstrating the universality and scalability of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of lubricating oil is paramount for the optimal functioning of modern engines, and it has generated intensive research in the automotive industry. The aim is to improve the tribological properties of lubricants by including nanomaterials as additives in base oils. This article presents an exhaustive bibliographic review of the experiments carried out to optimize the tribological properties of nano-lubricants in order to identify the nanoparticles and experimental processes used and analyze the results obtained. The methodology adopted combines inductive and deductive elements. It begins with the formulation of a general theory on the application of nanoparticles in lubricants, followed by the collection of specific data on the conceptualization and preparation of nano-lubricants. A total of 176 articles focused on the application of nanoparticles in lubricants, especially to reduce the coefficient of friction, are reviewed. These works, with impact levels Q1 and Q2, delve into the application and are analyzed to review the obtained results. Most researchers worked with a nanoparticle concentration range of 0% to 1% by volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid vapor deposition is one of the most appealing processes for perovskite photovoltaics fabrication, thanks to its versatile nature. By using sequentially different vapor deposition processes tailored to the inorganic and organic perovskite precursors' peculiarities, this type of process gives access to the full potential of vapor deposition. While vapor deposition of metal halides is well understood and mastered, vapor deposition of organohalide species is much more delicate (degradation of vapors, high vapor pressure, setup‐specific constraints). Here, a novel close space sublimation system is reported and in‐depth insights on the conversion into perovskite of a metal halide template are provided. In this evolution of the process, the substrate coated with metal halide template and the organohalide source are loaded together in a dedicated holder, then transferred into a vacuum chamber on a heating element already at temperature setpoint. The system enables a simple, fast, low‐cost, and easy‐to‐reproduce organohalide vapor deposition process. The formation of the perovskite in situ and identification different conversion regimes are studied. Furthermore, the influence of the chemical environment and chamber design on the process are discussed. Compositional tuning and additive engineering in the process are processed and fabricate proof of concept photovoltaic devices reaching high fill factors of 80% and 17% power conversion efficiency for a bandgap of 1.63 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inorganic Chemicals Industry is the property of Editorial Office of Inorganic Chemicals Industry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Solution‐based methods for fabricating all‐inorganic perovskite film arrays often suffer from limited control over nucleation and crystallization, resulting in poor homogeneity and coverage. To improve film quality, advanced vapor deposition techniques are employed for continuous film. Here, the vapor deposition strategy to the all‐inorganic perovskite films array, enabling area‐selective deposition of perovskite through substrate modulation is expanded. It can yield a high‐quality perovskite film array with different pixel shapes, various perovskite compositions, and a high resolution of 423 dpi. The resulting photodetector arrays exhibit remarkable optoelectronic performance with an on/off ratio of 13 887 and responsivity of 47.5 A W−1. The device also displays long‐term stability in a damp condition for up to 12 h. Moreover, a pulse monitoring sensor based on the perovskite films array demonstrates stable monitoring for pulse signals after being worn for 12 h and with a low illumination of 0.055 mW cm−2, highlighting the potential application in wearable optoelectronic devices.

The next generation of advanced materials is tending toward increasingly complex compositions. Synthesizing precise composition is time-consuming and becomes exponentially demanding with increasing compositional complexity. An experienced human operator does significantly better than a novice but still struggles to consistently achieve precision when synthesis parameters are coupled. The time to optimize synthesis becomes a barrier to exploring scientifically and technologically exciting compositionally complex materials. This investigation demonstrates an active learning (AL) approach for optimizing physical vapor deposition synthesis of thin-film alloys with up to five principal elements. We compared AL-based on Gaussian process (GP) and random forest (RF) models. The best performing models were able to discover synthesis parameters for a target quinary alloy in 14 iterations. We also demonstrate the capability of these models to be used in transfer learning tasks. RF and GP models trained on lower dimensional systems (i.e., ternary, quarternary) show an immediate improvement in prediction accuracy compared to models trained only on quinary samples. Furthermore, samples that only share a few elements in common with the target composition can be used for model pre-training. We believe that such AL approaches can be widely adapted to significantly accelerate the exploration of compositionally complex materials.

Zeolite A (LTA)-coated Mn-doped perovskite quantum dot CsPb1–xMnxCl3@LTA (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) composites were fabricated by vapor deposition crystallization. LTA not only improved the water, light, and thermal stability of perovskite quantum dots but also limited the average size of perovskite quantum dots to less than 20 nm. Mn2+ doping improved the exciton lifetime of a perovskite quantum dot matrix. The photogenerated carriers generated by Mn2+ have a decay life of hundreds of microseconds, which effectively improves the photocatalytic efficiency. When x = 0.6, the total yield of CO and CH4 was 1443.25 μmol g–1 (1191.08 μmol g–1 of CO and 252.17 μmol g–1 of CH4). After 5 catalytic cycles, the yields of CO and CH4 remained at 53.77% and 62.27% of their original levels, respectively, indicating that CsPb1–xMnxCl3@LTA has excellent photocatalytic application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using gas-phase deposition (Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) and Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)) methods, modern implant samples (Ti alloy and CFR-PEEK polymer, 30% carbon fiber) were functionalized with film heterostructures consisting of an iridium or gold sublayer, on the surface of which an antibacterial component (silver) was deposited: Ag/Ir(Au)/Ti(CFR-PEEK). The biocidal effect of the heterostructures was investigated, the effect of the surface relief of the carrier and the metal sublayer on antibacterial activity was established, and the dynamics of silver dissolution was evaluated. It has been shown that the activity of Ag/Ir heterostructures was due to high Ag+ release rates, which led to rapid (2–4 h) inhibition of P. aeruginosa growth. In the case of Ag/Au type heterostructures, the inhibition of the growth of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus occurred more slowly (from 6 h), and the antibacterial activity appeared to be due to the contribution of two agents (Ag+ and Au+ ions). It was found, according to the in vitro cytotoxicity study, that heterostructures did not exhibit toxic effects (cell viability > 95–98%). An in vivo biocompatibility assessment based on the results of a morphohistological study showed that after implantation for a period of 30 days, the samples were characterized by the presence of a thin fibrous capsule without volume thickening and signs of inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) silane possesses one terminal amine group and three ethoxy groups extending from each silicon atom, acting as a crucial interface between organic and inorganic materials. In this study, after APTES was deposited on the aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 as a primer for an optional top coating with polystyrene (PS), its role with regard to stability as a protection layer and interaction with the topcoat were studied via combinatorial experimentation. The aluminum alloy samples primed with APTES under various durations of concentrated vapor deposition (20, 40, or 60 min) with an optional post heat treatment and/or PS topcoat were comparatively characterized via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface energy. The samples top-coated with PS on an APTES layer primed for 40 min with a post heat treatment revealed excellent performance regarding corrosion impedance. A primed APTES surface with higher surface energy accounted for this higher corrosion impedance. Based on the SEM images and the surface energy calculated from the measured contact angles on the APTES-primed surfaces, four mechanisms are suggested to explain that the good protection performance of the APTES/PS coating system can be attributed to the enhanced wettability of PS on the cured APTES primer with higher surface energy. The results also suggest that, in the early stages of exposure to the corrosion solution, a thinner APTES primer (deposited for 20 min) enhances protection against corrosion, which can be attributed to the hydrolytic stability and hydrolyzation/condensation of the soaked APTES and the dissolution of the naturally formed aluminum oxide pre-existing in the bare samples. An APTES primer subjected to additional heat treatment will increase the impedance of the coating system significantly. APTES, and silanes, in general, used as adherent agents or surface modifiers, have a wide range of potential applications in micro devices, as projected in the Discussion section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present communication we are reporting experimentally observed data of Platinum (Pt) based nano composite thin films. Platinum (Pt) shows crystalline behavior whereas Antimony tri sulfide (Sb2S3) shows amorphous behavior, and it has layered structure. In this observation the ratio of Pt and Sb2S3 is taken in 1:10 respectively, due to which multiple peaks shown in X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and have studied its variation by doing UV-Vis spectroscopy of different thickness of deposited material. Therefore, by this analysis of the nano composite materials we can synthesize nanomaterials which have great applications in photodetectors, solar cells, drug delivery, Fuel Cell, sensors, bioimaging and many other materials fabrications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of lubricating oil is paramount for the optimal functioning of modern engines, and it has generated intensive research in the automotive industry. The aim is to improve the tribological properties of lubricants by including nanomaterials as additives in base oils. This article presents an exhaustive bibliographic review of the experiments carried out to optimize the tribological properties of nano-lubricants in order to identify the nanoparticles and experimental processes used and analyze the results obtained. The methodology adopted combines inductive and deductive elements. It begins with the formulation of a general theory on the application of nanoparticles in lubricants, followed by the collection of specific data on the conceptualization and preparation of nano-lubricants. A total of 176 articles focused on the application of nanoparticles in lubricants, especially to reduce the coefficient of friction, are reviewed. These works, with impact levels Q1 and Q2, delve into the application and are analyzed to review the obtained results. Most researchers worked with a nanoparticle concentration range of 0% to 1% by volume.

ObjectivesThe wetting gradient surface has potential application value in such fields as ship anti-fouling and submarine drag reduction, requiring further research on low-cost and low-complexity wetting gradient surface preparation technology.MethodsThe preparation and static wetting characteristics of a silica-based wetting gradient surface are analyzed using vapor deposition, alkali corrosion and a combination of both.ResultsThe contact angle using vapor deposition reaches 104.9°, with a largest range of about 23°; that using alkali corrosion reaches 80.2°, with a largest range of about 60°; and that using both methods reaches 102.1°, with a largest range of about 40°.ConclusionsThe results of this study can provide references for the preparation of functional surfaces for marine equipment.

Abstract Vapor deposition of polymers is known to result in densified thin films, and recent developments have advanced these polymers with interesting fabrication techniques to a variety of controlled structures other than thin films. With the advantages of chemical modification and functionalization of these polymers, advancements have combined both the physical and chemical properties of these vapor-deposited polymers to obtain controlled anisotropic polymers, including layer-by-layer, gradient, hierarchical, porosity, and the combination of the above, meaning that the produced polymers are functional and are addressed in devised physical configurations and chemical compositions. The main purpose of using polymer coatings as a tool for surface modification is to provide additional properties that decouple the natural properties of the underlying materials (including metals, polymers, oxides/ceramics, glass, silicon, etc.), and recent advancements have rendered novel insights into combined physical and chemical properties to fulfill the increasing needs of sophisticated requirements of materials for users. The review herein intends to deliver messages of recent progress of the advancements of vapor-deposited polymers, with discussions of the variations of the physical structures and chemical functionalities, and how these two aspects are integrated with novel fabrication techniques. The advanced vapor polymers now have the capability of controlled anisotropy in the physical structure and chemical composition and are expected to pave the way for interface engineering toward prospective material designs. Table of content: 1. Introduction 2. Fabrication and Materials 3. Controls of Anisotropy 4. Applications 5. Conclusions and Outlook

The modification of electron transport layers (ETLs) is an important strategy to optimize the performance of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, the components of the perovskite precursor, formamidinium iodide (FAI), were introduced to form an ultra-thin uniform FAI film on the surface of the prepared SnO2 film by a novel vapor deposition method. This method helped fill up the defects of the ETL, reduce excess PbI2 in the perovskite film, and enlarge the grain size to improve the quality of the ETL and the perovskite film. Therefore, better interfacial contact of the ETL-perovskite, reduced trap-state density, increased electron extraction and transport ability, and improved energy level matching were achieved. By optimizing the FAI, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) presented an impressive increase from 17.15 to 20.54%, with negligible hysteresis and improved long-term device stability. In addition, the corresponding flexible PSCs also exhibited an excellent PCE of 17.78% and an enhanced bending durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu2AlSnS4 (CATS) was generated through directly fusing of extremely pure elements. Powder show a tetragonal crystal system belongs to the space group Fd3m and the CATS film displays narrow and weak diffraction peaks corresponding to the structure of pure kesterite without secondary phase. CATS thin films were produced using the vacuum thermal evaporation process and then deposited to surfaces that ranged in temperature from 25 to 300 °C. Several techniques were used to investigate the obtained films. The surface appearance and chemical content films exposed their homogenous character. The optical analysis displayed good visible-range optical absorption and optical direct band gap of 1.30–1.65 eV with excellent transmission. CATS showed high photocatalytic efficacy to degrade methylene blue completely under UV-light irradiation. These results will open the opportunity for using this new material as talented candidate in solar cells and removing organic pollutants from aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Special porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes are created on Al in a phosphonic acid electrolyte solution through one‐step anodic oxidation and modified with polydimethysiloxane using a vapor deposition technique. In this context, the anodic oxidation time is tuned during its process. As such, the Al surface's wettability, and self‐cleaning property are controlled by the tunable anodic oxidation time, for the anodic oxidation, time can regulate the structure of the AAO and the proportion of the air‐liquid interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Frequent impacts on the Moon have changed the physical and chemical properties of the lunar regolith, with new materials deposited from the impact-induced vapor phase. Here, we combined nanoscale chemical and structural analysis to identify the mineral digenite (4Cu 2 S·CuS) in Chang'e-5 lunar soil. This is the first report of digenite in a lunar sample. The surface-correlated digenite phase is undifferentiated in distribution and compositionally distinct from its hosts, suggesting that it originated from vapor-phase deposition. The presence of an Al-rich impact glass bead suggests that a thermal effect provided by impact ejecta is the main heat source for the evaporation of Cu-S components from a cupriferous troilite precursor, and the digenite condensed from these Cu-S vapors. A large pure metallic iron (Fe0) particle and high Cu content within the studied Cu-Fe-S grain suggest that this grain was most likely derived from a highly differentiated and reduced melt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by sputter deposition in thin films of three different ionic liquids (ILs) with the same anion (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and cation (imidazolium), but with different alkyl chain lengths and symmetries in the cationic moiety ([C4C1im][NTf2], [C2C2im][NTf2], and [C5C5im][NTf2]). Ionic liquid (IL) films in the form of microdroplets with different thicknesses (200 to 800 monolayers) were obtained through vacuum thermal evaporation onto glass substrates coated with indium tin oxide (ITO). The sputtering process of the Ag onto the ILs when conducted simultaneously with argon plasma promoted the coalescence of the ILs' droplets and the formation, incorporation, and stabilization of the metallic nanoparticles in the coalesced IL films. The formation/stabilization of the AgNPs in the IL films was confirmed using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was found that the IL films with larger thicknesses (600 and 800 monolayers) were better media for the formation of AgNPs. Among the ILs used, [C5C5im][NTf2] was found to be particularly promising for the stabilization of AgNPs. The use of larger IL droplets as capture media was found to promote a better stabilization of the AgNPs, thereby reducing their tendency to aggregate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lubrication Engineering (0254-0150) is the property of Editorial Office of LUBRICATION ENGINEERING and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The wetting behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) on the mesoscopic scale considerably impacts a wide range of scientific fields and technologies. Particularly under vacuum conditions, these materials exhibit unique characteristics. This work explores the effect of the deposition rate and substrate temperature on the nucleation, droplet formation, and droplet spreading of ILs films obtained by thermal evaporation. Four ILs were studied, encompassing an alkylimidazolium cation (CnC1im) and either bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) or the triflate (OTf) as the anion. Each IL sample was simultaneously deposited on surfaces of indium tin oxide (ITO) and silver (Ag). The mass flow rate was reproducibly controlled using a Knudsen cell as an evaporation source, and the film morphology (micro- and nanodroplets) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wettability of the substrates by the ILs was notably affected by changes in mass flow rate and substrate temperature. Specifically, the results indicated that an increase in the deposition rate and/or substrate temperature intensified the droplet coalescence of [C2C1im][NTf2] and [C2C1im][OTf] on ITO surfaces. Conversely, a smaller impact was observed on the Ag surface due to the strong adhesion between the ILs and the metallic film. Furthermore, modifying the deposition parameters resulted in a noticeable differentiation in the droplet morphology obtained for [C8C1im][NTf2] and [C8C1im][OTf]. Nevertheless, droplets from long-chain ILs deposited on ITO surfaces showed intensified coalescence, regardless of the deposition rate or substrate temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) silane possesses one terminal amine group and three ethoxy groups extending from each silicon atom, acting as a crucial interface between organic and inorganic materials. In this study, after APTES was deposited on the aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 as a primer for an optional top coating with polystyrene (PS), its role with regard to stability as a protection layer and interaction with the topcoat were studied via combinatorial experimentation. The aluminum alloy samples primed with APTES under various durations of concentrated vapor deposition (20, 40, or 60 min) with an optional post heat treatment and/or PS topcoat were comparatively characterized via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and surface energy. The samples top-coated with PS on an APTES layer primed for 40 min with a post heat treatment revealed excellent performance regarding corrosion impedance. A primed APTES surface with higher surface energy accounted for this higher corrosion impedance. Based on the SEM images and the surface energy calculated from the measured contact angles on the APTES-primed surfaces, four mechanisms are suggested to explain that the good protection performance of the APTES/PS coating system can be attributed to the enhanced wettability of PS on the cured APTES primer with higher surface energy. The results also suggest that, in the early stages of exposure to the corrosion solution, a thinner APTES primer (deposited for 20 min) enhances protection against corrosion, which can be attributed to the hydrolytic stability and hydrolyzation/condensation of the soaked APTES and the dissolution of the naturally formed aluminum oxide pre-existing in the bare samples. An APTES primer subjected to additional heat treatment will increase the impedance of the coating system significantly. APTES, and silanes, in general, used as adherent agents or surface modifiers, have a wide range of potential applications in micro devices, as projected in the Discussion section.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated in laboratories have already achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) comparable to market‐dominant crystalline silicon solar cells. However, this promising photovoltaic technology suffers from severe loss of PCE during scaling up, limiting its progress toward commercialization. One critical question is to develop scalable, low‐cost, high throughput, and well‐controlled production methods to deposit high‐quality perovskite films. Among various approaches, two‐step sequential deposition methods have their unique advantages but have been long overlooked. This review provides an overview of two‐step methods for fabricating efficient and stable perovskite solar modules (PSMs). The mechanisms of two‐step perovskite conversion and advanced engineering approaches to modulate the perovskite formation process are discussed first. The progress of efficient PSCs prepared by different two‐step methods is surveyed and the advantages and disadvantages of each method for the scalable production of PSMs are compared. Particularly, it is highlighted that the vapor‐based two‐step methods are promising for high‐throughput in‐line production of PSMs. Finally, insights into the challenges and outlook of the industrialization of two‐step processes for producing PSMs are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the electronic, optical, and thermo electronic properties executed by First Principles and experimental examination on undoped HfO2 and Copper (Cu) based transition metal oxides (HfO2) nanostructured thin films. Thermoelectric properties of undoped HfO2 by semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory were carried out using the BotlzTraP code. Copper (Cu) based transition metal oxides (HfO2) nanostructured thin films have been designed on properly cleaned micro slides of CORNING glass substrate with dimensions of 70 × 50 mm and thickness 0.96–1.06 mm using electron beam evaporation. During deposition, the substrate temperature has been varied from 30 to 150 ℃ maintaining the overall thickness at ~ 25 nm through crystal quartz monitor. Surface morphology, optical properties, including optical parameters, have been measured precisely with high resolution. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has been employed for films morphology, grain sizes, and roughness. Using Gwyddion software, for all the samples at 30 ℃ (namely AZ-I), 100 ℃ (AZ-II), and 150 ℃ (AZ-III) substrate temperature, the root mean square (RMS) roughness calculated as 2.56 nm, 5.04 nm, and 4.32 nm, respectively. Whereas, the grain size was verified as 17.42 nm, 21.49 nm, and 24.87 nm respectively along with other surface parameters proved that the film's surface density and crystallinity were improved by increasing substrate temperature. Optical properties transmittance and reflectance were measured Dual beam Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer-950 ranging from 250 to 2500 nm (UV–VIS-NIR). The overall changes in transmittance showed the maximum value (above 70%) in the visible region whereas minimum (below 10%) for NIR and IR regions of the light spectrum for all the samples AZ-I, AZ-II, and AZ-III. Other concerned optical constants like refractive indices, molar reflectivity, and extinction coefficients were also calculated. Their variations and performances have been proved that the deposited D/M/D nanostructured films were favorable as optically active films and energy efficient windows. The simulations and experimental results show association in electronic and optical parameters. Created with "BioRender.com", as a premium member. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the preparation of actinide targets at Oregon State University. The preparation of the actinide fluorides is done by an aqueous precipitation procedure with yields of greater than 90%. A dual glove box system is used for the preparation of the fluorides of the high specific activity actinides and the subsequent vapor deposition. We compare and contrast targets made by vapor deposition and molecular plating. We discuss some new data on the structure of actinide targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fabricate stable neat FAPbI3 perovskite with a pure α‐phase (pure α‐FAPbI3) is important in the field of photovoltaic commercialization because of its better bandgap than its alloying counterpart with cesium (Cs) or methylammonium (MA) cations. In this study, the first vapor deposited pure α‐FAPbI3 thin film solar cell with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 20% is achieved by regulating the phase transition process. It is found that under high humidity conditions, a fast phase transition between high‐purity α‐ and δ‐phase FAPbI3 can be realized. Moreover, theoretical calculations interestingly reveal a phase transition shortcut induced by the abnormal volume contraction that is ascribed to the formation of double hydrogen bonds at a certain H2O concentration. Therefore, a high‐humidity post‐treatment strategy is proposed to fabricate α‐FAPbI3 solar cells with a champion PCE of 20.19% (0.1 cm2) and 18.91% (1 cm2), which is currently the highest recorded value in vapor deposited pure α‐FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells. This study helps to redefine the effect of a water molecule on FAPbI3 solar cells. In addition, the demonstrated scaling‐up possibility provides another perspective for fabricating uniform high‐performance pure α‐FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Robust transporting layers do not guarantee durable perovskite solar cells. • Vapor deposition promotes the structural orientation of perovskite polycrystal. • Surface polarity dictates perovskite crystallography by precursor adhesion property. • Buried interface has a profound influence on perovskite photostability. • Passivation-free perovskite solar cells maintain 80 % efficiency after 47 days of light exposure. All-vapor-deposited perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer promising potential for maintaining high efficiency across large-area solar modules. However, a comprehensive understanding of device stability, particularly the crucial photodegradation mechanism under sunlight exposure, remains scarce in the existing literature. In this study, we investigate thermally co-evaporated perovskite polycrystals grown on two typical organic hole-transporting layers (HTLs), macrocyclic copper (Ⅱ) phthalocyanine (CuPc) and the arylamine derivative of N4,N4,N4′,N4′-tetra([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-[1,1′:4′,1′-terphenyl]-4,4′-diamine (TaTm). Surprisingly, the robust CuPc limits the device performance with substantial non-radiative recombination loss and accelerates device degradation under light exposure. When built upon TaTm, the PSCs demonstrate a 47 times prolonged T 80 lifetime (the efficiency drops to 80 % of the initial efficiency) of 1128 h by regulating the surface crystallography. By reducing the perovskite thickness to approach the buried heterojunction interface, we unravel the loss mechanism by directly observing crystallization dynamics. Our investigation reveals that surface polarity significantly influences the precursor adhesion, grain growth, and recombination dynamics at the HTL-perovskite interface. These findings underscore the critical role of the underlying surface in vapor-deposited PSCs, highlighting the potential for improved photostability through the regulation of interface imperfections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Early Nb 3 Sn growth mechanisms were compared on various Nb substrates. • Nb surface determined the distribution and morphology of nucleated Sn and Nb 3 Sn. • Pre-deposition Nb oxidation determines the NbO surface sites present during growth. • NbO atomic structure contributes to poor Nb 3 Sn growth. • Nb grain boundaries do not preferentially nucleate Nb 3 Sn but prevent Sn loss. The enhanced accelerating performance of Nb 3 Sn-coated Nb superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities is severely limited by quenching sites at material defects formed during the Nb 3 Sn film growth procedure. In this work, we aimed to understand the complex surface-mediated interactions that drive initial Nb 3 Sn formation during the Sn vapor deposition procedure used to fabricate Nb 3 Sn coated SRF cavities. Nb substrates were modified, coated with Sn, and then characterized using an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber equipped with metal deposition and in situ surface analysis capabilities. The atomic structure of the Nb oxide surface was modified to assess how the Nb surface defect density and crystallographic orientation impact the size of nucleated Sn islands and relative Nb 3 Sn growth rates. Formed Nb 3 Sn/Nb surfaces were visualized using ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and post-deposition annealing revealed Sn desorption and Nb 3 Sn degradation pathways. Finally, we showed that the Sn deposition conditions can be modified to overcome the growth barriers that are imposed by the Nb morphology. This study provides a unique bridge between fundamental growth studies in pristine conditions with observed phenomena of Nb 3 Sn grown on realistic cavity surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three processes of preparing boron powder were described through boron trifluoride as raw materials using metal thermal reduction, molten salt electrolysis and vapor deposition, respectively. The purity, yield, advantages and disadvantages of boron powder prepared by each processe were analyzed and compared. A boron powder preparation process that was prepared from borane using boron trifluoride as raw materials by fluid bed-chemical vapor deposition method was proposed with high efficiency, low energy and easy industrialization.

As the improvement of power conversion efficient (PCE) of perovskite solar cell slows down, considering the future development of perovskite from the perspective of industrialization is critical. Vapor deposition has been demonstrated as a realizable industrial-scale fabrication method, however, the development of vapor deposited perovskite solar cells lags far behind that of the solution method. In-depth researches on this issue have gradually increased in recent years in order to raise the PCE. In this review, we will focus on the fabrication of high-quality perovskite thin film through component engineering. The fundamental processes of perovskite vapor deposition were discussed and the understanding and control over these processes are firstly reviewed. Then, advance by component engineering for high-quality thin film and bandgap tunning for application in solar cell are summarized. Finally, future challenges and strategy for development were discussed. We highlight the importance of the understanding of the fundamental processes in vapor deposition for the future development of solar cells.

The durability of environmental barrier coating (EBC) systems in gas turbine engine environments depends upon their temperature dependent rates of degradation by processes such as steam volatilization and bond coat oxidation. While addition of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) reduces the temperature within the EBC system, it introduces new failure mechanisms. Deposition of a segmented HfO 2 TBC with a reduced in-plane Young's modulus is essential to avoid bifurcated TBC channel cracking into a Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 EBC, and delamination, as a result of an approximately 50% difference in coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of the coating layers. During prolonged high temperature steam cycling, a thin fluorite phase reaction layer is observed to develop at the HfO 2 -YbDS interface consistent with recent thermochemical assessments. The CTE of the fluorite phase is shown to be substantially higher than that of either of the layers to which it is bonded, resulting in tunnel cracking of the fluorite, and eventual coating delamination of the TBC at either the fluorite-HfO 2 or YbDS-fluorite interfaces upon cooling. The study highlights the importance of matching the CTEs of the TBC and EBC layers during coating system design, and those of the reaction products that may form between them. • TBC with high Young's modulus on Si-Yb 2 Si 2 O 7 EBC system applied using APS results in bifurcated channel cracks. • Segmented TBC with low Young's modulus adheres to EBC layer without cracking. • Prolonged high temperature steam cycling results in the formation of a thin fluorite phase reaction layer. • High CTE of the fluorite phase results in tunnel cracking and delamination of TBC from EBC. • Matching the CTE and chemical stability of the TBC and EBC layers is important for survival of the coating system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose (BG) is a challenging issue in the therapy of diabetes. Here near-infrared (NIR) photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor based on a vapor-deposited mixed tin-lead hybrid perovskite photodetector is developed. The device shows a high detectivity of 5.32 × 10 12 Jones and a large linear dynamic range (LDR) of 204 dB under NIR light, guaranteeing accurate extraction of eleven features from the PPG signal. By a combination of machine learning, accurate prediction of blood glucose level with mean absolute relative difference (MARD) as small as 2.48% is realized. The self-powered PPG sensor also works for real-time outdoor healthcare monitors using sunlight as a light source. The potential for early diabetes diagnoses by the perovskite PPG sensor is demonstrated., (© 2024 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Abstract Threshold switching in chalcogenides has attracted considerable attention because of their potential application to high-density and three-dimensional stackable cross-point array structures. However, despite their excellent threshold switching characteristics, the selectivity and endurance characteristics of such selectors should be improved for practical application. In this study, the effect of Ag on the threshold switching behavior of a Ga2Te3 selector was investigated in terms of selectivity and endurance. The Ag-Ga2Te3 selector exhibited a high selectivity of 108 with low off-state current of

Nitrogen-doped polycrystalline diamond coating is synthesized by high-velocity gas jet chemical deposition from a methane/hydrogen mixture with an addition of molecular nitrogen. The reaction mixture is activated by microwave plasma. The present work reports a comparative study of morphology, composition, and structure of nitrogen-doped and undoped diamond coatings using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. It is shown that doping with nitrogen decreases the average size of diamond microcrystals and their quantity. Also, the addition of molecular nitrogen to the reaction mixture leads to the formation of higher quality diamond crystals comprising a smaller number of oxygen- and hydrogen-containing functional groups and graphite-like carbon. It is shown that the surface of the nitrogen-doped diamond coating contains ~0.6 at.% of nitrogen that exists in three chemical states and affects the hydrophilic properties of the coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of direct synthesis of composite powder based on boron nitride (BN) are considered. Concentrated light heating of the initial boron powder was carried out in a xenon high-flux optical furnace in a nitrogen flow. Formation of particles of the desired sizes and architecture highly dependent of the synthesis conditions. The flow of nitrogen separates the particles depending on their architecture and size. An increase in the distance from the reaction zone leads to the formation of powder with a wider bandgap, increases the amount of amorphous phase, and decreases the amount of oxide in the collected composite powder. However, the close distance to the reaction zone and high temperatures provide a denser packing of the structure on the particle surface and the disappearance of the BN transition phases. Incorporation of the nickel sulfate hexahydrate to initial boron contributes to the formation of graphene-like structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review has systematically summarized and organized researches from both academic articles and industrial patents in the direction of dry-method preparation It also introduces advantages, history, categories, details, and applications of solvent-free dry-film technology. Based on the obtained insights, powder spray and binder fibrillation processes are found to be suitable for mass production of batteries, especially all solid-state batteries (ASSBs). [Display omitted] Solvent-free dry-film technology has attracted wide attention due to its ability to avoid pollution/waste caused by poisonous organic solvents, as well as its advantage for energy density enhancement, electrochemical performance improvement and electrode–electrolyte interface compatibility. However, a summary of the research advancements and technology development in this field is still missing. To fill this gap, a complete overview of the technical advantages, development process, principal mechanisms and application fields of solvent-free dry film technology is presented here. Firstly, the history of solvent-free dry-film technology is introduced, followed by detailed discussions on different types of dry-film making methods. Moreover, powder spray and binder fibrillation are emphasized as key methods due to their low-cost mass-production capability, with an elaboration on the associated preparation process including principle, procedure, and parameters. Both patents from the industry and research papers from the academy of the aforementioned two methods are analyzed/summarized for complete information, whose technical advantages are found to be suitable for all solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Based on the insights obtained above, perspectives are given for promoting future development of solvent-free dry-film technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a wide band gap semiconductor with interesting piezoelectric properties for many applications, including micromechanical systems (MEMS), acoustic wave sensors or energy harvesting devices. The influence of DC reactive magnetron sputtering (DCRMS) deposition parameters on the structural, crystalline, and piezoelectric properties of AlN thin films are presented. The systematic approach of Design of Experiments (DoE) has been used to evaluate the role of magnetron power, nitrogen and argon flows on the deposition process and the film properties. Magnetron power and argon flow have resulted to be the parameters causing the most significant effects on the deposition rate. AlN films have been deposited with a high crystal quality, showing low values of FWHM (0.28) and c-axis orientation parallel oriented respect to the growth direction, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). These samples also showed a high piezoelectric coefficient (d 33) of 5 pC/N for AlN thin films. This work highlights the importance of deposition parameters on the properties of the film and the important role that DoE play for its optimization with a minimum number of depositions. [Display omitted] • Systematic methodology to reduce the number of samples needed to optimize a film. • Study of how each parameter and its interactions affect the film properties. • New analysis of the AlN elemental composition through an atomic percentage profile. • Connection between crystallinity, microstructure and piezoelectricity is evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We established a strong correlation between the crystal lattice disorder in Fe doped ZnO (Fe x Zn 1-x O) thin films and its effect on the electron phonon (e-p) coupling strength (I 2LO /I 1LO) which decreased with Fe doping concentration, improved with annealing temperature and showed a mixed increasing/decreasing trend by the variation of the argon (Ar) to oxygen (O 2) gas ratio (Ar + O 2 , Ar) in the deposition chamber. Fe doping raised the number of phonon modes, intensity and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the 1LO phonon modes suggesting the confinement of phonons due to the increased crystal lattice disorder in the Fe x Zn 1-x O films. High temperature annealing enhanced the e-p coupling strength reaching a maximum at 500 °C indicating better crystal quality at high temperature. Furthermore, the e-p coupling strength dropped with the doping concentration for the films prepared in Ar + O 2 atmosphere and that showed a mixed increasing/decreasing trend for films prepared in Ar atmosphere. This unique physical phenomena confirmed that the coupling strength not only depend on the dopant concentration but also the dopant induced micro/nano defects that modulate the crystal lattice disorder and the coupling strength in doped ZnO. The as prepared Fe x Zn 1-x O thin films were highly oriented along the c-axis displaying columnar nanorod (film) like morphology at low (high) Fe doping concentration with the co-existence of both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Fe doping increased the band gap from 3.28 eV for un-doped ZnO to 3.35 eV (1.40 at.% of Fe) and 3.42 eV (3.5 at.% of Fe). Nearly forty (40) thin films were used for a detailed investigation. We established a strong correlation between the crystal lattice disorder in Fe doped ZnO (Fe x Zn 1-x O) thin films and its effect on the electron phonon (e-p) coupling strength (I 2LO /I 1LO) which decreased with Fe doping concentration (figure a), improved with annealing temperature (figure b) and showed a mixed increasing/decreasing trend by the variation of the argon (Ar) to oxygen (O 2) gas ratio (Ar + O 2 , Ar) in the deposition chamber (figure c). This unique physical phenomena confirmed that the coupling strength not only depend on the dopant concentration but also the dopant induced micro/nano defects that modulate the crystal lattice disorder and the coupling strength in doped ZnO. [Display omitted] • Fe doped ZnO thin films were deposited by r. f magnetron sputtering. • Effect of Fe doping and annealing on electron phonon coupling was investigated. • Correlation between crystal disorder with electron phonon coupling was studied. • Fe doping increased the band gap from 3.28 eV (un-doped ZnO) to 3.42 eV. • Co-existence of both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions in all the Fe x Zn 1-x O films was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report on the fabrication of polycrystalline thin film Bi 2 SiO 5 , a notable non-perovskite ferroelectric material. The thin films were deposited on Pt-covered Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) at room temperature, followed by a post-annealing process in air. The as-deposited thin film was of an amorphous phase of Bi-Si-O, and turned to a polycrystalline phase of Bi 2 SiO 5 by the post-annealing above 550°C. The influences of the post-annealing temperature on the phase preference, surface morphology, and dielectric properties of the thin films were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dielectric measurements. As a result, the optimal post-annealing temperature was determined to be 600°C, yielding a good ferroelectric polycrystalline Bi 2 SiO 5 thin film with a relative dielectric constant of 143 and a remanent polarization (2 P r) of 7.2 μC cm−2. • Polycrystalline Bi 2 SiO 5 thin films fabricated by PLD with post-annealing. • As-deposited amorphous Bi-Si-O thin films crystalized by post-annealing above 550 °C. • Post-annealing temperature affects crystallization, roughness, and dielectric properties. • Remanent polarization (2 P r) of 7.2 μC cm−2 was obtained by post-annealing at 600 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meteorite impact and solar wind irradiation are two major processes of space weathering on the Moon, but their effects on lunar soils remain poorly understood. We report the first discovery of native copper and FeCo alloy from a Chang'e-5 lunar basaltic clast. The native copper grains (∼0.1–2 μm) coexist exclusively with thin Cu-sulfide (digenite) layers (∼50–100 nm) that cover troilite, the associated iron whiskers and adjacent pyroxene and ilmenite. The FeCo alloy (∼100–200 nm) was associated with the iron metal on troilite. Both Cu and Co are probably exogenous since they are not detected in the troilite. These observations suggest that the digenite layer, native copper and FeCo alloy condensed from an impact-induced vapor with a high Cu/S ratio and Co-bearing composition. Our discoveries shed light on complicated space weathering processes on the Moon. • Native copper and FeCo alloy were first observed in Chang'e-5 lunar soil. • The thin digenite layer on troilite suggests an impact-induced vapor deposit origin. • The coexisting of Cu, FeCo and digenite indicate they were formed in an impact event. • Both Cu and Co may be introduced into the Chang'e-5 lunar soil by meteorite impactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by sputter deposition in thin films of three different ionic liquids (ILs) with the same anion (bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) and cation (imidazolium), but with different alkyl chain lengths and symmetries in the cationic moiety ([C4C1im][NTf2], [C2C2im][NTf2], and [C5C5im][NTf2]). Ionic liquid (IL) films in the form of microdroplets with different thicknesses (200 to 800 monolayers) were obtained through vacuum thermal evaporation onto glass substrates coated with indium tin oxide (ITO). The sputtering process of the Ag onto the ILs when conducted simultaneously with argon plasma promoted the coalescence of the ILs’ droplets and the formation, incorporation, and stabilization of the metallic nanoparticles in the coalesced IL films. The formation/stabilization of the AgNPs in the IL films was confirmed using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was found that the IL films with larger thicknesses (600 and 800 monolayers) were better media for the formation of AgNPs. Among the ILs used, [C5C5im][NTf2] was found to be particularly promising for the stabilization of AgNPs. The use of larger IL droplets as capture media was found to promote a better stabilization of the AgNPs, thereby reducing their tendency to aggregate.

The wetting behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) on the mesoscopic scale considerably impacts a wide range of scientific fields and technologies. Particularly under vacuum conditions, these materials exhibit unique characteristics. This work explores the effect of the deposition rate and substrate temperature on the nucleation, droplet formation, and droplet spreading of ILs films obtained by thermal evaporation. Four ILs were studied, encompassing an alkylimidazolium cation (CnC1im) and either bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NTf2) or the triflate (OTf) as the anion. Each IL sample was simultaneously deposited on surfaces of indium tin oxide (ITO) and silver (Ag). The mass flow rate was reproducibly controlled using a Knudsen cell as an evaporation source, and the film morphology (micro- and nanodroplets) was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wettability of the substrates by the ILs was notably affected by changes in mass flow rate and substrate temperature. Specifically, the results indicated that an increase in the deposition rate and/or substrate temperature intensified the droplet coalescence of [C2C1im][NTf2] and [C2C1im][OTf] on ITO surfaces. Conversely, a smaller impact was observed on the Ag surface due to the strong adhesion between the ILs and the metallic film. Furthermore, modifying the deposition parameters resulted in a noticeable differentiation in the droplet morphology obtained for [C8C1im][NTf2] and [C8C1im][OTf]. Nevertheless, droplets from long-chain ILs deposited on ITO surfaces showed intensified coalescence, regardless of the deposition rate or substrate temperature.

TiVCrAl films were co-sputtered from TiVCr and Al targets at room temperature. The effects of Al target power on the phase, microstructure, and mechanical, and electrical properties of the TiVCrAl films were investigated. The Al concentration in the films varied from 0 at.% to 70.3 at.% by modulating the Al target power. Results showed that all the TiVCrAl films exhibited a single body-centered cubic phase. Columnar structures became dense and featureless with the increase in Al target power because of the enhanced bombardment with sputtered species and gas ions. Moreover, valence electron concentration decreased when the Al alloys were prepared with TiVCr. Accordingly, mechanical and electrical properties improved. The incorporation of Al increased hardness and reduced electrical resistivity to 12.0 GPa and 164 μΩ·cm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology drives technological progress in many frontiers, from electronics to medicine, from tougher composites to adaptive surfaces. As the feature sizes are made smaller, the importance of surfaces is increased. Many of the most powerful methods for surface manipulation are variants of vapor deposition (VD). However, VD is typically not surface‐selective and, therefore, extra work steps are needed to integrate the methods into nanofabrication routines. Furthermore, many fields are moving toward 3D nanostructures, which unavoidably means increasingly complex nanocavities. Capillary condensation (CC) offers new selectivity rules for VD by inherently targeting cavities, which have been the most difficult locations to coat thus far. The most important controlling parameter in CC is the partial pressure, which is primarily adjusted by the reaction chamber, not the substrates or the reagents. In this article, the theory of CC, different reactor setups, materials, reagents and substrates, and various applications of CC in VD techniques are presented. The CC‐based methods are briefly compared to other cavity‐filling methods for gaining perspective on their potential for advancing modern technology. Finally, several observations on the characteristics of the methods, termed collectively as condensation‐controlled toposelective vapor deposition, are analyzed. The implications may affect the way one thinks about VD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]