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18 results on '"van der Schalie, R."'

6. Towards Consistent Soil Moisture Records from China's FengYun-3 Microwave Observations

Author

Wang, G, Ma, X, Hagan, DFT, van der Schalie, R, Kattel, G, Ullah, W, Tao, L, Miao, L, Liu, Y, Wang, G, Ma, X, Hagan, DFT, van der Schalie, R, Kattel, G, Ullah, W, Tao, L, Miao, L, and Liu, Y

Abstract

Soil moisture plays an essential role in the land-atmosphere interface. It has become necessary to develop quality large-scale soil moisture data from satellite observations for relevant applications in climate, hydrology, agriculture, etc. Specifically, microwave-based observations provide more consistent land surface records because they are unhindered by cloud conditions. The recent microwave radiometers onboard FY-3B, FY-3C and FY-3D satellites launched by China’s Meteorological Administration (CMA) extend the number of available microwave observations, covering late 2011 up until the present. These microwave observations have the potential to provide consistent global soil moisture records to date, filling the data gaps where soil moisture estimates are missing in the existing records. Along these lines, we studied the FY-3C to understand its added value due to its unique time of observation in a day (ascending: 22:15, descending: 10:15) absent from the existing satellite soil moisture records. Here, we used the triple collocation technique to optimize a benchmark retrieval model of land surface temperature (LST) tailored to the observation time of FY3C, by evaluating various soil moisture scenarios obtained with different bias-imposed LSTs from 2014 to 2016. The globally optimized LST was used as an input for the land parameter retrieval model (LPRM) algorithm to obtain optimized global soil moisture estimates. The obtained FY-3C soil moisture observations were evaluated with global in situ and reanalysis datasets relative to FY3B soil moisture products to understand their differences and consistencies. We found that the RMSEs of their anomalies were mostly concentrated between 0.05 and 0.15 m3 m−3, and correlation coefficients were between 0.4 and 0.7. The results showed that the FY-3C ascending data could better capture soil moisture dynamics than the FY-3B estimates. Both products were found to consistently complement the skill of each other over space and

Published
2022

7. Soil Moisture Product Validation Good Practices Protocol Version 1.0

Author

Montzka, Carsten, Cosh, M., Chan, S., Colliander, A., Crow, W., Das, N., De Lannoy, G., Dorigo, W., Evett, S. R., Gruber, A., Hahn, S., Jagdhuber, T., Bayat, B., Jones, S., Kerr, Y., Kim, S., Koyama, C., Kurum, M., Lopez-Baeza, E., Mattia, F., McColl, K., Mecklenburg, S., Mohanty, B., Al Bitar, A., O´Neill, P., Or, D., Pellarin, T., Petropoulos, G. P., Piles, M., Reichle, R. H., Rodriguez-Fernandez, N., Rüdiger, C., Scanlon, T., Schwartz, R. C., Berg, A., Spengler, D., Srivastava, P., Suman, S., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., Wegmüller, U., Wigneron, J.-P., Camacho, F., Nickeson, J., Bindlish, R., Bogena, Heye, Bolten, J. D., Cabot, F., and Caldwell, T.

Published
2020

8. State of the Climate in 2018

Author

Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., Bettio, L., Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Dunn, R. J. H., Stanitski, D. M., Gobron, N., Willett, K. M., Sanchez-lugo, A., Berrisford, P., Morice, C., Nicolas, Jp, Carrea, L., Woolway, R. I., Merchant, C. J., Dokulil, M. T., De Eyto, E., Degasperi, C. L., Korhonen, J., Marszelewski, W., May, L., Paterson, A. M., Rusak, J. A., Schladow, S. G., Schmid, M., Verburg, P., Watanabe, S., Weyhenmeyer, G. A., King, A. D., Donat, M. G., Christy, J. R., Po-chedley, S., Mears, C. R., Haimberger, L., Covey, C., Randel, W., Noetzli, J., Biskaborn, B. K., Christiansen, H. H., Isaksen, K., Schoeneich, P., Smith, S., Vieira, G., Zhao, L., Streletskiy, D. A., Robinson, D. A., Pelto, M., Berry, D. I., Bosilovich, M. G., Simmons, A. J., Mears, C., Ho, S. P., Bock, O., Zhou, X., Nicolas, J, Vose, R. S., Adler, R., Gu, G., Becker, A., Yin, X, Tye, M. R., Blenkinsop, S., Durre, I., Ziese, M., Collow, A. B. Marquardt, Rustemeier, E., Foster, M. J., Di Girolamo, L., Frey, R. A., Heidinger, A. K., Sun-mack, S., Phillips, C., Menzel, W. P., Stengel, M., Zhao, G., Kim, H., Rodell, M., Li, B., Famiglietti, J. S., Scanlon, T., Van Der Schalie, R., Preimesberger, W., Reimer, C., Hahn, S., Gruber, A., Kidd, R., De Jeu, R. A. M., Dorigo, W. A., Barichivich, J., Osborn, T. J., Harris, I., Van Der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Miralles, D. G., Martens, B., Beck, H. E., Dolman, A. J., Jimenez, C., Mccabe, M. F., Wood, E. F., Allan, R., Azorin-molina, C., Mears, C. A., Mcvicar, T. R., Mayer, M., Schenzinger, V., Hersbach, H., Stackhouse, P. W., Jr., Wong, T., Kratz, D. P., Sawaengphokhai, P., Wilber, A. C., Gupta, S. K., Loeb, N. G., Dlugokencky, E. J., Hall, B. D., Montzka, S. A., Dutton, G., Muhle, J., Elkins, J. W., Miller, Br, Remy, S., Bellouin, N., Kipling, Z., Ades, M., Benedetti, A., Boucher, O., Weber, M., Steinbrecht, W., Arosio, C., Van Der A, R., Frith, S. M., Anderson, J., Coldewey-egbers, M., Davis, S., Degenstein, D., Fioletov, V. E., Froidevaux, L., Hubert, D., Long, C. S., Loyola, D., Rozanov, A., Roth, C., Sofieva, V., Tourpali, K., Wang, R., Wild, J. D., Davis, S. M., Rosenlof, K. H., Hurst, D. F., Selkirk, H. B., Vomel, H., Ziemke, J. R., Cooper, O. R., Flemming, J., Inness, A., Pinty, B., Kaiser, J. W., Van Der Werf, G. R., Hemming, D. L., Garforth, J., Park, T., Richardson, A. D., Rutishauser, T., Sparks, T. H., Thackeray, S. J., Myneni, R., Lumpkin, R., Huang, B., Kennedy, J., Xue, Y., Zhang, H. -m., Hu, C., Wang, M., Johnson, G. C., Lyman, J. M., Boyer, T., Cheng, L., Domingues, C. M., Gilson, J., Ishii, M., Killick, R. E., Monselesan, D., Purkey, S. G., Wijffels, S. E., Locarnini, R., Yu, L., Jin, X., Stackhouse, P. W., Kato, S., Weller, R. A., Thompson, P. R., Widlansky, M. J., Leuliette, E., Sweet, W., Chambers, D. P., Hamlington, B. D., Jevrejeva, S., Marra, J. J., Merrifield, M. A., Mitchum, G. T., Nerem, R. S., Kelble, C., Karnauskas, M., Hubbard, K., Goni, G., Streeter, C., Dohan, K., Franz, B. A., Cetinic, I., Karakoylu, E. M., Siegel, D. A., Westberry, T. K., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Carter, B. R., Landschutzer, P., Sutton, A. J., Cosca, C., Trinanes, J. A., Baxter, S., Schreck, C., Bell, G. D., Mullan, A. B., Pezza, A. B., Coelho, C. A. S., Wang, B., He, Q., Diamond, H. J., Schreck, C. J., Blake, E. S., Landsea, C. W., Wang, H., Goldenberg, S. B., Pasch, R. J., Klotzbach, P. J., Kruk, M. C., Camargo, S. J., Trewin, B. C., Pearce, P. R., Lorrey, A. M., Domingues, R., Goni, G. J., Knaff, J. A., Lin, I. -i., Bringas, F., Richter-menge, J., Osborne, E., Druckenmiller, M., Jeffries, M. O., Overland, J. E., Hanna, E., Hanssen-bauer, I., Kim, S. -j., Walsh, J. E., Bhatt, U. S., Timmermans, M. -l., Ladd, C., Perovich, D., Meier, W., Tschudi, M., Farrell, S., Hendricks, S., Gerland, S., Haas, C., Krumpen, T., Polashenski, C., Ricker, R, Webster, M., Stabeno, P. J., Tedesco, M., Box, J. E., Cappelen, J., Fausto, R. S., Fettweis, X., Andersen, J. K., Mote, T., Smeets, C. J. P. P., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R. S. W., Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., Shiklomanov, N. I., Kholodov, A. L., Drozdov, D. S., Malkova, G. V., Marchenko, S. S., Jella, K. B., Mudryk, L., Brown, R., Derksen, C., Luojus, K., Decharme, B., Holmes, R. M., Shiklomanov, A. I., Suslova, A., Tretiakov, M., Mcclelland, J. W., Spencer, R. G. M., Tank, S. E., Epstein, H., Bhatt, U., Raynolds, M., Walker, D., Forbes, B., Phoenix, G., Bjerke, J., Tommervik, H., Karlsen, S. -r., Goetz, S., Jia, G., Bernhard, G. H., Grooss, J. -u., Ialongo, I., Johnsen, B., Lakkala, K., Manney, G. L., Mueller, R., Scambos, T., Stammerjohn, S., Clem, K. R., Barreira, S., Fogt, R. L., Colwell, S., Keller, L. M., Lazzara, M. A., Reid, P., Massom, R. A., Lieser, J. L., Meijers, A., Sallee, J. -b., Grey, A., Johnson, K., Arrigo, K., Swart, S., King, B., Meredith, M., Mazloff, M., Scardilli, A., Claus, F., Shuman, C. A., Kramarova, N., Newman, P. A., Nash, E. R., Strahan, S. E., Johnson, B., Pitts, M., Santee, M. L., Petropavlovskikh, I., Braathen, G. O., Coy, L., De Laat, J., Bissolli, P., Ganter, C., Li, T., Mekonnen, A., Gleason, K., Smith, A., Fenimore, C., Heim, R. R., Jr., Nauslar, N. J., Brown, T. J., Mcevoy, D. J., Lareau, N. P., Amador, J. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Alfaro, E. J., Calderon, B., Mora, N., Stephenson, T. S., Taylor, M. A., Trotman, A. R., Van Meerbeeck, C. J., Campbell, J. D., Brown, A., Spence, J., Martinez, R., Diaz, E., Marin, D., Hernandez, R., Caceres, L., Zambrano, E., Nieto, J., Marengo, J. A., Espinoza, J. C., Alves, L. M., Ronchail, J., Lavado-casimiro, J. W., Ramos, I., Davila, C., Ramos, A. M., Diniz, F. A., Aliaga-nestares, V., Castro, A. Y., Stella, J. L., Aldeco, L. S., Diaz, D. A. Campos, Misevicius, N., Kabidi, K., Sayouri, A., Elkharrim, M., Mostafa, A. E., Hagos, S., Feng, Z., Ijampy, J. A., Sima, F., Francis, S. D., Tsidu, G. Mengistu, Kruger, A. C., Mcbride, C., Jumaux, G., Dhurmea, K. R., Belmont, M., Rakotoarimalala, C. L., Labbe, L., Rosner, B., Benedict, I., Van Heerwaarden, C., Weerts, A., Hazeleger, W., Trachte, K., Zhu, Z., Zhang, P., Lee, T. C., Ripaldi, A., Mochizuki, Y., Lim, J. -y, Oyunjargal, L., Timbal, B., Srivastava, A. K., Revadekar, J. V., Rajeevan, M., Shimpo, A., Khoshkam, M., Kazemi, A. Fazl, Zeyaeyan, S., Lander, M. A., Mcgree, S., Tobin, S., and Bettio, L.

Published
2019

9. State of the climate in 2018

Author

Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, L.S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, E.J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R.P., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andersen, J.K., Anderson, J., Arndt, D.S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, K., Azorin-Molina, C., Bardin, M.Y., Barichivich, J., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H.E., Becker, A., Bell, G.D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Benedict, I., Bernhard, G.H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettio, L., Bhatt, U.S., Biskaborn, B.K., Bissolli, P., Bjella, K.L., Bjerke, J.K., Blake, E.S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bock, O., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G., Bringas, F.G., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, A., Brown, R., Brown, T.J., Buehler, S.A., Cáceres, L., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Campos Diaz, D.A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carrier, S.B., Carter, B.R., Castro, A.Y., Cetinic, I., Chambers, D.P., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Cheng, V.Y.S., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, E.-S., Claus, F., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Cosca, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Dávila, C.P., Davis, S.M., de Eyto, E., de Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Decharme, B., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K.R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H.J., Diaz, E., Diniz, F.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Domingues, R., Donat, M.G., Dorigo, W.A., Drozdov, D.S., Druckenmiller, M.L., Dunn, R.J.H., Durre, I., Dutton, G.S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Epstein, H.E., Espinoza, J.C., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S.L., Fausto, R.S., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R.L., Forbes, B.C., Foster, M.J., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garforth, J., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gleason, K., Gobron, N., Goetz, S., Goldenberg, S.B., Goni, G., Gray, A., Groo, J.-U., Gruber, A., Gu, G., Guard, C.C.P., Gupta, S.K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Hazeleger, W., He, Q., Heidinger, A.K., Heim, Jr., Hemming, D.L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, R., Hersbach, H.E., Hidalgo, H.G., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, C., Huang, B., Hubbard, K., Hubert, D., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jeffries, M.O., Jevrejeva, S., Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, G.C., Johnson, K.S., Johnson, B., Jones, P.D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Karaköylü, E.M., Karlsen, S.-R., Karnauskas, M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A.F., Kelble, C., Keller, L.M., Kennedy, J., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Kidd, R., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., King, A.D., King, B.A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kramarova, N.A., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C.W., Lareau, N.P., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M.A., Lee, T.C., Leuliette, E., L�heureux, M., Li, B., Li, T., Lieser, J.L., Lim, J.-Y., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Long, C.S., López, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lyman, J.M., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G.L., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marin, D., Marquardt Collow, A.B., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M., McClelland, J.W., McEvoy, D.J., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meijers, A., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Miller, B., Miralles, D.G., Misevicius, N., Mitchum, G.T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S.A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A.E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E.R., Nauslar, N.J., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nicolas, J.P., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., Osborn, T.J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R.J., Pascual Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M.A., Paterson, A.M., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pitts, M., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Preimesberger, W., Purkey, S.G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C.L., Ramos, A.M., Ramos, I., Randel, W., Raynolds, M.K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J.V., Richardson, A.D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Rozanov, A., Rusak, J.A., Rustemeier, E., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, A.S., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schoeneich, P., Schreck, III, Selkirk, H.B., Sensoy, S., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, C.A., Siegel, D.A., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, A., Smith, S.L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T.H., Spence, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A.K., Stabeno, P.J., Stackhouse, Jr., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D.M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S.E., Streeter, C., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Suslova, A., Sutton, A.J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K.S., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S.J., Thompson, P.R., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M.-L., Tobin, S., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Triñanes, J.A., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Tye, M.R., van As, D., van de Wal, R.S.W., van der A, R.J., van der Schalie, R., van der Schrier, G., van der Werf, G.R., van Heerwaarden, C., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Verburg, P., Vieira, G., Vincent, L.A., Vömel, H., Vose, R.S., Walker, D.A., Walsh, J.E., Wang, B., Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weerts, A., Weller, R.A., Westberry, T.K., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Widlansky, M.J., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zeyaeyan, S., Zhang, H.-M., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Ziemke, J.R., Ziese, M., Andersen, A., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S.E., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Veasey, S.W., Ades, M., Adler, R., Aldeco, L.S., Alejandra, G., Alfaro, E.J., Aliaga-Nestares, V., Allan, R.P., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andersen, J.K., Anderson, J., Arndt, D.S., Arosio, C., Arrigo, K., Azorin-Molina, C., Bardin, M.Y., Barichivich, J., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Beck, H.E., Becker, A., Bell, G.D., Bellouin, N., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Benedict, I., Bernhard, G.H., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettio, L., Bhatt, U.S., Biskaborn, B.K., Bissolli, P., Bjella, K.L., Bjerke, J.K., Blake, E.S., Blenkinsop, S., Blunden, J., Bock, O., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G., Bringas, F.G., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, A., Brown, R., Brown, T.J., Buehler, S.A., Cáceres, L., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Campos Diaz, D.A., Cappelen, J., Carrea, L., Carrier, S.B., Carter, B.R., Castro, A.Y., Cetinic, I., Chambers, D.P., Chen, L., Cheng, L., Cheng, V.Y.S., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, E.-S., Claus, F., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A.S., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Cosca, C., Covey, C., Coy, L., Dávila, C.P., Davis, S.M., de Eyto, E., de Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Decharme, B., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Dhurmea, K.R., Di Girolamo, L., Diamond, H.J., Diaz, E., Diniz, F.A., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Domingues, R., Donat, M.G., Dorigo, W.A., Drozdov, D.S., Druckenmiller, M.L., Dunn, R.J.H., Durre, I., Dutton, G.S., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Epstein, H.E., Espinoza, J.C., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S.L., Fausto, R.S., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogt, R.L., Forbes, B.C., Foster, M.J., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garforth, J., Gerland, S., Gilson, J., Gleason, K., Gobron, N., Goetz, S., Goldenberg, S.B., Goni, G., Gray, A., Groo, J.-U., Gruber, A., Gu, G., Guard, C.C.P., Gupta, S.K., Gutiérrez, D., Haas, Christian, Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Hazeleger, W., He, Q., Heidinger, A.K., Heim, Jr., Hemming, D.L., Hendricks, Stefan, Hernández, R., Hersbach, H.E., Hidalgo, H.G., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, C., Huang, B., Hubbard, K., Hubert, D., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Inness, A., Isaac, V., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jeffries, M.O., Jevrejeva, S., Jia, G., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, G.C., Johnson, K.S., Johnson, B., Jones, P.D., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Karaköylü, E.M., Karlsen, S.-R., Karnauskas, M., Kato, S., Kazemi, A.F., Kelble, C., Keller, L.M., Kennedy, J., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Kidd, R., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., King, A.D., King, B.A., Kipling, Z., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kramarova, N.A., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Krumpen, Thomas, Labbé, L., Ladd, C., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landschützer, P., Landsea, C.W., Lareau, N.P., Lavado-Casimiro, W., Lazzara, M.A., Lee, T.C., Leuliette, E., L�heureux, M., Li, B., Li, T., Lieser, J.L., Lim, J.-Y., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Long, C.S., López, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lyman, J.M., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G.L., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marin, D., Marquardt Collow, A.B., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M., McClelland, J.W., McEvoy, D.J., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meijers, A., Mekonnen, A., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Miller, B., Miralles, D.G., Misevicius, N., Mitchum, G.T., Mochizuki, Y., Monselesan, D., Montzka, S.A., Mora, N., Morice, C., Mosquera-Vásquez, K., Mostafa, A.E., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Müller, R., Myneni, R., Nash, E.R., Nauslar, N.J., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nicolas, J.P., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., Osborn, T.J., Osborne, E., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Park, T., Pasch, R.J., Pascual Ramírez, R., Pastor Saavedra, M.A., Paterson, A.M., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, C., Phillips, D., Phoenix, G., Pinty, B., Pitts, M., Po-Chedley, S., Polashenski, C., Preimesberger, W., Purkey, S.G., Quispe, N., Rajeevan, M., Rakotoarimalala, C.L., Ramos, A.M., Ramos, I., Randel, W., Raynolds, M.K., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Revadekar, J.V., Richardson, A.D., Richter-Menge, J., Ricker, Robert, Ripaldi, A., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodriguez Camino, E., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Rösner, B., Roth, C., Rozanov, A., Rusak, J.A., Rustemeier, E., Rutishäuser, T., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Scanlon, T., Scardilli, A.S., Schenzinger, V., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schoeneich, P., Schreck, III, Selkirk, H.B., Sensoy, S., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Shimpo, A., Shuman, C.A., Siegel, D.A., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, A., Smith, S.L., Soden, B., Sofieva, V., Sparks, T.H., Spence, J., Spencer, R.G.M., Spillane, S., Srivastava, A.K., Stabeno, P.J., Stackhouse, Jr., Stammerjohn, S., Stanitski, D.M., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S.E., Streeter, C., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Suslova, A., Sutton, A.J., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, K.S., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Thackeray, S.J., Thompson, P.R., Timbal, B., Timmermans, M.-L., Tobin, S., Tømmervik, H., Tourpali, K., Trachte, K., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Triñanes, J.A., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Tye, M.R., van As, D., van de Wal, R.S.W., van der A, R.J., van der Schalie, R., van der Schrier, G., van der Werf, G.R., van Heerwaarden, C., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Verburg, P., Vieira, G., Vincent, L.A., Vömel, H., Vose, R.S., Walker, D.A., Walsh, J.E., Wang, B., Wang, H., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, R., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Webster, M., Weerts, A., Weller, R.A., Westberry, T.K., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Widlansky, M.J., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Xue, Y., Yin, X., Yu, L., Zambrano, E., Zeyaeyan, S., Zhang, H.-M., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhao, L., Zhou, X., Zhu, Z., Ziemke, J.R., Ziese, M., Andersen, A., Griffin, J., Hammer, G., Love-Brotak, S.E., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., and Veasey, S.W.

Published
2019

12. State of the climate in 2015

Author

Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub IER overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Earth and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, and Climate Change and Landscape Dynamics

Subjects
Surface (mathematics), Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Mineralogy, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, 13. Climate action, F331 Atmospheric Physics, SDG 13 - Climate Action, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

SxviAUGUST 2016|ABSTRACT—J. BLUNDEN AND D. S. ARNDTIn 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system.Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term up-ward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second con-secutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceed-ing the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high.Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual tem-peratures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the high-est annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satel-lite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean dur-ing August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ranged from ~0°C to 8°C above average. As a consequence of sea ice retreat and warming oceans, vast walrus herds in the Pacific Arctic are hauling out on land rather than on sea ice, raising concern about the energetics of females and young animals. Increasing temperatures in the Barents Sea are linked to a community-wide shift in fish populations: boreal communities are now farther north, and long-standing Arctic species have been almost pushed out of the area.Above average sea surface temperatures are not confined to the Arctic. Sea surface temperature for 2015 was record high at the global scale; however, the North Atlantic southeast of Greenland remained colder than average and colder than 2014. Global annual ocean heat content and mean sea level also reached new record highs. The Greenland Ice Sheet, with the capacity to contribute ~7 m to sea level rise, experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface for the first time since the record melt of 2012.Other aspects of the cryosphere were remarkable. Alpine glacier retreat continued, and preliminary data indicate that 2015 is the 36th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, late-spring snow cover extent continued its trend of decline, with June the sec-ond lowest in the 49-year satellite record. Below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, increasing by up to 0.66°C decade–1 since 2000. In the Antarctic, surface pressure and temperatures were lower than the 1981–2010 average for most of the year, consis-tent with the primarily positive southern annular mode, which saw a record high index value of +4.92 in February. Antarctic sea ice extent and area had large intra-annual variability, with a shift from record high levels in May to record low levels in August. Springtime ozone depletion resulted in one of the largest and most persistent Antarctic ozone holes observed since the 1990s.Closer to the equator, 101 named tropical storms were observed in 2015, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. The eastern/central Pacific had 26 named storms, the most since 1992. The western north Pacific and north and south Indian Ocean basins also saw high activity. Globally, eight tropical cyclones reached the Saffir–Simpson Category 5 intensity level.Overlaying a general increase in the hydrologic cycle, the strong El Niño enhanced precipitation variability around the world. An above-normal rainy season led to major floods in Paraguay, Bolivia, and southern Brazil. In May, the United States recorded its all-time wettest month in its 121-year national record. Denmark and Norway reported their second and third wettest year on record, respectively, but globally soil moisture was below average, terrestrial groundwater storage was the lowest in the 14-year record, and areas in “severe” drought rose from 8% in 2014 to 14% in 2015. Drought conditions prevailed across many Caribbean island nations, Colombia, Venezuela, and northeast Brazil for most of the year. Several South Pacific countries also experienced drought. Lack of rainfall across Ethiopia led to its worst drought in decades and affected millions of people, while prolonged drought in South Africa severely affected agricultural production. Indian summer monsoon rainfall was just 86% of average. Extremely dry conditions in Indonesia resulted in intense and widespread fires during August–November that produced abundant car-bonaceous aerosols, carbon monoxide, and ozone. Overall, emissions from tropical Asian biomass burning in 2015 were almost three times the 2001–14 average.

Published
2016

13. State of the climate in 2015

Author

Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, 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Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., Young, T., Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Sub Soft Condensed Matter, Sub Molecular Microbiology, Sub Physics of devices begr 1/1/17, LS Logica en grondslagen v.d. wiskunde, Sub SIM overig, Zonder bezoldiging NED, Sub General Pharmaceutics, Sub Algemeen Artificial Intelligence, Dynamics of Innovation Systems, Leerstoel Tubergen, Sub Chemical pharmacology, Hafd Faculteitsbureau GW, Sub ISEP overig, Sub Gen. Pharmacoepi and Clinical Pharm, LS Pharma, Dep IRAS, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Governance, Bureau AW, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Aaron-Morrison, A.P., Ackerman, S.A., Adams, N.G., Adler, R.F., Albanil, A., Alfaro, E.J., Allan, R., Alves, L.M., Amador, J.A., Andreassen, L.M., Arendt, A., Arévalo, J., Arndt, D.S., Arzhanova, N.M., Aschan, M.M., Azorin-Molina, C., Banzon, V., Bardin, M.U., Barichivich, J., Baringer, M.O., Barreira, S., Baxter, S., Bazo, J., Becker, A., Bedka, K.M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Bell, G.D., Belmont, M., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D.I., Bettolli, M.L., Bhatt, U.S., Bidegain, M., Bill, B.D., Billheimer, S., Bissolli, P., Blake, E.S., Blunden, J., Bosilovich, M.G., Boucher, O., Boudet, D., Box, J.E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G.O., Bromwich, D.H., Brown, R., Bulygina, O.N., Burgess, D., Calderón, B., Camargo, S.J., Campbell, J.D., Cappelen, J., Carrasco, G., Carter, B.R., Chambers, D.P., Chandler, E., Christiansen, H.H., Christy, J.R., Chung, D., Chung, E.-S., Cinque, K., Clem, K.R., Coelho, C.A., Cogley, J.G., Coldewey-Egbers, M., Colwell, S., Cooper, O.R., Copland, L., Cosca, C.E., Cross, J.N., Crotwell, M.J., Crouch, J., Davis, S.M., De Eyto, E., De Jeu, R.A.M., De Laat, J., Degasperi, C.L., Degenstein, D., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Destin, D., Di Girolamo, L., Di Giuseppe, F., Diamond, H.J., Dlugokencky, E.J., Dohan, K., Dokulil, M.T., Dolgov, A.V., Dolman, A.J., Domingues, C.M., Donat, M.G., Dong, S., Dorigo, W.A., Dortch, Q., Doucette, G., Drozdov, D.S., Ducklow, H., Dunn, R.J.H., Durán-Quesada, A.M., Dutton, G.S., Ebrahim, A., Elkharrim, M., Elkins, J.W., Espinoza, J.C., Etienne-Leblanc, S., Evans, T.E., Famiglietti, J.S., Farrell, S., Fateh, S., Fausto, R.S., Fedaeff, N., Feely, R.A., Feng, Z., Fenimore, C., Fettweis, X., Fioletov, V.E., Flemming, J., Fogarty, C.T., Fogt, R.L., Folland, C., Fonseca, C., Fossheim, M., Foster, M.J., Fountain, A., Francis, S.D., Franz, B.A., Frey, R.A., Frith, S.M., Froidevaux, L., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gerland, S., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S.B., Gomez, R.S., Goni, G., Goto, A., Grooß, J.-U., Gruber, A., Guard, C.C., Gugliemin, M., Gupta, Somil, Gutiérrez, J.M., Hagos, S., Hahn, S., Haimberger, L., Hakkarainen, J., Hall, B.D., Halpert, M.S., Hamlington, B.D., Hanna, E., Hansen, K., Hanssen-Bauer, I., Harris, I., Heidinger, A.K., Heikkilä, A., Heil, A., Heim, R.R., Hendricks, S., Hernández, M., Hidalgo, H.G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S.-P.B., Holmes, R.M., Hu, Z.-Z., Huang, B., Huelsing, H.K., Huffman, G.J., Hughes, C., Hurst, D.F., Ialongo, I., Ijampy, J.A., Ingvaldsen, R.B., Inness, A., Isaksen, K., Ishii, M., Jevrejeva, S., Jiménez, C., Jin, X., Johannesen, E., John, V., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G.C., Jones, P.D., Joseph, A.C., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J.W., Kato, S., Kazemi, A., Keller, L.M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J., Kerr, K., Kholodov, A.L., Khoshkam, M., Killick, R., Kim, H., Kim, S.-J., Kimberlain, T.B., Klotzbach, P.J., Knaff, J.A., Kobayashi, S., Kohler, J., Korhonen, J., Korshunova, N.N., Kovacs, K.M., Kramarova, N., Kratz, D.P., Kruger, A., Kruk, M.C., Kudela, R., Kumar, A., Lakatos, M., Lakkala, K., Lander, M.A., Landsea, C.W., Lankhorst, M., Lantz, K., Lazzara, M.A., Lemons, P., Leuliette, E., L’Heureux, M., Lieser, J.L., Lin, I.-I., Liu, H., Liu, Y., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N.G., Lo Monaco, C., Long, C.S., López Álvarez, L.A., Lorrey, A.M., Loyola, D., Lumpkin, R., Luo, J.-J., Luojus, K., Lydersen, C., Lyman, J.M., Maberly, S.C., Maddux, B.C., Malheiros Ramos, A., Malkova, G.V., Manney, G., Marcellin, V., Marchenko, S.S., Marengo, J.A., Marra, J.J., Marszelewski, W., Martens, B., Martínez-Güingla, R., Massom, R.A., Mata, M.M., Mathis, J.T., May, L., Mayer, M., Mazloff, M., McBride, C., McCabe, M.F., McCarthy, M., McClelland, J.W., McGree, S., McVicar, T.R., Mears, C.A., Meier, W., Meinen, C.S., Mekonnen, A., Menéndez, M., Mengistu Tsidu, G., Menzel, W.P., Merchant, C.J., Meredith, M.P., Merrifield, M.A., Metzl, N., Minnis, P., Miralles, D.G., Mistelbauer, T., Mitchum, G.T., Monselesan, D., Monteiro, P., Montzka, S.A., Morice, C., Mote, T., Mudryk, L., Mühle, J., Mullan, A.B., Nash, E.R., Naveira-Garabato, A.C., Nerem, R.S., Newman, P.A., Nieto, J.J., Noetzli, J., O’Neel, S., Osborn, T.J., Overland, J., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R.M., Park, E.-H., Parker, D., Parrington, M., Parsons, A.R., Pasch, R.J., Pascual-Ramírez, R., Paterson, A.M., Paulik, C., Pearce, P.R., Pelto, M.S., Peng, L., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S.E., Perovich, D., Petropavlovskikh, I., Pezza, A.B., Phillips, D., Pinty, B., Pitts, M.C., Pons, M.R., Porter, A.O., Primicerio, R., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Randriamarolaza, L., Razuvaev, V.N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Reimer, C., Rémy, S., Renwick, J.A., Revadekar, J.V., Richter-Menge, J., Riffler, M., Rimmer, A., Rintoul, S., Robinson, D.A., Rodell, M., Rodríguez Solís, J.L., Romanovsky, V.E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K.H., Roth, C., Rusak, J.A., Sabine, C.L., Sallée, J.-B., Sánchez-Lugo, A., Santee, M.L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Scambos, T.A., Schemm, J., Schladow, S.G., Schmid, C., Schmid, M., Schmidtko, S., Schreck, C.J., Selkirk, H.B., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Setzer, A., Sharp, M., Shaw, A., Shi, L., Shiklomanov, A.I., Shiklomanov, N.I., Siegel, D.A., Signorini, S.R., Sima, F., Simmons, A.J., Smeets, C.J.P.P., Smith, S.L., Spence, J.M., Srivastava, A.K., Stackhouse, P.W., Stammerjohn, S., Steinbrecht, W., Stella, J.L., Stengel, M., Stennett-Brown, R., Stephenson, T.S., Strahan, S., Streletskiy, D.A., Sun-Mack, S., Swart, S., Sweet, W., Talley, L.D., Tamar, G., Tank, S.E., Taylor, M.A., Tedesco, M., Teubner, K., Thoman, R.L., Thompson, P., Thomson, L., Timmermans, M.-L., Tirnanes, J.A., Tobin, S., Trachte, K., Trainer, V.L., Tretiakov, M., Trewin, B.C., Trotman, A.R., Tschudi, M., Van As, D., Van De Wal, R.S.W., van der A., R.J., Van Der Schalie, R., Van Der Schrier, G., Van Der Werf, G.R., Van Meerbeeck, C.J., Velicogna, I., Verburg, P., Vigneswaran, B., Vincent, L.A., Volkov, D., Vose, R.S., Wagner, W., Wåhlin, A., Wahr, J., Walsh, J., Wang, C., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, M., Wang, S.-H., Wanninkhof, R., Watanabe, S., Weber, M., Weller, R.A., Weyhenmeyer, G.A., Whitewood, R., Wijffels, S.E., Wilber, A.C., Wild, J.D., Willett, K.M., Williams, M.J.M., Willie, S., Wolken, G., Wong, T., Wood, E.F., Woolway, R.I., Wouters, B., Xue, Y., Yamada, R., Yim, S.-Y., Yin, X., Young, S.H., Yu, L., Zahid, H., Zambrano, E., Zhang, P., Zhao, G., Zhou, L., Ziemke, J.R., Love-Brotak, S.E., Gilbert, K., Maycock, T., Osborne, S., Sprain, M., Veasey, S.W., Ambrose, B.J., Griffin, J., Misch, D.J., Riddle, D.B., and Young, T.

Published
2016

14. Comparison of remotely sensed and modelled soil moisture data sets across Australia

Author

Holgate, Chiara, de Jeu, Richard A.M., Van Dijk, Albert, Liu, Y.Y., Renzullo, Luigi J, Vinodkumar, V., Dharssi, I., Parinussa, R.M., van der Schalie, R, Gevaert, A.I., Walker, Judith, McJannet, Dave, Cleverly, J R, Haverd, Vanessa, Trudinger, C.M., Briggs, Peter R, Holgate, Chiara, de Jeu, Richard A.M., Van Dijk, Albert, Liu, Y.Y., Renzullo, Luigi J, Vinodkumar, V., Dharssi, I., Parinussa, R.M., van der Schalie, R, Gevaert, A.I., Walker, Judith, McJannet, Dave, Cleverly, J R, Haverd, Vanessa, Trudinger, C.M., and Briggs, Peter R

Abstract

This study compared surface soil moisture from 11 separate remote sensing and modelled products across Australia in acommonframework. The comparison was based on a correlation analysis between soil moisture products and in situ data collated from three separate ground-based networks: OzFlux, OzNet and CosmOz. The correlation analysis was performed using both original data sets and temporal anomalies, and was supported by examination of the time series plots. The interrelationships between the products were also explored using cluster analyses. The products considered in this study include: Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS; both Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) and L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (LMEB) algorithms), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2; both LPRM and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) algorithms) and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) satellite-based products, and WaterDyn, Australian Water Resource Assessment Landscape (AWRA-L), Antecedent Precipitation Index (API), Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI), Mount’s Soil Dryness Index (MSDI) and CABLE/BIOS2 modelbased products. The comparison of the satellite and model data sets showed variation in their ability to reflect in situ soil moisture conditions across Australia owing to individual product characteristics. The comparison showed the satellite products yielded similar ranges of correlation coefficients, with the possible exception of AMSR2 JAXA. SMOS (both algorithms) achieved slightly better agreement with in situ measurements than the alternative satellite products overall. Among the models, WaterDyn yielded the highest correlation most consistently across the different locations and climate zones considered. All products displayed a weaker performance in estimating soil moisture anomalies than the original data sets (i.e. the absolute values), showing all products to be more effective in detecting interannual and seasonal soil moisture dynamics rather than individu

Published
2016

15. Comparison of remotely sensed and modelled soil moisture data sets across Australia

Author

Holgate, CM, De Jeu, RAM, van Dijk, AIJM, Liu, YY, Renzullo, LJ, Vinodkumar, Dharssi, I, Parinussa, RM, Van Der Schalie, R, Gevaert, A, Walker, J, McJannet, D, Cleverly, J, Haverd, V, Trudinger, CM, Briggs, PR, Holgate, CM, De Jeu, RAM, van Dijk, AIJM, Liu, YY, Renzullo, LJ, Vinodkumar, Dharssi, I, Parinussa, RM, Van Der Schalie, R, Gevaert, A, Walker, J, McJannet, D, Cleverly, J, Haverd, V, Trudinger, CM, and Briggs, PR

Abstract

This study compared surface soil moisture from 11 separate remote sensing and modelled products across Australia in a common framework. The comparison was based on a correlation analysis between soil moisture products and in situ data collated from three separate ground-based networks: OzFlux, OzNet and CosmOz. The correlation analysis was performed using both original data sets and temporal anomalies, and was supported by examination of the time series plots. The interrelationships between the products were also explored using cluster analyses. The products considered in this study include: Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS; both Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) and L-band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere (LMEB) algorithms), Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2; both LPRM and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) algorithms) and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) satellite-based products, and WaterDyn, Australian Water Resource Assessment Landscape (AWRA-L), Antecedent Precipitation Index (API), Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI), Mount's Soil Dryness Index (MSDI) and CABLE/BIOS2 model-based products. The comparison of the satellite and model data sets showed variation in their ability to reflect in situ soil moisture conditions across Australia owing to individual product characteristics. The comparison showed the satellite products yielded similar ranges of correlation coefficients, with the possible exception of AMSR2_JAXA. SMOS (both algorithms) achieved slightly better agreement with in situ measurements than the alternative satellite products overall. Among the models, WaterDyn yielded the highest correlation most consistently across the different locations and climate zones considered. All products displayed a weaker performance in estimating soil moisture anomalies than the original data sets (i.e. the absolute values), showing all products to be more effective in detecting interannual and seasonal soil moisture dynamics rather than indi

Published
2016

16. SMOS soil moisture retrievals using the land parameter retrieval model: Evaluation over the Murrumbidgee Catchment, southeast Australia

Author

van der Schalie, R, Parinussa, R M, Renzullo, Luigi J, Van Dijk, Albert, Su, C-H, de Jeu, Richard A.M., van der Schalie, R, Parinussa, R M, Renzullo, Luigi J, Van Dijk, Albert, Su, C-H, and de Jeu, Richard A.M.

Abstract

The land parameter retrieval model (LPRM) is a methodology that retrieves soil moisture from low frequency dual polarized microwave measurements and has been extensively tested on C-, X- and Ku-band frequencies. Its performance on L-band is tested here by using observations from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite. These observations have potential advantages compared to higher frequencies: a low sensitivity to cloud and vegetation contamination, an increased thermal sampling depth and a greater sensitivity to soil moisture fluctuations. These features make it desirable to add SMOS-derived soil moisture retrievals to the existing European Space Agency (ESA) long-term climatological soil moisture data record, to be harmonized with other passive microwave soil moisture estimates from the LPRM. For multi-channel observations, LPRM infers the effective soil temperature (Teff ) from higher frequency channels. This is not possible for a single channel mission like SMOS and therefore two alternative sources for Teff were tested: (1) MERRA-Land and (2) ECMWF numerical weather prediction systems, respectively. SMOS measures brightness temperature at a range of incidence angles, different incidence angle bins (45°, 52.5° and 60°) were tested for both ascending and descending swaths. Three LPRM algorithm parameters were optimized to match remotely sensed soil moisture with ground based observations: the single scattering albedo, roughness and polarization mixing factor. The soil moisture retrievals were optimized and evaluated against ground-based data from the Murrumbidgee Soil Moisture Monitoring Network (OzNet) in southeast Australia. The agreement with single-angle SMOS LPRM retrievals was close to the official SMOS L3 product, provided the three parameters were optimized for the OzNet dataset, with linear correlation of 0.70-0.75 (0.75-0.77 for SMOS L3), root-mean-square error of 0.069-0.085m3 m-3 (0.084-0.106m3 m-3 for SMOS L3) and small bias of -0.02-0

Published
2015

17. SOIL MOISTURE.

Author

Dorigo, W . A., Chung, D., Gruber, A., Hahn, S., Mistelbauer, T., Parinussa, R. M., Paulik, C., Reimer, C., van der Schalie, R., de Jeu, R. A. M., and Wagner, W .

Subjects
SOIL moisture, BIG data, MICROWAVE devices, DROUGHTS, WATER supply, ARTIFICIAL satellites
Abstract

The article offers information on the ESA CCI SM multisatellite surface soil moisture dataset developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative which monitors the moisture content of soil using satellite-mounted microwave instruments. Among the anomalies computed based on the dataset include dry conditions in central-eastern Europe and Spain, lack of water supply in Brazil, and drought conditions in southeastern Africa.

Published
2016

18. Uncertainty in Soil Moisture Retrievals: an Ensemble Approach using SMOS L-Band Microwave Data.

Author

Quets J, De Lannoy GJM, Al Yaari A, Chan S, Cosh MH, Gruber A, Reichle RH, Van der Schalie R, and Wigneron JP

Abstract

The uncertainty of surface soil moisture (SM) retrievals from satellite brightness temperature (TB) observations depends primarily on the choice of radiative transfer model (RTM) parameters, prior SM information and TB inputs. This paper studies the sensitivity of several established and experimental SM retrieval products from the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission to these choices at 11 reference sites, located in 7 watersheds across the United States (US). Different RTM parameter sets cause large biases between retrievals. Whereas typical RTM parameter sets are calibrated for SM retrievals, it is shown that a parameter set carefully optimized for TB forward modeling can also be used for retrieving SM. It is also shown that the inclusion of dynamic prior SM estimates in a Bayesian retrieval scheme can strongly improve SM retrievals, regardless of the choice of RTM parameters. The second part of this paper evaluates the ensemble uncertainty metrics for SM retrievals obtained by propagating a wide range of RTM parameters through the RTM, and the relationship with time series metrics obtained by comparing SM retrievals with in situ data. As expected for bounded variables, the total spread in the ensemble SM retrievals is smallest for wet and dry SM values and highest for intermediate SM values. After removal of the strong long-term SM bias associated with the RTM parameter values for individual ensemble members, the remaining anomaly ensemble SM spread shows higher values when SM deviates further from its long-term mean SM. This reveals higher-order biases (e.g. differences in variances) in the retrieval error, which should be considered when characterizing retrieval error. The time-average anomaly ensemble SM spread of 0.037 m 3 /m 3 approximates the actual time series unbiased root-mean-square-difference of 0.042 m 3 /m 3 between ensemble mean retrievals and in situ data across the reference sites., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Published
2019
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