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Mount Cameroon is one of Africa’s largest and most active volcanoes, the last eruption occurring in 1999-2000. Communities in close proximity to this mountain were and could again be adversely affected by such volcanic eruptions. The goal of the study was to develop a community health adaptable model for the management of health care related hazards – not only for this community, but also for others within Cameroon and Africa. An exploratory qualitative approach to data collection and analysis was used in order to gain insight into what would be acceptable to the community. Purposive sampling was used to identify three groups of community members and a group of health care workers who have lived through a previous eruption (who turned out to be nurses and nurses’ aids only). Data was transcribed, notes made among researcher and assistants and cross-matched to arrive at occurring themes. The significance attached to the mountain and its eruptions, management strategies from the perspective of the community members and an identification of what matters most in this regard were elicited. An analysis of documented evidence from local resources focused on the realities of such a hazard, prevention and mitigation measures, as well as adaptable methods that could inform the model. The exploration of international relevant strategies in managing natural disasters in general, and volcanic disasters in particular, as well as a literature review, was conducted. The findings were triangulated to inform the development of an adaptable model. After an exploratory pilot study (pretest), using members of another community that was affected to some extent during the 1999-2000 eruption, two participant focus group discussions were held with each of three groups of community members. These included a group of elders, men and women. The findings indicated that community members regarded the mountain as a god to be appeased. Thus, some of the cultural practices exposed the community eve

English: The mango seed weevil (MSW), Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), generally causes few problems on early-season cultivars, since the fruit are marketed and consumed before adult emergence from the fruit. Adult emergence from late-hanging cultivars, however, results in unattractive lesions that influence the marketability of the fruit. There is little evidence that MSW influences yield, although some authors argue that MSW development in the seed may lead to premature fruit drop. The economic impact of the MSW is primarily based on the fact that it is a major phytosanitary pest, restricting access to new foreign markets and contributing to substantial rejections of fruit destined for existing export countries. The MSW has no natural enemies, is monophagous on mango and completes its entire life cycle within the mango seed. The impact of this pest can, therefore, be greatly reduced by orchard sanitation. Sanitation practices, however, are labour intensive, necessitating producers to rely on alternative or additive control measures. Several semi-penetrant and contact pesticides are registered for MSW control. However, with trans-laminar products it is imperative that treatments coincide with, or are applied just after, the onset of weevil oviposition. This requires intensive and accurate scouting programmes, with an in-depth knowledge regarding the duration of oviposition necessary to ensure seasonal control. When using contact insecticides, applications should coincide with seasonal and daily activity peaks to ensure direct contact. Since adult weevils are extremely inactive, this necessitates an in-depth knowledge of MSW activity patterns. It is also imperative to understand the development cycle and life strategies of the insect in order to know at which time intervention would prove to be the most effective. The product most generally used for MSW control in the Hoedspruit magisterial district of the Limpopo Province is fenthion, Afrikaans: Die mango snuitkewer (MSK), Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), het oor die algemeen nie ‘n groot impak op die vrugkwaliteit van vroeëseisoen mango kultivars nie, aangesien dié vrugte gewoonlik bemark en geëet word voordat die volwasse kewers die vrug verlaat. Vir laat-seisoen kultivars vind dit egter dikwels plaas dat volwasse snuitkewers vanuit die saad, deur die vrugvlees, na buite beweeg. Die letsels wat so ontstaan verlaag die bemarkbaarheid van die vrug. Daar is nie baie inligting beskikbaar oor die effek van MSK op oesopbrengste nie, alhoewel sekere outeurs van mening is dat die teenwoordigheid van kewers in die saad tot verhoogde vrugafspening kan lei. Die ekonomiese impak van die MSK is meer vervat in die feit dat hierdie insek ‘n baie belangrike fitosanitêre plaag is, wat nie net toegang tot nuwe uitvoermarkte beïnvloed nie, maar ook kan lei tot die afkeur van vrugbesendings na bestaande uitvoermarkte. Die MSK het geen natuurlike vyande nie, is monofaag op mango en voltooi sy hele lewensiklus binne-in die saad. Om hierdie rede kan boordsanitasiepraktyke infestasievlakke grootliks onder beheer bring. Sanitasie is egter arbeidsintensief, en lei daartoe dat produsente meerendeels staat maak op chemiese beheer. Verskeie kontak en translaminêre produkte is vir mangoes geregistreer om MSK te beheer. Wanneer translaminêre produkte gebruik word, is dit egter baie belangrik dat die aanvangsbespuiting gedoen word sodra MSK eierlegging begin, wat noodsaak dat 'n akkurate verkenningsprogram gevolg word. Dit is ook nodig om kennis te dra van die tydsduur van eierlegging ten einde effektiewe seisoenale beheer te kan verleen. Wanneer kontakmiddels gebruik word, is dit weer belangrik om kennis te dra van seisoenale en daaglikse aktiwiteitspatrone van die insek ten einde direkte kontak te verseker. Dit is ook noodsaaklik om die lewensiklus en lewenstrategieë van die insek te ken, ten einde te kan bepaal wanneer toetrede die grootste, Westfalia Technological Services, Westfalia, Tzaneen, South Africa

English: A review of literature indicates that more research is currently needed on the way in which post-traumatic stress disorder manifests in children and how it is influenced by certain risk and resilience factors. The role of the family and interpersonal factors have been identified as very important influences on the adjustment of children after traumatisation. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between certain fortigenic factors, such as family involvement and interpersonal strength, as well as age and gender as biographic factors, with post-traumatic stress symptoms in children of an orphanage. The family involvement of the children with their supervising parents of their home in the orphanage, were investigated. The research group consisted of 80 orphans from Bloemfontein. The children’s family involvement and interpersonal strength were measured by the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale which was completed by the specific homes’ supervising parents. The children’s level of posttraumatic stress was determined by their completion of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for children. Favourable reliability indices were reported by Cronbach’s coefficient alphas. A hierarchical regression analysis was done. Based on the statistical processing of the data it was found that girls reported more symptoms of post-traumatic stress than boys and that family involvement as well as interpersonal strength did not have a negative correlation with post-traumatic stress symptomatology. Contradictory to expectations, family involvement correlated positively with post-traumatic stress symptomatology. No significant relationship was found between age and post-traumatic stress. These findings are not in line with previous research findings that regard close relationships with parents as well as other adults an important fortigenic factor. Possible explanations for the results are given, shortcomings and recommendations for further research and practice are, Afrikaans: ’n Oorsig van die literatuur dui aan dat daar tans ’n groot behoefte bestaan aan navorsing oor die wyse waarop posttraumatiese stresversteuring by kinders manifesteer en op watter wyse dit deur verskeie veerkragtigheids- en risikofaktore beïnvloed word. Die rol van die gesin en interpersoonlike faktore is wel geïdentifiseer as baie belangrike aspekte wat die kind se aanpassing na afloop van traumatisering kan beïnvloed. Die kinders se gesinsbetrokkenheid by die huisouers van hul woonhuis op die kinderhuisperseel is beoordeel. Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stel wat die verband is tussen sekere fortigene faktore soos gesinsbetrokkenheid en interpersoonlike sterkte, asook enkele biografiese veranderlikes (ouderdom en geslag) met die posttraumatiese stressimptome by kinderhuiskinders. Die ondersoekgroep het bestaan uit 80 kinderhuiskinders van Bloemfontein. Die gesinsbetrokkenheid en interpersoonlike sterkte van die kinders is gemeet deur gebruik te maak van die Gedragsmatige en Emosionele Beoordelingskaal wat deur die huisouers voltooi is. Die vlak van posttraumatiese stres is vasgestel deur die Traumasimptoom Merklys vir Kinders toe te pas op die kinders. Gunstige betroubaarheidsindekse is met behulp van Cronbach-alpha-betroubaarheids-koëffisiënte vir alle veranderlikes gerapporteer. ’n Hiërargiese regressie-ontleding is gedoen. Op grond van die statistiese verwerking van die data is daar gevind dat meisies meer posttraumatiese stressimptome rapporteer as seuns en dat gesins- betrokkenheid en interpersoonlike sterkte nie ’n negatiewe verband met posttraumatiese stressimptomatologie toon nie. Gesinsbetrokkenheid het in teenstelling met verwagtinge ’n positiewe verband met posttraumatiese stressimptomatologie getoon. Geen beduidende verband is gevind tussen ouderdom en posttraumatiese stres nie. Hierdie bevindings verskil van vorige navorsing wat die positiewe invloed van ’n nabye verhouding met gesinslede en ander volwassenes as belangrike psigof

English: The southern African representatives of Cheiracanthium C.L. Koch, 1839 are revised after examining 617 adult specimens. Eight species of Cheiracanthium are recognized from this region, four are new (C. dippenaarae, C. minshullae, C. presleyensis and C. slziluvanensis) and four are redescribed (C. africanum Lessert, 1921, C. furculatum Karsch, 1879, C. imbel/e Caporiacco, 1947 and C. vansoni Lawrence, 1936). Eleven species are synonymized (C. franganilloi Caporiacco, 1949 and C. nigropalpatum Schmidt & Jacque, 1983 = C. africanum Lessert, 1921; C. kiwunum Strand, 1915, C. mohasicum Strand, 1915, C. hoggi Lessert, 1921, C. natalense Lessert, 1923, C. castum Lawrence, 1927, C. lawrencei Roewer, 1951, C. melanostomel/um Roewer 1951 and C. melanostomellum caboverdense Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 = C. furculatum Karsch, 1879; C. nairobii Caporiacco, 1949 = C. imbel/e Caporiacco, 1947). The male of C. vansoni Lawrence, 1936 is described for the first time. Cheiracanthium hottentotum Strand, 1907 is considered a nomen dubium. The study resulted in the recognition of a new genus, Clzeiramiona, and this resulted in the transfer of six species (C. clavigerum Simon, 1897, C. filipes Simon, 1898, C. simplicitarse Simon, 1910, C. lzewitti Lessert, 1921, C. silvicolum Lawrence, 1938 and C. akermani Lawrence, 1942) to the new genus. keys are provided to the clubionid genera known from the Afrotropical Region as well as the Cheiracanthium species known from southern Africa. Distributional and habitat data are given for the eight Cheiracanthium species recorded from southern Africa. Medical and agricultural importance as well as relationships are also discused., Afrikaans: Die suider Afrika spesies van Cheiracanthium C.L. Koch, 1839 is hersien en hiervoor is 617 volwasse eksemplare ondersoek. Agt spesies van Cheiracanthium word erken uit hierdie streek, waarvan vier nuut is (C. dippenaarae, C. minshullae, C. presleyensis en C. shiluvanensis) en vier herbeskryf is (C. africanum Lessert, 1921, C. furculatum Karsch, 1879, C. imbelle Caporiacco, 1947 en C. vansoni Lawrence 1936). Elf spesies is gesinonimiseer (C. franganilloi Caporiacco, 1949 en C. nigropalpatum Schmidt & J ocque, 1983 = C. africanum Lessert, 1921; C. ldwunum Strand, 1915, C. mohasicum Strand, 1915, C. hoggi Lessert, 1921, C. natalense Lessert, 1923, C. castum Lawrence, 1927, C. lawrencei Roewer, 1951, C. melanostomellum Roewer 1951 en C. m. caboverdense Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 = C. furculatum Karsch, 1879; C. nairobii Caporiacco, 1949 = C. imbelle Caporiacco, 1947). Die mannetjie van C. vansoni Lawrence, 1936 is vir die eerste keer beskryf. Cheiracanthium hottentotum Strand, 1907 word as 'n nomen dubium beskou. 'n Nuwe genus, Cheiramiona, word beskryf en ses spesies hierheen oorgeplaas (C. clavigerum Simon, 1897, C. filipes Simon, 1898, C. simplicitarse Simon, 1910, C. hewitti Lessert, 1921, C. silvicolum Lawrence, 1938 en C. akennani Lawrence, 1942). 'n Sleutel word voorsien vir die clubionid genera bekend uit die Afrotropiese wyk, sowel as die suider Afrikaanse spesies van Cheiracanthium. Verspreiding en habitat data word voorsien en mediese en landboukundige belang en verwantskappe word bespreek vir die agt suider Afrikaanse spesies van Cheiracanthium.