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This report summarises findings on wind integration from the 17 countries orsponsors participating in the International Energy Agency Wind TechnologyCollaboration Programme (IEA Wind TCP) Task 25 from 2006–2020. Both realexperience and studies are reported. Many wind integration studies incorporatesolar energy, and most of the results discussed here are valid for other variablerenewables in addition to wind.The national case studies address several impacts of wind power on electricpower systems. In this report, they are grouped under long-term planning issuesand short-term operational impacts. Long-term planning issues include gridplanning and capacity adequacy. Short-term operational impacts includereliability, stability, reserves, and maximising the value of wind in operationaltimescales (balancing related issues). The first section presents the variability anduncertainty of power system-wide wind power, and the last section presentsrecent studies toward 100% shares of renewables. The appendix provides asummary of ongoing research in the national projects contributing to Task 25 for2021–2024.The design and operation of power and energy systems is an evolving field. Asambitious targets toward net-zero carbon energy systems are announcedglobally, many scenarios are being made regarding how to reach these futuredecarbonized energy systems, most of them involving large amounts of variablerenewables, mainly wind and solar energy. The secure operation of powersystems is increasingly challenging, and the impacts of variable renewables, newelectrification loads together with increased distribution system resources willlead to somewhat different challenges for different systems. Tools and methodsto study future power and energy systems also need to evolve, and both shorttermoperational aspects (such as power system stability) and long-term aspects(such as resource adequacy) will probably see new paradigms of operation anddesign. The experience of operating and planning systems with large amounts ofvariable generation is accumulating, and research to tackle the challenges ofinverter-based, nonsynchronous generation is on the way. Energy transition anddigitalization also bring new flexibility opportunities, both short and long term.

This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 ’Definition of Functional Scenarios’. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop. The results are six Functional Scenarios:1. Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets,2. Microgrids & energy communities,3. Sector coupling,4. Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems,5. Aggregation and flexibility management, and6. Digitalisation,which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will be used as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary. With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order to achieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation. The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0 work package NA4 ’Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles’ addresses these needs. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the European Green Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation and relevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basis of inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projects and networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the current status and development while also highlighting future visions and requirements impacting the Functional Scenarios. The high-level scenarios also address the high-level drivers for the Functional Scenarios, such as needs for digitalisation of the smart energy systems. Furthermore, Functional Scenarios are related to the generic system configurations developed in ERIGrid and consider the work conducted in ERIGrid as a strong background for ERIGrid 2.0.The necessity for a mutual understanding of scenarios which are of interest to the ERIGrid 2.0 partners and their research infrastructures and in alignment of the project objectives, led to conducting a survey regarding the first actions of the NA4.1 work. The purpose of this survey was to gather inputs on a set of Functional Scenarios that were analysed in more detail to deduce the most relevant approaches for ERIGrid 2.0. Overall, 15 partners participated in the survey and submitted 35 scenarios. The survey results include scenarios on sector coupling, multi-energy systems, ICT and automation, energy communities, microgrids and low-inertia grids, and stability, control and grid code challenges. Detailed descriptions of Functional Scenarios submitted to the survey are presented in Appendix A: Functional Scenario Survey Data of this deliverable.The formation of the Functional Scenarios was organised in six working groups, each of which focused on a single Functional Scenario. The decision on the six Functional Scenario was taken during the NA4 regular meetings and the brainstorming workshop itself based on the results of the Functional Scenario survey.The focus of the first working group has been on a component focused scenario developed based on the survey results on DERs and inverters. The resulting Functional Scenario 1 integrates key components, such as DER inverters and controllers with ICT, control and automation architectures to enable new grid services with the development of interfaces between the active components. The second working group has been focused on topics related to microgrids and energy communities forming Functional Scenario 2 to support the local microgrid and energy community development by enabling flexibility services locally with ICT and control including exploitation of grid intelligence. While the third working group has been working on the survey results on sector coupling and multi-energy systems with Functional Scenario 3 anticipating a massive roll-out of power-to-X components in the near future by developing system level understanding of the impacts on the electrical domain. The fourth working group has been focused on grid management and overall the perspectives of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) resulting in Functional Scenario 4 assuring frequency and voltage stability in low inertia systems through capabilities of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Distributed Generation (DG), controllable loads and storage systems as well as ICT and control systems. The fifth working group has been based on the survey results comprising of aggregation, flexibility, market and reserve topics and defined Functional Scenario 5 to focus on communication functionality for aggregation, service matching, fail-over, configuration, and interoperability addressing scale-related properties of aggregation and control solutions. Lastly, the sixth working group has been focused on digitalisation including wide range of topics such as ICT infrastructure, communication, automation, control and monitoring. Functional Scenario 6 explores the impact of ICT solutions on the physical (electrical power) system covering new applications of data and data processing as well as new paths for exchanging data.The Functional Scenario templates used during the brainstorming workshop have been included in the Appendix B: Functional Scenario Templates.The work started in NA4.1 will continue in NA4.2 and NA4.4 with discussions on more detailed definitions of the test cases which will initially provide the inputs for other project activities. The discourse on the Functional Scenarios is also assumed to support ERIGrid 2.0 physical lab and virtual access work and decision-making beyond ERIGrid 2.0.

This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 ’Definition of Functional Scenarios’. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop.The results are six Functional Scenarios: Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets, Microgrids & energy communities, Sector coupling, Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems, Aggregation and flexibility management, and Digitalisation, which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will beused as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary.With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order toachieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation.The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0work package NA4 ’Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles’ addresses theseneeds. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the EuropeanGreen Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation andrelevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basisof inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projectsand networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the currentstatus and development while also highlighting future visions and requirements impacting theFunctional Scenarios. The high-level scenarios also address the high-level drivers for the Functional Scenarios, such as needs for digitalisation of the smart energy systems. Furthermore,Functional Scenarios are related to the generic system configurations developed in ERIGridand consider the work conducted in ERIGrid as a strong background for ERIGrid 2.0. The necessity for a mutual understanding of scenarios which are of interest to the ERIGrid2.0 partners and their research infrastructures and in alignment of the project objectives, ledto conducting a survey regarding the first actions of the NA4.1 work. The purpose of thissurvey was to gather inputs on a set of Functional Scenarios that were analysed in more detailto deduce the most relevant approaches for ERIGrid 2.0. Overall, 15 partners participatedin the survey and submitted 35 scenarios. The survey results include scenarios on sectorcoupling, multi-energy systems, ICT and automation, energy communities, microgrids and low- inertia grids, and stability, control and grid code challenges. Detailed descriptions of FunctionalScenarios submitted to the survey are presented in Appendix A: Functional Scenario SurveyData of this deliverable. The formation of the Functional Scenarios was organised in six working groups, each of whichfocused on a single Functional Scenario. The decision on the six Functional Scenario wastaken during the NA4 regular meetings and the brainstorming workshop itself based on theresults of the Functional Scenario survey. The focus of the first working group has been on a component focused scenario developedbased on the survey results on DERs and inverters. The resulting Functional Scenario 1 integrates key components, such as DER inverters and controllers with ICT, control and automationarchitectures to enable new grid services with the development of interfaces between the activecomponents. The second working group has been focused on topics related to microgrids andenergy communities forming Functional Scenario 2 to support the local microgrid and energycommunity development by enabling flexibility services locally with ICT and control includingexploitation of grid intelligence. While the third working group has been working on the surveyresults on sector coupling and multi-energy systems with Functional Scenario 3 anticipating amassive roll-out of power-to-X components in the near future by developing system level understanding of the impacts on the electrical domain. The fourth working group has been focusedon grid management and overall the perspectives of Distribution System Operators (DSOs)and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) resulting in Functional Scenario 4 assuring frequency and voltage stability in low inertia systems through capabilities of Renewable EnergySources (RES), Distributed Generation (DG), controllable loads and storage systems as wellas ICT and control systems. The fifth working group has been based on the survey resultscomprising of aggregation, flexibility, market and reserve topics and defined Functional Scenario 5 to focus oncommunication functionality for aggregation, service matching, fail-over,configuration, and interoperability addressing scale-related properties of aggregation and control solutions. Lastly, the sixth working group has been focused on digitalisation including widerange of topics such as ICT infrastructure, communication, automation, control and monitoring.Functional Scenario 6 explores the impact of ICT solutions on the physical (electrical power)system covering new applications of data and data processing as well as new paths for exchanging data. The Functional Scenario templates used during the brainstorming workshop have been included in the Appendix B: Functional Scenario Templates. The work started in NA4.1 will continue in NA4.2 and NA4.4 with discussions on more detaileddefinitions of the test cases which will initially provide the inputs for other project activities. Thediscourse on the Functional Scenarios is also assumed to support ERIGrid 2.0 physical lab andvirtual access work and decision-making beyond ERIGrid 2.0.

International audience; The integration of distributed renewable energysources and the multi-domain behaviours inside the cyberphysicalenergy system (smart grids) draws up major challenges.Their validation and roll out requires careful assessment, in termof modelling, simulation and testing. The traditional approachfocusing on a particular object, actual hardware or a detailedmodel, while drastically simplifying the remainder of the systemunder test, is no longer sufficient. Real-time simulation andHardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) techniques emerge as indispensabletools for validating the behaviour of renewable sources as well astheir impact/interaction to with the cyber-physical energy system.This paper aims to provide an overview of the present status-quoof real-time and HIL approaches used for smart grids and theirreadiness for cyber-physical experiments. We investigate the currentlimitations of HIL techniques and point out necessary futuredevelopments. Subsequently, the paper highlights challenges thatneed specific attention as well as ongoing actions and furtherresearch directions.

This deliverable describes the work conducted in ERIGrid 2.0 task NA4.1 ’Definition of Functional Scenarios’. The work has been conducted via a survey and a brainstorming workshop. The results are six Functional Scenarios: Ancillary services provided by Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and active grid assets, Microgrids & energy communities, Sector coupling, Frequency and voltage stability in inverter dominated power systems, Aggregation and flexibility management, and Digitalisation, which describe the overarching topics within ERIGrid 2.0. The Functional Scenarios will be used as an input in further ERIGrid 2.0 work. Smart grid and smart energy systems solutions have become complex and multidisciplinary. With the further integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and other energy systems new testing scenarios, profiles, and processes must be defined. In order to achieve this, big trends affecting research, testing, and validation processes have been reviewed, with a special focus on new aspects such as interoperability testing or digitalisation. The scenario descriptions define requirements, actors, etc. on a functional level. ERIGrid 2.0 work package NA4 ’Iterative Creation of Scenarios and Test Case Profiles’ addresses these needs. This work has been conducted with emphasis on the alignment with the European Green Deal, further support on the technology validation and roll-out phases, and further integration of the research infrastructures. A Functional Scenario has been defined as an umbrella term comprising of motivation and relevance for ERIGrid 2.0, system descriptions, use case and test case descriptions, and experimental setup descriptions. Each scenario has a single core idea and is formed on the basis of inclusiveness. Functional Scenarios consider several high-level scenarios in other projects and networks as a background forming the overall circumstances in which the Functional Scenario is considered. The high-level scenarios provide a holistic understanding of the current status and development while also highlighting future visions and requirements impacting the Functional Scenarios. The high-level scenarios also address the high-level drivers for the Functional Scenarios, such as needs for digitalisation of the smart energy systems. Furthermore, Functional Scenarios are related to the generic system configurations developed in ERIGrid and consider the work conducted in ERIGrid as a strong background for ERIGrid 2.0. The necessity for a mutual understanding of scenarios which are of interest to the ERIGrid 2.0 partners and their research infrastructures and in alignment of the project objectives, led to conducting a survey regarding the first actions of the NA4.1 work. The purpose of this survey was to gather inputs on a set of Functional Scenarios that were analysed in more detail to deduce the most relevant approaches for ERIGrid 2.0. Overall, 15 partners participated in the survey and submitted 35 scenarios. The survey results include scenarios on sector coupling, multi-energy systems, ICT and automation, energy communities, microgrids and low- inertia grids, and stability, control and grid code challenges. Detailed descriptions of Functional Scenarios submitted to the survey are presented in Appendix A: Functional Scenario Survey Data of this deliverable. The formation of the Functional Scenarios was organised in six working groups, each of which focused on a single Functional Scenario. The decision on the six Functional Scenario was taken during the NA4 regular meetings and the brainstorming workshop itself based on the results of the Functional Scenario survey. The focus of the first working group has been on a component focused scenario developed based on the survey results on DERs and inverters. The resulting Functional Scenario 1 integrates key components, such as DER inverters and controllers with ICT, control and automation architectures to enable new grid services with the development of interfaces between the active components. The second working group has been focused on topics related to microgrids and energy communities forming Functional Scenario 2 to support the local microgrid and energy community development by enabling flexibility services locally with ICT and control including exploitation of grid intelligence. While the third working group has been working on the survey results on sector coupling and multi-energy systems with Functional Scenario 3 anticipating a massive roll-out of power-to-X components in the near future by developing system level understanding of the impacts on the electrical domain. The fourth working group has been focused on grid management and overall the perspectives of Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Transmission System Operators (TSOs) resulting in Functional Scenario 4 assuring frequency and voltage stability in low inertia systems through capabilities of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), Distributed Generation (DG), controllable loads and storage systems as well as ICT and control systems. The fifth working group has been based on the survey results comprising of aggregation, flexibility, market and reserve topics and defined Functional Scenario 5 to focus on communication functionality for aggregation, service matching, fail-over, configuration, and interoperability addressing scale-related properties of aggregation and control solutions. Lastly, the sixth working group has been focused on digitalisation including wide range of topics such as ICT infrastructure, communication, automation, control and monitoring. Functional Scenario 6 explores the impact of ICT solutions on the physical (electrical power) system covering new applications of data and data processing as well as new paths for exchanging data. The Functional Scenario templates used during the brainstorming workshop have been included in the Appendix B: Functional Scenario Templates. The work started in NA4.1 will continue in NA4.2 and NA4.4 with discussions on more detailed definitions of the test cases which will initially provide the inputs for other project activities. The discourse on the Functional Scenarios is also assumed to support ERIGrid 2.0 physical lab and virtual access work and decision-making beyond ERIGrid 2.0.

In this thesis a method was developed to evaluate and compare various offshore grid topology and capacity choices. A small power system was created for the purpose of the study, including prototypes of offshore grids. To perform the offshore grid study, preliminary steps had to be taken and four subtasks were thus defined:1. Develop a scenario of wind park sizes and locations.2. Obtain representative wind speed data for each of the locations defined.3. Calculate resulting wind power production, given the scenario and the wind speed data.4. Study wind power integration and effects of grid topologies.The North Sea was chosen as a starting point and offshore wind power scenarios for the North Sea in 2025 and 2030 were first developed. Choices regarding which wind data to base the study on, i.e. re-analysis data, numerical weather prediction data or synthetic wind speed data, were evaluated. It was chosen for the final analysis to use a relatively high resolution wind speed data set, resulting from metrological data modelling. This wind speed data was then matched with the wind park locations and the wind power production for the North Sea scenario calculated. A multiturbine approach was applied for this conversion from wind speed to wind power. Finally, the resulting wind power could be included in an offshore grid structure and integrated into a power system.A small power system was created including three main generation/ load areas based on the characteristics of the Norwegian, Dutch and the British generation portfolios. These areas where connected with link capacities according to the existing and planned HVDC links between the real countries. Three offshore wind areas where then added, interconnected and connected to their respective countries, creating an offshore grid structure. The benefits of different topologies were then investigated by varying the link capacities off the offshore grid structure. Simulations were performed using a unit commitment and economical dispatch simulation tool. The benefits were mainly evaluated in terms of wind integration, emission reductions and reductions in operational cost.All cases are compared with a base case having only radial connection of the offshore wind clusters. The meshed grid structure results in increased wind integration reduced emission and reduced operational cost for all of the cases. The offshore grid was further found to facilitate both wind integration and trade. Though increasing the rating of the interconnections to shore above the capacity of the connected wind park cluster, as to accommodate for additional trade, was not found to give additional benefits. Regarding the capacities of the interconnections between the wind park clusters, the benefits were seen to saturate at a rating equal to the capacity of the smaller of the two connected wind park clusters. As investment cost was not considered in this thesis, further decisions regarding the optimal rating of the cables were based on the assumption that a high link utilisation is desirable. It is however recommended to apply a cost-benefit analysis for more accurate evaluations. As could be expected the effects on the onshore generation were unevenly distributed among the created areas depending on the generation mix. Finally, it should however be noted that since the case study only included three areas and an un-optimised hydro-scheduling method, results should be treated with caution.