49 results on '"van den Bergh, J. C. J. M."'
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2. Multiplier Effects in Tourist Regions
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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3. Effectiveness of Traffic Restraint Policies
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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4. Impacts of Mobility and Transport Policy
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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5. Air Quality and Property Value
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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6. Effectiveness of Pesticide Price Policies in Agriculture
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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7. Working Conditions in Industrial Sectors: Valuations of Life
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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8. Basic Principles of Rough Set Analysis
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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9. Technical Issues in Rough Set Analysis
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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10. Measurement and Uncertainty Issues in Environmental Economics and Decision Analysis
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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11. Statistical Meta-Analysis
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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12. Review of Meta-Analysis with Applications to Economics
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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13. Meta-Approaches: Methodological Remarks
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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14. Environmental Policy Evaluation
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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15. Meta-Approaches to Environmental Policy Assessment
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., Pepping, G. C., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Button, K. J., Nijkamp, P., and Pepping, G. C.
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- 1997
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16. Biased perceptions of other people's attitudes to carbon taxation
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Drews, S., Savin, I., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Drews, S., Savin, I., and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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Beliefs about other people's opinions on climate change influence one's own opinion. Such beliefs can, however, suffer from biases in perception. Using two nationally representative surveys, we examine this issue in a new context, namely of carbon-tax acceptance in Spain. We find that the more one expects the tax to be accepted by others, the more one accepts it personally. But opponents of a carbon tax tend to strongly overestimate the prevalence of their opinion, i.e. they exhibit a so-called false consensus effect. In contrast, despite holding the majority view, tax supporters somewhat underestimate the prevalence of their own view, which is known as pluralistic ignorance. We further test the role of information provision by providing participants with different percentages of people accepting the tax. Overall, we find little evidence that such information provision significantly increases tax acceptance. The impact of information provision on tax acceptance tends to be moderated by the degree of false consensus. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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- 2022
17. Co-dynamics of climate policy stringency and public support
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Konc, T., Drews, S., Savin, I., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Konc, T., Drews, S., Savin, I., and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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Public support for stringent climate policies is currently weak. We develop a model to study the dynamics of public support for climate policies. It comprises three interconnected modules: one calculates policy impacts; a second translates these into policy support mediated by social influence; and a third represents the regulator adapting policy stringency depending on public support. The model combines general-equilibrium and agent-based elements and is empirically grounded in a household survey, which allows quantifying policy support as a function of effectiveness, personal wellbeing and distributional effects. We apply our approach to compare two policy instruments, namely carbon taxation and performance standards, and identify intertemporal trajectories that meet the climate target and count on sufficient public support. Our results highlight the importance of social influence, opinion stability and income inequality for public support of climate policies. Our model predicts that carbon taxation consistently generates more public support than standards. Finally, we show that under moderate social influence and income inequality, an increasing carbon tax trajectory combined with progressive revenue redistribution receives the highest average public support over time. © 2022 The Author(s)
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- 2022
18. Climate concern and policy acceptance before and after COVID-19
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Drews, S., Savin, I., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Villamayor-Tomás, S., Drews, S., Savin, I., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., and Villamayor-Tomás, S.
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It remains unclear how COVID-19 has affected public engagement with the climate crisis. According to the finite-pool-of-worry hypothesis, concern about climate change should have decreased after the pandemic, in turn reducing climate-policy acceptance. Here we test these and several other conjectures by using survey data from 1172 Spanish participants who responded before and after the first wave of COVID-19, allowing for both aggregate and within-person analyses. We find that on average climate concern has decreased, while acceptance of most climate policies has increased. At the individual-level, adverse health experiences are unrelated to these changes. The same holds for negative economic experiences, with the exception that unemployment is associated with reduced acceptance of some policies. Complementary to the finite-pool-of-worry test, we examine three additional pandemic-related issues. As we find, (1) higher climate concern and policy acceptance are associated with a belief that climate change contributed to the COVID-19 outbreak; (2) higher policy acceptance is associated with a positive opinion about how the government addressed the COVID-19 crisis; (3) citizens show favorable attitudes to a carbon tax with revenues used to compensate COVID-19-related expenditures. Overall, we conclude there is support for addressing the global climate crisis even during a global health crisis. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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- 2022
19. Individual preferences for reducing flood risk to near zero through elevation
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Botzen, W. J. W., Aerts, J. C. J. H., and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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- 2013
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20. Regulation at the Source? Comparing Upstream and Downstream Climate Policies
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Foramitti, J., Savin, I., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Foramitti, J., Savin, I., and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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Climate policies can be applied either upstream, where fossil fuels are extracted, or downstream, where emissions are generated. Specific policy instruments can be defined for either level, and can take the form of a price signal such as through a tax, or a quantity limit such as through direct regulation or a permit market. In this study, we present an agent-based model to compare the performance of these different instruments and regulation levels. Since policy coverage is often limited, i.e. not all firms being under the regulator's control, we also examine the impact of incomplete coverage on relative policy performance. Our analysis shows that only upstream regulation leads to an increase in fossil fuel prices, which is benefitial under limited coverage as it also affects firms not directly affected by the policy instruments; that prices under quantity-based regulation can decline after an initial peak, stabilizing at a lower level than under the tax; and that direct regulation is more efficient when applied upstream. © 2021.
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- 2021
21. The social multiplier of environmental policy: Application to carbon taxation
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Konc, T., Savin, I., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Konc, T., Savin, I., and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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We analyze the effectiveness of environmental policy when consumers are subject to social influence. To this end, we build a model of consumption decisions driven by socially-embedded preferences formed under the influence of peers in a social network. This setting gives rise to a social multiplier of environmental policy. In an application to climate change, we derive Pigouvian and target-achieving carbon taxes under socially-embedded preferences. Under realistic assumptions the social multiplier is equal to 1.30, allowing to reduce the effective tax by 38%. We show that the multiplier depends on four factors: strength of social influence, initial taste distribution, network topology and income distribution. The approach provides a basis for rigorously analyzing a transition to low-carbon lifestyles and identifying complementary information and network policies to maximize the effectiveness of carbon taxation. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
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- 2021
22. Climate change and increased risk for the insurance sector: a global perspective and an assessment for the Netherlands
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Botzen, W. J. W., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., and Bouwer, L. M.
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- 2010
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23. Cost-benefit analysis of conservation policy: The red palm weevil in Catalonia, Spain
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Delgado, Castillo, Á., van, den, Bergh, J. C. J. M., Savin, I., Sarto, i, Monteys, V., Delgado, Castillo, Á., van, den, Bergh, J. C. J. M., Savin, I., and Sarto, i, Monteys, V.
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Invasive species are costly for human health, the environment and the economy while their burden is expected to rise. With limited budgets to address biological invasions, effective resource allocation is important. In the past decade, multiple frameworks have emerged to support this budgeting, but it is not clear if current strategies are consistent with these. Amongst invasive species, insects are the costliest. In this article we evaluate a set of conservation policies in response to the arrival of the invasive beetle, the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in Catalonia, Spain. The purpose of the selected schemes was to preserve palm species (Phoenix. spp) serving ornamental purposes. In a region with a large portion of land dedicated to agricultural activities and with densely populated coastal areas, budgets to address biological invasions should be carefully allocated. Through a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis based on the total economic value framework, we find that current policies were not justified as their net social benefits are negative. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
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- 2020
24. Constructing aggregate environmental-economic indicators: a comparison of 12 OECD countries
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. and van Veen-Groot, D. B.
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- 2001
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25. Opinion Clusters in Academic and Public Debates on Growth-vs-Environment
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Drews, S., Savin, I., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Drews, S., Savin, I., and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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The debate about the relationship between economic growth and environmental sustainability involves many dimensions as well as much diversity in terminology. While it is often summarized in terms of dichotomous pro- and anti-growth positions, several studies indicate that additional views exist, and that these may differ between experts and the general public. The objective of this paper is to identify and analyze segments of the scientific and general population with distinct views in this respect. To this end, we bring together two data sets: one from a nationally representative survey of the general public of Spain (N = 1004) and another from an international survey of researchers from various disciplinary backgrounds (N = 814). Using latent class analysis, we identify three similar segments in the two samples, labeled as Green growth, Agrowth and Degrowth. Overall, clusters are more consistent, better distinguishable on all constituent dimensions and more polarized in the scientific than public opinion survey. In addition, we find that diverging views on social issues are more strongly associated with distinct clusters in the public opinion sample, and on environmental issues in the scientific opinion sample. © 2018
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- 2019
26. Evolution of opinions in the growth-vs-environment debate: Extended replicator dynamics
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van, den, Bergh, J. C. J. M., Savin, I., Drews, S., van, den, Bergh, J. C. J. M., Savin, I., and Drews, S.
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The evolution of opinions in the long-standing debate on growth-versus-environment may affect support for important sustainability policies, in areas such as biodiversity loss, climate change, deforestation and freshwater scarcity. In order to understand this evolution, we develop a model describing the dynamics of four distinct opinions as identified in recent surveys, namely growth-at-all-cost, green growth, agrowth and degrowth. The model is based on modifying standard replicator dynamics to match a multi-group structure. Individuals are influenced by local or global interactions with others, based on adjacent opinion groups and exposure to information about environmental change. Psychological resistance to opinion change is also accounted for. The model is calibrated with recent survey data. Numerical analysis shows which opinions survive under particular conditions. We find, among others, that under local interactions, ultimate outcomes are characterized by lack of consensus, i.e. survival of multiple opinions. In addition, equal impacts of environmental change on opinions do not always translate in joint survival of associated opinions. Under worsening environmental conditions while continuing economic growth, opinions shift from green growth to agrowth and degrowth. Fostering global interactions among individuals, causing them to be influenced by a broad spectrum of opinions, makes consensus more likely. We also consider model dynamics if feedback from opinions to policy to environmental change and back is included. This confirms robustness of the results. It should be noted that the model is not meant to predict but to explore the consequences of combinations of assumptions about social networks, psychological mechanisms, environmental dynamics, and connections between opinion distribution and environmental policy. The study represents the first analysis of opinion dynamics in the growth-vs-environment debate and suggests a number of routes for further inves
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- 2019
27. Basic Principles of Rough Set Analysis
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., primary, Button, K. J., additional, Nijkamp, P., additional, and Pepping, G. C., additional
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- 1997
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28. Monetary valuation of the social cost of CO2 emissions: A critical survey
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van den Bergh, J. C J M, Botzen, W. J W, van den Bergh, J. C J M, and Botzen, W. J W
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- 2015
29. The economic value of wetland conservation and creation: A meta-analysis
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Ghermandi, Andrea, van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Brander, L. M., and Nunes, P. A. L. D.
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Man-Made Wetlands ,Constructed Ecosystems ,Economic Valuation ,ddc:330 ,C81 ,Wetland Values ,Meta-Regression ,Q24 - Abstract
The rationale for conservation and creation of wetlands stems from the recognition of both their ecological and economic values. This paper examines the welfare impacts of goods and services provided by wetlands. We collected 385 estimates of the economic value of 181 natural and man-made wetlands from 167 studies worldwide. The resulting database is less biased towards North America than previous reviews of the literature. The relative importance of characteristics of the valuation study, of the wetland site, and of the socio-economic and geographical context is estimated by means of a meta-regression analysis of wetland values. Provision of amenities, flood control and storm buffering, and water quality improvement are the most highly valued wetland services. The relevance of the socio-economic and geographical context clearly emerges from the analysis and, in particular, the proximity to other wetland sites is negatively correlated with valuations. An analysis of the effect of environmental stress on wetland value shows that the latter increases with stress from human development activities and uses. In addition to the basic meta-regression model, the influence of authorship effects and of the geographic regions is examined by means of a multi-level approach. A second extended meta-regression model including cross-effects shows that the valuations of specific services vary according to the type of wetland producing them.
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- 2008
30. A lower bound to the social cost of CO2 emissions
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., primary and Botzen, W. J. W., additional
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- 2014
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31. Review article: Assessing the costs of natural hazards – state of the art and knowledge gaps
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Meyer, V., primary, Becker, N., additional, Markantonis, V., additional, Schwarze, R., additional, van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional, Bouwer, L. M., additional, Bubeck, P., additional, Ciavola, P., additional, Genovese, E., additional, Green, C., additional, Hallegatte, S., additional, Kreibich, H., additional, Lequeux, Q., additional, Logar, I., additional, Papyrakis, E., additional, Pfurtscheller, C., additional, Poussin, J., additional, Przyluski, V., additional, Thieken, A. H., additional, and Viavattene, C., additional
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- 2013
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32. Individual preferences for reducing flood risk to near zero through elevation
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Botzen, W. J. W., primary, Aerts, J. C. J. H., additional, and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional
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- 2012
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33. Dependence of flood risk perceptions on socioeconomic and objective risk factors
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Botzen, W. J. W., primary, Aerts, J. C. J. H., additional, and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional
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- 2009
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34. Managing natural disaster risks in a changing climate
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Botzen, W. J. W., primary and Van Den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional
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- 2009
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35. Decomposition of Warm Glow for Multiple Stakeholders: Stated Choice Valuation of Shellfishery Policy
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Nunes, P. A. L. D., primary, de Blaeij, A. T., additional, and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional
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- 2009
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36. Climate change and increased risk for the insurance sector: a global perspective and an assessment for the Netherlands
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Botzen, W. J. W., primary, van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional, and Bouwer, L. M., additional
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- 2009
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37. Bounded Rationality, Climate Risks, and Insurance: Is There a Market for Natural Disasters?
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Botzen, W. J. W., primary and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional
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- 2009
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38. Insurance Against Climate Change and Flooding in the Netherlands: Present, Future, and Comparison with Other Countries
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Botzen, W. J. W., primary and Van Den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional
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- 2008
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39. The Impact of Structural Change on Physical Flows in the Economy: Forecasting and Backcasting Using Structural Decomposition Analysis
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Hoekstra, R., primary and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., additional
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- 2006
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40. The microfoundations of macroeconomics: an evolutionary perspective
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., primary
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- 2003
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41. A lower bound to the social cost of CO2 emissions.
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van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. and Botzen, W. J. W.
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CARBON dioxide & the environment ,CARBON dioxide mitigation ,GREENHOUSE gases & the environment ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,CLIMATE change prevention ,ENVIRONMENTAL protection - Abstract
Many studies have estimated the social cost of carbon (SCC). We critically evaluate SCC estimates, focusing on omitted cost categories, discounting, uncertainties about damage costs and risk aversion. This allows for the calculation of a lower bound to the SCC. Dominant SCC values turn out to be gross underestimates, notably, but not only, for a low discount rate. The validity of this lower bound is supported by a precautionary approach to reflect risk aversion against extreme climate change. The results justify a more stringent climate policy than is suggested by most influential past studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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42. Transport, Spatial Economy, and the Global Environment
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Verhoef, E T, primary, van den Bergh, J C J M, additional, and Button, K J, additional
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- 1997
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43. Aggregate Dynamic Economic—Ecological Models for Sustainable Development
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van den Bergh, J C J M, primary and Nijkamp, P, additional
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- 1991
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44. Cumulative C02 emissions: shifting international responsibilities for climate debt.
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Botzen, W. J. W., Gowdy, J. M., and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,AIR pollution ,CLIMATE change ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,GLOBAL warming ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,DEVELOPMENT economics - Abstract
Copyright of Climate Policy (Earthscan) is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2008
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45. A Bioeconomic Analysis of a Shellfishery: The Effects of Recruitment and Habitat in a Metapopulation Model.
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Imeson, R. J. and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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SHELLFISH ,SHELLFISH populations ,FISHERIES ,AQUATIC resources ,AQUACULTURE - Abstract
This paper presents a bioeconomic model wherefishing effort exerted has multiple impacts onthe recruitment process of a sedentaryshellfish population. Recognizing thatsedentary populations generally possessmetapopulation characteristics at therecruitment stage, we show that fishing effortexerted not only influences the recruitmentprocess indirectly by limiting the number ofadults that spawn, but also directly byaffecting the habitat in which shellfish larvaerecruit. Depending on the recruitmentcharacteristics, fishing can have negative andpositive direct and indirect effects on therecruitment process. Next, a positive directeffect that fishing can have on the growth rateof the shellfish population if space to recruitto is limited is studied. Generalcharacteristics of sustainable fishing areanalyzed for the case that recruitment occursimmediately once spawning has occurred as wellas for the case that recruitment takes placeover a longer period of time. Conditions areidentified under which shellfishing should beencouraged in order to facilitate therecruitment process of juveniles. The paperends by analyzing how fishing alters theoptimal sustainable solution when itcontributes to habitat destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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46. Green Advertising in a Climate-Change Context : Experimental Studies
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Castro Santa, Juana, Van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., Drews, Stefan, and Van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., 1965
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Ciències Socials ,Economia ambiental ,Psicologia ambiental ,Environmental economics ,Experimental economics ,Economía experimental ,Environmental psychology ,Psicología ambiental ,Economía ambiental ,Economia experimental - Abstract
La publicitat verda promou productes amb menys pressió ambiental mitjançant l’ús de tècniques persuasives per influir en les percepcions dels consumidors. Aquestes tècniques tendeixen a dependre de canals emocionals que poden conduir a biaixos i heurístiques que afecten les eleccions dels consumidors respecte a la compra. El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és examinar, utilitzant mètodes experimentals, si les heurístiques de consum provocades per la publicitat verda representen barreres i/o oportunitats en termes de reducció d'emissions. Per fer-ho, primer vaig revisar la literatura sobre les característiques de la publicitat verda i els seus efectes en els consumidors. A continuació, mitjançant un experiment, vaig comparar l’eficàcia d’aquest tipus de publicitat per influir en l’elecció amb les normes socials proambientals. En aquest estudi vaig recopilar dades originals sobre els canals de decisió a través dels quals la publicitat i les normes socials influeixen en el comportament del consumidor. Finalment, per comprendre millor els efectes de la publicitat verda en les eleccions dels consumidors, vaig recopilar evidència experimental dels efectes secundaris de les compres de productes “verds” o ecològics en altres comportaments proambientals rellevants. Les contribucions principals d’aquesta tesi són tres. En primer lloc, desentranya les heurístiques que utilitzen les persones per processar els missatges publicitaris de productes “amables amb el medi ambient”. En segon lloc, demostra empíricament l’eficàcia de la publicitat per influir a l’elecció del consumidor. Aquesta evidència es proporciona observant el comportament real (és a dir, l’elecció dels participants) i identificant-ne els canals de decisió afectats i comparant-los amb aquells influenciats per una norma social. En tercer lloc, la tesi proporciona evidència que els efectes indirectes de les compres de productes “verds” en els comportaments proambientals subsegüents depenen del comportament en si, així com del preu d’aquests productes. En general, els resultats confirmen que, lluny de ser només un canal d’informació, la publicitat verda utilitza mecanismes de persuasió per influir a les preferències dels consumidors que desencadenen un processament no racional de la informació. Si bé aquests efectes poden millorar el consum de productes associats amb menys emissions de carboni, el processament emocional de la publicitat verda també pot desencadenar biaixos als consumidors, com la manca d’atenció dels consumidors a la informació sobre les normes socials o la inacció els comportaments rellevants per a la reducció d’emissions, com ho és el suport a les polítiques climàtiques. La publicidad verde promueve productos con menor presión ambiental, mediante el uso de técnicas persuasivas para influir en las percepciones de los consumidores. Tales técnicas tienden a depender de canales emocionales que pueden conducir a sesgos y heurísticas que afectan las elecciones de los consumidores con respecto a la compra. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es examinar, utilizando métodos experimentales, si las heurísticas de consumo provocadas por la publicidad verde representan barreras y/u oportunidades en términos de reducción de emisiones. Para hacerlo, primero revisé la literatura sobre las características de la publicidad verde y sus efectos en los consumidores. A continuación, mediante un experimento, comparé la eficacia de este tipo de publicidad para influir en la elección con la de las normas sociales pro-ambientales. En este estudio recopilé datos originales sobre los canales de decisión a través de los cuales la publicidad y las normas sociales influyen en el comportamiento del consumidor. Finalmente, para comprender mejor los efectos de la publicidad verde en las elecciones de los consumidores, recopilé evidencia experimental de los efectos secundarios de las compras de productos “verdes” o ecológicos en otros comportamientos pro-ambientales relevantes. Las principales contribuciones de esta tesis son tres. En primer lugar, desentraña las heurísticas que utilizan las personas para procesar los mensajes publicitarios de productos “amables con el medio ambiente”. En segundo lugar, demuestra empíricamente la eficacia de la publicidad para influir en la elección del consumidor. Dicha evidencia se proporciona observando el comportamiento real (es decir, la elección de los participantes) e identificando los canales de decisión afectados y comparándolos con aquellos influenciados por una norma social. En tercer lugar, la tesis proporciona evidencia de que los efectos indirectos de las compras de productos “verdes” en los comportamientos pro-ambientales subsiguientes dependen del comportamiento en sí, así como del precio de estos productos. En general, los resultados confirman que, lejos de ser solo un canal de información, la publicidad verde utiliza mecanismos de persuasión para influir en las preferencias de los consumidores que desencadenan un procesamiento no racional de la información. Si bien estos efectos pueden mejorar el consumo de productos asociados con menos emisiones de carbono, el procesamiento emocional de la publicidad verde también puede desencadenar sesgos en los consumidores, como la falta de atención de los consumidores a la información sobre las normas sociales o la inacción en los comportamientos relevantes para la reducción de emisiones, como lo es el apoyo a las políticas climáticas. Green advertising promotes products with lower environmental pressure, through using persuasive techniques to influence consumers’ perceptions. Such techniques tend to rely on emotional channels that can lead to biases and heuristics affecting consumer choices regarding purchase. The main goal of this thesis is to examine, using experimental methods, whether consumer heuristics triggered by green advertising represent barriers and/or opportunities in terms of emissions reduction. To do so, I first reviewed the literature on green advertising features and their effects on consumers. Next, using an experiment, I compared green advertising effectiveness in influencing choice with that of pro-environmental social norms. In this study I collected original data on the decision channels through which advertising and social norms influence consumer behaviour. Finally, to understand further the effects of green advertising on consumers’ choice, I collected experimental evidence of spillovers from green purchases to other relevant pro-environmental behaviours. The main contributions of this thesis are threefold. First, it unravels the heuristics that people use process green advertising messages. Second, it empirically demonstrates the effectiveness of advertising in influencing consumer choice. Such evidence is provided through observing actual behaviour (i.e., participants choice) and by identifying the decision channels affected and comparing these with those influenced by a social norm. Third, the thesis provides evidence that spillovers from green purchases to subsequent pro-environmental behaviours depend upon the behaviour itself, as well as on the price of green products. Overall, the results confirm that far from being only an information channel, green advertising uses persuasion mechanisms to influence consumer preferences that trigger non-rational processing of information. While these effects may enhance green consumption, the emotional processing of green advertising can also trigger consumer biases, such as consumers’ inattention to information about social norms, or inaction in behaviours relevant to emission reduction like support for climate policies. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals
- Published
- 2022
47. Aggregate dynamic economic-ecological models for sustainable development
- Author
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Nijkamp, P. and van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
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SUSTAINABLE development ,ECONOMICS - Published
- 1991
48. Carbon pricing meets social interactions: Implications for climate policy design
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Konc, Théo, Van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., 1965, Savin, Ivan, and Van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
- Subjects
Ciències Socials ,Política climática ,Climate policy ,Política climàtica - Abstract
Mitigar el canvi climàtic és un dels majors reptes del nostre temps. Les nostres economies haurien d’assolir emissions netes a mitjans de segle per evitar danys catastròfics. Després de l’Acord de París del 2015, la Unió Europea i molts governs nacionals s’han compromès a assolir la neutralitat del carboni el 2050. No obstant això, els compromisos actuals no arriben a l’objectiu de mitigació, cosa que sustenta la urgència d’aplicar polítiques efectives per reduir les emissions de gasos d’efecte hivernacle. La política climàtica no passa en un buit social i polític. Una de les mancances dels models convencionals en economia climàtica és que ignoren l’entorn social en què interactuen els agents. Argumento en aquesta tesi que una bona comprensió del context social que envolta les polítiques climàtiques és essencial per dissenyar instruments eficients i acceptables. Faig servir models basats en agents (ABM) per integrar aspectes específics de les interaccions socials en un marc climàtic-econòmic. Els ABM són models flexibles que permeten apartar-se dels supòsits tradicionals sobre agents representatius i socialment aïllats, concretament descrivint una població d’agents heterogenis amb un ampli ventall de comportaments i interaccions possibles. El segon capítol, titulat “Reforç social amb interaccions ponderades”, estudia la difusió de comportaments baixos en carboni a les xarxes socials. Introdueix diverses funcions noves, com el biaix de confirmació, que és la tendència a donar més pes a les opinions que confirmen les pròpies creences i una topologia de xarxa generalitzada a les xarxes socials en línia. Els resultats mostren que, sota supòsits realistes sobre les interaccions dels agents, la distribució del grau de xarxa és el factor clau per a una adopció ràpida i generalitzada del comportament baix en carboni. El tercer capítol, titulat “El multiplicador social de la política ambiental: aplicació a la imposició del carboni”, analitza l’eficàcia de la imposició del carboni quan els consumidors estan sotmesos a influència social. Introdueix preferències integrades socialment formades sota la influència dels companys i obté un anomenat multiplicador social de la política mediambiental. L’enfocament proporciona una base per analitzar rigorosament una transició a estils de vida baixos en carboni i identificar informació complementària i polítiques de xarxa per complementar i reforçar l’eficàcia de la imposició del carboni. El quart capítol, titulat “Trajectòria òptima de la imposició del carboni sota preferències endògenes”, és la continuació lògica de l’anterior. Deriva una dinàmica òptima d’un impost sobre el carboni quan les preferències són endògenes, és a dir, quan l’impost modifica la formació de preferències dels agents. En particular, l’estudi se centra en les condicions en què disminueix l’impost òptim. El cinquè capítol, titulat “Dinàmiques de rigor de les polítiques climàtiques i suport públic”, estudia el disseny de polítiques climàtiques intertemporals que siguin efectives per assolir els objectius climàtics i que rebin el suport de la majoria dels votants. Per a això, combina un model d’equilibri general per a l’avaluació d’impacte de la política climàtica amb un model basat en agents que implica una xarxa social per avaluar les dinàmiques de l’opinió pública i estudia la viabilitat política de diverses polítiques climàtiques. Els resultats mostren que un impost caracteritzat per una taxa inicialment baixa que augmenta amb el temps, combinat amb una redistribució progressiva dels ingressos, genera un suport públic crític. Mitigar el cambio climático es uno de los mayores desafíos de nuestro tiempo. Nuestras economías deberían alcanzar emisiones netas cero a mediados de siglo para evitar daños catastróficos. Tras el Acuerdo de París de 2015, la Unión Europea y muchos gobiernos nacionales se han comprometido a alcanzar la neutralidad de carbono para el año 2050. Sin embargo, los compromisos actuales no alcanzan el objetivo de mitigación. Esto apuntala la urgencia de implementar políticas efectivas para disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La política climática no ocurre en un vacío social y político. Una de las deficiencias de los modelos convencionales en economía climática es que ignoran el entorno social en el que interactúan los agentes. Sostengo en esta tesis que una buena comprensión del contexto social que rodea a las políticas climáticas es esencial para diseñar instrumentos eficientes y aceptables. Hago uso de modelos basados en agentes (ABM) para integrar aspectos específicos de las interacciones sociales en un marco económico-climático. Los ABM son modelos flexibles que permiten apartarse de los supuestos tradicionales sobre agentes representativos y socialmente aislados, es decir, al describir una población de agentes heterogéneos con una amplia gama de posibles comportamientos e interacciones. El segundo capítulo, titulado “Refuerzo social con interacciones ponderadas”, estudia la difusión de conductas bajas en carbono en las redes sociales. Introduce varias características nuevas, como el sesgo de confirmación, que es la tendencia a dar más peso a las opiniones que confirman las creencias previas de uno, y una topología de red omnipresente en las redes sociales en línea. Los resultados muestran que bajo supuestos realistas con respecto a las interacciones de los agentes, la distribución del grado de la red es el factor clave para la adopción rápida y generalizada de un comportamiento bajo en carbono. El tercer capítulo, titulado “El multiplicador social de la política ambiental: aplicación a los impuestos al carbono”, analiza la efectividad de los impuestos al carbono cuando los consumidores están sujetos a la influencia social. Introduce preferencias socialmente arraigadas formadas bajo la influencia de pares y deriva un llamado multiplicador social de la política ambiental. El enfoque proporciona una base para analizar rigurosamente una transición hacia estilos de vida con bajas emisiones de carbono e identificar información complementaria y políticas de redes para complementar y reforzar la eficacia de los impuestos al carbono. El cuarto capítulo, titulado “Trayectoria óptima de la fiscalidad del carbono bajo preferencias endógenas”, es la continuación lógica del anterior. Deriva la dinámica óptima de un impuesto al carbono cuando las preferencias son endógenas, es decir, cuando el impuesto modifica la formación de preferencias de los agentes. En particular, el estudio se centra en las condiciones en las que el impuesto óptimo está disminuyendo. El quinto capítulo, titulado “Co-dinámica de la rigurosidad de la política climática y el apoyo público”, estudia el diseño de la política climática intertemporal que es eficaz para cumplir los objetivos climáticos y recibe el apoyo de la mayoría de los votantes. Para ello, combina un modelo de equilibrio general para la evaluación del impacto de la política climática con un modelo basado en agentes que involucra una red social para evaluar la dinámica de la opinión pública y estudiar la viabilidad política de varias políticas climáticas. Los resultados muestran que un impuesto caracterizado por una tasa inicialmente baja que aumenta con el tiempo, combinada con una redistribución progresiva de los ingresos, genera un apoyo público crítico. Mitigating climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. Our economies should attain net zero emissions by the middle of the century to avoid catastrophic damages. Following the Paris Agreement in 2015, the European Union and many national governments have pledged to reach carbon neutrality by 2050. However, current commitments fall short of the mitigation objective.This underpins the urgency of implementing effective policies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. Climate policy does not happen in a societal and political vacuum. One of the shortcomings of conventional models in climate economics is that they ignore the social environment in which agents interact. I argue in this thesis that a good understanding of the social context surrounding climate policies is essential for designing efficient and acceptable instruments. I make use of agent-based models (ABMs) to integrate specific aspects of social interactions into a climate-economic framework. ABMs are flexible models that allow to depart from traditional assumptions about representative and socially isolated agents, namely by describing a population of heterogeneous agents with a wide range of possible behaviours and interactions. The second chapter, entitled “Social reinforcement with weighted interactions”, studies the diffusion of low-carbon behaviors in social networks. It introduces several new features, such as confirmation bias, which is the tendency to put more weight on opinions that confirm one’s prior beliefs, and a network topology pervasive in online social networks. The results show that under realistic assumptions regarding agents’ interactions, network degree distribution is the key factor for fast and widespread low-carbon behavior adoption. The third chapter, entitled “The Social Multiplier of Environmental Policy: Application to Carbon Taxation”, analyzes the effectiveness of carbon taxation when consumers are subject to social influence. It introduces socially-embedded preferences formed under the influence of peers and derives a so-called social multiplier of environmental policy. The approach provides a basis for rigorously analyzing a transition to low-carbon lifestyles and identifying complementary information and network policies to complement and reinforce the effectiveness of carbon taxation. The fourth chapter, entitled “Optimal trajectory of carbon taxation under endogenous preferences”, is the logical continuation of the previous one. It derives optimal dynamics of a carbon tax when preferences are endogenous, i.e. when the tax modifies the formation of preferences of agents. In particular, the study focuses on the conditions under which the optimal tax is decreasing. The fifth chapter, entitled “Co-dynamics of climate policy stringency and public support”, studies the design of intertemporal climate policy that is effective in meeting climate targets as well as receives support from a majority of voters. To this end, it combines a general equilibrium model for impact assessment of climate policy with an agent-based model involving a social network for assessing public opinion dynamics, and study the political feasibility of several climate policies. The results show that a tax characterized by an initially low rate which increases over time, combined with progressive revenue redistribution, generates critical public support. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals
- Published
- 2021
49. Who has time to be green? The 'double dividend' under bounded rationality and time constraints
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Klein, Franziska and Van den Bergh, J. C. J. M.
- Subjects
Environmental tax reform ,Ciències Socials ,Reforma fiscal ambiental ,Modelización basado en agentes ,Uso del tiempo ,Modelatge basat en agents ,Ús del temps ,Time use ,Agent-based modelling - Abstract
Aquesta tesi doctoral estudia el potencial d'una reforma fiscal ambiental, un desplaçament fiscal neutral en ingressos cap a les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle, per aconseguir un doble dividend sota nous supòsits de comportament. El doble dividend aquí es refereix principalment a una reducció simultània de l'atur i les emissions de gasos d'efecte hivernacle. La investigació està guiada per la següent pregunta general: Quins són els impactes sobre la innovació, l'ocupació i el clima de canviar els impostos del treball al carboni sota una racionalitat limitada? Per abordar aquesta qüestió, es desenvolupa un model basat en agents (ABM). Engloba agents delimitadament racionals i heterogenis que interactuen entre ells, fan un equilibri entre el temps de consum i el treball i utilitzen l'energia durant la producció i el consum. El capítol 1 presenta el tema, els buits de recerca i les contribucions. El capítol 2 conté una revisió sintètica de la literatura, que combina coneixements de diverses disciplines per identificar elements que falten en l'anàlisi de les reformes fiscals ambientals. El capítol 3 aprofundeix en el vessant empíric d'un element central de l'ABM: és a dir, el nexe entre temps de treball, activitats de lleure i consum d'energia. Això implica combinar dades del diari de temps i dades de consum d'energia de diverses activitats, seguida d'una anàlisi economètrica de la relació entre el temps dedicat a treballar i la intensitat energètica de l'oci. El capítol 4 examina si un model basat en agents pot replicar els resultats d'un model d'equilibri general (GEM) per a una reforma fiscal ambiental. Això implica explorar les possibles barreres a aquesta comparació metodològica. Amb aquest propòsit es construeix un ABM basat en un GEM existent. A continuació, comprovo si totes les proposicions fetes per l'estudi original estan recolzades pel nostre ABM. Aquests fan referència principalment a la possibilitat d'un doble dividend, combinat amb un objectiu (re)distributiu. El capítol 5 amplia el ABM del capítol 4 per estudiar la pregunta principal de recerca. Pren una perspectiva "lifestyle" basada en l'activitat, on les llars s'enfronten a un compromís entre el temps de consum, el treball domèstic/de cura no remunerat i el treball remunerat. A més, les llars són heterogènies pel que fa a (i) la seva dotació temporal inicial, (ii) els nivells de consum contaminant de subsistència i (iii) la situació laboral. Les seves decisions es caracteritzen a més per un comportament habitual i dinàmiques d'imitació. També posem a prova les conseqüències de la variació de les preferències verdes i les preferències d'oci per al doble dividend de l'ocupació. Pel que fa a la producció, el model diferencia entre tres sectors representatius, produint béns que varien en intensitat laboral i energètica durant la producció, i en requeriments de temps i energia durant el consum. Les empreses són "satisficers" que innoven només si els seus beneficis o la quota de demanda del seu bé estan disminuint. Finalment, el capítol 6 conclou i ofereix suggeriments per a més investigacions. Esta tesis doctoral estudia el potencial de una reforma fiscal medioambiental, un cambio impositivo neutro en cuanto a ingresos para las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, para lograr un doble dividendo bajo supuestos de comportamiento novedosos. El doble dividendo se refiere aquí sobre todo a una reducción simultánea del desempleo y de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La investigación está guiada por la siguiente pregunta general: Cuál es el impacto en la innovación, el empleo y el clima de cambiar los impuestos del trabajo al carbono bajo una racionalidad limitada? Para responder a esta pregunta, se desarrolla un modelo basado en agentes (ABM). En 'el se incluyen agentes heterogéneos y de racionalidad limitada que interactúan entre sí, hacen un balance entre el tiempo para el consumo y el trabajo, y utilizan la energía durante la producción y el consumo. El capítulo 1 presenta el tema, las lagunas de investigación y las contribuciones. El capítulo 2 contiene una revisión sintética de la literatura, que combina ideas de varias disciplinas para identificar los elementos que faltan en el análisis de las reformas fiscales medioambientales. El capítulo 3 profundiza en el aspecto empírico de un elemento central del modelo: el nexo entre el tiempo de trabajo, las actividades de ocio y el consumo de energía. Para ello, se combinan los datos de los diarios de tiempo y los datos de uso de energía de diversas actividades, y se realiza un análisis econométrico de la relación entre el tiempo de trabajo y la intensidad energética del ocio. El capítulo 4 examina si un modelo basado en agentes puede replicar los resultados de un modelo de equilibrio general (GEM) para una reforma fiscal medioambiental. Para ello, se exploran los posibles obstáculos a esta comparación metodológica. Para ello se construye un ABM basado en un GEM existente. A continuación, compruebo si todas las propuestas formuladas por el estudio original se ven respaldadas por nuestro ABM. Estas se refieren principalmente a la posibilidad de un doble dividendo, combinado con un objetivo (re)distributivo. El capítulo 5 amplía el ABM del capítulo 4 para estudiar la cuestión principal de la investigación. Adopta una perspectiva "lifestyle" basada en la actividad, en la que los hogares se enfrentan a un equilibrio entre el tiempo de consumo, el trabajo doméstico/de cuidados no remunerado y el trabajo remunerado. Además, los hogares son heterogéneos en cuanto a su (i) dotación inicial de tiempo, (ii) niveles de consumo contaminante de subsistencia y (iii) situación laboral. Sus decisiones se caracterizan además por un comportamiento habitual y una dinámica de imitación. También probamos las consecuencias de la variación de las preferencias "verdes" y de las preferencias de ocio para el doble dividendo del empleo. Por lo que respecta a la producción, el modelo distingue entre tres sectores representativos, que producen bienes que varían en cuanto a la intensidad de mano de obra y energía durante la producción, y en cuanto a los requisitos de tiempo y energía durante el consumo. Las empresas son "satisficers" y sólo innovan si sus beneficios o la proporción de la demanda de su bien disminuyen. Por último, el capítulo 6 concluye y ofrece sugerencias para futuras investigaciones. This doctoral thesis studies the potential of an environmental tax reform, a revenue-neutral tax shift towards greenhouse gas emissions, to achieve a double dividend under novel behavioural assumptions. The double dividend here refers mostly to a simultaneous reduction in unemployment and greenhouse gas emissions. The research is guided by the following overarching question: What are the innovation, employment and climate impacts of shifting taxes from labour to carbon under bounded rationality? To address this question, an agent-based model (ABM) is developed. It encompasses boundedly rational and heterogeneous agents who interact with each other, make a trade-off between time for consumption and work, and use energy during production and consumption. Chapter 1 introduces the topic, research gaps and contributions. Chapter 2 contains a synthetic literature review, combining insights from various disciplines to identify missing elements in the analysis of environmental tax reforms. Chapter 3 delves into the empirical side of one central element of the ABM: namely the nexus between work time, leisure activities and energy use. This involves combining time diary data and energy use data of various activities, followed by an econometric analysis of the relationship between time spent working and the energyintensity of leisure. Chapter 4 examines whether an agent-based model can replicate the results of a general equilibrium model (GEM) for an environmental tax reform. This involves exploring potential barriers to this methodological comparison. For this purpose an ABM is built based on an existing GEM. Next, I test if all the propositions made by the original study are supported by our ABM. These refer mostly to the possibility of a double dividend, combined with a (re)distributional goal. Chapter 5 extends the agent-based model of Chapter 4 to study the main research question. It takes an activity-based lifestyle perspective, where households face a trade-off between consumption time, unpaid household/care work and paid labour. Moreover, households are heterogeneous in terms of their (i) initial time endowment, (ii) levels of subsistence polluting consumption, and (iii) employment situation. Their decisions are further characterised by habitual behaviour and imitation dynamics. We also test the consequences of variation in "green" preferences and leisure preferences for the employment double dividend. On the production side the model differentiates between three representative sectors, producing goods varying in labour- and energy-intensity during production, and in time- and energyrequirements during consumption. Firms are satisficers who innovate only if their profits or the share of demand for their good are falling. Finally, Chapter 6 concludes and provides suggestions for further research.
- Published
- 2022
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