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12. The forgotten adaptive social benefits of social learning in animals.

Author

Harrison, Rachel A., Dongre, Pooja, van Schaik, Carel P., and van de Waal, Erica

Subjects
SOCIAL psychology, SOCIAL learning, CONFORMITY, LEARNING in animals, SOCIAL evolution
Abstract

Theoretical and empirical scholars of cultural evolution have traditionally studied social learning strategies, such as conformity, as adaptive strategies to obtain accurate information about the environment, whereas within social psychology there has been a greater focus upon the social consequences of such strategies. Although these two approaches are often used in concert when studying human social learning, we believe the potential social benefits of conformity, and of social learning more broadly, have been overlooked in studies of non‐humans. We review evidence from studies of homophily, imitation, and rapid facial mimicry that suggests that behaving like others affords social benefits to non‐human animals and that behaviour matching may be deployed strategically to increase affiliation. Furthermore, we review studies of conformity in dispersers, and suggest that forgoing personal information or preferences in favour of those of the new group during immigration may be a strategy to facilitate social integration. We therefore propose that the informational and social functions of conformity apply to humans and animals alike. We use this perspective to generate several interesting research questions to inspire work in this field. For example, under what conditions do animals use informational or social conformity and what role does uncertainty play in social learning in immigrant individuals? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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17. Play Behavior Varies with Age, Sex, and Socioecological Context in Wild, Immature Orangutans (Pongo spp.)

Author

Kunz, Julia A; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-2982, Falkner, Sonja S, Aprilinayati, Fikty, Duvot, Guilhem J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-4266, Fröhlich, Marlen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-7002, Willems, Erik P; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-3484, Atmoko, Sri Suci Utami, van Schaik, Carel P; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4509, Schuppli, Caroline; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-2815, van Noordwijk, Maria A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-0845, Kunz, Julia A; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-2982, Falkner, Sonja S, Aprilinayati, Fikty, Duvot, Guilhem J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-4266, Fröhlich, Marlen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-7002, Willems, Erik P; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7555-3484, Atmoko, Sri Suci Utami, van Schaik, Carel P; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4509, Schuppli, Caroline; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-2815, and van Noordwijk, Maria A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-0845

Abstract

Play is thought to serve different purposes at different times during ontogeny. The nature and frequency of play are expected to change accordingly over the developmental trajectory and with socio-ecological context. Orangutans offer the opportunity to disentangle the ontogenetic trajectories of solitary and social play with their extended immature phase, and socio-ecological variation among populations and species. We evaluated the frequency of play in 39 immature individuals across two populations (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii, at Tuanan, Borneo, and P. abelii at Suaq, Sumatra), age (0–11 years), sex, and social context, using more than 11 500 h of full-day focal observation data. We found independent age trajectories of different play types, with solitary object and solitary locomotor peaking before social play. Social play partners changed during ontogeny, and male immatures were more likely to engage in non-mother social play than females. Overall, social play was more frequent at Suaq than Tuanan, linked to the more frequent availability of partners. Furthermore, per time in association with conspecifics, Tuanan immatures were as likely to engage in social play as their peers at Suaq, suggesting similar intrinsic motivation. Increasing fruit availability correlated with both longer associations and increased social play frequency in the less sociable population of Tuanan, but not at Suaq. Our findings on orangutans support evidence from other species that different play types follow different developmental trajectories, vary with sex, social opportunities, and ecological context. Although drawing functional inferences is challenging, the distinct developmental trajectories reflecting adult sociability and behavioral repertoires may indicate that play serves several, non-mutually exclusive functions during ontogeny.

Published
2024

18. Wild and captive immature orangutans differ in their non-vocal communication with others, but not with their mothers

Author

Fröhlich, Marlen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-7002, van Noordwijk, Maria A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-0845, Mitra Setia, Tatang, van Schaik, Carel P; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4509, Knief, Ulrich; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-3033, Fröhlich, Marlen; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-7002, van Noordwijk, Maria A; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-0845, Mitra Setia, Tatang, van Schaik, Carel P; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-4509, and Knief, Ulrich; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6959-3033

Abstract

In many group-living species, individuals are required to flexibly modify their communicative behaviour in response to current social challenges. To unravel whether sociality and communication systems co-evolve, research efforts have often targeted the links between social organisation and communicative repertoires. However, it is still unclear which social or interactional factors directly predict communicative complexity. To address this issue, we studied wild and zoo-housed immature orangutans of two species to assess the impact of the socio-ecological setting on the production of non-vocal signal repertoires. Specifically, we compared repertoire size, dyadic repertoire similarity, and number of social goals (i.e. observer’s estimate of the signaller’s intended interaction outcome) for communicative interactions with mothers versus other conspecifics, controlling for critical individual and environmental factors. In this small sample of immature orangutans, wild-captive contrasts were statistically significant only for other-directed repertoires, but not for mother-directed repertoires, and not for the number of social goals that immatures communicated towards. While the repertoires of individuals living in the same research setting were more similar than those living in contrasting settings, this difference was most pronounced for other-directed repertoires of the less socially tolerant orangutan species. These results suggest that the boosted interactional opportunities in captivity rather than mere differences in environmental affordances or communicative needs drive the wild-captive contrast in orangutan communicative repertoires. Overall, this fine-grained analysis of repertoires further underscores that not only a species’ social organisation but also the targeted audience may have a profound impact on communicative behaviour. Significance statement Navigating a dynamic social environment often requires flexible signal use. While it has repeatedly been show

Published
2024

29. The evolution of self-control

Author

MacLean, Evan L, Hare, Brian, Nunn, Charles L, Addessi, Elsa, Amici, Federica, Anderson, Rindy C, Aureli, Filippo, Baker, Joseph M, Bania, Amanda E, Barnard, Allison M, Boogert, Neeltje J, Brannon, Elizabeth M, Bray, Emily E, Bray, Joel, Brent, Lauren JN, Burkart, Judith M, Call, Josep, Cantlon, Jessica F, Cheke, Lucy G, Clayton, Nicola S, Delgado, Mikel M, DiVincenti, Louis J, Fujita, Kazuo, Herrmann, Esther, Hiramatsu, Chihiro, Jacobs, Lucia F, Jordan, Kerry E, Laude, Jennifer R, Leimgruber, Kristin L, Messer, Emily JE, de A. Moura, Antonio C, Ostojić, Ljerka, Picard, Alejandra, Platt, Michael L, Plotnik, Joshua M, Range, Friederike, Reader, Simon M, Reddy, Rachna B, Sandel, Aaron A, Santos, Laurie R, Schumann, Katrin, Seed, Amanda M, Sewall, Kendra B, Shaw, Rachael C, Slocombe, Katie E, Su, Yanjie, Takimoto, Ayaka, Tan, Jingzhi, Tao, Ruoting, van Schaik, Carel P, Virányi, Zsófia, Visalberghi, Elisabetta, Wade, Jordan C, Watanabe, Arii, Widness, Jane, Young, Julie K, Zentall, Thomas R, and Zhao, Yini

Subjects
Nutrition, Brain Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Neurosciences, Mental health, Animals, Biological Evolution, Brain, Cognition, Diet, Humans, Learning, Likelihood Functions, Models, Statistical, Organ Size, Phylogeny, Primates, Problem Solving, Selection, Genetic, Social Behavior, Species Specificity, psychology, behavior, comparative methods, inhibitory control, executive function
Abstract

Cognition presents evolutionary research with one of its greatest challenges. Cognitive evolution has been explained at the proximate level by shifts in absolute and relative brain volume and at the ultimate level by differences in social and dietary complexity. However, no study has integrated the experimental and phylogenetic approach at the scale required to rigorously test these explanations. Instead, previous research has largely relied on various measures of brain size as proxies for cognitive abilities. We experimentally evaluated these major evolutionary explanations by quantitatively comparing the cognitive performance of 567 individuals representing 36 species on two problem-solving tasks measuring self-control. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that absolute brain volume best predicted performance across species and accounted for considerably more variance than brain volume controlling for body mass. This result corroborates recent advances in evolutionary neurobiology and illustrates the cognitive consequences of cortical reorganization through increases in brain volume. Within primates, dietary breadth but not social group size was a strong predictor of species differences in self-control. Our results implicate robust evolutionary relationships between dietary breadth, absolute brain volume, and self-control. These findings provide a significant first step toward quantifying the primate cognitive phenome and explaining the process of cognitive evolution.

Published
2014

37. Alternative reproductive tactics of unflanged and flanged male orangutans revisited

Author

Kunz, Julia A., primary, Duvot, Guilhem J., additional, Ashbury, Alison M., additional, Willems, Erik P., additional, Spillmann, Brigitte, additional, Dunkel, Lynda P., additional, bin Abdullah, Misdi, additional, Schuppli, Caroline, additional, Vogel, Erin R., additional, Utami Atmoko, Sri Suci, additional, van Noordwijk, Maria A., additional, and van Schaik, Carel P., additional

Published
2023
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48. The economics of brain size evolution in vertebrates

Author

Heldstab, Sandra A, Isler, Karin, Graber, Sereina Maria, Schuppli, Caroline, van Schaik, Carel P, University of Zurich, and Heldstab, Sandra A

Subjects
10207 Department of Anthropology, 300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology, 2800 General Neuroscience, Brain, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 1100 General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Organ Size, Biological Evolution, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Cognition, 1300 General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, General Biochemistry, Vertebrates, Animals, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract

Across the animal kingdom, we see remarkable variation in brain size. This variation has even increased over evolutionary time. Traditionally, studies aiming to explain brain size evolution have looked at the fitness benefits of increased brain size in relation to its increased cognitive performance in the social and/or ecological domain. However, brains are among the most energetically expensive tissues in the body and also require an uninterrupted energy supply. If not compensated, these energetic demands inevitably lead to a reduction in energy allocation to other vital functions. In this review, we summarize how an increasing number of studies show that to fully comprehend brain size evolution and the large variation in brain size across lineages, it is important to look at the economics of brains, including the different pathways through which the high energetic costs of brains can be offset. We further show how numerous studies converge on the conclusion that cognitive abilities can only drive brain size evolution in vertebrate lineages where they result in an improved energy balance through favourable ecological preconditions. Cognitive benefits that do not directly improve the organism's energy balance can only be selectively favoured when they produce such large improvements in reproduction or survival that they outweigh the negative energetic effects of the large brain.

Published
2022

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