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1. Update of the standard regulatory actions for prospective and retrospective cumulative dietary risk assessment of pesticides in MCRA.

Author

Engel, Jasper, Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., van Voorthuijsen, Tijmen, de Boer, Waldo J., van Lenthe, Marco S., van Donkersgoed, Gerda, McKeon, Hannah P., Zwartsen, Anne, and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Subjects
RISK assessment, PESTICIDES, FOOD consumption, PARTNERSHIP agreements, FOOD safety
Abstract

Chemical risk assessment typically focusses on individual substances. However, people are exposed daily to multiple chemicals from diverse sources. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) platform, developed by Wageningen University & Research (WUR, Biometris) for the Dutch Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), addresses this issue by enabling cumulative risk assessment (CRA). Recognising the need for mixture risk assessment (MRA), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and RIVM collaborated under a Framework Partnership Agreement (FPA) to enhance the MCRA software for user‐friendly and transparent MRA. These enhancements include the development of a new standard regulatory action (SRA) and the refinement of existing retrospective SRAs. The new prospective SRA enables the evaluation of scenarios for new (proposed) maximum residue levels (MRL) for substances within existing cumulative assessment groups (CAG), with the potential for future application to new substances. Regarding the updates of existing retrospective SRAs, more recent occurrence data, food consumption data from more countries compared to the previous version of the SRA, and additional health effects/CAGs were included. Future actions may include further development and periodic updates of the current retrospective SRAs in MCRA, incorporating new considerations and data. These improvements facilitate compliance with regulatory methods and support efficient risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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2. Update of the MCRA platform: enhancing data connectivity, security, interoperability, and accessibility.

Author

van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., Engel, Jasper, van Voorthuijsen, Tijmen, van Lenthe, Marco S., de Boer, Waldo J., van Donkersgoed, Gerda, McKeon, Hannah P., and Zwartsen, Anne

Subjects
*INTERNETWORKING, *INFORMATION & communication technologies, *DATA security
Abstract

Current risk assessment practices for chemicals primarily focus on individual substances or predefined mixtures. However, people are exposed daily to multiple chemicals from diverse sources. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) platform, an open web‐based tool, facilitates cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of chemicals. It is developed by Wageningen University & Research (WUR, Biometris) for the Dutch Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). The a (EFSA) and RIVM have initiated a Framework Partnership Agreement (FPA) to enhance mixture risk assessment (MRA) capabilities in MCRA. This report describes the collaborative efforts of EFSA and RIVM to make the MCRA platform more interoperable and accessible, focusing on data connectivity and security. Emphasis is placed on integrating relevant data used in Standard Regulatory Actions (SRA) implemented in MCRA, ensuring up‐to‐date and relevant information. RIVM's security measures, including a security quick‐scan and subsequent risk management plan, ensure a secure information and communications technology (ICT) and data hosting environment, especially for privacy sensitive data (e.g., food consumption data). A workflow for data exchange from EFSA to MCRA is proposed, focusing on standardisation and automation to minimise manual operations. This workflow builds on EFSA's established yearly pesticide data collection and reporting cycle. Additionally, efforts to align MCRA with other modelling software are explored. Ensuring Open MCRA's accessibility, various user groups are defined, enhancing the platform's usability for diverse stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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3. Advancing tools for human early lifecourse exposome research and translation (ATHLETE): Project overview

Author

Vrijheid, Martine, Basagaña, Xavier, Gonzalez, Juan R., Jaddoe, Vincent W. V., Jensen, Genon, Keun, Hector C., McEachan, Rosemary R. C., Porcel, Joana, Siroux, Valerie, Swertz, Morris A., Thomsen, Cathrine, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Andrušaitytė, Sandra, Angeli, Karine, Avraam, Demetris, Ballester, Ferran, Burton, Paul, Bustamante, Mariona, Casas, Maribel, Chatzi, Leda, Chevrier, Cécile, Cingotti, Natacha, Conti, David, Crépet, Amélie, Dadvand, Payam, Duijts, Liesbeth, van Enckevort, Esther, Esplugues, Ana, Fossati, Serena, Garlantezec, Ronan, Gómez Roig, María Dolores, Grazuleviciene, Regina, Gützkow, Kristine B., Guxens, Mònica, Haakma, Sido, Hessel, Ellen V. S., Hoyles, Lesley, Hyde, Eleanor, Klanova, Jana, van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kortenkamp, Andreas, Le Brusquet, Laurent, Leenen, Ivonne, Lertxundi, Aitana, Lertxundi, Nerea, Lionis, Christos, Llop, Sabrina, Lopez-Espinosa, Maria-Jose, Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Maitre, Lea, Mason, Dan, Mathy, Sandrine, Mazarico, Edurne, Nawrot, Tim, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Ortiz, Rodney, Pedersen, Marie, Perelló, Josep, Pérez-Cruz, Míriam, Philippat, Claire, Piler, Pavel, Pizzi, Costanza, Quentin, Joane, Richiardi, Lorenzo, Rodriguez, Adrian, Roumeliotaki, Theano, Sabin Capote, José Manuel, Santiago, Leonardo, Santos, Susana, Siskos, Alexandros P., Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine, Stratakis, Nikos, Sunyer, Jordi, Tenenhaus, Arthur, Vafeiadi, Marina, Wilson, Rebecca C., Wright, John, Yang, Tiffany, and Slama, Remy

Published
2021
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6. Dose Addition in the Induction of Craniofacial Malformations in Zebrafish Embryos Exposed to a Complex Mixture of Food-Relevant Chemicals with Dissimilar Modes of Action

Author

Van Der Ven, Leo T.M., Van Ommeren, Paul, Zwart, Edwin P., Gremmer, Eric R., Hodemaekers, Hennie M., Heusinkveld, Harm J., van Klaveren, Jacob D., and Rorije, Emiel

Subjects
Embryonic development -- Health aspects, Craniofacial abnormalities -- Models -- Risk factors -- Development and progression, Pesticide residues -- Health aspects -- Environmental aspects, Food contamination -- Health aspects, Environmental issues, Health
Abstract

Background: Humans are exposed to combinations of chemicals. In cumulative risk assessment (CRA), regulatory bodies such as the European Food Safety Authority consider dose addition as a default and sufficiently conservative approach. The principle of dose addition was confirmed previously for inducing craniofacial malformations in zebrafish embryos in binary mixtures of chemicals with either similar or dissimilar modes of action (MOAs). Objectives: In this study, we explored a workflow to select and experimentally test multiple compounds as a complex mixture with each of the compounds at or below its no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), in the same zebrafish embryo model. Methods: Selection of candidate compounds that potentially induce craniofacial malformations was done using in silico methods--structural similarity, molecular docking, and quantitative structure-activity relationships--applied to a database of chemicals relevant for oral exposure in humans via food (EuroMix inventory, n = 1,598). A final subselection was made manually to represent different regulatory fields (e.g., food additives, industrial chemicals, plant protection products), different chemical families, and different MOAs. Results: A final selection of eight compounds was examined in the zebrafish embryo model, and craniofacial malformations were observed in embryos exposed to each of the compounds, thus confirming the developmental toxicity as predicted by the in silico methods. When exposed to a mixture of the eight compounds, each at its NOAEL, substantial craniofacial malformations were observed; according to a dose-response analysis, even embryos exposed to a 7-fold dilution of this mixture still exhibited a slight abnormal phenotype. The cumulative effect of the compounds in the mixture was in accordance with dose addition (added doses of the individual compounds after adjustment for relative potencies), despite different MOAs of the compounds involved. Discussion: This case study of a complex mixture inducing craniofacial malformations in zebrafish embryos shows that dose addition can adequately predicted the cumulative effect of a mixture of multiple substances at low doses, irrespective of the (expected) MOA. The applied workflow may be useful as an approach for CRA in general. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9888, Introduction Current human risk assessment of toxicological effects of exposure to chemical compounds is mainly focused on single compounds. (1) However, both humans and other organisms are actually exposed to [...]

Published
2022
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7. Combined chronic dietary exposure to four nephrotoxic metals exceeds tolerable intake levels in the adult population of 10 European countries.

Author

Sprong, R. Corinne, van den Brand, Annick D., van Donkersgoed, Gerda, Blaznik, Urska, Christodoulou, Despo, Crépet, Amélie, da Graça Dias, Maria, Hamborg Jensen, Bodil, Morretto, Angelo, Rauscher-Gabernig, Elke, Ruprich, Jiri, Sokolić, Darja, van Klaveren, Jacob D., Luijten, Mirjam, and Mengelers, Marcel J. B.

Subjects
ARSENIC, METALS, CHRONIC kidney failure, REFERENCE values
Abstract

A mixture risk assessment (MRA) for four metals relevant to chronic kidney disease (CKD) was performed. Dietary exposure to cadmium or lead alone exceeded the respective reference values in the majority of the 10 European countries included in our study. When the dietary exposure to those metals and inorganic mercury and inorganic arsenic was combined following a classical or personalised modified reference point index (mRPI) approach, not only high exposure (95th percentile) estimates but also the mean exceeded the tolerable intake of the mixture in all countries studied. Cadmium and lead contributed most to the combined exposure, followed by inorganic arsenic and inorganic mercury. The use of conversion factors for inorganic arsenic and inorganic mercury from total arsenic and total mercury concentration data was a source of uncertainty. Other uncertainties were related to the use of different principles to derive reference points. Yet, MRA at the target organ level, as performed in our study, could be used as a way to efficiently prioritise assessment groups for higher-tier MRA. Since the combined exposure to the four metals exceeded the tolerable intake, we recommend a refined MRA based on a common, specific nephrotoxic effect and relative potency factors (RPFs) based on a similar effect size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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11. Cumulative dietary exposure to a selected group of pesticides of the triazole group in different European countries according to the EFSA guidance on probabilistic modelling

Author

Boon, Polly E., van Donkersgoed, Gerda, Christodoulou, Despo, Crépet, Amélie, D’Addezio, Laura, Desvignes, Virginie, Ericsson, Bengt-Göran, Galimberti, Francesco, Ioannou-Kakouri, Eleni, Jensen, Bodil Hamborg, Rehurkova, Irena, Rety, Josselin, Ruprich, Jiri, Sand, Salomon, Stephenson, Claire, Strömberg, Anita, Turrini, Aida, van der Voet, Hilko, Ziegler, Popi, Hamey, Paul, and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Published
2015
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15. Project overview

Author

Vrijheid, Martine, Basagaña, Xavier, Gonzalez, Juan, Jaddoe, Vincent W. V., Jensen, Genon, Keun, Hector C., McEachan, Rosemary R. C., Porcel, Joana, Siroux, Valerie, Swertz, Morris A., Thomsen, Cathrine, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Andrušaitytėm, Sandra, Angeli, Karine, Avraam, Demetris, Ballester, Ferran, Burton, Paul, Bustamante, Mariona, Casas, Maribel, Chatzi, Leda, Chevrier, Cécile, Cingotti, Natacha, Conti, David, Crépetn, Amélie, Dadvand, Payam, Duijts, Liesbeth, van Enckevort, Esther, Esplugues, Ana, Fossati, Serena, Garlantezec, Ronan, Gómez Roigu, María Dolores, Grazuleviciene, Regina, Gützkow, Kristine B., Guxens, Mònica, Haakma, Sido, Hessel, Ellen V. S., Hoyles, Lesley, Hyde, Eleanor, Klanova, Jana, van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kortenkamp, Andreas, Le Brusquet, Laurent, Leenen, Ivonne, Lertxundi, Aitana, Lertxundi, Nerea, Lionis, Christos, Llop, Sabrina, Lopez-Espinosa, Maria-Jose, Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Maitre, Lea, Mason, Dan, Mathy, Sandrine, Mazarico, Edurne, Nawrot, Tim, Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark, Ortiz, Rodney, Pedersen, Marie, Perelló, Josep, Pérez-Cruz, Míriam, Philippat, Claire, Piler, Pavel, Pizzi, Costanza, Quentin, Joane, Richiardi, Lorenzo, Rodriguez, Adrian, Roumeliotaki, Theano, Capote, José Manuel Sabin, Santiago, Leonardo, Santos, Susana, Siskos, Alexandros, Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine, Stratakis, Nikos, Sunyer, Jordi, Tenenhaus, Arthur, Vafeiadi, Marina, Wilson, Rebecca C., Wright, John, Yang, Tiffany, Slama, Remy, Instituto de Salud Global - Institute For Global Health [Barcelona] (ISGlobal), Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona] (UPF), The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Health & Environment Alliance, Imperial College London, Bradford Institute for Health Research Bradford, Institute for Advanced Biosciences / Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (Grenoble) (IAB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Etablissement français du sang - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (EFS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Norwegian Institute of Public Health [Oslo] (NIPH), Vytautas Magnus University - Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas (VDU), Direction de l'Evaluation des Risques (DER), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Newcastle University [Newcastle], Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana [Espagne] (FISABIO), CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), University of Southern California (USC), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), Universitat de València (UV), École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP), CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu [Barcelona, Spain], National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM), Nottingham Trent University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment [Brno] (RECETOX / MUNI), Faculty of Science [Brno] (SCI / MUNI), Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI)-Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Brunel University London [Uxbridge], Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of the Basque Country [Bizkaia] (UPV/EHU), Biodonostia Health Research Institute [Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain] (IIS Biodonostia), University of Crete [Heraklion] (UOC), Universitat Jaume I, Laboratoire d'Economie Appliquée de Grenoble (GAEL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Bettair Cities SL, Barcelona, Masaryk University [Brno] (MUNI), Department of Oncology [University of Turin], University of Turin, Erasmus University Rotterdam, IT University of Copenhagen, Laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Liverpool, This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 874583—the Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome Research and Translation (ATHLETE) project. This publication reflects only the authors’ view and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains., Dr. Dadvand is funded by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC-2012-10995) awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Finance. Drs. Casas and Guxens are funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (MS16/00128, CPII18/00018). Drs. Chatzi and Conti were supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES029681, R01ES029944, R01ES030364, R01ES030691, and P30ES007048). Additional funding from National Institutes of Health supported Dr. Conti (P01CA196569, R01CA140561) and Dr. Stratakis (P30DK048522). Investigators Drs. McEachan and Wright receive funding from the National Institute for Health Research under its Applied Research Collaboration Yorkshire and Humber. Dr. Jaddoe received funding from a Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council (ERC-2014-CoG-648916). Dr. Duijts received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 co-funded programme European Research Area Net on Biomarkers for Nutrition and Health (European Research Area Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life) (Early life programming of childhood health project [number 696295, 2017], ZonMW, The Netherlands [number 529051014, 2017]). Dr. Guxens received funding from the Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l’Alimentation de l’Environnement et du Travail (EST-18 RF-25)., European Project: 874583,H2020,H2020-EU.3.1.2.,ATHLETE(2020), Groningen Institute for Gastro Intestinal Genetics and Immunology (3GI), Health & Environment Alliance (HEAL), Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK (BIHR), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Rennes (UR)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique ), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), BIODonostia Research Institute, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), IT University of Copenhagen (ITU), Pediatrics, Mathy, Sandrine, Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome Research and Translation - ATHLETE - - H20202020-01-01 - 2024-12-31 - 874583 - VALID, Structure Fédérative de Recherche en Biologie et Santé de Rennes ( Biosit : Biologie - Santé - Innovation Technologique )-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique [EHESP] (EHESP)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université d'Angers (UA), Basagana, Xavier/0000-0002-8457-1489, Stratakis, Nikos/0000-0003-4613-0989, Yang, Tiffany/0000-0003-4549-7850, Andrusaityte, Sandra/0000-0002-4309-0208, McEachan, Rosemary/0000-0003-1302-6675, Hoyles, Lesley/0000-0002-6418-342X, LERTXUNDI MANTEROLA, AITANA/0000-0002-9421-6237, Lopez-Espinosa, Maria-Jose/0000-0003-1202-8740, Santos, Susana/0000-0003-0613-3181, Nawrot, Tim/0000-0002-3583-3593, and Wilson, Becca/0000-0003-2294-593X

Subjects
PARENTAL SMOKING, exposure assessment, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], ENDOCRINE-DISRUPTING CHEMICALS, Adolescent health, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, exposome, Child health, Early life, Exposome, Exposure assessment, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, early life, LIFE-COURSE APPROACH, [SHS.ECO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Public, Environmental & Occupational Health, Science & Technology, BIRTH COHORT, adolescent health, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, AMBIENT AIR-POLLUTION, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], GREEN SPACES, COGNITIVE-DEVELOPMENT, COHORT PROFILE, child health, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, SOCIOECONOMIC POSITION, Environmental Sciences, PREGNANT-WOMEN
Abstract

Early life stages are vulnerable to environmental hazards and present important windows of opportunity for lifelong disease prevention. This makes early life a relevant starting point for exposome studies. The Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome Research and Translation (ATHLETE) project aims to develop a toolbox of exposome tools and a Europe-wide exposome cohort that will be used to systematically quantify the effects of a wide range of community- and individual-level environmental risk factors on mental, cardiometabolic, and respiratory health outcomes and associated biological pathways, longitudinally from early pregnancy through to adolescence. Exposome tool and data development include as follows: (1) a findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR) data infrastructure for early life exposome cohort data, including 16 prospective birth cohorts in 11 European countries; (2) targeted and nontargeted approaches to measure a wide range of environmental exposures (urban, chemical, physical, behavioral, social); (3) advanced statistical and toxicological strategies to analyze complex multidimensional exposome data; (4) estimation of associations between the exposome and early organ development, health trajectories, and biological (metagenomic, metabolomic, epigenetic, aging, and stress) pathways; (5) intervention strategies to improve early life urban and chemical exposomes, co-produced with local communities; and (6) child health impacts and associated costs related to the exposome. Data, tools, and results will be assembled in an openly accessible toolbox, which will provide great opportunities for researchers, policy-makers, and other stakeholders, beyond the duration of the project. ATHLETE'S results will help to better understand and prevent health damage from environmental exposures and their mixtures from the earliest parts of the life course onward. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 874583—the Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome Research and Translation (ATHLETE) project. This publication reflects only the authors’ view and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Dr. Dadvand is funded by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (RYC2012-10995) awarded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Finance. Drs. Casas and Guxens are funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (MS16/00128, CPII18/00018). Drs. Chatzi and Conti were supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R21ES029681, R01ES029944, R01ES030364, R01ES030691, and P30ES007048). Additional funding from National Institutes of Health supported Dr. Conti (P01CA196569, R01CA140561) and Dr. Stratakis (P30DK048522). Investigators Drs. McEachan and Wright receive funding from the National Institute for Health Research under its Applied Research Collaboration Yorkshire and Humber. Dr. Jaddoe received funding from a Consolidator Grant from the European Research Council (ERC-2014-CoG-648916). Dr. Duijts received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 co-funded programme European Research Area Net on Biomarkers for Nutrition and Health (European Research Area Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life) (Early life programming of childhood health project [number 696295; 2017], ZonMW, The Netherlands [number 529051014; 2017]). Dr. Guxens received funding from the Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l’Alimentation de l’Environnement et du Travail (EST-18 RF-25). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care.

Published
2021

16. Advancing tools for human early lifecourse exposome research and translation (ATHLETE)

Author

Vrijheid, Martine, Basagaña, Xavier, Gonzalez, Juan R., Jaddoe, Vincent W.V., Jensen, Genon, Keun, Hector C., McEachan, Rosemary R.C., Porcel, Joana, Siroux, Valerie, Swertz, Morris A., Thomsen, Cathrine, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Andrušaitytė, Sandra, Angeli, Karine, Avraam, Demetris, Ballester, Ferran, Burton, Paul, Bustamante, Mariona, Casas, Maribel, Chatzi, Leda, Chevrier, Cécile, Cingotti, Natacha, Conti, David, Crépet, Amélie, Dadvand, Payam, Duijts, Liesbeth, van Enckevort, Esther, Esplugues, Ana, Fossati, Serena, Garlantezec, Ronan, Roig, María Dolores Gómez, Grazuleviciene, Regina, Gützkow, Kristine B., Guxens, Mònica, Haakma, Sido, Hessel, Ellen V.S., Hoyles, Lesley, Hyde, Eleanor, Klanova, Jana, van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kortenkamp, Andreas, Le Brusquet, Laurent, Leenen, Ivonne, Lertxundi, Aitana, Lertxundi, Nerea, Lionis, Christos, Llop, Sabrina, Lopez-Espinosa, Maria Jose, Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Maitre, Lea, Mason, Dan, Mathy, Sandrine, Mazarico, Edurne, Nawrot, Tim, Pedersen, Marie, Ortiz, Rodney, Perelló, Josep, Pérez-Cruz, Míriam, Philippat, Claire, Piler, Pavel, Pizzi, Costanza, Quentin, Joane, Richiardi, Lorenzo, Rodriguez, Adrian, Roumeliotaki, Theano, Capote, José Manuel Sabin, Santiago, Leonardo, Santos, Susana, Siskos, Alexandros P., Strandberg-Larsen, Katrine, Stratakis, Nikos, Sunyer, Jordi, Tenenhaus, Arthur, Vafeiadi, Marina, Wilson, Rebecca C., Wright, John, Yang, Tiffany, and Slama, Remy

Subjects
Child health, Exposome, Exposure assessment, Adolescent health, Early life
Abstract

Early life stages are vulnerable to environmental hazards and present important windows of opportunity for lifelong disease prevention. This makes early life a relevant starting point for exposome studies. The Advancing Tools for Human Early Lifecourse Exposome Research and Translation (ATHLETE) project aims to develop a toolbox of exposome tools and a Europe-wide exposome cohort that will be used to systematically quantify the effects of a wide range of community- and individual-level environmental risk factors on mental, cardiometabolic, and respiratory health outcomes and associated biological pathways, longitudinally from early pregnancy through to adolescence. Exposome tool and data development include as follows: (1) a findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable (FAIR) data infrastructure for early life exposome cohort data, including 16 prospective birth cohorts in 11 European countries; (2) targeted and nontargeted approaches to measure a wide range of environmental exposures (urban, chemical, physical, behavioral, social); (3) advanced statistical and toxicological strategies to analyze complex multidimensional exposome data; (4) estimation of associations between the exposome and early organ development, health trajectories, and biological (metagenomic, metabolomic, epigenetic, aging, and stress) pathways; (5) intervention strategies to improve early life urban and chemical exposomes, co-produced with local communities; and (6) child health impacts and associated costs related to the exposome. Data, tools, and results will be assembled in an openly accessible toolbox, which will provide great opportunities for researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders, beyond the duration of the project. ATHLETE's results will help to better understand and prevent health damage from environmental exposures and their mixtures from the earliest parts of the life course onward.

Published
2021

17. Feasibility study Open MCRA

Author

Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., van Lenthe, Marco S., van der Voet, Hilko, de Boer, Waldo J., van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., van Lenthe, Marco S., van der Voet, Hilko, de Boer, Waldo J., and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Abstract

This report presents the results of a feasibility study for improving transparency and accessibility of the models implemented in the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) web platform for assessing the risk of combined exposure to multiple chemicals via multiple exposure routes. It provides an overview of the history and current use of the web platform and its scientific and regulatory context. The technical infrastructure of the current MCRA web platform and the modular design of the various models of MCRA are described. Based on selected user stories, user requirements are established, and suggestions are made for possible designs of an open source collection of MCRA models. Technical options are listed for code organisation, programming language, interfacing and containerisation, data organisation, storage and licensing.Also, the role of the MCRA web platform is discussed. The report ends with a suggested approach and next steps, includinga discussion on the need for a governance structure for sustainable development of Open MCRA.

Published
2021

18. Feasibility study Open MCRA

Author

Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., primary, van Lenthe, Marco S., additional, van der Voet, Hilko, additional, de Boer, Waldo J., additional, and van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional

Published
2021
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19. The MCRA toolbox of models and data to support chemical mixture risk assessment

Author

van der Voet, Hilko, Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., de Boer, Waldo J., van Lenthe, Marco S., van den Heuvel, J.J.B., Crépet, Amélie, Kennedy, Marc C., Zilliacus, Johanna, Beronius, Anna, Tebby, Cleo, Brochot, Céline, Luckert, Claudia, Lampen, Alfonso, Rorije, Emiel, Sprong, Corinne, van Klaveren, Jacob D., van der Voet, Hilko, Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., de Boer, Waldo J., van Lenthe, Marco S., van den Heuvel, J.J.B., Crépet, Amélie, Kennedy, Marc C., Zilliacus, Johanna, Beronius, Anna, Tebby, Cleo, Brochot, Céline, Luckert, Claudia, Lampen, Alfonso, Rorije, Emiel, Sprong, Corinne, and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Abstract

A model and data toolbox is presented to assess risks from combined exposure to multiple chemicals using probabilistic methods. The Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) toolbox, also known as the EuroMix toolbox, has more than 40 modules addressing all areas of risk assessment, and includes a data repository with data collected in the EuroMix project. This paper gives an introduction to the toolbox and illustrates its use with examples from the EuroMix project. The toolbox can be used for hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment and risk characterisation. Examples for hazard identification are selection of substances relevant for a specific adverse outcome based on adverse outcome pathways and QSAR models. Examples for hazard characterisation are calculation of benchmark doses and relative potency factors with uncertainty from dose response data, and use of kinetic models to perform in vitro to in vivo extrapolation. Examples for exposure assessment are assessing cumulative exposure at external or internal level, where the latter option is needed when dietary and non-dietary routes have to be aggregated. Finally, risk characterisation is illustrated by calculation and display of the margin of exposure for single substances and for the cumulation, including uncertainties derived from exposure and hazard characterisation estimates.

Published
2020

22. Using a correction factor to correct for overreporting in a food-frequency questionnaire does not improve biomarker-assessed validity of estimates for fruit and vegetable consumption

Author

Bogers, Rik P., Dagnelie, Pieter C., Westerterp, Klaas R., Kester, Arnold D.M., van Klaveren, Jacob D., Bast, Aalt, and van den Brandt, Piet A.

Subjects
Food consumption -- Measurement, Nutrition surveys -- Evaluation, Food habits -- Surveys, Food/cooking/nutrition
Abstract

To correct for overreporting of fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption in a food-frequency questionnaire, summary questions about consumption of main FV groups are often used to calculate correction factors. This study compared the ability to rank people according to their FV intake of those summary questions and the sum of questions on individual FV items within categories, and of corrected or uncorrected estimates of specific sorts of FV. Healthy middle-age women (n = 161) completed a food-frequency questionnaire about FV consumption during the previous month and gave a single fasting blood sample. Correction factors were calculated as the reported frequency on a summary question divided by the summed frequencies of all items in a category. Plasma carotenoids and vitamin C served as biomarkers of FV consumption. Significant correlations between FV consumption and biomarkers were observed (e.g., Spearman's correlation coefficient r with total carotenoids/vitamin C: 0.32/0.34 for vegetables, 0.30/0.25 for fruits). Summary estimates of cooked, raw and total vegetable consumption correlated higher with biomarkers than sum estimates. For fruits no differences in correlations between sum and summary estimates were observed. Applying a correction factor on the consumption of carrots and total cabbage resulted in lower correlations with relevant biomarkers. For broccoli/cauliflower, Brussels sprouts and citrus fruits, correlations with biomarkers did not change after correction. We conclude that summary questions may suffice to rank individuals according to their intake of main FV categories, and that correction for overreporting of individual FV items is probably not advisable when ranking individuals according to intake of these items. J. Nutr. 133: 1213-1219, 2003. KEY WORDS: * food-frequency questionnaire * validity * biomarkers * fruits * vegetables

Published
2003

23. The MCRA toolbox of models and data to support chemical mixture risk assessment

Author

van der Voet, Hilko, primary, Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., additional, de Boer, Waldo J., additional, van Lenthe, Marco S., additional, van den Heuvel, J.J.B. (Hans), additional, Crépet, Amélie, additional, Kennedy, Marc C., additional, Zilliacus, Johanna, additional, Beronius, Anna, additional, Tebby, Cleo, additional, Brochot, Céline, additional, Luckert, Claudia, additional, Lampen, Alfonso, additional, Rorije, Emiel, additional, Sprong, Corinne, additional, and van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional

Published
2020
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24. Contributor contact details

Author

Skog, K., primary, Alexander, Jan, additional, Mottram, Donald S., additional, Low, Mei Yin, additional, Elmore, J.Stephen, additional, Stadler, R.H., additional, Haase, Norbert U., additional, Murkovic, Michael, additional, Galceran, M.T., additional, Puignou, L., additional, Castle, Laurence, additional, Chaudhry, Q., additional, Cotterill, J., additional, Watkins, R., additional, Price, Nick, additional, Törnqvist, Margareta, additional, Paulsson, Birgit, additional, Osterman-Golkar, Siv, additional, van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional, Boon, Polly E., additional, de Mul, Anika, additional, Konings, Erik J.M., additional, Hogervorst, Janneke G.F., additional, Schouten, Leo J., additional, van den Brandt, Piet A., additional, Knize, Mark G., additional, Turesky, Robert J., additional, Totsuka, Yukari, additional, Nishigaki, Rena, additional, Sugimura, Takashi, additional, Wakabayashi, Keiji, additional, Glatt, H.R., additional, Sommer, Y., additional, Skog, K., additional, Jägerstad, M., additional, Knasmüller, Siegfried, additional, Hölzl, C., additional, Bichler, J., additional, Nersesyan, A., additional, Ehrlich, V.A., additional, Amadò, Renato, additional, Amrein, Thomas M., additional, Escher, Felix, additional, and Shimoni, Eyal, additional

Published
2006
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28. Draft paper on the EuroMix toolbox of models and data to support chemical mixture risk assessment

Author

van der Voet, Hilko, Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., de Boer, Waldo J., van Lenthe, Marco S., van den Heuvel, J.J.B. (Hans), Crépet, Amélie, Kennedy, Marc C., Zilliacus, Johanna, Beronius, Anna, Tebby, Cleo, Brochot, Céline, Rorije, Emiel, Sprong, Corinne, and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Subjects
MCRA software cumulative risk assessment mixtures hazard exposure
Abstract

A toolbox has been built to assess risks from combined exposure to multiple chemicals using probabilistic methods. The toolbox has more than 40 modules to address all areas of risk assessment, and includes a data repository with data collected in the EuroMix project. This paper gives an introduction to the toolbox and illustrates its use with examples from the EuroMix project. The toolbox can be used for hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment and risk assessment, with special emphasis on the use of in vitro results. Examples shown for hazard identification are the selection of substances relevant for a specific adverse outcome based on adverse outcome pathways and QSAR models. Examples for hazard characterisation are the calculation of benchmark doses and relative potency factors with uncertainty estimates from dose response data, and the use of kinetic models to perform in vitro in vivo extrapolation. Examples for exposure assessment are assessing cumulative exposure at either the external or the internal level, where the latter option is needed in case dietary and non-dietary routes have to be aggregated. Finally, risk assessment is illustrated by graphical displays of the margin of exposure for single substances and cumulated, including uncertainties for the exposure and hazard characterisation estimates., The final version of this document has been published as: van der Voet, H., Kruisselbrink, J. W., de Boer, W. J., van Lenthe, M. S., van den Heuvel, J. J. B., Crépet, A., Kennedy, M. C., Zilliacus, J., Beronius, A., Tebby, C., Brochot, C., Luckert, C., Lampen, A., Rorije, E., Sprong, C. and van Klaveren, J. D. (2020). The MCRA toolbox of models and data to support chemical mixture risk assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology 138, 111185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2020.111185

Published
2019
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29. The EuroMix model toolbox MCRA 9

Author

van der Voet, Hilko, Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., de Boer, Waldo J., van Lenthe, Marco S., van den Heuvel, J.J.B. (Hans), Crépet, Amélie, Kennedy, Marc C., Zilliacus, Johanna, Beronius, Anna, Rorije, Emiel, Sprong, Corinne, and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Subjects
MCRA software cumulative risk assessment mixtures hazard exposure
Abstract

An important aim of the EuroMix project was to develop and implement a web-based platform (the EuroMix toolbox) including data and models accessible to all key-actors in risk assessment and risk management. The platform includes or links to relevant models to provide estimates of hazard, exposure and risk.This document provides a short description ofthe final EuroMix toolbox, MCRA 9.0, which is available at https://mcra.rivm.nl.An overview of the modules in the toolbox is given.

Published
2019
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30. The EuroMix toolbox of models and data to support chemical mixture risk assessment : Deliverable 6.4

Author

van der Voet, Hilko, Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., de Boer, Waldo J., van Lenthe, Marco S., van den Heuvel, J.J.B., Crépet, Amélie, Kennedy, Marc C., Zilliacus, Johanna, Beronius, Anna, Tebby, Cleo, Brochot, Céline, Rorije, Emiel, Sprong, Corinne, and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Subjects
cumulative risk assessment, Biometris, mixtures, software, MCRA, hazard exposure, Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, Wiskundige en Statistische Methoden - Biometris
Abstract

A toolbox has been built to assess risks from combined exposure to multiple chemicals using probabilistic methods. The toolbox has more than 40 modules to address all areas of risk assessment, and includes a data repository with data collected in the EuroMix project. This paper gives an introduction to the toolbox and illustrates its use with examples from the EuroMix project. The toolbox can be used for hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment and risk assessment, with special emphasis on the use of in vitro results. Examples shown for hazard identification are the selection of substances relevant for a specific adverse outcome based on adverse outcome pathways and QSAR models. Examples for hazard characterisation are the calculation of benchmark doses and relative potency factors with uncertainty estimates from dose response data, and the use of kinetic models to perform in vitro in vivo extrapolation. Examples for exposure assessment are assessing cumulative exposure at either the external or the internal level, where the latter option is needed in case dietary and non-dietary routes have to be aggregated. Finally, risk assessment is illustrated by graphical displays of the margin of exposure for single substances and cumulated, including uncertainties for the exposure and hazard characterisation estimates.

Published
2019

31. Cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system using MCRA software

Author

Van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., De Boer, Waldo J., Van Donkersgoed, Gerda, Biesebeek, Jan Dirk Te, Sam, Matthijs, Van Der Voet, Hilko, Van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., De Boer, Waldo J., Van Donkersgoed, Gerda, Biesebeek, Jan Dirk Te, Sam, Matthijs, and Van Der Voet, Hilko

Abstract

In the context of the second framework partnership agreement between the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment of the Netherlands (RIVM) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)acute cumulative dietary exposure assessments were performed for two cumulative assessment groups (CAGs) of pesticidesthat affect the nervous system: pesticides associated with brain and/or erythrocyte AChE inhibition (CAG-NAN, 47 pesticides) and pesticides associated with functional alterations of the motor division (CAG-NAM, 100 pesticides). The exposure assessments used pesticide monitoring data collected by Member States under their official monitoring programmes in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and individual food consumption data from ten populations of consumers from different countries and from different age groups. Exposure estimates were obtained for each group of pesticides by means of a 2-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, which was implemented in the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) software.The scope of the assessment and the parameters to be used for cumulative exposure assessment were discussed and agreed by the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (SC PAFF). Based on those discussions, a very conservative tier I modelling approach and a refined, but still conservative tier II modelling approach were used. In these assessments, common risk assessment practice was followed and the cumulative exposure was calculated as total margin of exposure (MOET) at the 50th, 90th, 95th, 99th and 99.9th percentiles of the exposure distribution. Five sensitivity analyses aiming to address major uncertainties were performed. The exposure estimates obtained in this report are used in EFSA's scientific report on the cumulative dietary risk characterisation of pesticides that have acute effects on the nervous system.

Published
2019

32. Cumulative dietary exposure assessment of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid using MCRA software

Author

Van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., De Boer, Waldo J., Van Donkersgoed, Gerda, Te Biesebeek, Jan Dirk, Sam, Matthijs, Van Der Voet, Hilko, Van Klaveren, Jacob D., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., De Boer, Waldo J., Van Donkersgoed, Gerda, Te Biesebeek, Jan Dirk, Sam, Matthijs, and Van Der Voet, Hilko

Abstract

In the context of the second framework partnership agreement between the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment of the Netherlands (RIVM) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) chronic cumulative exposure assessments were performed for two cumulative assessment groups (CAGs) of pesticides that affect the thyroid: pesticides associated with hypertrophy, hyperplasia and neoplasia of C-cells (TCP, 18 active substances) and pesticide associated with hypothyroidism (TCF, 124 active substances).The exposure assessments used monitoring data collected by Member States under their official pesticide monitoring programmes in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and individual food consumption data from ten populations of consumers from different countries and from different age groups. Exposure estimates were obtained for each group of pesticides by means of a 2-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, which was implemented in the Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) software. The scope of the assessment and the parameters to be used for cumulative exposure assessment were discussed and agreed by the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (SC PAFF). Based on those discussions, a very conservative tier I modelling approach and a refined, but still conservative tier II modelling approach were used. In these assessments, common risk assessment practice was followed and the cumulative exposure was calculated as the total margin of exposure (MOET) at the 50th, 90th, 95th, 99th and 99.9th percentiles of the exposure distribution.Four sensitivity analyses were performed to better understand the uncertainties such as the replacements of non-detects in the monitoring data and the availability of processing factors. The exposure estimates obtained in this report are used in EFSA's scientific report on the cumulative dietary risk characterisation of pesticides that have chronic effects on the thyroid.

Published
2019

35. MCRA made scalable for large cumulative assessment groups

Author

van der Voet, Hilko, de Boer, Waldo J., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., van Donkersgoed, Gerda, van Klaveren, Jacob D., van der Voet, Hilko, de Boer, Waldo J., Kruisselbrink, Johannes W., van Donkersgoed, Gerda, and van Klaveren, Jacob D.

Published
2016

40. Dietary exposure assessments for children in europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design

Author

Huybrechts, Inge, primary, Sioen, Isabelle, additional, Boon, Polly E, additional, Ruprich, Jiri, additional, Lafay, Lionel, additional, Turrini, Aida, additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Hirvonen, Tero, additional, De Neve, Melissa, additional, Arcella, Davide, additional, Moschandreas, Joanna, additional, Westerlund, Anna, additional, Ribas-Barba, Lourdes, additional, Hilbig, Annett, additional, Papoutsou, Stalo, additional, Christensen, Tue, additional, Oltarzewski, Maciej, additional, Virtanen, Suvi, additional, Rehurkova, Irena, additional, Azpiri, Mikel, additional, Sette, Stefania, additional, Kersting, Mathilde, additional, Walkiewicz, Alicja, additional, Serra-Majem, Luis, additional, Volatier, Jean-Luc, additional, Trolle, Ellen, additional, Tornaritis, Michael, additional, Busk, Leif, additional, Kafatos, Anthony, additional, Fabiansson, Stefan, additional, De Henauw, Stefaan, additional, and Van Klaveren, Jacob D, additional

Published
2011
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43. Long‐term dietary exposure to lead in young children living in different European countries

Author

Boon, Polly E., primary, Sioen, Isabelle, additional, van der Voet, Hilko, additional, Huybrechts, Inge, additional, De Neve, Melissa, additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Azpiri, Mikel, additional, Busk, Leif, additional, Christensen, Tue, additional, Hilbig, Annett, additional, Hirvonen, Tero, additional, Koulouridaki, Stella, additional, Lafay, Lionel, additional, Liukkonen, Kirsi‐Helena, additional, Moschandreas, Joanna, additional, Papoutsou, Stalo, additional, Ribas‐Barba, Lourdes, additional, Ruprich, Jiri, additional, Serra‐Majem, Lluis, additional, Tornaritis, Michael, additional, Turrini, Aida, additional, Urtizberea, Maitane, additional, Verger, Eric, additional, Westerlund, Anna, additional, Mathilde, Kersting, additional, De Henauw, Stefaan, additional, and van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional

Published
2010
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44. Long‐term dietary exposure to chromium in young children living in different European countries

Author

Boon, Polly E., primary, te Biesebeek, Jan Dirk, additional, Sioen, Isabelle, additional, Huybrechts, Inge, additional, De Neve, Melissa, additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Arganini, Claudia, additional, Azpiri, Mikel, additional, Busk, Leif, additional, Christensen, Tue, additional, Hilbig, Annett, additional, Hirvonen, Tero, additional, Koulouridaki, Stella, additional, Lafay, Lionel, additional, Liukkonen, Kirsi‐Helena, additional, Moschandreas, Joanna, additional, Papoutsouk, Stalo, additional, Ribas‐Barba, Lourdes, additional, Ruprich, Jiri, additional, Serra‐Majem, Lluis, additional, Tornaritis, Michael, additional, Turrini, Aida, additional, Urtizberea, Maitane, additional, Verger, Eric, additional, Westerlund, Anna, additional, Mathilde, Kersting, additional, De Henauw, Stefaan, additional, and van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional

Published
2010
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45. Long‐term dietary exposure to selenium in young children living in different European countries

Author

Sioen, Isabelle, primary, Boon, Polly E., additional, Huybrechts, Inge, additional, De Neve, Melissa, additional, Amiano, Pilar, additional, Arganini, Claudia, additional, Busk, Leif, additional, Chadjigeorgiou, Charis, additional, Christensen, Tue, additional, Hilbig, Annett, additional, Hirvonen, Tero, additional, Koulouridaki, Stella, additional, Lafay, Lionel, additional, Liukkonen, Kirsi‐Helena, additional, Moschandreas, Joanna, additional, Papoutsou, Stalo, additional, Ribas‐Barba, Lourdes, additional, Ruprich, Jiri, additional, Serra‐Majem, Lluis, additional, Turrini, Aida, additional, Urtizberea, Maitane, additional, Mathilde, Kersting, additional, Verger, Eric, additional, Westerlund, Anna, additional, van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional, and De Henauw, Stefaan, additional

Published
2010
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46. Probabilistic acute dietary exposure assessments to captan and tolylfluanid using several European food consumption and pesticide concentration databases

Author

Boon, Polly E., primary, Svensson, Kettil, additional, Moussavian, Shahnaz, additional, van der Voet, Hilko, additional, Petersen, Annette, additional, Ruprich, Jiri, additional, Debegnach, Francesca, additional, de Boer, Waldo J., additional, van Donkersgoed, Gerda, additional, Brera, Carlo, additional, van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional, and Busk, Leif, additional

Published
2009
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50. Dietary intake and risk evaluation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in The Netherlands

Author

Bakker, Martine I., primary, de Winter-Sorkina, Renata, additional, de Mul, Anika, additional, Boon, Polly E., additional, van Donkersgoed, Gerda, additional, van Klaveren, Jacob D., additional, Baumann, Bert A., additional, Hijman, Willie C., additional, van Leeuwen, Stefan P. J., additional, de Boer, Jacob, additional, and Zeilmaker, Marco J., additional

Published
2007
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