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358 results on '"van Heuven, S."'

1. Global Carbon Budget 2015

Author

Le Quéré, C, Moriarty, R, Andrew, RM, Canadell, JG, Sitch, S, Korsbakken, JI, Friedlingstein, P, Peters, GP, Andres, RJ, Boden, TA, Houghton, RA, House, JI, Keeling, RF, Tans, P, Arneth, A, Bakker, DCE, Barbero, L, Bopp, L, Chang, J, Chevallier, F, Chini, LP, Ciais, P, Fader, M, Feely, RA, Gkritzalis, T, Harris, I, Hauck, J, Ilyina, T, Jain, AK, Kato, E, Kitidis, V, Klein Goldewijk, K, Koven, C, Landschützer, P, Lauvset, SK, Lefèvre, N, Lenton, A, Lima, ID, Metzl, N, Millero, F, Munro, DR, Murata, A, S. Nabel, JEM, Nakaoka, S, Nojiri, Y, O'Brien, K, Olsen, A, Ono, T, Pérez, FF, Pfeil, B, Pierrot, D, Poulter, B, Rehder, G, Rödenbeck, C, Saito, S, Schuster, U, Schwinger, J, Séférian, R, Steinhoff, T, Stocker, BD, Sutton, AJ, Takahashi, T, Tilbrook, B, Van Der Laan-Luijkx, IT, Van Der Werf, GR, Van Heuven, S, Vandemark, D, Viovy, N, Wiltshire, A, Zaehle, S, and Zeng, N

Subjects
Atmospheric Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2005-2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, GATM was 4.4 ± 0.1 GtC yrg'1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, and SLAND was 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yrg'1. For the year 2014 alone, EFF grew to 9.8 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, 0.6 % above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2 % yrg'1 that took place during 2005-2014. Also, for 2014, ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, GATM was 3.9 ± 0.2 GtC yrg'1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yrg'1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 GtC yrg'1. GATM was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005-2014), reflecting a larger SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 397.15 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. For 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in EFF will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of g'0.6 [range of g'1.6 to +0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for China and the USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2015, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 555 ± 55 GtC (2035 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870-2015, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2015).

Published
2015

2. Quantifying functional consequences of habitat degradation on a Caribbean coral reef

Author

Webb, A.E., de Bakker, D.M., Soetaert, K., da Costa, T., van Heuven, S., van Duyl, F.C., Reichart, G.-J., de Nooijer, L.J., Webb, A.E., de Bakker, D.M., Soetaert, K., da Costa, T., van Heuven, S., van Duyl, F.C., Reichart, G.-J., and de Nooijer, L.J.

Abstract

Coral reefs are declining worldwide. The abundance of corals has decreased alongside a rise of filter feeders, turf, and algae in response to intensifying human pressures. This shift in prevalence of functional groups alters the biogeochemical processes in tropical water ecosystems, thereby influencing reef functioning. An urgent challenge is to understand the functional consequences of these shifts to develop suitable management strategies that aim at preserving the biological functions of reefs.Here, we quantify biogeochemical processes supporting key reef functions (i.e. net community calcification (NCC) and production (NCP) and nutrient recycling) in situ for five different benthic assemblages currently dominating shallow degraded Caribbean reef habitats. To this end, a transparent custom-made enclosure was placed over communities dominated by either one of five functional groups – coral, turf and macroalgae, bioeroding sponges, cyanobacterial mats, or sand – to determine chemical fluxes between these communities and the overlying water, during both day and night. To account for the simultaneous influence that distinct biogeochemical processes have on measured variables, the rates were then derived by solving a model consisting of differential equations describing the contribution of each process to the measured chemical fluxes.Inferred rates were low compared to those known for reef flats worldwide. Reduced accretion potential was recorded, with negative or very modest net community calcification rates for all communities. Net production during the day was also low, suggesting limited accumulation of biomass through photosynthesis and remineralisation of organic matter at night was relatively high in comparison, resulting in net heterotrophy over the survey period for most communities. Estimated recycling processes (i.e. nitrification and denitrification) were high but did not fully counterbalance nutrient release from aerobic mineralisation, rendering all subs

Published
2021

3. GLODAPv2.2020 – the second update of GLODAPv2

Author

Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R.M., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H.C., Kozyr, A., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Becker, S., Brown, P.J., Carter, B.R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jutterström, S., Landa, C. S., Lauvset, S.K., Michaelis, P., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., Wanninkhof, R., Woosley, R. J., Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R.M., Tanhua, T., Bittig, H.C., Kozyr, A., Álvarez, M., Azetsu-Scott, K., Becker, S., Brown, P.J., Carter, B.R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jutterström, S., Landa, C. S., Lauvset, S.K., Michaelis, P., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., Wanninkhof, R., and Woosley, R. J.

Abstract

The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis effort providing regular compilations of surface to bottom ocean biogeochemical data, with an emphasis on seawater inorganic carbon chemistry and related variables determined through chemical analysis of water samples. GLODAPv2.2020 is an update of the previous version, GLODAPv2.2019. The major changes are: data from 106 more cruises added, extension of time coverage until 2019, and the inclusion of available discrete fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) values in the merged product files. GLODAPv2.2020 includes measurements from more than 1.2 million water samples from the global oceans collected on 946 cruises. The data for the 12 GLODAP core variables (salinity, oxygen, nitrate, silicate, phosphate, dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, pH, CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and CCl4) have undergone extensive quality control, especially systematic evaluation of bias. The data are available in two formats: (i) as submitted by the data originator but updated to WOCE exchange format and (ii) as a merged data product with adjustments applied to minimize bias. These adjustments were derived by comparing the data from the 106 new cruises with the data from the 840 quality-controlled cruises of the GLODAPv2.2019 data product. They correct for errors related to measurement, calibration, and data handling practices, while taking into account any known or likely time trends or variations in the variables evaluated. The compiled and adjusted data product is believed to be consistent to better than 0.005 in salinity, 1 % in oxygen, 2 % in nitrate, 2 % in silicate, 2 % in phosphate, 4 μmol kg−1 in dissolved inorganic carbon, 4 μmol kg−1 in total alkalinity, 0.01–0.02, depending on region, in pH, and 5 % in the halogenated transient tracers. The other variables included in the compilation, such as isotopic tracers and discrete fCO2 were not subjected to bias comparison or adjustments. The original data, their documentation and doi

Published
2020

4. Products from a surface ocean CO2 reference network, SOCONET

Author

Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Monteiro, P., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Watson, A., Pickers, P. A., Olsen, A., Stephens, B.B., Munro, D., Rehder, G., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Müller, J. D., Trianes, J., Tedesco, K., Ishii, M., González-Dávila, M., Suntharalingam, P., Nakaoka, S.-i., Schuster, U., Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N. R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W. J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., De Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N. J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Manke, A., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Monteiro, P., Newberger, T., Omar, A. M., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, Rainer, Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K. F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Watson, A., Pickers, P. A., Olsen, A., Stephens, B.B., Munro, D., Rehder, G., Santana-Casiano, J. M., Müller, J. D., Trianes, J., Tedesco, K., Ishii, M., González-Dávila, M., Suntharalingam, P., Nakaoka, S.-i., and Schuster, U.

Published
2020

5. A Carbon-budget for the north-west European shelf - limitations and uncertainties

Author

Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sander, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., Marrec, P., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefevre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y. G., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., Nightingale, P. D., Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sander, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., Marrec, P., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefevre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y. G., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., and Nightingale, P. D.

Published
2020

8. Constraining the oceanic uptake and fluxes of greenhouse gases by building an ocean network of certified stations: the ocean component of the Integrated Carbon Observation System, ICOS-Oceans

Author

Steinhoff, T., Gkritzalis, T., Lauvset, S.K., Jones, S., Schuster, U., Olsen, A., Becker, M., Bozzano, R., Brunetti, F., Cantoni, C., Cardin, V., Diverrès, D., Fiedler, B., Fransson, A., Giani, M., Hartman, S., Hoppema, Mario, Jeansson, E., Johannessen, T., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landa, C., Lefèvre, N., Luchetta, A., Naudts, L., Nightingale, P.D., Omar, A., Pensieri, S., Pfeil, B., Castaño-Primo, R., Rehder, G., Rutgersson, A., Sanders, R., Schewe, Ingo, Siena, G., Skjelvan, I., Soltwedel, Thomas, van Heuven, S., Watson, A., Steinhoff, T., Gkritzalis, T., Lauvset, S.K., Jones, S., Schuster, U., Olsen, A., Becker, M., Bozzano, R., Brunetti, F., Cantoni, C., Cardin, V., Diverrès, D., Fiedler, B., Fransson, A., Giani, M., Hartman, S., Hoppema, Mario, Jeansson, E., Johannessen, T., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landa, C., Lefèvre, N., Luchetta, A., Naudts, L., Nightingale, P.D., Omar, A., Pensieri, S., Pfeil, B., Castaño-Primo, R., Rehder, G., Rutgersson, A., Sanders, R., Schewe, Ingo, Siena, G., Skjelvan, I., Soltwedel, Thomas, van Heuven, S., and Watson, A.

Published
2019

10. Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: An improved multi-year estimate of the air-sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll-a concentrations

Author

Yasunaka, S., Siswanto, E., Olsen, A., Hoppema, Mario, Watanabe, E., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Murata, A., Lauvset, S.K., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., Kosugi, N., Omar, A.M., van Heuven, S., Yasunaka, S., Siswanto, E., Olsen, A., Hoppema, Mario, Watanabe, E., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Murata, A., Lauvset, S.K., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., Kosugi, N., Omar, A.M., and van Heuven, S.

Published
2019

11. GLODAPv2.2019 – an update of GLODAPv2

Author

Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Álvarez, M., Becker, S., Bittig, H.C., Carter, B.R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R.A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Karlsen, M.K., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., Wanninkhof, R., Olsen, A., Lange, N., Key, R. M., Tanhua, T., Álvarez, M., Becker, S., Bittig, H.C., Carter, B.R., Cotrim da Cunha, L., Feely, R.A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Jeansson, E., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Karlsen, M.K., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Murata, A., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Schirnick, C., Steinfeldt, R., Suzuki, T., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Velo, A., and Wanninkhof, R.

Published
2019

12. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007 - the data (NCEI Accession 0186034), NDP-100 Version 1.1. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.

Author

Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B.R., Feely, R.A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Key, R.M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S.K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J.T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C.L., Tanhua, T., Wanninkhof, R., Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B.R., Feely, R.A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Key, R.M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S.K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J.T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C.L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R.

Published
2019

13. Winter weather controls net influx of atmospheric CO2 on the north-west European shelf

Author

Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sanders, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S.K., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefrèvre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., Nightingale, P. D., Kitidis, V., Shutler, J. D., Ashton, I., Warren, M., Brown, I., Findlay, H., Hartman, S.E., Sanders, R., Humphreys, M., Kivimäe, C., Greenwood, N., Hull, T., Pearce, D., McGrath, T., Stewart, B.M., Walsham, P., McGovern, E., Bozec, Y., Gac, J.-P., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Schuster, U., Johannessen, T., Omar, A., Lauvset, S.K., Skjelvan, I., Olsen, A., Steinhoff, T., Körtzinger, A., Becker, M., Lefrèvre, N., Diverrès, D., Gkritzalis, T., Catrijsse, A., Petersen, W., Voynova, Y., Chapron, B., Grouazel, A., Land, P.E., Sharples, J., and Nightingale, P. D.

Published
2019

14. The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2 from 1994 to 2007

Author

Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B.R., Feely, R.A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S.K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J.T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C.L., Tanhua, T., Wanninkhof, R., Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B.R., Feely, R.A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S.K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J.T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C.L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R.

Published
2019

15. Variability of nutrients and carbon dioxide in the Antarctic Intermediate Water between 1990 and 2014

Author

Panassa, Essowe, Santana-Casiano, J. M., González Dávila, Melchor, Hoppema, Mario, Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Völker, Christoph, Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter, Hauck, Judith, Panassa, Essowe, Santana-Casiano, J. M., González Dávila, Melchor, Hoppema, Mario, Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Völker, Christoph, Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter, and Hauck, Judith

Abstract

Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) formation constitutes an important mechanism for the export of macronutrients out of the Southern Ocean that fuels primary production in low latitudes. We used quality-controlled gridded data from five hydrographic cruises between 1990 and 2014 to examine decadal variability in nutrients and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the AAIW (neutral density range 27 < γ n < 27.4) along the Prime Meridian. Significant positive trends were found in DIC (0.70 ± 0.4 μmol kg− 1 year− 1) and nitrate (0.08 ± 0.06 μ mol kg− 1 year− 1) along with decreasing trends in temperature (− 0.015 ± 0.01∘C year− 1) and salinity (− 0.003 ± 0.002 year− 1) in the AAIW. Accompanying this is an increase in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU, 0.16 ± 0.07 μ mol kg− 1 year− 1). We estimated that 75% of the DIC change has an anthropogenic origin. The remainder of the trends support a scenario of a strengthening of the upper-ocean overturning circulation in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean in response to the positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode. A decrease in net primary productivity (more nutrients unutilized) in the source waters of the AAIW could have contributed as well but cannot fully explain all observed changes.

Published
2018

16. New observational constraints on the global ocean uptake of anthropogenic CO2

Author

Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B.R., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J.T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., Wanninkhof, R., Gruber, N., Clement, D., Carter, B.R., Feely, R. A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Key, R. M., Kozyr, A., Lauvset, S. K., Lo Monaco, C., Mathis, J.T., Murata, A., Olsen, A., Perez, F. F., Sabine, C. L., Tanhua, T., and Wanninkhof, R.

Published
2018

17. Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations

Author

Yasunaka, S., Siswanto, E., Olsen, A., Hoppema, Mario, Watanabe, E., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Murata, A., Lauvset, S.K., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., Kosugi, N., Omar, A.M., van Heuven, S., Mathis, J.T., Yasunaka, S., Siswanto, E., Olsen, A., Hoppema, Mario, Watanabe, E., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Murata, A., Lauvset, S.K., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., Kosugi, N., Omar, A.M., van Heuven, S., and Mathis, J.T.

Published
2018

18. Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multi-year estimate of the air-sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll-a concentrations

Author

Yasunaka, S., Siswanto, E., Olsen, A., Hoppema, Mario, Watanabe, E., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Murata, A., Lauvset, S.K., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., Kosugi, N., Omar, A.M., van Heuven, S., Mathis, J.T., Yasunaka, S., Siswanto, E., Olsen, A., Hoppema, Mario, Watanabe, E., Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Murata, A., Lauvset, S.K., Wanninkhof, R., Takahashi, T., Kosugi, N., Omar, A.M., van Heuven, S., and Mathis, J.T.

Published
2018

19. Ocean Biochemical Cycling and Trace Elements

Author

de Baar, H.J.W, van Heuven, S., and Middag, R.

Abstract

Dissolved inorganic carbon (C as DIC) varies around ~2 millimoles [mM = 10−3 M] in seawater and is pivotal for life in the sea. Much less abundant are the nutrients nitrate and phosphate that occur in the micromole [μM = 10−6 M] range and are essential for each living organism. Also essential for life are several trace nutrient elements , notably Fe and Zn, that occur in the nanomolar [nM = 10−9 M] range or even lower such as Co in the picomolar [pM = 10−12 M] range. Several other trace elements also occur in the nanomolar [nM] to picomolar [pM] range. Finally a few ultratrace elements occur in the femtomolar [fM = 10−15 M] range in seawater.

Published
2017

20. Seasonal patterns of shell ␣ux, d18O and d13C of small and large N. pachyderma (s) and G. bulloides in the subpolar North Atlantic

Author

Jonkers, L., van Heuven, S., Zahn, R., Peeters, F.J.C., Earth and Climate, and Amsterdam Global Change Institute

Subjects
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
Abstract

Past water column stratification can be assessed through comparison of the δ18O of different planktonic foraminiferal species. The underlying assumption is that different species form their shells simultaneously, but at different depths in the water column. We evaluate this assumption using a sediment trap time-series of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and Globigerina bulloides from the NW North Atlantic. We determined fluxes, δ18O and δ13C of shells from two size fractions to assess size-related effects on shell chemistry and to better constrain the underlying causes of isotopic differences between foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Our data indicate that in the subpolar North Atlantic differences in the seasonality of the shell flux, and not in depth habitat or test size, determine the interspecies Δδ18O. N. pachyderma (s) preferentially forms from early spring to late summer, whereas the flux of G. bulloides peaks later in the season and is sustained until autumn. Likewise, seasonality influences large and small specimens differently, with large shells settling earlier in the season. The similarity of the seasonal δ18O patterns between the two species indicates that they calcify in an overlapping depth zone close to the surface. However, their δ13C patterns are markedly different (>1‰). Both species have a seasonally variable offset from δ13C DIC that appears to be governed primarily by temperature, with larger offsets associated with higher temperatures. The variable offset from δ13CDIC implies that seasonality of the flux affects the fossil δ13C signal, which has implications for reconstruction of the past oceanic carbon cycle. © 2013 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Published
2013
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22. Mesoscale features create hotspots of carbon uptake in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Author

Jones, E.M., Hoppema, M., Strass, V., Hauck, J., Salt, L., Ossebaar, S., Klaas, C., van Heuven, S., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Stöven, T., de Baar, H.J.W., Jones, E.M., Hoppema, M., Strass, V., Hauck, J., Salt, L., Ossebaar, S., Klaas, C., van Heuven, S., Wolf-Gladrow, D., Stöven, T., and de Baar, H.J.W.

Abstract

The influence of eddy structures on the seasonal depletion of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) disequilibrium was investigated during a trans-Atlantic crossing of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in austral summer 2012. The Georgia Basin, downstream of the island of South Georgia (54-55°S, 36-38°W) is a highly dynamic region due to the mesoscale activity associated with the flow of the Subantarctic Front (SAF) and Polar Front (PF). Satellite sea-surface height and chlorophyll-a anomalies revealed a cyclonic cold core that dominated the northern Georgia Basin that was formed from a large meander of the PF. Warmer waters influenced by the SAF formed a smaller anticyclonic structure to the east of the basin. Both the cold core and warm core eddy structures were hotspots of carbon uptake relative to the rest of the ACC section during austral summer. This was most amplified in the cold core where greatest CO2 undersaturation (-78 µatm) and substantial surface ocean DIC deficit (5.1 mol m-2) occurred. In the presence of high wind speeds, the cold core eddy acted as a strong sink for atmospheric CO2 of 25.5 mmol m-2 day-1. Waters of the warm core displayed characteristics of the Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ), with warmer upper ocean waters and enhanced CO2 undersaturation (-59 µatm) and depletion of DIC (4.9mol m-2). A proposed mechanism for the enhanced carbon uptake across both eddy structures is based on the Ekman eddy pumping theory: (i) the cold core is seeded with productive (high chlorophyll-a) waters from the Antarctic Zone and sustained biological productivity through upwelled nutrient supply that counteracts DIC inputs from deep waters; (ii) horizontal entrainment of low-DIC surface waters (biological uptake) from the PFZ downwell within the warm core and cause relative DIC-depletion in the upper water column. The observations suggest that the formation and northward propagation of cold core eddies in the region of the PF could project

Published
2017

23. Die AWI-Stationen in ICOS-D Ozean

Author

Hoppema, Mario, Soltwedel, Thomas, van Heuven, S., Lochthofen, Normen, Wulff, Thorben, Hoppema, Mario, Soltwedel, Thomas, van Heuven, S., Lochthofen, Normen, and Wulff, Thorben

Published
2017

25. Annual and monthly climatologies of seawater CO2 chemistry variables: A neural network approach

Author

Broullón Durán, D., Fernández Pérez, F., Velo Lanchas, A., Olsen, A., Key, R.M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S.K., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Suzuki, T., Broullón Durán, D., Fernández Pérez, F., Velo Lanchas, A., Olsen, A., Key, R.M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S.K., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., and Suzuki, T.

Published
2017

26. Global trends in ocean Dissolved Inorganic Carbon

Author

Olsen, A., Key, R.M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S.K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., Suzuki, T., Olsen, A., Key, R.M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S.K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.

Published
2017

28. Global carbon budget 2015

Author

Le Quere, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., LAndschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefevre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nijiri, Y., O'Brian, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Perez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenback, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Seferian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Laan-Luijkx, I. T. van der, Werf, G. R. van der, Van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.

Subjects
Earth sciences, ddc:550
Published
2015
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29. Global carbon budget 2013

Author

Le Quéré, C., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Andrew, R. M., Boden, T. A., Ciais, P., Friedlingstein, P., Houghton, R. A., Marland, G., Moriarty, R., Sitch, S., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Arvanitis, A., Bakker, D. C E, Bopp, L., Canadell, J. G., Chini, L. P., Doney, S. C., Harper, A., Harris, I., House, J. I., Jain, A. K., Jones, S. D., Kato, E., Keeling, R. F., Klein Goldewijk, Kees, Körtzinger, A., Koven, C., Lefèvre, N., Maignan, F., Omar, A., Ono, T., Park, G. H., Pfeil, B., Poulter, B., Raupach, M. R., Regnier, P., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schwinger, J., Segschneider, J., Stocker, B. D., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., Van Heuven, S., Viovy, N., Wanninkhof, R., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Sciences(all)
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (G ATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen-carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ , reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003-2012), EFF was 8.6±0.4 GtC yr-1, ELUC 0.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM 4.3±0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN 2.5±0.5 GtC yr -1, and SLAND 2.8±0.8 GtC yr-1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7±0.5 GtC yr-1, 2.2% above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, G ATM was 5.1±0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9±0.5 GtC yr-1, and assuming an ELUC of 1.0±0.5 GtC yr-1 (based on the 2001-2010 average), S LAND was 2.7±0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003-2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 392.52±0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1% (1.1- 3.1 %) to 9.9±0.5 GtC in 2013, 61% above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy.With this projection, cumulative emissions ofCO2 will reach about 535±55 GtC for 1870-2013, about 70% from EFF (390±20 GtC) and 30% from ELUC (145±50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al., 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP-2013-V2.3).

Published
2014

30. The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2) — an internally consistent data product for the world ocean

Author

Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., Suzuki, T., Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.

Published
2016

31. A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° × 1° GLODAP version 2

Author

Lauvset, S.K., Key, R.M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F.F., Suzuki, T., Watelet, S., Lauvset, S.K., Key, R.M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F.F., Suzuki, T., and Watelet, S.

Abstract

We present a mapped climatology (GLODAPv2.2016b) of ocean biogeochemical variables based on the new GLODAP version 2 data product (Olsen et al., 2016; Key et al., 2015), which covers all ocean basins over the years 1972 to 2013. The quality-controlled and internally consistent GLODAPv2 was used to create global 1° × 1° mapped climatologies of salinity, temperature, oxygen, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), total alkalinity (TAlk), pH, and CaCO3 saturation states using the Data-Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) mapping method. Improving on maps based on an earlier but similar dataset, GLODAPv1.1, this climatology also covers the Arctic Ocean. Climatologies were created for 33 standard depth surfaces. The conceivably confounding temporal trends in TCO2 and pH due to anthropogenic influence were removed prior to mapping by normalizing these data to the year 2002 using first-order calculations of anthropogenic carbon accumulation rates. We additionally provide maps of accumulated anthropogenic carbon in the year 2002 and of preindustrial TCO2. For all parameters, all data from the full 1972–2013 period were used, including data that did not receive full secondary quality control. The GLODAPv2.2016b global 1° × 1° mapped climatologies, including error fields and ancillary information, are available at the GLODAPv2 web page at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC;doi:10.3334/CDIAC/OTG.NDP093_GLODAPv2).

Published
2016

32. Mapping of the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas: Basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability

Author

Yasunaka, S., Murata, A., Watanabe, E., Chierici, M., Fransson, A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Kosugi, N., Lauvset, S.K., Mathis, J.T., Nishino, S., Omar, A.M., Olsen, A., Sasano, D., Takahashi, T., Wanninkhof, R., Yasunaka, S., Murata, A., Watanabe, E., Chierici, M., Fransson, A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, M., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Kosugi, N., Lauvset, S.K., Mathis, J.T., Nishino, S., Omar, A.M., Olsen, A., Sasano, D., Takahashi, T., and Wanninkhof, R.

Abstract

We produced 204 monthly maps of the air–sea CO2 flux in the Arctic north of 60°N, including the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas, from January 1997 to December 2013 by using a self-organizing map technique. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in surface water data were obtained by shipboard underway measurements or calculated from alkalinity and total inorganic carbon of surface water samples. Subsequently, we investigated the basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability of the CO2 fluxes. The 17-year annual mean CO2 flux shows that all areas of the Arctic Ocean and its adjacent seas were net CO2 sinks. The estimated annual CO2 uptake by the Arctic Ocean was 180 TgC yr−1. The CO2 influx was strongest in winter in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas (>15 mmol m−2 day−1) and the Barents Sea (>12 mmol m−2 day−1) because of strong winds, and strongest in summer in the Chukchi Sea (∼10 mmol m−2 day−1) because of the sea-ice retreat. In recent years, the CO2 uptake has increased in the Greenland/Norwegian Sea and decreased in the southern Barent

Published
2016

33. A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1° x 1° GLODAP version 2

Author

Lauvset, S. K., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., Suzuki, T., Watelet, S., Lauvset, S. K., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Pérez, F. F., Suzuki, T., and Watelet, S.

Published
2016

37. Mapping of the air–sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas: Basin-wide distribution and seasonal to interannual variability

Author

Yasunaka, S., Murata, A., Watanabe, E., Chierici, M., Fransson, A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Kosugi, N., Lauvset, S. K., Mathis, J.T., Nishino, S., Omar, A. M., Olsen, A., Sasano, D., Takahashi, T., Wanninkhof, R., Yasunaka, S., Murata, A., Watanabe, E., Chierici, M., Fransson, A., van Heuven, S., Hoppema, Mario, Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Kosugi, N., Lauvset, S. K., Mathis, J.T., Nishino, S., Omar, A. M., Olsen, A., Sasano, D., Takahashi, T., and Wanninkhof, R.

Published
2016

38. Global Ocean Data Analysis version 2 (GLODAPv2)

Author

Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., Suzuki, T., Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.

Abstract

The major synthesis effort Global Ocean Data Analysis Product version 2 will be presented. GLODAPv2 assembles data from some 800 cruises mostly from WOCE, CLIVAR and GO-SHIP, where measurements of inorganic carbon and/or other carbon relevant parameters have been made. It has been constructed by merging the three exisiting carbon data synthesis products GLODAP, CARINA, PACIFICA, and adding data from around 200 new cruises from all major ocean areas. The data included in GLODAPv2 has been subjected to primary QC and been bias corrected following comparison of all the deep ocean data collected at the various cruises using a crossover and inversion routine. GLODAPv2 includes the original datafiles, the integrated bias-corrected data product, and also mapped climatologies of the parameters total dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity. GLODAPv2 to will form the basis for a reassessment of the global inventory of anthropogenic carbon, its increase with time and several other analyses which will be outlined at this presentation.

Published
2016

39. An internally consistent data product for the world ocean: the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, version 2 (GLODAPv2)

Author

Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., Suzuki, T., Olsen, A., Key, R. M., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.

Published
2016

40. A new global interior ocean mapped climatology: the 1ºx1º GLODAP version 2

Author

Lauvset, S. K., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., Suzuki, T., Watelet, S., Lauvset, S. K., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., Suzuki, T., and Watelet, S.

Published
2016

41. Global carbon budget 2013

Author

Omar, A., Tans, P., Kato, E., Tilbrook, B., Jones, S. D., House, J. I., Boden, T. A., Peters, G. P., Pfeil, B., Stocker, B. D., Harris, I., Wiltshire, A., Raupach, M. R., Canadell, J. G., Schwinger, J., Arneth, A., Poulter, B., Ono, T., Lefèvre, N., Körtzinger, A., Park, G.-H., Saito, S., Le Quéré, C., Maignan, F., Keeling, R. F., Harper, A., Andrew, R. M., Wanninkhof, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Regnier, P., Doney, S. C., Ciais, P., Houghton, R. A., Van Heuven, S., Bopp, L., Zaehle, S., Viovy, N., Arvanitis, A., Jain, A. K., Marland, G., Chini, L. P., Sitch, S., Moriarty, R., Friedlingstein, P., Andres, R. J., Klein Goldewijk, K., Rödenbeck, C., Koven, C., Takahashi, T., and Segschneider, J.

Subjects
530 Physics
Abstract

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We discuss changes compared to previous estimates, consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production (EFF) are based on energy statistics, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated for the first time in this budget with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2 and land cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). All uncertainties are reported as ± 1 σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2003–2012), EFF was 8.6 ± 0.4 GtC yr − 1, ELUC 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, GATM 4.3 ± 0.1 GtC yr − 1, S OCEAN 2.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, and S LAND 2.8 ± 0.8 GtC yr − 1. For year 2012 alone, EFF grew to 9.7 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1, 2.2 % above 2011, reflecting a continued growing trend in these emissions, GATM was 5.1 ± 0.2 GtC yr − 1, SOCEANwas 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr −1, and assuming an ELU Cof 1.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr − 1 (based on the 2001–2010 average), SLAND was 2.7 ± 0.9 GtC yr − 1. GATM was high in 2012 compared to the 2003–2012 average, almost entirely reflecting the high EFF. The global atmospheric CO2 con- centration reached 392.52 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2012. We estimate that EFF will increase by 2.1 % (1.1–3.1 %) to 9.9 ± 0.5 GtC in 2013, 61 % above emissions in 1990, based on projections of world gross domestic product and recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy. With this projection, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 535 ± 55 GtC for 1870–2013, about 70 % from EFF (390 ± 20 GtC) and 30 % from ELUC (145 ± 50 GtC). This paper also documents any changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget from previous budgets (Le Quéré et al., 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center.

Published
2014
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43. Dissolved iron in the Arctic shelf seas and surface waters of the Central Arctic Ocean: Impact of Arctic river water and ice-melt

Author

Klunder, M. B., Bauch, D., Laan, P., de Baar, H. J. W., van Heuven, S., Ober, S., and Ocean Ecosystems

Subjects
ATLANTIC, TRACE-METALS, FRESH-WATER, PACK ICE, DEEP, PHYTOPLANKTON, BALANCE, HALOCLINE, SOUTHERN-OCEAN, WORLD OCEAN
Abstract

Key Points - DFe in the Arctic shelves and surface is linked to freshwater and alkalinity - Fluvial input main contributor to high DFe, low alkalinity in Central Arctic - Remineralisation and biological depletion determine DFe in the Arctic Shelf Seas Abstract Concentrations of dissolved (10 nM) in the bottom waters of the Laptev Sea shelf may be attributed to either sediment resuspension, sinking of brine or regeneration of DFe in the lower layers. A significant correlation (R2 = 0.60) between salinity and DFe is observed. Using δ18O, salinity ,nutrients and total alkalinity data, the main source for the high (>2 nM) DFe concentrations in the Amundsen and Makarov Basins is identified as (Eurasian) river water, transported with the Transpolar Drift (TPD). On the North American side of the TPD, the DFe concentrations are low (< 0.8 nM) and variations are determined by the effects of sea-ice meltwater, biological depletion and remineralization and scavenging in halocline waters from the shelf. This distribution pattern of DFe is also supported by the ratio between unfiltered and dissolved Fe (high (> 4) above the shelf and low ( < 4) off the shelf).

Published
2012

44. Supplementary material to "An internally consistent data product for the world ocean: the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, version 2 (GLODAPv2)"

Author

Olsen, A., primary, Key, R. M., additional, van Heuven, S., additional, Lauvset, S. K., additional, Velo, A., additional, Lin, X., additional, Schirnick, C., additional, Kozyr, A., additional, Tanhua, T., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Jutterström, S., additional, Steinfeldt, R., additional, Jeansson, E., additional, Ishii, M., additional, Pérez, F. F., additional, and Suzuki, T., additional

Published
2016
Full Text
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45. An internally consistent data product for the world ocean: the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, version 2 (GLODAPv2)

Author

Olsen, A., primary, Key, R. M., additional, van Heuven, S., additional, Lauvset, S. K., additional, Velo, A., additional, Lin, X., additional, Schirnick, C., additional, Kozyr, A., additional, Tanhua, T., additional, Hoppema, M., additional, Jutterström, S., additional, Steinfeldt, R., additional, Jeansson, E., additional, Ishii, M., additional, Pérez, F. F., additional, and Suzuki, T., additional

Published
2016
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46. The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) enables detection of changes in the ocean carbon sink

Author

Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H.J.W., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S.D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschϋtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos,, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K.F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., Watson, A. J., Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N.R., Boutin, J., Bozec, Y., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R.D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H.J.W., Evans, W., Feely, R.A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N.J., Hoppema, Mario, Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S.D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschϋtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J.T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Omar, A.M., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos,, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, Reiner, Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K.F., Sun, H., Sutton, A.J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., Van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.

Published
2015

47. Distributions, trends and inter-annual variability of nutrients along a repeat section through the Weddell Sea (1996–2011)

Author

Hoppema, M., Bakker, K., van Heuven, S., van Ooijen, J.C., de Baar, H.J.W., Hoppema, M., Bakker, K., van Heuven, S., van Ooijen, J.C., and de Baar, H.J.W.

Abstract

Nutrient data from five repeat sections spanning 1996 to 2011 crossing the Weddell Sea are presented. These measurements have been standardized against the same reference material, yielding an outstanding internal consistency. The generic structure of the Weddell Gyre and its hydrographic features are visible in the nutrient distributions; variability is largest in the Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and only minor in other water masses. The distribution of silicate appears to be very powerful for describing water mass processes in the bottom layer. The distribution of nitrite is described in detail for the first time. Opposed to common knowledge, a considerable part of the abyssal Weddell Sea had detectable nitrite concentrations, hinting at biological activity at these depths. Also the bottom water, which definitely exists on a longer-than-seasonal scale, has a nitrite signature, thus challenging the commonly assumed short life-time of nitrite. We infer significant trends of increasing nutrient concentrations in the surface layer, which are attributed mainly to an increasing rate of upwelling of subsurface water over those 15 years. Also in the depth range of the CDW an increasing trend is found, which indicates that the nutrient supply to the gyre may have increased. In the bottom water, silicate exhibits an increasing trend, which is probably caused by a changing composition of the bottom water, i.e. containing more CDW and less surface water.

Published
2015

48. Global Carbon Budget 2015

Author

Leerstoel Ridder, Environmental Sciences, Sub Algemeen Math. Inst, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., Zeng, N., Leerstoel Ridder, Environmental Sciences, Sub Algemeen Math. Inst, Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N.

Published
2015

49. Uptake of CO2 and ocean acidification in the polar oceans

Author

Jones, E., De Baar, H., van Heuven, S., Ulfsbo, A., Roden, N., Hoppema, Mario, Bakker, D., Venables, H., Jones, E., De Baar, H., van Heuven, S., Ulfsbo, A., Roden, N., Hoppema, Mario, Bakker, D., and Venables, H.

Published
2015

50. Global Ocean Data Analysis Project, Version 2 (GLODAPv2)

Author

Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., Suzuki, T., Key, R. M., Olsen, A., van Heuven, S., Lauvset, S. K., Velo, A., Lin, X., Schirnick, C., Kozyr, A., Tanhua, T., Hoppema, Mario, Jutterström, S., Steinfeldt, R., Jeansson, E., Ishii, M., Perez, F. F., and Suzuki, T.

Abstract

Here we report the completion of a uniformly calibrated open ocean data product on inorganic carbon and carbon-relevant variables that we call Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 or simply GLODAPv2. The product includes data from approximately one million individual seawater samples collected from over 700 cruises during the years 1972-2013. Extensive quality control and subsequent calibration were carried out for salinity, oxygen, nutrient, carbon dioxide, total alkalinity, pH and chlorofluorocarbon data. Following calibration, the data were used to produce global climatology maps for many of the parameters. In addition to the data products and the mapped distributions, all of the original data files without alteration other than formatting and unification of units are made freely available along with whatever metadata was collected. An on-line cruise summary table provides data access and additional information including references to publications that have used data from specific cruises. The GLODAPv2 database is available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP-93) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) at http://cdiac.ornl.gov/oceans/GLODAPv2/. The NDP-93 consists of the original cruise data files, adjusted data products, mapped data product and this documentation, which describes the GLODAPv2 project.

Published
2015

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