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The timing of parental unemployment can impact children's educational transitions. Previous research has mostly examined transitions to higher education, proxying timing in relation to children's age and often focusing on selective populations. We study unemployment's intergenerational effects at multiple stages of the educational career, and define timing relative to important crossroads within and across school years for a broader population of children. Further, we build on suggestive patterns in prior studies and test if and how parental unemployment's effects vary depending on the availability, level, and combination of private insurance (parental wealth) and public insurance (unemployment benefits). We rely on Dutch administrative data on cohorts of students born between 1992 and 1998 and observed around the time of the Great Recession. With a negative-control design, we find that paternal unemployment in 6th grade decreases children's chances of enrolling in the general and academic secondary-school tracks, but only in families with lower wealth. Effects are moderate and partly flow from lower performance in a high-stakes test in 6th grade. These effects are reduced when households receive larger unemployment benefit amounts, particularly above median values. In addition, paternal unemployment in 6th grade has long-term negative effects on postsecondary enrolment for children with lower relative wealth. Differently, we do not find evidence of timing effects for spells of paternal unemployment occurring around high-school graduation, nor when examining the timing of maternal unemployment. These findings can inform remedial interventions aimed at mitigating the negative effects of disruptive events on children's education.

Inkjet printing involves several key challenges. An important aspect is the flow dynamics after deposition of an ink droplet onto a substrate. The drop will evaporate and -- if the substrate is porous -- absorb at the same time. Typically, this process also involves additional components like surfactants. Surfactants are molecules that adsorb onto interfaces, thereby reducing the local surface tension, which has significant ramifications for the droplet dynamics. The reduced interfacial tension can result in rich behavior, including circulatory flow patterns and accelerated absorption dynamics. It is therefore of no surprise that there are still many open questions regarding the mechanisms of surfactants in sessile droplets. In this thesis an attempt is made to answer some of these questions in a satisfactory way. In order to gain insight into the dynamics of surfactant-laden droplets, a numerical model is employed. This model is based on lubrication theory, meaning that the assumption is made that the contact radius of the droplet has a significantly larger magnitude that the height. By making this assumption it becomes possible to describe the droplet evolution only in terms of a height profile, making lubrication theory an efficient and transparent modeling technique. With this model as a basis, several extensions are introduced of which the surfactant transport is the most prominent one. This transport is governed by several convection-diffusion-adsorption equations both at the interfaces and in the bulk of the fluid. Furthermore, absorption into the porous medium is modeled with Darcy's law and the evaporation field is calculated using an analytical solution. First, the contact line dynamics of an evaporating droplet with insoluble surfactants are examined using two different methods: a precursor film model and a slip model. For pure droplets these models are shown to perform comparably with respect to literature data, but when surfactants are

Objective: This study aimed at investigating gender differences in the longitudinal associations between adult children’s union dissolution and older parents’ health. Background: The family life course perspective and theories of social stress suggest that adult children's union dissolution may affect a parent's health. However, the extent to which parental health changes before and after a child’s separation is still barely investigated. Method: Data from four waves of the Dutch component of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were linked to panel register data from the System of Social-statistical Datasets (SSD). We applied a fixed-effects approach to 4,985 parent-child dyads nested in 2,511 parents to assess the influence of children’s union dissolution on three different measures of parental health (depression, grip strength, and frailty). Results: Results indicated that parents' health conditions worsen as one of their children gets separated. In addition, we found anticipation effects of children's union dissolution on parental health. Among parents, no clear gender differences emerged. The separation of a son exerts a stronger burden on parental health than that of a daughter. Conclusion: This research contributes new findings, expanding the small existing body of literature to both physical and mental health outcomes. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of focusing on both the period before and after a child's separation. Gender-related differences help to understand the pathways to poor health at older ages., Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersuchte die geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede in den längsschnittlichen Zusammenhängen zwischen der Auflösung der Partnerschaft erwachsener Kinder und dem Gesundheitszustand der älteren Eltern. Hintergrund: Die Perspektive des familiären Lebensverlaufs und Theorien zu sozialem Stress legen nahe, dass die Auflösung der Partnerschaft erwachsener Kinder Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit der Eltern haben kann. Das Ausmaß, in dem sich die elterliche Gesundheit vor und nach der Trennung eines Kindes verändert, ist jedoch noch kaum untersucht. Methode: Daten aus vier Wellen der niederländischen Komponente des Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) wurden mit Panel-Registerdaten aus dem System of Social-statistical Datasets (SSD) verknüpft. Wir verwendeten einen Fixed-Effects-Ansatz für 4,985 Eltern-Kind-Dyaden, die in 2,511 Eltern unterteilt waren, um den Einfluss der Auflösung der Partnerschaft der Kinder auf drei verschiedene Maße der elterlichen Gesundheit (Depression, Griffstärke und Gebrechlichkeit) zu bewerten. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass sich der Gesundheitszustand der Eltern verschlechtert, wenn eines ihrer Kinder sich trennt. Darüber hinaus fanden wir antizipative Auswirkungen der Auflösung der Partnerschaft der Kinder auf die Gesundheit der Eltern. Bei den Eltern ergaben sich keine klaren geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede. Die Trennung eines Sohnes belastet die elterliche Gesundheit stärker als die einer Tochter. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Untersuchung trägt zu neuen Erkenntnissen bei, indem sie die vorhandene Literatur sowohl auf die körperliche als auch auf die psychische Gesundheit ausweitet. Außerdem unterstreicht sie, wie wichtig es ist, sich sowohl auf die Zeit vor als auch nach der Trennung eines Kindes zu konzentrieren. Geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede helfen dabei, die Entstehung eines schlechten Gesundheitszustands im höheren Lebensalter zu verstehen. Schlagwörter: Administrat