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From paleoproxy reconstructions and climate model simulations of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) climate during the Common Era (CE), we know that strong volcanic eruptions have induced cold periods like the Little Ice Age (LIA) and the mid-6th century cooling. However, less is known about such cold periods during the Holocene. Here, we study the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model Holocene simulations (6000 BCE to 1850 CE). One of the runs is forced with orbital forcing, land cover, greenhouse gas concentrations, solar forcing, stratospheric ozone, and volcanic forcing. The other run includes only orbital forcing and greenhouse gas concentrations. We simulate a large number of extremely cold years in the all-forcing run, which is primarily explained by volcanic eruptions. Applying a 200-year filter reveals 11 long-lasting cold periods similar to the LIA during the mid to late-Holocene, occurring every once or twice per millennium. These long-lasting cold periods correspond to increased volcanic activity, where the clustering of volcanic eruptions leads to an integrated cooling effect through the slow ocean-sea ice response. Eight of the eleven multi-centennial cold periods in our simulation correspond to previously identified phases of glacier advances throughout the NH, as well as reduced ring widths in tree ring records from Northern Finland. Whereas previous studies used mostly local proxy reconstructions, we identify NH annual mean multi-centennial cold periods. Finding several more such cold periods highlights the importance of understanding volcanic-induced long-lasting cold periods and the impact they could have had on society in the past., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on practical activities and didactic teaching of residents and fellows. This survey aimed to propose long-term changes for ophthalmology training based on the changes experienced by trainees and their perception of new training opportunities. Methods: An online survey was distributed to ophthalmology trainees in multiple countries. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Results: A total of 504 analyzable responses were collected from 32 different countries. The current impact of COVID-19 pandemic was described as “severe” by most trainees (55.2%); however, the future perspective was more optimistic as demonstrated by the greater number of responses reporting a presumed “moderate” (37.3%), “mild” (14.1%) or “slight” (4.2%) long-term impact. The vast majority of trainees reported a decrease ≥50% of clinical activity (76.4%) and >75% of surgical activity (74.6%). Although an initial gap in didactic teaching has been experienced by many (55.4%), regular web-based teaching was reportedly attended by 67.7% of the respondents. A strong agreement was found regarding the worthwhile role of web-based case-presentations in clinical training (91.7%), web-based discussion of edited surgical videos (85.7%) and simulation-based practice (86.9%) in surgical training. Conclusions: This survey, focusing on trainees’ perspective, strongly reinforces the need to promptly include new technology-based training tools, such as web-based teaching, virtual surgical simulators, and telementoring, in long-term reorganisation of ophthalmology training to ensure its continuity and effectiveness, which would remain available even in the face of another unpredictable crisis within the health system.

Why do children, adolescents, and adults engage in costly punishment to sanction fairness violations? Two studies investigated the differential impact of incidental anger on the costly punishment of 8-year-olds, 13-year-olds, and adults. Focusing on experimentally manipulated incidental anger allows for a causal investigation as to whether and how anger affects costly punishment in these age groups in addition to other motives such as inequity aversion. Study 1 (N = 210) assessed the effect of incidental anger (vs. a neutral emotion) on second-party punishment, where punishers were direct victims of fairness violations. Study 2 (N = 208) examined third-party punishment, where the punisher was an observer unaffected by the violation. Across ages, incidental anger increased the second-party punishment of unequal offers but not equal offers. Thus, anger seems to play a causal role in the punishment of unfairness when fairness violations are self-relevant. As predicted, adults’ third-party punishment of unequal offers was higher in the incidental anger condition than in the neutral emotion condition. Children’s third-party punishment of unfairness was not affected by the emotion condition, but incidental anger increased adolescents’ third-party punishment across offers. Overall, our data suggest that the association between anger and costly punishment is based on the self-relevance of the violation. In third-party situations, where unfairness does not affect the self, social-cognitive processes that develop well into adulthood, such as emotional appraisals, might be necessary for third parties to engage in costly punishment.

De Universiteit van Amsterdam volgt langlopend ambulantisering en regionalisering van Maatschappelijke Opvang (MO) en Beschermd Wonen (BW). Uit de tweede meting bleek dat in deze regio tussen 2018 en 2019 de aandacht is verschoven van visievorming naar een praktische vertaalslag: extra investeringen in regionaal overleg, samen met woon- en zorgpartners. In interviews ging het ook vaker over regionale samenwerking.

Dit onderzoek, uitgevoerd in opdracht van de gemeente Purmerend, heeft als doel vijf jaar in kaart te brengen hoe beleidsopgaven van amublantisering en decentralisering van maatschappelijke opvang (MO) en beschermd wonen (BW) in de regio Waterland verloopt. Voor deze eerste rapportage zijn medio 2019 24 gemeentelijke stakeholders van de centrum- en regiogemeenten geinterviewd, 15 niet-gemeentelijke stakeholders en 24 cliënten die gebruikmaken of recent hebben gemaakt van MO en/ of BW in deze regio. Deze interviews, gecombineerd met een documentenanalyse van het WMO-, woon- en participatiebeleid heeft geleid tot resultaten op het gebied van ‘preventie en herstel’, ‘in- en uitstroom van MO en BW’, en ‘regionalisering en samenwerking’.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background and Purpose— Predicting malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction can help to identify patients who may benefit from preventive decompressive surgery. We aimed to investigate the association between the ratio of intracranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume to intracranial volume (ICV) and malignant MCA infarction. Methods— Patients with an occlusion proximal to the M3 segment of the MCA were selected from the DUST (Dutch Acute Stroke Study). Admission imaging included noncontrast computed tomography (CT), CT perfusion, and CT angiography. Patient characteristics and CT findings were collected. The ratio of intracranial CSF volume to ICV (CSF/ICV) was quantified on admission thin-slice noncontrast CT. Malignant MCA infarction was defined as a midline shift of >5 mm on follow-up noncontrast CT, which was performed 3 days after the stroke or in case of clinical deterioration. To test the association between CSF/ICV and malignant MCA infarction, odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated for 3 multivariable models by using binary logistic regression. Model performances were compared by using the likelihood ratio test. Results— Of the 286 included patients, 35 (12%) developed malignant MCA infarction. CSF/ICV was independently associated with malignant MCA infarction in 3 multivariable models: (1) with age and admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.1–11.1), (2) with admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and poor collateral score (odds ratio, 7.0; 95% CI, 2.6–21.3), and (3) with terminal internal carotid artery or proximal M1 occlusion and poor collateral score (odds ratio, 7.7; 95% CI, 2.8–23.9). The performance of model 1 (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves, 0.795 versus 0.824; P=0.033), model 2 (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves, 0.813 versus 0.850; P