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Objective: Urotensin-II is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide and has fibrotic effects in the heart and kidneys and palosuran is a selective urotensin-II receptor antagonist. This study aimed to investigate the effects of palosuran, which has antifibrotic effects, in an acute kidney injury model formed with gentamicin and to reveal new treatment options for acute kidney injury cases. Methods: A total of 24 Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 8 animals as the control group, the gentamicin group, and the gentamicin+palosuran group. The rats in the control group received a 1 x 1 mL intramuscular injection of saline for 8 days. To create acute kidney injury in the rats in the gentamicin group, an intramuscular injection of 100 mg/kg/day gentamycine was applied for 8 days. In the gentamicin + palosuran group, an intramuscular injection of 100 mg/kg/day gentamycine was applied for 8 days, together with 300 mg/kg palosuran dissolved in distilled water and administered by oral gavage twice a day for the same period. Serum urea, creatinine, calcium, albumin, total protein levels, and urine gamma-glutamyl transferase and protein levels were evaluated for all the groups. In addition, tubular degeneration, tubular necrosis, tubular regeneration, tubulointerstitial nephritis, microcalcification, and total histological scores of these groups were also examined histopathologically. Results: The urine gamma-glutamyl transferase levels of the gentamicin and gentamicin + palosuran groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (311 +/- 60.5 and 140 +/- 39.5 vs. 0.33 +/- 0.22, P

Background: Urotensin-II receptor- (UTR) related pathway exerts a key-role in promoting inflammation. The aim was to assess the relationship between UTR expression and clinical, endoscopic and biochemical severity of ulcerative colitis (UC), exploring its predictivity of intravenous (iv) steroid administration therapeutic outcome. Methods: One-hundred patients with first diagnosis of UC and 44 healthy subjects were enrolled. UTR expression was assessed by qPCR, Western Blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Clinical, endoscopic and histological activity of UC were evaluated by using Truelove and Witts (T&W) severity index, Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES), and Truelove and Richards Index (TRI). The partial and full Mayo scores (PMS and FMS) were assessed to stage the disease. Results: The UTR expression, resulted higher in the lesioned mucosa of UC patients in comparison to healthy subjects (p

Background: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and have increased overall cardiovascular burden. On the other hand, urotensin II (UII) is one of the most potent vascular constrictors with immunomodulatory effect that is connected with a number of different cardiometabolic disorders as well. Furthermore, patients with ulcerative colitis have shown increased expression of urotensin II receptor in comparison to healthy controls. Since the features of IBD includes chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction as well, it is plausible to assume that there is connection between increased cardiac risk in IBD and UII. Aim: To determine serum UII levels in patients with IBD and to compare them to control subjects, as well as investigate possible associations with relevant clinical and biochemical parameters. Methods: This cross sectional study consecutively enrolled 50 adult IBD patients (26 with Crohn's disease and 24 with ulcerative colitis) and 50 age and gender matched controls. Clinical assessment was performed by the same experienced gastroenterologist according to the latest guidelines. Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity and Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease were used for endoscopic evaluation. Serum levels of UII were determined using the enzyme immunoassay kit for human UII, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results: IBD patients have significantly higher concentrations of UII when compared to control subjects (7.57 ± 1.41 vs 1.98 ± 0.69 ng/mL, P < 0.001), while there were no significant differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients (7.49 ± 1.42 vs 7.65 ± 1.41 ng/mL, P = 0.689). There was a significant positive correlation between serum UII levels and high sensitivity C reactive peptide levels (r = 0.491, P < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation between serum UII levels and total proteins (r = -0.306, P = 0.032). Additionally, there was a significant positive correlation between serum UII levels with both systolic (r = 0.387, P = 0.005) and diastolic (r = 0.352, P = 0.012) blood pressure. Moreover, serum UII levels had a significant positive correlation with Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (r = 0.425, P = 0.048) and Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's Disease (r = 0.466, P = 0.028) scores. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum UII levels retained significant association with high sensitivity C reactive peptide (β ± standard error, 0.262 ± 0.076, P < 0.001) and systolic blood pressure (0.040 ± 0.017, P = 0.030). Conclusion: It is possible that UII is involved in the complex pathophysiology of cardiovascular complications in IBD patients, and its purpose should be investigated in further studies.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a common disorder, leading to growing health and economic burden without curative treatment. In diabetic patients, CKD may result from a combination of metabolic and nonmetabolic-related factors, with mortality mainly driven by cardiovascular events. The marked overactivity of the urotensinergic system in diabetic patients implicates this vasoactive peptide as a possible contributor to the pathogenesis of renal as well as heart failure. Previous preclinical studies with urotensin II (UII) antagonists in chronic kidney disease were based on simple end points that did not reflect the complex etiology of the disease. Given this, our studies revisited the therapeutic value of UII antagonism in CKD and extensively characterized 1-({[6-{4-chloro-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propoxy]phenyl}-5-(2-methylphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]carbonyl}amino) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (SAR101099), a potent, selective, and orally long-acting UII receptor competitive antagonist, inhibiting not only UII but also urotensin-related peptide activities. SR101099 treatment more than halved proteinurea and albumin/creatinine ratio in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rats fed with salt/fat diet and Dahl-salt-sensitive rats, respectively, and it halved albuminuria in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. Importantly, these effects were accompanied by a decrease in mortality of 50% in SHR-SP and of 35% in the Dahl salt-sensitive rats. SAR101099 was also active on CKD-related cardiovascular pathologies and partly preserved contractile reserve in models of heart failure induced by myocardial infarction or ischemia/reperfusion in rats and pigs, respectively. SAR101099 exhibited a good safety/tolerability profile at all tested doses in clinical phase-I studies. Together, these data suggest that CKD patient selection considering comorbidities together with new stratification modalities should unveil the urotensin antagonists' therapeutic potential. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathology with growing health and economic burden, without curative treatment. For years, the impact of urotensin II receptor (UT) antagonism to treat CKD may have been compromised by available tools or models to deeper characterize the urotensinergic system. New potent, selective, orally long-acting cross-species UT antagonist such as SAR101099 exerting reno- and cardioprotective effects could offer novel therapeutic opportunities. Its preclinical and clinical results suggest that UT antagonism remains an attractive target in CKD on top of current standard of care.

Increased serum urotensin II (UII) levels in human cirrhotic populations have been recently shown, but the long-term effects of UII receptor antagonist on the cirrhosis have not been investigated. To investigate the therapeutic effects of urotensin II receptor (UT) antagonist palosuran on rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced cirrhosis, the hepatic and systemic hemodynamics, liver fibrosis, the metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13)/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) ratio, hepatic Rho-kinase activity, and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity are measured in CCl4-cirrhotic rats treated with palosuran or vehicle for 4 weeks. Primary hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are used to investigate the changes in UII/UT expression and the in vitro effect of palosuran. Compared with the vehicle-treated cirrhotic rats, treatment with palosuran can reduce the portal pressure (PP), decrease the risk of liver fibrosis and the level of α smooth muscle actin, collagen-I (COL-I), and transforming growth factor β expression. However, treatment with palosuran can increase MMP-13/TIMP-1, pvasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP), and p-eNOS expression. Moreover, in vitro UII/UT mRNA expression increases during HSC activation. MMP-13/TIMP-1, COL-I, and p-VASP are inhibited after palosuran treatment. Our data indicate that long-term administration of palosuran can decrease PP in cirrhosis, which results from decreased hepatic fibrosis and enhanced eNOS-dependent HSC vasodilatation.

Over the last decade, the urotensinergic system, composed of one G protein-coupled receptor and two endogenous ligands, has garnered significant attention as a promising new target for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, this system is associated with various biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunctions and is involved in changes in cardiac contractility, fibrosis, and hypertrophy contributing, like the angiotensinergic system, to the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure. Significant investment has been made toward the development of clinically relevant UT ligands for therapeutic intervention, but with little or no success to date. This system therefore remains to be therapeutically exploited. Pepducins and other lipidated peptides have been used as both mechanistic probes and potential therapeutics; therefore, pepducins derived from the human urotensin II receptor might represent unique tools to generate signaling bias and study hUT signaling networks. Two hUT-derived pepducins, derived from the second and the third intracellular loop of the receptor (hUT-Pep2 and [Trp1, Leu2]hUT-Pep3, respectively), were synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. Our results demonstrated that hUT-Pep2 and [Trp1, Leu2]hUT-Pep3 acted as biased ago-allosteric modulators, triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation and, to a lesser extent, IP1 production, and stimulated cell proliferation yet were devoid of contractile activity. Interestingly, both hUT-derived pepducins were able to modulate human urotensin II (hUII)- and urotensin II-related peptide (URP)-mediated contraction albeit to different extents. These new derivatives represent unique tools to reveal the intricacies of hUT signaling and also a novel avenue for the design of allosteric ligands selectively targeting hUT signaling potentially.

Drug repositioning research using transcriptome data has recently attracted attention. In this study, we attempted to identify new target proteins of the urotensin-II receptor antagonist, KR-37524 (4-(3-bromo-4-(piperidin-4-yloxy)benzyl)-N-(3-(dimethylamino)phenyl)piperazine-1-carboxamide dihydrochloride), using a transcriptome-based drug repositioning approach. To do this, we obtained KR-37524-induced gene expression profile changes in four cell lines (A375, A549, MCF7, and PC3), and compared them with the approved drug-induced gene expression profile changes available in the LINCS L1000 database to identify approved drugs with similar gene expression profile changes. Here, the similarity between the two gene expression profile changes was calculated using the connectivity score. We then selected proteins that are known targets of the top three approved drugs with the highest connectivity score in each cell line (12 drugs in total) as potential targets of KR-37524. Seven potential target proteins were experimentally confirmed using an in vitro binding assay. Through this analysis, we identified that neurologically regulated serotonin transporter proteins are new target proteins of KR-37524. These results indicate that the transcriptome-based drug repositioning approach can be used to identify new target proteins of a given compound, and we provide a standalone software developed in this study that will serve as a useful tool for drug repositioning.

Over the last decade, the urotensinergic system has garnered significant attention as a promising new target for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases and also cancer. Significant investment toward the development of clinically relevant UT ligands for therapeutic intervention has been made but have met little to no success to date. The UT system, which has yet to be effectively targeted, therefore remains to be therapeutically exploited. The discovery of allosteric sites that allow modulation of receptor activity will increase the searchable chemical space against a disease-relevant target. Pepducins and other lipidated peptides have been used as both mechanistic probes and potential therapeutics. Therefore, pepducins derived from the human urotensin II receptor might represent unique tools to generate signaling bias and study UT signaling networks. Two hUT-derived pepducins, derived from the second and the third intracellular loop of UT, respectively, have been synthesized and pharmacologically characterized. Our results demonstrated that hUT-Pep2 and [Trp1, Leu2]hUT-Pep3 acted as biased ago-allosteric modulators, triggered ERK1/2 phosphorylation and to a lesser extent, IP1 production, stimulated cell proliferation yet were devoid of contractile activity. Interestingly, both hUT-derived pepducins were able to modulate hUII- and URP-mediated contraction albeit to different extents. These new derivatives represent unique tools to reveal the intricacies of hUT signaling and also a novel avenue to design allosteric ligands selectively targeting UT signaling that could prove to be useful for the treatment of hUT-associated diseases.

Study design A case-control study. Objectives To investigate the association of urotensin II (UTS2) signals with the susceptibility of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in the Chinese Han population. Summary of background data Dysregulated UTS2 signals induced by impaired cerebrospinal fluid flow has been implicated in the development of idiopathic scoliosis through studies on zebrafish. Furthermore, mutations in urotensin II receptor (UTS2R) were reported to cause severe scoliosis in zebrafish. In spite of the evidence presented in animal models, there is still a lack of knowledge concerning the role of UTS2 signaling related genes in AIS. Methods In the discovery stage, exons of UTS2, UTS2R and UTS2D were sequenced for 200 AIS patients and 200 healthy controls. Newly identified mutations were further genotyped in another independent cohort of 1000 AIS patients and 1000 controls by allelic specific multiple ligase detection reactions. Gene expression analysis was performed in 36 AIS patients and 36 age-matched congenital scoliosis patients. The Chi-square test was used to compare the genotyping data between the groups. Gene expression analysis was compared with the Student's t test. Results Association between two novel mutations (rs11654140, c.51T > C; rs568196624, c.1146C > G) and the development of AIS was identified. Allele C of rs11654140 and allele G of rs568196624 were significantly associated with the risk of AIS (1.5% vs. 0.5%, odds ratio = 3.02, p = 0.01 for rs11654140; 1.41% vs. 0.58%, odds ratio = 2.29, p = 0.04 for rs568196624). The mRNA expression of UTS2R in the AIS group was significantly higher as compared with that in the control group (0.059 ± 0.015 vs. 0.035 ± 0.013, p Conclusions Rare mutations in UTS2R were significantly associated with AIS. Expression of UTS2R was significantly increased in AIS patients. The role of UTS2 signaling in the development of AIS is worthy of further investigation. Level of evidence N/A.

Urotensin II receptor (UTS2R) is suggested to mediate the actions of urotensin II (UTS2) and UTS2-related peptide (URP, also called UTS2B) in mammals. However, the information regarding the gene structure, functionality and tissue expression of UTS2/URP receptor remains largely unknown in non-mammalian vertebrates including birds. In this study, using RACE-PCR, we cloned the full-length cDNAs of four chicken UTS2/URP receptors and designated them as cUTS2R1, cUTS2R2, cUTS2R3 and cUTS2R5 respectively, according to their evolutionary origin. The cloned cUTS2R1, cUTS2R2, cUTS2R3 and cUTS2R5 are predicted to encode 7-transmembrane receptors of 382, 343, 331 and 363 amino acids respectively, which show 50-66 % amino acid sequence identity with human UTS2R. Using cell-based luciferase reporter assays and Western blot, we demonstrated that chicken UTS2Rs expressed in HEK293 cells could be effectively activated by synthetic chicken UTS2-12, UTS2-17 and URP peptides, and their activation can elevate intracellular calcium concentration and activate MAPK/ERK signaling cascade, indicating that the four UTS2Rs are functional and capable of mediating UTS2/URP actions in chickens. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the four receptors are widely, but differentially, expressed in adult chicken tissues, while cUTS2 and cURP are highly expressed in the hindbrain and spinal cord, and moderately/weakly expressed in other tissues examined including the spleen and gonads. Taken together, our data provide first piece of evidence that all four UTS2Rs are functional in an avian species and help to reveal the conserved roles of UTS2R signaling across vertebrates.

Purpose: To investigate the multiple-dose pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and tolerability of palosuran, a selective, potent antagonist of the human UT receptor. Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Three dose levels were investigated for PKs, PDs, and safety in sequential groups of 8 subjects each. Results: The plasma concentration-time profile is characterized by rapid absorption and 2 peaks after drug administration. The apparent terminal half-life was approximately 25 h. Steady-state concentrations were reached after 4–5 days of dosing. The accumulation factor was approximately 2.5. With increasing doses, a more than dose proportional increase in AUCτ and Cmax was observed. Urinary excretion of unchanged palosuran was below 3%. No consistent effect was found on any of the PD variables. Palosuran was well tolerated in multiple doses up to 500 mg b.i.d. Conclusion: Palosuran after multiple-dosing is a well-tolerated drug in healthy subjects, but this finding warrants further investigation in patients.

This study aimed to investigate changes in postmortem urotensin II receptor (UTR) levels in brain and kidney tissues in a rat model of cardiac ischemia. The rats were divided into two groups: a control group and a cardiac ischemia-induced group. Cardiac ischemia was created by an intraperitoneal injection of a single lethal dose of isoproterenol (ISO; 850 mg/kg). Plasma UT, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels were determined 0 h postmortem. Brain and kidney UTR mRNA expression levels were determined 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h postmortem. The histopathological appearance of brain and kidney tissues was also evaluated. Plasma UT and plasma creatinine levels were increased in the cardiac ischemia-induced group as compared with those in the control group (P < 0.001). Ischemia resulted in histopathological changes in brain and cerebellum tissue. The morphological evaluation revealed Purkinje cell degeneration (P = 0.037) and dark neurons (P = 0.004). The UTR expression level decreased after 1 h postmortem in the brain and after 3 h postmortem in the kidneys in the cardiac ischemia-induced group as compared with that in the control group (P < 0.001). The observed changes in UTR expression levels may be valuable in clinical practice in the field of forensic medicine. These changes may be used as a marker in postmortem evaluations of sudden death caused by ischemia-induced cardiac shock.

International audience; Benzotriazepin-2-ones were designed to mimic the suggested bioactive γ-turn conformation of the Bip-Lys-Tyr tripeptide in Urocontrin ([Bip4]URP), which modulates the urotensin II receptor (UT) and differentiates the effects of the endogenous ligands urotensin II (UII) and urotensin II-related peptide (URP). Twenty-six benzotriazepin-2-ones were synthesized by acylation of anthranilate-derived amino ketones with an aza-glycine equivalent, chemoselective nitrogen functionalization, and ring closure. Several mimics exhibited selective modulatory effects on hUII- and URP-associated vasoconstriction in an ex vivo rat aortic ring bioassay. The C5 p-hydroxyphenethenyl benzotriazepin-2-one 20g decreased hUII potency and efficacy without changing URP induced vasoconstriction. Its saturated phenethyl counterpart 23g decreased URP potency without influencing hUII-mediated contraction. To our knowledge, 20g and 23g represent the first achiral molecules that modulate selectively hUII and URP biological activities. Effectively synthesized, benzotriaepin-2-one turn mimics offer the potential to differentiate the respective roles, signaling pathways, and phenotypic outcomes of hUII and URP in the UT system.

Urotensin II (UII) is a mitogenic and hypertrophic agent that can induce the proliferation of vascular cells. UII inhibition has been considered as beneficial strategy for atherosclerosis and restenosis. However, currently there is no therapeutics clinically available for atherosclerosis or restenosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a newly synthesized UII receptor (UT) antagonist, KR- 36996, on the proliferation of SMCs in vitro and neointima formation in vivo in comparison with GSK-1440115, a known potent UT antagonist. In primary human aortic SMCs (HASMCs), UII (50 nM) induced proliferation was significantly inhibited by KR-36996 at 1, 10, and 100 nM which showed greater potency (IC₅₀: 3.5 nM) than GSK-1440115 (IC₅₀: 82.3 nM). UII-induced proliferation of HASMC cells was inhibited by U0126, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, but not by SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK) or SB202190 (inhibitor of p38 MAPK). UII increased the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2. Such increase was significantly inhibited by KR-36996. UII-induced proliferation was also inhibited by trolox, a scavenger for reactive oxygen species (ROS). UII-induced ROS generation was also decreased by KR-36996 treatment. In a carotid artery ligation mouse model, intimal thickening was dramatically suppressed by oral treatment with KR-36996 (30 mg/kg) which showed better efficacy than GSK-1440115. These results suggest that KR-36996 is a better candidate than GSK-1440115 in preventing vascular proliferation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and restenosis.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of DS37001789, a novel and highly potent urotensin II (U-II) receptor (GPR14) antagonist, against mortality, hypertrophy, and cardiac dysfunction in pressure-overload hypertrophy by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. In addition, we analyzed the phenotype of GPR14 knockout (KO) mice after TAC induction to confirm the contribution of the U-II/GPR14 system. The oral administration of 0.2% DS37001789 to TAC mice for 12 weeks significantly ameliorated the mortality rate and 0.2% DS37001789 for 4 weeks significantly improved cardiac function by pressure-volume analysis. GPR14 expression was significantly upregulated in the left ventricle in the TAC mice treated with 0.2% DS37001789. Moreover, we confirmed that the significant amelioration of mortality was accomplished by the inhibition of cardiac enlargement and the improvement of cardiac function in GPR14 KO mice after TAC surgery. These results suggest that the U-II/GPR14 system contributes to the progression of heart failure and its blockade ameliorates the mortality via improved cardiac function. The U-II/GPR14 system may thus be an attractive target for treating heart failure with pathological cardiac hypertrophy and DS37001789 may be a novel therapeutic agent for heart failure in patients with pressure-overload conditions such as hypertension and aortic valve stenosis., Urotensin II; GPR14; Heart failure; Transverse aortic constriction; Biological sciences; Endocrinology; Diabetes; Health sciences; Cardiology; Cardiovascular system; Renal system; Pharmaceutical science; Biochemistry; Medicine; Physiology.

INTRODUCTION Urotensin II is a potent vasoactive peptide activating the the G protein-coupled urotensin II receptor UT, and is involved in systemic inflammation and cardiovascular functions. The aim of our work was to study the impact of the UT antagonist urantide on survival, systemic inflammation, and cardiac function during endotoxic shock. METHODS C57Bl/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then randomized to be injected either by urantide or NaCl 0.9% 3, 6, and 9 h (H3, H6, H9) after LPS. The effect of urantide on the survival rate, the levels of cytokines in plasma at H6, H9, H12, the expression level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB-p65) in liver and kidney (at H12), and the cardiac function by trans-thoracic echocardiography from H0 to H9 was evaluated. RESULTS Urantide treatment improved survival (88.9% vs. 30% on day 6, P

International audience; Conformation and dynamics of the vasoconstrictive peptides human urotensin II (UII) and urotensin related peptide (URP) have been investigated by both unrestrained and enhanced-sampling molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations and NMR spectroscopy. These peptides are natural ligands of the G-protein coupled urotensin II receptor (UTR) and have been linked to mammalian pathophysiology. UII and URP cannot be characterized by a single structure but exist as an equilibrium of two main classes of ring conformations, open and folded, with rapidly interchanging subtypes. The open states are characterized by turns of various types centered at K8Y9 or F6W7 predominantly with no or only sparsely populated transannular hydrogen bonds. The folded conformations show multiple turns stabilized by highly populated transannular hydrogen bonds comprising centers F6W7K8 or W7K8Y9. Some of these conformations have not been characterized previously. The equilibrium populations that are experimentally difficult to access were estimated by replica-exchange MD simulations and validated by comparison of experimental NMR data with chemical shifts calculated with density-functional theory. UII exhibits approximately 72% open:28% folded conformations in aqueous solution. URP shows very similar ring conformations as UII but differs in an open:folded equilibrium shifted further toward open conformations (86:14) possibly arising from the absence of folded N-terminal tail-ring interaction. The results suggest that the different biological effects of UII and URP are not caused by differences in ring conformations but rather by different interactions with UTR

This study investigated the role of individual U-II amino acid positions and side chain characteristics important for U-IIR activation. A complete permutation library of 209 U-II variants was studied in an activity screen that contained single substitution variants of each position with one of the other 19 proteinogenic amino acids. Receptor activation was measured using a cell-based high-throughput fluorescence calcium mobilization assay. We generated the first complete U-II substitution map for U-II receptor activation, resulting in a detailed view into the structural features required for receptor activation, accompanied by complementary information from receptor modeling and ligand docking studies. On the basis of the systematic SAR study of U-II, we created 33 further short and linear U-II variants from eight to three amino acids in length, including d- and other non-natural amino acids. We identified the first high-potency linear U-II analogues. Urolinin, a linear U-II agonist (nWWK-Tyr(3-NO2)-Abu),...

The pathophysiological implications of binding of urotensin II (U-II) to urotensin II receptor (UT) in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) have been proposed recently. Besides high expression of U-II in experimental models and patients with PAH, U-II has been shown to increase proliferation of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells and inflammatory responses, which were critical for PAH pathophysiology. However, the direct role of the urotensinergic system in the pathogenesis of PAH is yet to be understood. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a novel UT antagonist, KR36676, attenuates the pathophysiological progression of PAH in an animal model of PAH. PAH was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (MCT, 60mg/kg) in rats. All the animals received KR36676 (30mg/kg/day) or vehicle by oral gavage. Three weeks after MCT-injection, changes in hemodynamic parameters, extent of right ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis and pulmonary vascular remodeling, and degree of protein expression were determined. Oral administration of KR36676 effectively decreased the MCT-induced increase in right ventricular systolic pressure, hypertrophy and fibrosis. Furthermore, wall thickness of pulmonary arterioles, proliferation of pulmonary vascular cells, and inflammatory response significantly decreased in the KR36676-treated group following MCT injection compared to that in the MCT-treated vehicle group. These preventive effects of KR36676 are mediated, at least in part, by suppression of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The novel UT antagonist, KR36676, effectively prevented MCT-induced PAH progression and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rat model. Our findings support the therapeutic efficacy of UT antagonist in PAH prevention and elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms of action.

Urotensin II (UII) and the urotensin II receptor (UT) exhibit mitogenic effects on tumor growth. Our previous study demonstrated that the UII/UT system is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and may enhance the proliferation of human hepatoma cells. However, the clinical significance of UII/UT expression in HCC remains unclear. The present study assessed UII messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in 129 surgical specimens obtained from HCC patients using reverse transcription quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. The association between UII mRNA expression and clinicopathological parameters and overall survival rates was also investigated. The results revealed that UII and UT mRNA expression was significantly increased in HCC tissue compared with adjacent non-cancerous liver tissue (P

Urotensin II (UII) is a neural hormone that induces cardiac hypertrophy and may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Hypertrophy has been linked to histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) phosphorylation and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) translocation, both of which are predominantly mediated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5). In the present study, we found that UII rapidly and strongly stimulated nuclear export of HDAC5 and nuclear import of NF-κB in H9c2 cells overexpressing the urotensin II receptor (H9c2UT). Hence, we hypothesized that GRK5 and its signaling pathway may play a role in UII-mediated cellular hypertrophy. H9c2UT cells were transduced with a GRK5 small hairpin RNA interference recombinant lentivirus, resulting in the down-regulation of GRK5. Under UII stimulation, reduced levels of GRK5 in H9c2UT cells led to suppression of UII-mediated HDAC5 phosphorylation and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In contrast, UII-mediated activations of ERK1/2 and GSK3α/β were not affected by down-regulation of GRK5. In a cellular hypertrophy assay, down-regulation of GRK5 significantly suppressed UII-mediated hypertrophy of H9c2UT cells. Furthermore, UII-mediated cellular hypertrophy was inhibited by amlexanox, a selective GRK5 inhibitor, in H9c2UT cells and neonatal cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that GRK5 may be involved in a UII-mediated hypertrophic response via activation of NF-κB and HDAC5 at least in part by ERK1/2 and GSK3α/β-independent pathways.

Urotensin II (UII) is a potent vasoactive peptide and mitogenic agent to induce proliferation of various cells including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In this study, we examined the effects of a novel UII receptor (UT) antagonist, KR-36676, on vasoconstriction of aorta and proliferation of aortic SMCs. In rat aorta, UII-induced vasoconstriction was significantly inhibited by KR-36676 in a concentration-dependent manner. In primary human aortic SMCs (hAoSMCs), UII-induced cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by KR-36676 in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, KR-36676 decreased UII-induced phosphorylation of ERK, and UII-induced cell proliferation was also significantly inhibited by a known ERK inhibitor U0126. In mouse carotid ligation model, intimal thickening of carotid artery was dramatically suppressed by oral treatment with KR-36676 (30 mg/ kg/day) for 4 weeks compared to vehicle-treated group. From these results, it is indicated that KR-36676 suppress UII-induced proliferation of VSMCs at least partially through inhibition of ERK activation, and that it also attenuates UII-induced vasoconstriction and vascular neointima formation. Our study suggest that KR-36676 may be an attractive candidate for the pharmacological management of vascular dysfunction.

Our aim was to evaluate the role of urotensin II, urantide (urotensin II receptor antagonist) and relaxin-2 on the cellular expression of fibronectin as a surrogate marker for renal fibrosis. We employed LLC-PK1 renal tubular epithelial cells and assessed the influence on the fibrotic process of the above-mentioned substances by using anti-fibronectin antibodies in western blot analysis. The addition of urotensin II increased fibronectin expression. Urantide reduced the positivity for fibronectin caused by urotensin II (P

Urotensin II (UII) is involved, via the UII receptor (UTR), in many physiological and pathological processes, including vasoconstriction, locomotion, osmoregulation, immune response, and metabolic syndrome. In silico studies have revealed the presence of four or five distinct UTR (UTR1-UTR5) gene sequences in nonmammalian vertebrates. However, the functionality of these receptor subtypes and their associations to signaling pathways are unclear. In this study, full-length cDNAs encoding four distinct UTR subtypes (UTR1, UTR3, UTR4, and UTR5) were isolated from the western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis). In functional analyses, homologous Xenopus UII stimulation of cells expressing UTR1 or UTR5 induced intracellular calcoum mobilization and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Cells expressing UTR3 or UTR4 did not show this response. Furthermore, UII induced the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB) through the UII-UTR1/5 system. However, intracellular cAMP accumulation was not observed, suggesting that UII-induced CREB phosphorylation is caused by a signaling pathway different from that involving Gs protein. In contrast, the administration of UII to cells increased the phosphorylation of guanine nucleotide exchange factor-H1 (GEF-H1) and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) in all UTR subtypes. These results define four distinct UTR functional subtypes and are consistent with the molecular evolution of UTR subtypes in vertebrates. Further understanding of signaling properties associated with UTR subtypes may help in clarifying the functional roles associated with UII-UTR interactions in nonmammalian vertebrates.

Objective To explore the effect of urantide on atherosclerotic myocardial injury by antagonizing the urotensin II/urotensin II receptor (UII/UT) system and regulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. Methods Atherosclerosis (AS) was established in rats by administering a high-fat diet and an intraperitoneal injection of vitamin D3. The effect of treatment with urantide (30 μg/kg), a UII receptor antagonist, for 3, 7, or 14 days on AS-induced myocardial damage was evaluated. Results The heart of rats with AS exhibited pathological changes suggestive of myocardial injury, and the serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased. Additionally, significant increases in the levels of UII, its receptor (G protein-coupled receptor 14, GPR14), p-P38, p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were observed in the heart. Urantide improved pathological changes in the heart of rats with AS and reduced the serum CK and LDH levels. Additionally, the UII antagonist decreased the increased levels of UII, GPR14, p-P38, p-ERK and p-JNK in the heart. Conclusions Urantide alleviates atherosclerotic myocardial injury by inhibiting the UII-GPR14 interaction and regulating the MAPK signalling pathway. We hypothesized that myocardial injury may be associated with the regulation of the MAPK signalling pathway.

Urotensin II (U-II) has been found to be one of the most potent vasoconstrictor (Ames et al., 1999; Bohm et al., 2002) reported till date. U-II exerts its response via activation of a G-protein coupled receptor, Urotensin II receptor(UT). Binding of U-II to UT leads to an instant increase in the inositol phosphate turnover and intracellular Ca2+. Such an instant Ca2+ release and potent vasoconstriction exerted by U-II is expected to have an important role in the progression of cardiac diseases. We have previously shown that UT antagonist DS37001789 prevents U-II induced blood pressure elevation in mice (Nishi et al., 2019) in a dose dependent manner, with potent efficacy at 30 and 100 mg/kg. Further to this, we have also shown that DS37001789 ameliorates mortality in pressure-overload mice with heart failure (Nishi et al., 2020). We therefore conducted an extensive structure-activity relationship studies to identify molecules with superior efficacy. In the present manuscript, we report the identification of two potent, non-peptide small molecule antagonists of Urotensin II receptor (UT), RCI-0879 and RCI-0298 which blocked the action of U-II, both in vitro and in vivo. These molecules were found to be very potent in in vitro Ca2+ and radioligand binding assays using human and mouse UT over-expressing CHO cells. RCI-0879 and RCI-0298 also exhibited superior efficacy in in vivo mouse pressor response model using C57BL/6 mice, compared to our initial molecules (Nishi et al., 2019) and demonstrated ED50 values of 3.2 mg/kg and 6.8 mg/kg respectively. Our findings reported herewith, further strengthen our concept and belief in UT antagonization as a potential therapeutic approach for the management of chronic heart failure.

This study was designed to characterize the pharmacological profile of DS37001789, which is a structurally novel piperazine derivative that acts as urotensin II (U-II) receptor antagonist. DS37001789 inhibited [I]-U-II binding to human GPR14, U-II receptor, with an IC50 value 0.9 nM. Its potency was superior to that of ACT-058362, a nonpeptide U-II receptor antagonist whose IC50 was 120 nM. Human U-II-induced vascular contraction was blocked by DS37001789. The dose-response curve of DS37001789 in rats and monkeys did not show species differences, and it shifted to the right without any effects on the maximum vascular response. Moreover, orally administered DS37001789 dose-dependently prevented human U-II-induced blood pressure elevation in mice, and this effect was significant at dose and higher dose (30 and 100 mg/kg), and its potency was superior to that of ACT-058362 (100 mg/kg). These results suggest that DS37001789 is a highly potent U-II receptor antagonist both in vitro and in vivo, with no marked species difference. DS37001789 would be a useful tool to clarify the physiological roles of U-II/GPR14 system. In addition, it can serve as a novel therapeutic agent for diseases in which the U-II/GPR14 system is upregulated, such as hypertension, heart failure, renal dysfunction, and diabetes.

International audience; In accordance with their common but also divergent physiological actions, human urotensin II (1) and urotensin II-related peptide (2) could stabilize specific urotensin II receptor (UTR) conformations, thereby activating different signaling pathways, a feature referred to as biased agonism or functional selectivity. Sequential N-methylation of the amides in the conserved core sequence of 1, 2, and fragment U-II4-11 (3) shed light on structural requirements involved in their functional selectivity. Thus, 18 N-methylated UTR ligands were synthesized and their biological profiles evaluated using in vitro competition binding assays, ex vivo rat aortic ring bioassays and BRET-based biosensor experiments. Biological activity diverged from that of the parent structures contingent on the location of amide methylation, indicating relevant hydrogen-bond interactions for the function of the endogenous peptides. Conformational analysis of selected N-methyl analogs indicated the importance of specific amide residues of 2 for the distinct pharmacology relative to 1 and 3.

The pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPTg) plays a role in processing multiple sensory inputs and innervates brain regions associated with reward-related behaviors. The urotensin II receptor, activated by the urotensin II peptide (UII), is selectively expressed by the cholinergic neurons of the PPTg. Although the exact function of cholinergic neurons of the PPTg is unknown, they are thought to contribute to the perception of reward magnitude or salience detection. We hypothesized that the activation of PPTg cholinergic neurons would alter sensory processing across multiple modalities (ex. taste and hearing). Here we had three aims: first, determine if cholinergic activation is involved in consumption behavior of palatable solutions (sucrose). Second, if so, distinguish the impact of the caloric value by using saccharin, a zero calorie sweetener. Lastly, we tested the UII-mediated effects on perception of acoustic stimuli by measuring acoustic startle reflex (ASR). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were bilaterally cannulated into the PPTg, then placed under food restriction lasting the entire consumption experiment (water ad lib.). Treatment consisted of a microinjection of either 1 μL of aCSF or 1 μL of 10 μM UII into the PPTg, and the rats were immediately given access to either sucrose or saccharin. For the remaining five days, rats were allowed one hour access per day to the same sweet solution without any further treatments. During the saccharin experiment rats were tested in a contact lickometer which recorded each individual lick to give insight into the microstructure of the consumption behavior. ASR testing consisted of a baseline (no treatment), treatment day, and two additional days (no treatment). Immediately following the microinjection of UII, consumption of both saccharin and sucrose increased compared to controls. This significant increase persisted for days after the single administration of UII, but there was no generalized arousal or increase in water consumption between testing sessions. The effects on ASR were not significant. Activating cholinergic PPTg neurons may lead to a miscalculation of the salience of external stimuli, implicating the importance of cholinergic input in modulating a variety of behaviors. The long-lasting effects seen after UII treatment support further research into the role of sensory processing on reward related-behaviors at the level of the PPTg cholinergic neurons.

Background Urotensin II receptor has been poorly studied in prostate cancer. To evaluate the expression of urotensin II receptor (UII-R) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Methods Overall, we identified 140 patients treated with retropubic radical prostatectomy (RP) in one center. UII-R was evaluated in prostate biopsies with immunohistochemical staining, resulting in a granular cytoplasmic positivity, through automated system using the kit Urotensin II Receptor Detection System provided by Pharmabullet srl. Immunostained slides were independently and blindly evaluated by ten uro-pathologists. To evaluate UTII-R expression three different parameters were considered: localization, granules dimensions and intensity of expression. A score from 0 to 3 was applied to each parameter to obtain a score from 0 to 9. Each parameter and the total score were evaluated as predictors of high grade disease on surgical pathology and of advanced stage disease. Accuracy of total score for the prediction of upgrading and upstaging was analyzed using receiver operator characteristics curve and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results On radical prostatectomy 92/140 (66%) presented high grade disease on surgical pathology. Patients with high grade disease presented an apical distribution of the receptor, larger granules and a more intense expression when compared to patients with low grade disease. A well they presented a higher total score. Subscores and total scores were found to be predictors of upgrading and upstaging. On ROC analysis total score presented an AUC of 0.72 and 0.70, respectively, for the prediction of upgrading and upstaging. On DCA total score showed a clinical benefit in the prediction of adverse pathological outcomes. Conclusion Urotensin II receptor is a potential marker of adverse pathological outcomes. Further studies should confirm our data and evaluate its role as a prognostic marker.

Plasma urotensin II (UII) has been observed to be raised in patients with acute myocardial infarction, suggesting a possible cardiac protective role for this peptide. However, the molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we treated cultured cardiomyocytes with H2O2 to induce oxidative stress, observed the effect of UII on H2O2-induced apoptosis and explored potential mechanisms. UII pretreatment significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes induced by H2O2, and it partly abolished the increase of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and the decrease of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in cardiomyocytes induced by H2O2. SiRNA targeted to the urotensin II receptor (UT) greatly inhibited these effects. Further analysis revealed that UII increased the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the level of cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) by activating the ERK signaling in H2O2-treated-cardiomyocytes. Si-CSE or ERK inhibitor not only greatly inhibited the increase in CSE level or the phosphorylation of ERK induced by UII but also reversed anti-apoptosis of UII in H2O2-treated-cadiomyocytes. In conclusion, UII rapidly promoted the phosphorylation of ERK and upregulated CSE level and H2S production, which in turn activated ERK signaling to protect cardiomyocytes from apoptosis under oxidative stress. These results suggest that increased plasma UII level may protect cardiomyocytes at the early-phase of acute myocardial infarction in patients.

The urotensin II receptor (UTR) has long been studied mainly for its involvement in the cardiovascular homeostasis both in health and disease state. Two endogenous ligands activate UTR, i.e. urotensin II (U-II) and urotensin II-related peptide (URP). Extensive expression of the two ligands uncovers the diversified pathophysiological effects mediated by the urotensinergic system such as cardiovascular disorders, smooth muscle cell proliferation, renal disease, diabetes, and tumour growth. As newly reported, U-II and URP have distinct effects on transcriptional activity, cell proliferation, and myocardial contractile activities supporting the idea that U-II and URP interact with UTR in a distinct manner (biased agonism). To shed light on the origin of the divergent activities of the two endogenous ligands, we performed a conformational study on URP by solution NMR in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle solution and compared the obtained NMR structure of URP with that of hU-II previously determined. Finally, we undertook docking studies between URP, hU-II, and an UT receptor model. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

International audience; Biased agonism by G-protein-coupled receptor ligands has opened up strategies for targeted physiological or therapeutic actions. We hypothesized that urotensin II (UII)-derived peptides displayed unexpected physiological effects because of such biased signaling on the UII human urotensin (hUT) receptor. We determined the coupling to G proteins and beta-arrestins of the UII-activated hUT receptor expressed in HEK293 using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) biosensors, as well as the production of IP1-3 and cAMP using homogenous time-resolved Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) (HTRF)-based assays. The activated receptor coupled to Gi1, GoA, Gq, and G13, excluding Gs, and recruited beta-arrestins 1 and 2. Integration of these pathways led to a 2-phase kinetic phosphorylation of ERK1/2 kinases. The tested peptides induced three different profiles: UII, urotensin-related peptide (URP), and UII4-11 displayed the full profile; [Orn(8)]UII and [Orn(5)]URP activated G proteins, although with pEC50s 5-10x higher, and did not or barely recruited beta-arrestin; urantide also failed to recruit beta-arrestin but displayed a reversed rank order for Gi and Gq vs. Go pEC50s (-8.79+/-0.20, -8.43+/-0.21, and -7.86+/-0.36, respectively, for urantide, -7.87+/-0.10, -7.23+/-0.27, and -8.55+/-0.19, respectively, for [Orn(5)]URP) and was a partial agonist of all G-protein pathways. Interestingly, the peptides differently modulated cell survival but similarly induced cell migration and adhesion. Thus, we demonstrate biased signaling between beta-arrestin and G proteins, and between G-protein subtypes, which dictates the receptor's cellular responses.

For a series of 35 piperazino-phthalimide and piperazino-isoindolinone based urotensin-II receptor (UT) antagonists, a thoroughly validated 3D pharmacophore model has been developed, consisting of four chemical features: one hydrogen bond acceptor lipid (HBA_L), one hydrophobe (HY), and two ring aromatic (RA). Multiple validation techniques like CatScramble, test set prediction, and mapping analysis of advanced known antagonists have been employed to check the predictive power and robustness of the developed model. The results demonstrate that the best model, Hypo 1, shows a correlation (r) of 0.902, a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.886, and the cost difference of 39.69 bits. The model obtained is highly predictive with good correlation values for both internal (r2=0.707) as well as external (r2=0.614) test set compounds. Moreover, the pharmacophore model has been used as a 3D query for virtual screening which served to detect prospective new lead compounds which can be further optimized as UT antagonists with potential for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

The vasoactive urotensin-II (UII), a cyclic undecapeptide widely distributed in cardiovascular, renal and endocrine systems, specifically binds the UII receptor (UT receptor), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The involvement of this receptor in numerous pathophysiological conditions including atherosclerosis, heart failure, hypertension, renal impairment and diabetes potentially makes it an interesting therapeutic target. To elucidate how UII binds the UT receptor through the identification of specific residues in transmembrane domains (TM) one (TM1) and two (TM2) that are involved in the formation of the receptor's binding pocket, we used the substituted-cysteine accessibility method (SCAM). Each residue of TM1 (V49(1.30) to M76(1.57)) and TM2 (V88(2.41) to H117(2.70)) was mutated, one by one, to a cysteine. The resulting mutants were then expressed in COS-7 cells and subsequently treated with the sulfhydryl-specific alkylating agent methanethiosulfonate-ethylammonium (MTSEA). MTSEA treatment resulted in a significant binding inhibition of 125I-UII to mutant I54C(1.35) in TM1 and mutants Y100C(2.53), S103C(2.56), F106C(2.59), I107C(2.60), T110C(2.63) and Y111C(2.64) in TM2. These results identify key structural residues in TM1 and TM2 that participate in the formation of the UT receptor binding pocket. Together with previous SCAM analysis of TM3, TM4, TM5, TM6 and TM7, these results have led us to identify residues within all 7 TMs that participate in UT's binding pocket and have enabled us to propose a model of this receptor's orthosteric binding site.

In this study, we investigated the effects of a selective urotensin II (UII) receptor antagonist, SB-657510, on the inflammatory response induced by UII in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926) and human monocytes (U937). UII induced inflammatory activation of endothelial cells through expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), adhesion molecules (VCAM-1), and tissue factor (TF), which facilitates the adhesion of monocytes to EA.hy926 cells. Treatment with SB-657510 significantly inhibited UII-induced expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and VCAM-1 in EA.hy926 cells. Further, SB-657510 dramatically blocked the UII-induced increase in adhesion between U937 and EA.hy926 cells. In addition, SB-657510 remarkably reduced UII-induced expression of TF in EA.hy926 cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the UII antagonist SB-657510 decreases the progression of inflammation induced by UII in endothelial cells.

Urotensin II (UII) and UII-related peptide (URP) exhibit diverse physiological actions including vasoconstriction, locomotor activity, osmoregulation, and immune response through UII receptor (UTR), which is expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of fish and mammals. In amphibians, only UII has been identified. As the first step toward elucidating the actions of UII and URP in amphibians, we cloned and characterized URP and UTR from the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Functional analysis showed that treatment of UII or URP with Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the cloned receptor increased the intracellular calcium concentration in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the administration of the UTR antagonist urantide inhibited UII- or URP-induced Ca(2+) mobilization. An immunohistochemical study showed that UTR was expressed in the splenocytes and leukocytes isolated from peripheral blood, suggesting that UII and URP are involved in the regulation of the immune system. UTR was also localized in the apical membrane of the distal tubule of the kidney and in the transitional epithelial cells of the urinary bladder. This result supports the view that the UII/URP-UTR system plays an important role in osmoregulation of amphibians. Interestingly, immunopositive labeling for UTR was first detected in the chondrocytes of various hyaline cartilages (the lung septa, interphalangeal joint and sternum). The expression of UTR was also observed in the costal cartilage, tracheal cartilages, and xiphoid process of the rat. These novel findings probably suggest that UII and URP mediate the formation of the cartilaginous matrix.

Urotensin II (U-II) is a disulfide bridged peptide hormone identified as the ligand of a G-protein-coupled receptor. Human U-II (H-Glu-Thr-Pro-Asp-c[Cys-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH) has been described as the most potent vasoconstrictor compound identified to date. We have recently identified both a superagonist of human U-II termed P5U (H-Asp-c[Pen-Phe-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH) and the compound termed urantide (H-Asp-c[Pen-Phe-D-Trp-Orn-Tyr-Cys]-Val-OH), which is the most potent UT receptor peptide antagonist described to date. In the present study, we have synthesized four analogues of P5U and urantide in which the Trp 7 residue was replaced by the highly constrained L-Tpi and D-Tpi residues. The replacement of the Trp 7 by Tpi led to active analogues. Solution NMR analysis

The small, highly conserved vasoactive peptide urotensin II (UII) is upregulated in atherosclerosis. However, its effects in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis have not been assessed.Endothelial cells were grown in normal- and high-glucose (5 and 25 mmol/l) media with and without UII (10⁻⁸ mol/l) and/or the UII receptor antagonist, SB-657510 (10⁻⁸ mol/l). Apoe knockout (KO) mice with or without streptozotocin-induced diabetes were treated with or without SB-657510 (30 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹; n = 20 per group) and followed for 20 weeks. Carotid endarterectomy specimens from diabetic and non-diabetic humans were also evaluated.In high (but not normal) glucose medium, UII significantly increased CCL2 (encodes macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]) gene expression (human aortic endothelial cells) and increased monocyte adhesion (HUVECs). UII receptor antagonism in diabetic Apoe KO mice significantly attenuated diabetes-associated atherosclerosis and aortic staining for MCP-1, F4/80 (macrophage marker), cyclooxygenase-2, nitrotyrosine and UII. UII staining was significantly increased in carotid endarterectomies from diabetic compared with non-diabetic individuals, as was staining for MCP-1.This is the first report to demonstrate that UII is increased in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis in humans and rodents. Diabetes-associated plaque development was attenuated by UII receptor antagonism in the experimental setting. Thus UII may represent a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.

Urotensin II and its receptor are thought to be involved in various cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and atherosclerosis. Since the regulation of the urotensin II/urotensin II receptor offers a great potential for therapeutic strategies related to the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the study of selective and potent antagonists for urotensin II receptor is more fascinating. This study was designed to determine the potential therapeutic effects of a newly developed novel urotensin II receptor antagonist, N-(1-(3-bromo-4-(piperidin-4-yloxy)benzyl)piperidin-4-yl)benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (KR-36996), in experimental models of heart failure. KR-36996 displayed a high binding affinity (Ki=4.44±0.67nM) and selectivity for urotensin II receptor. In cell-based study, KR-36996 significantly inhibited urotensin II-induced stress fiber formation and cellular hypertrophy in H9c2UT cells. In transverse aortic constriction-induced cardiac hypertrophy model in mice, the daily oral administration of KR-36996 (30mg/kg) for 14 days significantly decreased left ventricular weight by 40% (P

Urotensin II and Urotensin-II receptors are important molecular factors that regulate vasoconstriction and all the diseases that are linked to abnormalities in blood pressure regulation (i.e.: hypertension, kidney diseases, cirrhosis etc.). Recently, Urotensin II and its receptor have also been involved in metabolic syndrome, diabetes and schizophrenia. Recent strong findings suggest that Urotensin II and its receptor are involved in the onset and development of different epithelial cancers. Indeed, it was reported that cell growth, motility and invasion in human breast, bladder, prostate, colorectal and glioblastoma cancer cells were regulated by Urotensin II and Urotensin-II receptor axis. This axis also regulated focal adhesion kinase and small Guanosine-5'-triphosphate binding proteins that likely had a role in motility and invasion mediated by Urotensin-II receptor. Additionally, its expression on tumour tissues is variably associated to the prediction of the clinical outcome of the patients and it can be considered an alternative molecular marker to be used as prognostic factor in human cancers. In conclusion, a new weapon in the treatment of human cancers is highlighting a new scenario for the future.