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Anastomosing hemangioma of the ovary is a rare vascular tumor that predominantly affects middle-aged women. Despite its benign nature, its histological appearance can mimic aggressive vascular lesions, posing diagnostic challenges. This review aims to provide an overview of this uncommon entity.

This review will describe histological features of infectious diseases involving the urogenital tract, and is organized by organ or location. Emphasis is placed on selected parasitic, viral and bacterial infections that either occur more frequently in the urogenital tract than elsewhere (schistosomiasis), or are of particular importance to the pathologist because of their common occurrence and relation to malignancy (human papillomavirus), or relationship to pelvic inflammatory disease (actinomycosis). Detailed discussions of the life cycle of schistosomiasis and the characteristics of human papillomavirus are included because knowledge of their interactions with the human host is important in order to understand the histological features seen in these infections. The histological features of these infections will be discussed, as well as selected inflammatory conditions that may mimic infection. Only brief comments will be made of bacterial and other viral infections, many of them sexually transmitted, that occur in the urogenital tract and are more commonly diagnosed by means other than histological examination, or may involve the urogenital tract as part of a systemic infection. Cervical cytology is not discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urogenital tract is sensitive to the effect of oestrogen and progesterone throughout adult life. Epidemiological studies have implicated oestrogen deficiency in the aetiology of lower urinary tract symptoms and Genitourinary Symptoms of the Menopause (GSM) occurring following the menopause. The role of systemic and local oestrogen replacement therapy in the management of postmenopausal lower urinary tract symptoms remains controversial although the use of vaginal oestrogens in the management of women complaining of lower urinary tract symptoms and GSM is now well established.This aim of this paper is to review the history of post-menopausal hormonal therapy in the management of postmenopausal urinary incontinence, recurrent lower urinary tract infections and GSM with a special focus on the lifelong research in the field by Professor Linda Cardozo.

Foreign bodies in the pediatric urogenital tract are rare but urgent clinical conditions that can cause severe symptoms and complications. The current management remains challenging. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the clinical characteristics, diagnostic challenges, and treatment strategies for pediatric urogenital tract foreign bodies. Through a retrospective analysis of patient data, valuable insights into the management of this condition are offered to facilitate the development of more effective management strategies. A single-center retrospective study design was employed, reviewing clinical data of 30 pediatric patients with urogenital tract foreign bodies admitted to Anhui Children's Hospital from October 2016 to May 2023. This included 16 cases of urethral and bladder foreign bodies and 14 cases of vaginal foreign bodies. Among them, there were 14 males and 16 females, with a median age of 6.3 years. Treatment methods included transvaginal endoscopic removal, cystoscopic removal, pneumovesicum laparoscopy removal, and perineal incisional foreign body removal. Surgical time, blood loss, hospitalization days, and postoperative follow-up results were recorded. Key clinical presentations included vaginal bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, hematuria, dysuria, urinary retention, and perineal pain. Preoperative routine examinations included ultrasound, abdominal radiography, and, in some cases, CT scans. All 30 patients underwent successful surgery, with a median surgical time of 30.5 min (IQR 16.8–50.8), minimal intraoperative bleeding, and a median postoperative hospital stay of 2 days (IQR 2–3). Follow-up from 3 months to 1 year revealed no abnormalities in the urogenital system, no residual foreign bodies, and no occurrence of severe complications. No cases of recurrent foreign body insertion were observed. Early diagnosis and treatment of pediatric urogenital tract foreign bodies are crucial to reduce patient suffering and the risk of complications. The choice of surgical method depends on the type, size, and location of the foreign body, with endoscopy being the preferred option. Laparoscopic cystoscopy and open surgery are also effective treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To conduct preliminary research on the prevalence and genotyping of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection in sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Hainan Province, to understand the epidemiological characteristics and genotype features of the population infected with urogenital CT, and to provide evidence for the formulation of scientific prevention strategies and measures. Methods From 2018 to 2022, a total of 5 551 male urethral swabs and female cervical swabs were collected for detection of CT infection by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The OMPL gene was amplified from the DNA of some CT positive individuals by nested PCR, and the positive results were sequenced. Sequencing results were uploaded to BLAST website to find sequence similarity and construct a phylogenetic tree to determine the genotype. Results Out of the 5 551 tested patients, 846 were positive for Chlamydia trachomatis infection, with a positivity rate of 15.2%, the positive detection rate of CT-DNA was 18.6% in male and 13.4% in female, the positive detection rate of male was higher than that of female. There were statistically significant differences in the CT-DNA positivite detection rate among different age groups (P<0.05), and the highest positivite rate CT-DNA was 58.0% in 20-<30 years old, while it was the lowest, at 1.0%, in those over 50; there were also significant differences in CT-DNA positivity detection rate between seasons (P<0.05), with the highest being 36.4% in the summer and the lowest at 9.6% in the winter. Genotyping of the CT-OMPL gene VS1-VS2 nucleotide sequence in some samples from the Hainan region identified six genotypes, including types D, E, G, F, J, and K, with type F being the main prevalent dominant type. Conclusions CT infection in Hainan is associated with gender, age, and season, and the genotypes are diversified. It is necessary to further strengthen the screening of CT infection in the reproductive tract of men and women of childbearing age in the future STD prevention and treatment work to improve the fertility rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urinary tract infections (UTI) represent a significant cause of morbidity affecting individuals of all ages, including the pediatric population. In about 80% of cases, the cause of UTI in humans is Escherichia coli. In this paper, we have investigated the antibacterial effect of essential oils of ten species of plants on clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria isolated from the pediatric population. The existing differences in the antimicrobial effect of essential oils were examined by the one-way ANOVA method, while Tukey's test was used to compare pairs. The results have shown that the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. had the strongest antimicrobial activity (> 25 mm). The weakest effect was shown by the oil of Chamomilla recutita (L.) Raushert, which showed the antimicrobial effect only towards E. coli. Based on the results, we can conclude that essential oils can be a natural alternative to the use of antibiotics.

Bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus are inhabitants of the surfaces of human mucous membranes, such as the oral cavity, digestive and urogenital tracts. Moreover, there is evidence that they are found in breast milk and sputum. In view of the many genetic differences, metabolic abilities and other functions of the species included in this genus, a revision of the classification of the genus Lactobacillus is proposed in 2020. Recently, in the scientific medical literature, the issues related to the influence of lactobacilli on the human microbiome, maintaining health and preventing pathological conditions of the body have been actively discussed. This review is devoted to the functional characteristics and analysis of the species diversity of Lactobacillus spp. circulating in various body systems, their participation in the formation and regulation of defense mechanisms. However, negative impacts are also noted, most often associated with the transfer of genetic determinants of resistance to antimicrobial drugs from lactobacilli to gram-negative microbiota.

Unlike male mammals showing a well-delimited external urethral sphincter, female mammals have urogenital sphincters shaped by muscles like the urethrovaginal sphincter. Childbirth-related injuries affect morphometry and function of urogenital sphincters in women, which frequently underlies pelvic floor disorders, including stress urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. The bulboglandularis muscle (Bgm) seems to shape a urogenital sphincter in rabbits. We determined herein the effect of multiparity on urethral and vaginal pressures generated by the Bgm stimulation in age-matched nulliparous and multiparous chinchilla-breed rabbits to stimulate the Bgm with trains of ascending frequencies (from 1 to 100 Hz; 4 s duration each). Subsequently, the Bgm was excised, measured in width, and weighed. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were determined with Mann-Whitney U or Student t-tests or repeated measures two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey tests. Spearman's partial coefficients were calculated to investigate the correlation between the highest pressure (urethral or vaginal) and the Bgm width. Multiparity reduced the weight and the width in the Bgm origin and medial regions. Urethral and vaginal pressures increased in response to the electrical stimulation of Bgm with frequencies from 20 to 100 Hz. Multiparas showed significant reductions in both types of pressures. We detected a strong correlation (conditioned by multiparity) between the medial Bgm width and the highest vaginal pressure. Our present findings demonstrate that multiparity impairs the function of Bgm, resulting in diminished urethral and vaginal pressures. Furthermore, the significant narrowness of the Bgm was correlated with the vaginal pressure recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the current situation of urogenital pathogen infection in male infertility patients in Pu'er area of Yunnan Province, and to provide evidence for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods A total of 800 male infertility patients who first visited the outpatient department of the Reproductive Genetics Center of the hospital from August 2019 to December 2021 were selected. The infection rates of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) were detected by simultaneous amplification and testing method. The infection status of urogenital pathogens in patients of different age groups was compared. Results Among 800 patients.410 cases (51.2%) were infected by urogenital pathogens, including 387 cases (48. 4%) of UU infection.30 cases (3.8%) of CT infection, 26 cases (3.3%) of MG infection and 3 cases (0.4%) of NG infection. There was statistically significant difference in the total infection rate of urogenital pathogens among patients of different age groups (P<0.05). Among them, patients aged 22-25 had the highest infection rate (66.2%). followed by patients over 40 years old (61.5%). There were statistically significant differences in the infection rates of UU and CT among patients of different age groups in single pathogen infection (P<0.05). Conclusion The infection rate of urogenital pathogens in male infertility patients in Pu'er area is relatively high, and clinical attention should be paid to the situation of UU infection. At the same time, intervention should be strengthened for male infertility patients aged 22-25 years and over 40 years to improve the reproductive health level in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Abnormalities of the external genitals are an important issue in dog breeding because of the unfavourable qualities and characteristics of breeds, resulting in consistent economic losses. Despite their significance, little scientific attention has been given to these problems. Although there are several reviews on cryptorchidism in dogs, none have described anorchia. Testicular agenesis is a rare reproductive disorder with a congenital origin. Moreover, no author has described the diagnostic procedure for making a definitive diagnosis of anorchia in dogs. It is important to have a well‐structured diagnostic scheme to help practical veterinarians make a confirmatory diagnosis. This review article aims to provide an update on canine anorchia diagnosis based on the poor research studies published in recent years. We have also contributed to the pathogenesis of this disorder using human medicine studies. Finally, the review includes therapeutic hypotheses that can be expanded in future studies.

BackgroundUreaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the prevalent causes of several genital diseases worldwide; however, their characteristics in different genders have not been well documented in Shanghai. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of common pathogens among outpatients, considering variations by gender and age.MethodsFrom January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2021, the urogenital swabs of 16216 outpatients aged 3–95 years from two general hospitals in Shanghai were collected. All participants' swabs were investigated for U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae by isothermal RNA-based simultaneous amplification and testing. The basic information of all participants was also recorded, including age and gender. The chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence between different genders, age groups, and infection patterns.ResultsThere were 5,744 patients (35.42%) with positive samples whose ages ranged from 7 to 80 years (33.23 ± 8.63 years), and 62.14% of them were women. The most common pathogen detected was U. urealyticum (85.08%). The highest prevalence rate of all three pathogens was found in patients aged ≤ 20 years (40.53%, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 33.80%-47.63%). The prevalent rate of U. urealyticum was higher in men (33.36%, 95% CI: 32.19%-34.55%). The overall prevalence rates of U. urealyticum, C. trachomatis, and N. gonorrhoeae were 30.14% (95% CI: 29.44%-30.85%), 6.00% (95% CI: 5.64%-6.38%), and 2.10% (95% CI: 1.89%-2.33%).ConclusionsUreaplasma urealyticum was the most prevalent pathogen in the population, and its prevalence decreased with age. Young men aged ≤ 20 years were more frequently infected. Regular screening for sexually transmitted pathogens in different genders and age groups are warranted, particularly in young men.

The 5th edition WHO (World Health Organization) classification of the urogenital tract tumors was published in the middle of last year (so-called blue book). The new WHO classification reflects very dynamic developments in the field of renal neoplasms (caused mainly by the more frequent implementation of molecular genetic testing into the routine diagnosis of kidney tumors), and the new WHO classification shows changes especially in the chapter on renal tumors. The new kidney tumor classification modifies some traditional entities and also redefines and includes some new kidney tumors. This review article aims to briefly outline and comment on the most significant changes in the WHO classification of renal neoplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abnormalities of the external genitals are an important issue in dog breeding because of the unfavourable qualities and characteristics of breeds, resulting in consistent economic losses. Despite their significance, little scientific attention has been given to these problems. Although there are several reviews on cryptorchidism in dogs, none have described anorchia. Testicular agenesis is a rare reproductive disorder with a congenital origin. Moreover, no author has described the diagnostic procedure for making a definitive diagnosis of anorchia in dogs. It is important to have a well‐structured diagnostic scheme to help practical veterinarians make a confirmatory diagnosis. This review article aims to provide an update on canine anorchia diagnosis based on the poor research studies published in recent years. We have also contributed to the pathogenesis of this disorder using human medicine studies. Finally, the review includes therapeutic hypotheses that can be expanded in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The vaginal ecosystem is rich in bacteria, the simplest, fungi as well as viruses that are now introduced by the concept of virome. The lack of knowledge of the role of the virome, especially its impact on reproductive and sexual health, aims to study scientific literature on this issue.The purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date data on vaginal virome, its relationship with vaginal microbiota and outcomes of pregnancy, and its impact on reproductive and sexual health.Material and methods. An information search was carried out using Internet resources (PubMed, Web of Science, eLibrary.ru); literature sources for period 2016–2021 were analyzed.Results. The analysis of the scientific data demonstrated the importance of studying the vaginal virome, its role in the development of gynecological and obstetric pathologies the relationship of vaginal viruses with microbiota and immune system of the host organism. And any imbalance of this relationship can contribute to adverse reproductive outcomes, including the infertility.Conclusion. The growing interest in the investigation of vaginal virome requires standardization of laboratory protocols and technologies, including the identification of RNA viruses. However, there are methodological and analytical restrictions on the vaginal virome research. It is suggested that vaginal virome is the missing link between the bacteria of the female genital tract with protective properties of the mucous membranes and adverse reproductive outcomes. In this regard, future studies that assess vaginal virome in the balance between disease and health are very promising.

This article presents the findings of investigation of the microflora of 257 males with infectious-inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract using the test system “Androflor”. The role of representatives of conditionally pathogenic microflora as the main etiological agent in occurrence of infectious-inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract in males was shown. Its composition in 39.3±3.0% of cases was represented by bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae, in 10.9±1.9% – by Enterococcus spp., in 3.1±1.1% – by Haemophilus spp. and in 0.4±0.1% of cases – by P. aeruginosa. Out of 101 strains of enterobacteria, 27 representatives had the ability to synthesize β-lactamases 26.7±4.4% of cultures), in particular: 16 isolates of E. coli, 5 isolates of P. mirabilis and 6 isolates of K. pneumoniae. The selected strains of enterobacteria producing β-lactamases appeared to be resistant at least to 6 tested antibiotics, which allowed referring them to categories of multi-resistant. All cultures producing β-lactamases showed resistance to penicillinеs – ampicillin and amoxiclav. In this case, resistance to at least one of the antibiotics of cephalosporin group of the third generation was noted. In addition, 83.3±2.1% of the examined isolates were characterized by resistance to macrolides – erythromycin and azithromycin, as well as to co-trimoxazole and fosfomicin. The obtained data are of practical importance to develop efficient schemes of antibiotic therapy for infectious-inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract, caused by strains of enterobacteria producing β-lactamases.

Introduction: Microbiota in the human body are closely related to human diseases. Female urogenital tract and rectal microbes have been considered as important factors affecting female pregnancy, but the mechanism is unknown. Methods: Cervical, vaginal, urethral, and rectal swabs were collected from 22 infertile patients and 10 controls, and follicular fluid was extracted from 22 infertile patients. The microbial composition of different sampling sites of infertile patients was examined. By comparing the microbial composition difference between infertile patients and controls and combining bioinformatics methods to analyze the potential impact of the female urogenital tract (cervical, vaginal and urethral) and rectal microbial diversity on female infertility and pregnancy outcomes. Results: Lactobacillus predominated in the female urogenital tract, but its abundance decreased in infertile patients, whereas the abundance of Gardnerella and Atopobium increased. The microbial changes in the urethra had the same trend as that in the vagina. Compared with healthy controls, the cervical and rectal microbial diversity of infertile patients were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. There might be interactions between microbes in different parts of female. Geobacillus thermogeniticans was enriched in the urogenital tract and rectum of infertile patients, and has a good predictive effect on infertility. Compared with infertile patients, L. johnsonii was enriched in the vagina, urethra, and intestine of the control group. L. acidophilus in follicular fluid might be associated with Non-pregnancy. Conclusion: This study found that the microbial composition of infertile patients was changed compared with that of healthy people. The translocation of Lactobacillus between the rectum and urogenital tract might play a protective barrier role. The changes of Lactobacillus and Geobacillus might be related to female infertility or pregnancy outcome. The study provided a theoretical basis for the future treatment of female infertility from the perspective of microorganisms by detecting the microbial changes associated with female infertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospira is a pathogen involved in fertility problems in pigs. Nevertheless, little information is available on pathogenicity, transmission, tissue tropism, and immune response. The objective of this preliminary study was to induce a diagnostically detectable infection in naïve gilts using Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae to gain the knowledge required for designing a large-scale trial. Eight seronegative fertile gilts were divided into three groups: control (n = 2), challenge (n = 3; 10 mL of 108 leptospires/mL intravenously), and contact (n = 3). A daily clinical examination and periodic sampling of blood, urine, and vaginal swabs were performed until four weeks after infection when necropsy was undertaken. Seroconversion of infected animals was detected first by a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) between four and seven days after inoculation. No clinical signs were observed except pyrexia. Laboratory data primarily remained within reference intervals. Leptospira were undetectable in all groups by real-time PCR (sera, urine, vaginal swabs, and tissue samples) and bacterial culture (urine and tissue samples). However, histologic evidence for tubulo-interstitial nephritis could be found. Based on the study results and limitations, questions to be solved and approaches to be reconsidered are raised for the conduction of further experimental studies to understand the pathogenesis and the role of Icterohaemorrhagiae in pig health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Urogenital microbiota may be associated with the recurrence of bladder cancer, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The notion that microbiota can upregulate PD-L1 expression in certain epithelial tumors to promote immune escape has been demonstrated. Thus, we hypothesized that the urogenital microbiota may be involved in the recurrence and progression of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) by upregulating the PD-L1 expression. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between urogenital microbial community and PD-L1 expression in male patients with NMIBC. Results 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to analyse the composition of urogenital microbiota, and the expression of PD-L1 in cancerous tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The subjects (aged 43–79 years) were divided into PD-L1-positive group (Group P, n = 9) and PD-L1-negative group (Group N, n = 19) respectively based on their PD-L1 immunohistochemical results. No statistically significant differences were found in the demographic characteristics between group P and N. We observed that group P exhibited higher species richness (based on Observed species and Ace index, both P < 0.05). Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed that the increase in number of PD-L1 positive cells was accompanied by increased richness of urogenital microbiota. Significantly different composition of urogenital microbiota was found between group P and group N (based on weighted Unifrac and unweighted Unifrac distances metric, both P < 0.05). Enrichment of some bacterial genera (e.g., Leptotrichia, Roseomonas, and Propionibacterium) and decrease of some bacterial genera (e.g., Prevotella and Massilia) were observed in group P as compared with group N. These findings indicated that these genera may affect the expression of PD-L1 through some mechanisms to be studied. Conclusion Our study provided for the first time an overview of the association between urogenital microbiota and PD-L1 expression in male patients with NMIBC, indicating that urogenital microbiota was an important determinant of PD-L1 expression in male NMIBC patients.

Background. Research in recent decades has shown that classical microbiological methods can only detect a small, cultivable portion of microorganisms. One of the modern approaches to detect a wide range of bacteria and archaea is presented as a type of metagenomic analysis performed by high-throughput sequencing of ribosomal operon fragment libraries. Objective is to conduct metagenomic analysis of samples from the urogenital tract of patients with chronic inflammation to identify pathogens not detected by other methods. Methods. Taxonomic analysis of the bacterial community was performed by high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene by using the Illumina HiSeq 3000 platform. Results. The study allowed to identify the taxonomic diversity of microorganisms in samples from the urogenital tract (from 197 to 794 different microorganisms belonging to the Bacteria were identified), as well as to establish differential differences concerning members of the genera Megasphaera, Prevotella, Veillonella, Pedobacter, Mobiluncus, Phobormidium, Sphing Temperatibacter, Oxobacter, Georgenia, Actinobaculum, Varibaculum, Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, Sediminihabitans, Actinobacter, Actinoplanes, Spirochaeta, Enhydrobacter, Thermacetogenium, Bdellovibrio, Oleibacter, Porphyromonas, Klebsiella, Lachnoclostridium, Caulobacter, Xanthomonas, Novispirillum, Marvinbryantia, Afipia, Shinella, Tepidimonas, Faecalibacterium, Paludibacterium, Aerococcus, Campylobacter, Pasteurella, Rumen, Psychrobacter, Haemophilus, Brevibacillus, Sporosarcina, Yaniella and Lactobacillus between samples from patients with chronic inflammation and apparently healthy individuals. Conclusion. Differential differences were found in the composition of the microbiome from the samples of patients with chronic inflammation and apparently healthy individuals, concerning members of 44 genera, including Megasphaera, Prevotella, Veillonella, Pedobacter, Mobiluncus, Phormidium and Lactobacillus. The inflammatory processes observed in the patient urogenital tract can be associated with imbalanced microflora such as decreased level of typical members of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus, but increased number of members from of the genera Klebsiella and Citrobacter.

Currently, the problem of the development of resistance to drugs among microorganisms that colonize the urogenital system is becoming especially relevant due to broadly distributed dysbiotic conditions of the reproductive system of men and women. Therefore, there should be constant monitoring of the qualitative and quantitative composition of microbiota of the urogential tract and determination of the levels of antibiotic-resistance of strains of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms in the reproductive system of various layers of the population. We monitored 774,375 people of various age and sex – patients of the independent diagnostic laboratory INVITRO in the city Dnipro in 2017–2019. Among the examined people, 640,783 of the patients were diagnosed with the development of dysbiotic disorders, accounting for 82.7% of the total amount of the applications for medical help. According to the results of identification of the range of dysbiotic conditions of the urogenital system of patients of different ages and sexes, we determined the dominating role of facultative anaerobes in the development of dysbiotic impairments caused by colonizations by large numbers of conditionally-pathogenic microorganisms: in women, Gardnerella accounted for 86.1%, Staphylococcus – 63.2%, Streptococcus – 54.1%, Candida – 69.3%; in men, Streptococcus were found in 83.0%, Staphylococcus – 79.4%, Corynebacterium – 54.2% and Candida – 37.6% of the cases. Share of obligate anaerobes was also quite large: women were diagnosed with Prevotella in 59.7%, Peptostreptococcus in 53.2%, Fusobacterium in 45.4% of the cases cases; men were observed to have Peptostreptococcus 62.4%, Clostridium in 54.3%, Bacteroides in 32.5% of the cases. We determined high parameters of frequency of diagnosing antibiotic-resistant isolates of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that circulate in the urogenital tract of patients with dysbiotic impairments, belonging to the following families: Mycoplasmataceae – 78.6%, Enterobacteriaceae – 56.0% and genera – Staphylococcus – 76.1%, Gardnerella – 24.3%, Corynebacterium – 21.2%. The research revealed increase in the frequency of detection of strains of urapathogenic bacteria resistant to the applied antibiotic preparations in 2018–2019 compared with the data of 2017: increases of 10.3% and 6.4% in representatives of family Mycoplasmataceae resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively, 4.8% and 4.0% in Enterobacteriaceae resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin respectively, and 8.9% in the genus Staphylococcus resistant to vancomycin.

This article presents the findings of investigation of the microflora of 257 males with infectious-inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract using the test system “Androflor”. The role of representatives of conditionally pathogenic microflora as the main etiological agent in occurrence of infectious-inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract in males was shown. Its composition in 39.3±3.0% of cases was represented by bacteria of family Enterobacteriaceae, in 10.9±1.9% – by Enterococcus spp., in 3.1±1.1% – by Haemophilus spp. and in 0.4±0.1% of cases – by P. aeruginosa. Out of 101 strains of enterobacteria, 27 representatives had the ability to synthesize β-lactamases 26.7±4.4% of cultures), in particular: 16 isolates of E. coli, 5 isolates of P. mirabilis and 6 isolates of K. pneumoniae. The selected strains of enterobacteria producing β-lactamases appeared to be resistant at least to 6 tested antibiotics, which allowed referring them to categories of multi-resistant. All cultures producing β-lactamases showed resistance to penicillinеs – ampicillin and amoxiclav. In this case, resistance to at least one of the antibiotics of cephalosporin group of the third generation was noted. In addition, 83.3±2.1% of the examined isolates were characterized by resistance to macrolides – erythromycin and azithromycin, as well as to co-trimoxazole and fosfomicin. The obtained data are of practical importance to develop efficient schemes of antibiotic therapy for infectious-inflammatory diseases of the urogenital tract, caused by strains of enterobacteria producing β-lactamases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objective: Genitourinary neurofibroma is a benign nerve sheath tumor commonly found in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1. This disease is very rare and can appear in all urinary tracts. Considering the rarity of neurofibromatosis of the bladder, the present case report is introduced with the aim of showing the importance of this pathology. Case Report: The patient is a 25-year-old man who visited the urology clinic last month due to hematuria. The patient did not mention any other clinical symptoms. An ultrasound was requested for the patient, and a mass was reported in the bladder. The patient underwent mass resection through the urethra. In the pathological and immunohistochemical studies, the patient was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis. The general condition of the patient after surgery is good and the patient's symptoms are resolved. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the patient was symptomatic and had a mass in the bladder on ultrasound. Due to the lack of a previous diagnosis of neurofibromatosis type 1 for the patient and the lack of a definite diagnosis about the type of mass, the best treatment approach is surgery and complete removal of the mass. After the final diagnosis based on histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations, the best approach is to follow up the patient with imaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim: to study changes in the microbiota of the urogenital tract of women of reproductive age in the Dnipro region, which is caused by conditionally pathogenic microorganisms on the background of smoking. Material and methods: biomaterial of patients (scraping from the urogenital tract) who applied to the Center for Laboratory Medicine PE "VIS-MEDIC" in Dnipro region. We analyzed the components of the microbiota of the vagina of women of the surveyed groups (sign of age and smoking) in the period from 2018 to 2021. For the use in an analysis, microbiota data were obtained using the test system Femoflor Screen. Results. Analysis of the results of the study revealed the dependence of the composition of the microbiota of the reproductive tract of women on the use of tobacco products. An increase in indicators for conditionally pathogenic microorganisms was shown. The rate of detection of elevated levels of M. hominis in samples of biological material varied between 6-8 % but was not recorded in all study groups of women. There was also an increase in the frequency of detection of elevated levels of U. urealyticum, U. parvum in samples of biological material, the values of which ranged from 9 to 50 %. Conclusions. The obtained data allowed to assess the effect of tobacco on the composition of the microbiota of the urogenital tract of women and made it possible to use them in measures of social and preventive work, as an indisputable fact to quit smoking. Therefore, there is a need for further research to establish the role of microorganisms involved in restoring the composition of the microbiota after inflammatory processes in women who use and do not use tobacco products. The results may be relevant for the diagnosis of inflammatory diseases, processes caused by opportunistic pathogens of the urogenital tract of women of reproductive age, potentially dangerous occurrence and development of infertility and the basis for social and preventive work among women on the background of smoking [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospira is a pathogen involved in fertility problems in pigs. Nevertheless, little information is available on pathogenicity, transmission, tissue tropism, and immune response. The objective of this preliminary study was to induce a diagnostically detectable infection in naïve gilts using Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae to gain the knowledge required for designing a large-scale trial. Eight seronegative fertile gilts were divided into three groups: control (n = 2), challenge (n = 3; 10 mL of 108 leptospires/mL intravenously), and contact (n = 3). A daily clinical examination and periodic sampling of blood, urine, and vaginal swabs were performed until four weeks after infection when necropsy was undertaken. Seroconversion of infected animals was detected first by a microscopic agglutination test (MAT) between four and seven days after inoculation. No clinical signs were observed except pyrexia. Laboratory data primarily remained within reference intervals. Leptospira were undetectable in all groups by real-time PCR (sera, urine, vaginal swabs, and tissue samples) and bacterial culture (urine and tissue samples). However, histologic evidence for tubulo-interstitial nephritis could be found. Based on the study results and limitations, questions to be solved and approaches to be reconsidered are raised for the conduction of further experimental studies to understand the pathogenesis and the role of Icterohaemorrhagiae in pig health.

There has been remarkable progress in the field of surgical pathology; however, histomorphology has remained the most important and essential tool of the surgical pathologist in everyday practice till now. It is surprising that the hematoxylin–eosin (H and E) stain, introduced more than a century ago, has still remained the gold standard stain for histological examination and diagnosis of human diseases. Besides different findings or clues observed in histopathology sections like inclusions, granules, grooving, globules, halo, or clearing, which would enable the pathologist to provide a precise and accurate diagnosis; observation of clear cells is one of the important findings and clue for reporting. It may also sometimes lead to difficulties and delays in establishing the diagnosis. It can be focal or extensive and primary or rarely it may be secondary. Clear cell changes may be observed in many non-neoplastic, benign, or malignant tumors of diverse origin. Clear cell tumors contain a preponderance of clear cells. It can be seen in almost all the organs of human body and can be classified according to location or biological behavior. Commonly seen clear-cell tumors are usually malignant and common organs involved are female genital tract, urogenital tract, head and neck areas, central nervous system, skin, and rarely in bone and soft tissues. For approach to clear cell lesions, one has to decide if the change is artifactual, a mimic of clear cell tumors, or a clear cell tumor in reality. Once the mimics and artifactual/degenerative changes have been ruled out, a tumor either primarily of clear cell origin or showing secondary change has to be decided. The tumor next is to be diagnosed as benign/malignant and epithelial/mesenchymal based on morphology.

Pelvi-perineal disorders represent a wide spectrum of diseases involving different disciplines. A patient-centered care and a coordinated approach, extended from functional to oncological diseases, may be achieved through the planning of a "pelvi-perineal network". The network is a new clinical and organizational model, entirely devoted to pelvi-perineal health through a multidisciplinary multiprofessional approach, coordinated and synergistic. The network is a new mental approach, without walls, to treat different diseases in the same patient and not a concrete management unit for single disease. In the network the team care approach is critical to get a more in-depth understanding of the symptoms cascade and to define a coordinated integrated management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaea represent a separate domain of life, next to bacteria and eukarya. As components of the human microbiome, archaea have been associated with various diseases, including periodontitis, endodontic infections, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and urogenital tract infections. Archaea are generally considered nonpathogenic; the reasons are speculative because of limited knowledge and gene annotation challenges. Nevertheless, archaeal syntrophic principles that shape global microbial networks aid both archaea and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Evaluating archaea interactions remains challenging, requiring clinical studies on inflammatory potential and the effects of archaeal metabolism. Establishing a culture collection is crucial for investigating archaea functions within the human microbiome, which could improve health outcomes in infectious diseases. We summarize potential reasons for archaeal nonpathogenicity, assess the association with infectious diseases in humans, and discuss the necessary experimental steps to enable mechanistic studies involving archaea.

• The urogenital tuberculosis is characterized by a non-specific and highly misleading clinical symptomatology. • The clinical polymorphism of urogenital tuberculosis leads to a delayed diagnosis and severe complications. • The diagnosis is a mixture of clinical, biological, radiological and especially histological arguments. • The urogenital tuberculosis can mimic a renal or a bladder cancer requiring often a useless surgical treatment. Urogenital tuberculosis is a rare and severe disease since it causes serious consequences. Often, diagnosis may be delayed because of its multiple presentation forms and clinical features. Usually, the recognition is easy to hold, but in certain cases the presentation form can be misleading which can exclude the diagnosis. We present two cases of unusual form of urogenital tuberculosis from which clinical features were taken for a malignant cancer at the beginning. The first case is about a young woman with renal lesions then proceeding to radical nephrectomy. The second case is about a 48 years old patient who had a radical cystectomy to treat an urothelial carcinoma (classified as pT1G3) along with squamous metaplasia (25 %). In both cases, the histologic investigation revealed the presence of a granulomatous reaction with giant cells and caseous necrosis which confirms the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Through the study of these two cases and literature review, we mark the different diagnosis and treatment difficulties handling these unusual presentation forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bladder volume at the onset of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is an important prognostic indicator of spontaneous resolution and the risk of pyelonephritis.Objective: We aim to determine whether pediatric urologists and pediatric radiologists can accurately estimate the timing of reflux by examining voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) images without prior knowledge of the instilled contrast volume.Materials and Methods: Total bladder volume and the volume at the time of reflux were collected from VCUG reports to determine the volume at the onset of VUR. Thirty-nine patients were sorted into three groups: early-/mid-filling reflux, late-filling and voiding only. Thirty-nine images were shown to three pediatric urologists and two pediatric radiologists in a blinded fashion and they were then asked to estimate VUR timing based on the above categories. A weighted kappa statistic was calculated to assess rater agreement with the gold standard volume-based report of VUR timing.Results: The mean patient age at VCUG was 3.1±2.9 months, the median VUR was grade 3, and 20 patients were female. Overall agreement among all five raters was moderate (k=0.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-0.50). Individual agreement between rater and gold standard was slight to moderate with kappa values ranging from 0.13 to 0.43.Conclusion: Pediatric radiologists and urologists are unable to accurately and reliably characterize VUR timing on fluoroscopic VCUG. These findings support the recently published American Academy of Pediatrics protocol recommending the routine recording of bladder volume at the onset of VUR as a standard component of all VCUGs to assist in a more accurate assessment of the likelihood of resolution and risk of recurrent urinary tract infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possibilities of using eukaryotic microorganisms (Candida spp.) of microbiocenoses of mucosal open cavities as potential biomarkers of pathological states of biotopes were investigated. To identify biotopes characterizing Candida strains we used new promising natural glycoconjugate recognition agents -lectins that imitate the effect of probiotics. The lectins were isolated from cultures of probiotic strains of lactobacillus and bifidus bacteria characterizing and supporting probiotic compartment of microbiocenosis of human mucosal open cavities as part of endogen sensory system "lectins of probiotic microorganisms - opportunistic eukaryotic yeast-like fungi". The study was carried out on examples of cases of dysbiotic disorders in the composition of microbiocenoses against the background of pathologies of the urogenital tract of patients with established diagnosis. Results demonstrate the early (before development of visible inflammatory reactions) presence of changed Candida cells in pathological biotopes of urogenital tract indicating states of diseases characterizing with increased differentiating affinities and sensitivities of Candida to a panel of probiotic lectins. Probiotic lectins are perspective in combinative prognostics and diagnostics of pathological states of functional biotopes of human mucosal open cavities as well as for prophylaxis and therapy of such states by compensation of deficit or absence of probiotic microflora to support healthy balance of mucosal immunity, instead of probiotics or in combinations with probiotics, antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents, therapeutics, and factors. The data also perspective in study of pathological biotope states possessing risk of conversion into tumor-like landscapes.

Background: The microRNA‐371a‐3p (miR‐371a‐3p) has been reported to be an informative liquid biopsy (serum and plasma) molecular biomarker for both diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with a malignant (testicular) germ cell tumor ((T)GCT). It is expressed in all histological cancer elements, with the exception of mature teratoma. However, normal testis, semen, and serum of males with a disrupted testicular integrity without a TGCT may contain miR‐371a‐3p levels above threshold, of which the cellular origin is unknown. Objectives: Therefore, a series of relevant tissues (frozen and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE), when available) from the complete male urogenital tract (i.e., kidney to urethra and testis to urethra) and semen was investigated for miR‐371a‐3p levels using targeted quantitative RT‐PCR (qRT‐PCR). Materials and methods: In total, semen of males with normospermia (n = 11) and oligospermia (n = 3) was investigated, as well as 88 samples derived from 32 different patients. The samples represented one set of tissues related to the entire male urogenital tract (11 anatomical locations), three sets for 10 locations, and four sets for six locations. Results: All testis parenchyma (n = 17) cases showed low miR‐371a‐3p levels. Eight out of 14 (57%) semen samples showed detectable miR‐371a‐3p levels, irrespective of the amount of motile spermatozoa, but related to sperm concentration and matched Johnsen score (Spearman's rho correlation coefficient 0.849 and 0.871, p = 0.000, respectively). In all other tissues investigated, miR‐371a‐3p could not be detected. Discussion: This study demonstrates that the miR‐371a‐3p in healthy adult males is solely derived from the germ cell compartment. Conclusions: The observation is important in the context of applying miR‐371a‐3p as molecular liquid biopsy biomarker for diagnosis and follow‐up of patients with malignant (T)GCT. Moreover, miR‐371a‐3p might be an informative seminal biomarker for testicular germ cell composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital prepubic sinus is a very rare urogenital anomaly that manifests as a tubular structure of varying histological findings that drains to the skin overlying the pubic symphysis. This tract has been observed to course above, below or, in only a handful of cases, directly through the pubis. We report a case of congenital prepubic sinus with this unusual transpubic course in an 18-year-old man. The patient was initially taken to the operating room for excision of a presumed inclusion cyst. At the time of surgery, the collection was found to track proximally and was excised down to the level of the pubic symphysis. Subsequent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging established the diagnosis of congenital prepubic sinus. We describe the different anatomical courses of congenital prepubic sinus, hypotheses of its pathogenesis, and the use of MR imaging in both diagnosis and surgical planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In immunocompromised patients, reactivation of latent BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can cause disease with lytic infections of the kidneys and the lower urinary tract. Emerging evidence also links BKPyV to oncogenesis and high‐grade intrarenal and transitional cell carcinomas. These neoplasms strongly express polyomavirus large‐T antigen as a defining feature; that is, they are ‘large‐T‐positive carcinomas’. Such neoplasms arise in immunocompromised patients, typically in renal allograft recipients, and preferentially in tissues harbouring latent BKPyV. In recent articles in this journal, it was shown that tumour cells harbour replication‐incompetent clonal BKPyV. The virus can be truncated and randomly integrated into the genome, and/or it can be mutated in an episomal state. Truncation and/or deletions in the BKPyV non‐coding control region can hamper late viral gene expression, replication, and cell lysis, while facilitating overexpression of early genes, including that encoding large‐T. Biologically active fusion proteins or alterations in human tumour suppressor or promoter function have not been described so far, making uncontrolled large‐T gene expression in non‐lytically infected cells a prime suspect for neoplastic transformation. Current concepts of BKPyV‐induced disease, including recent reports from this journal, are discussed, and evolving paradigms of BKPyV‐associated oncogenesis are highlighted. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]