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This study analyses old-age capital in its economic, cultural, and social components, in terms of how it impacts on depression in the elderly, comparing urban and rural regions. Our comparative analysis in urban and rural areas focuses on South Korea, using the Korean Welfare Panel Data from 2012 to 2020. Time-series trends and variables measuring capital and depression in older adults were examined in panel data analyses. Depression among the Korean elderly was at a similar level in urban and rural areas, whereas satisfaction regarding income levels, leisure life, and social relationships was higher for older adults in rural areas. We also found that the higher the economic capital, the higher the leisure life satisfaction (cultural capital), and the higher the social relationship satisfaction (social capital), the lower the rates of depression. Finally, depression among the urban elderly did not decrease as house prices increased as a component of economic capital, and depression decreased among groups participating in volunteer activities as part of the social capital of the rural elderly. In accordance with the socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults in rural areas in Korea have an advantage in terms of cultural capital due to their environment, whereas the psychosocial environment theory is relevant to urban elderly people experiencing relative deprivation in terms of economic capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses old-age capital in its economic, cultural, and social components, in terms of how it impacts on depression in the elderly, comparing urban and rural regions. Our comparative analysis in urban and rural areas focuses on South Korea, using the Korean Welfare Panel Data from 2012 to 2020. Time-series trends and variables measuring capital and depression in older adults were examined in panel data analyses. Depression among the Korean elderly was at a similar level in urban and rural areas, whereas satisfaction regarding income levels, leisure life, and social relationships was higher for older adults in rural areas. We also found that the higher the economic capital, the higher the leisure life satisfaction (cultural capital), and the higher the social relationship satisfaction (social capital), the lower the rates of depression. Finally, depression among the urban elderly did not decrease as house prices increased as a component of economic capital, and depression decreased among groups participating in volunteer activities as part of the social capital of the rural elderly. In accordance with the socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults in rural areas in Korea have an advantage in terms of cultural capital due to their environment, whereas the psychosocial environment theory is relevant to urban elderly people experiencing relative deprivation in terms of economic capital.

Background: Adult females are usually affected by the most common category of cancer known as the cancer of the breast. Objectives: To assess various risk factors leading to high incidence of women breast cancer, in urban-rural regions of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province. Patients and Methods: Total of 500 patients were enrolled for the study visiting the cancer hospital, Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar. Among them, 270 were breast cancer patients. Logistic regression models were estimated through the backward elimination procedure to determine the risk factors of breast cancer. Results: Factors responsible were menopausal status, reproductive status as well as the interaction of family history and diet were the significant risk factors of rural regions. In an urban region, menopausal status and the interaction of breast feeding and diet were the significant risk factors. Conclusion: This study concludes that reproductive, menopausal status, along with family history, diet and the joint effects of breast feeding were the significant risk factors. Our recommendation from this study was that, the breastfeeding is a precautionary measure against breast cancer. It is, therefore, suggested that mothers, particularly in urban areas, should be encouraged to feed their children by breast feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel index of regional skill-relatedness and calculates this measure for all Norwegian labour-market regions. Studies of regional related diversification rely on measures of related variety, which build on the industry classification hierarchy. However, the growing literature identifying similarities in knowledge and competences across industries demonstrates that these classifications fail to identify a great deal of actual skill relatedness, and that measures based on empirical measures of industry relatedness are required. The skill relatedness measure builds on labour mobility flows across industries to develop a relatedness matrix for Norwegian industries. It further uses social network analysis to identify the number of other regional industries to which each industry in a particular region is related. Comparing this measure to the related variety index, the analysis shows that the two measures are highly correlated, but that the regional skill relatedness index is able to identify more of the relatedness across industries. In particular, the related variety index tends to underestimate the level of relatedness in many of Norway’s most technologically sophisticated manufacturing regions, whereas these rank highly in the regional skill relatedness index. Consequently, the regional skill relatedness index represents a promising new tool for identifying relatedness in regional systems. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper aims to examine the food consumption decisions of the urban and rural household in order to understand the demand for different food commodities and to determine the effects of important economic factors such as prices and income. Flexible Linear Approximate Almost Ideal Demand System model is used to estimate food demand patterns using the Household Integrated Economic Survey of Pakistan for the year 2011-12. Food products are categorized into fourteen groups including milk, meat, fruits, vegetables, sugar, beverages, wheat and wheat flour, rice, other cereals, pulses, oil and fats, tea and coffee, backed products and other food. Economic factors such as food commodities price and household's income and their socio-economic and demographic characteristics are included in the model. Results indicate that with an increase in the age, household consume more of meat, fruit, wheat and wheat flour, pulses, tea and coffee, backed products and other food in urban region and milk, meat, fruits, vegetables, rice, other cereals, pulses, oil and fats, tea and coffee, backed products and other food in rural region. A significant increase in the consumption of meat, fruits, vegetables, rice, beverages, other cereals and backed products is found for married rural household, while fruits, vegetables, sugar, beverages, wheat and wheat flour, rice, other cereals, oil and fats, backed products and other food consumption increases as urban household is married. Results show a significant increase in the consumption of vegetables, sugar, wheat and wheat flour, rice, oil and fats, pulses, tea and coffee and other food with the addition of individuals in the family in both regions. Prices of basic food items such as milk, meat, rice, other cereals, backed products and other food should be kept constant. Imposition of any sale tax could create huge loss in consumption for these commodities. The demand for most of food groups are own price inelastic in both regions except milk, rice, tea and coffee and backed products which are more than unit elastic to own price. Similarly the demand for most of food groups in both regions are less than unit elastic to total expenditures and have positive sign, while the demand for milk, meat, rice, other cereals and other food products are more elastic to total food expenditures (income) both in rural and urban regions. Imposition of income tax in rural and urban low and middle income household could result in huge decrease in the expenditures on these commodities in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has been shown to differ among regions, including rural-urban regional differences within nations. This study obtained simultaneous accelerometry-derived physical activity, 24 h activity, and food records to clarify the potential contributing factors to rural-urban differences in childhood overweight and obesity in Japan. Sixth-grade children ( n = 227, 11-12 years old) from two urban elementary schools in Kyoto and four rural elementary schools in Tohoku participated in the study. The children were instructed to wear a pedometer that included a uniaxial accelerometer and, assisted by their parents, keep minute-by-minute 24 h activity and food records. For 12 children, the total energy expenditure was measured by the doubly labeled water method that was used to correct the Lifecorder-predicted activity energy expenditure and physical activity level. The overweight and obesity prevalence was significantly higher in rural than in urban children. The number of steps per day, activity energy expenditure, physical activity level, and duration of walking to school were significantly lower in rural than in urban children. In contrast, the reported energy intake did not differ significantly between the regions. The physical activity and duration of the walk to school were significantly correlated with body mass index. Rural children had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity, and this may be at least partly caused by lower physical activity, especially less time spent walking to school, than urban children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts have been made to identify factors influencing the sex ratio at birth (number of males per 100 females). Statistical analyses have shown that comparisons between sex ratios demand large data sets. The secondary sex ratio has been believed to vary inversely with the frequency of prenatal losses. This hypothesis suggests that the ratio is highest among singletons, medium among twins and lowest among triplets. Birth data in Sweden for the period 1869-2004 showed that among live births the secondary sex ratio was on average 105.9 among singletons, 103.2 among twins and 99.1 among triplets. The secondary sex ratio among stillbirths for both singletons and twins started at a high level, around 130, in the 1860s, but approached live birth values in the 1990s. This trend is associated with the decrease and convergence of stillbirth rates among males and females. For detailed studies, we considered data for Sweden in 1869-1878 and in 1901-1967. Marital status or place of residence (urban or rural) had no marked influence on the secondary sex ratio among twins. For triplets, the sex ratio showed large random fluctuations and was on average low. During the period 1901-1967, 20 quadruplet, two quintuplet and one sextuplet set were registered. The sex ratio was low, around 92.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residential sector is the second-largest consumer of energy in China. However, little attention has been paid to reducing the residential CO2 emissions of China's less developed or undeveloped regions. Taking Jiangxi as a case study, this paper thus aims at fully analyzing the difference of the residential energy-related CO2 emissions between urban and rural regions based on the Log-Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and Tapio decoupling model. The main results are showed as follows: (1) Since 2008, residential energy-related CO2 emissions have increased rapidly in both urban and rural Jiangxi. From 2000 to 2017, the residential energy-related CO2 emissions per capita in rural regions rapidly increased and exceeded that in urban regions after 2015. Furthermore, the residential energy structures had become multiple in both urban and rural regions, but rural regions still had room to optimize its energy structure. (2) Over the study period, consumption expenditure per capita played the dominant role in increasing the residential energy-related CO2 emissions in both urban and rural regions, followed by energy demand and energy structure. Energy price had the most important effect on decreasing the urban and rural residential energy-related CO2 emissions, followed by the carbon emission coefficient. However, urbanization increased the urban residential energy-related CO2 emissions but decreased the CO2 emissions in rural regions. Population made marginal and the most stable contribution to increase the residential energy-related CO2 emissions both in urban and rural regions. (3) Overall, the decoupling status showed the weak decoupling (0.1) and expansive negative decoupling (1.21) in urban and rural regions, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]