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Abstract Background Kidney stone disease is a common problem. The holmium: yttrium–aluminum–garnet (HO:YAG) laser is currently the gold standard laser for ureterorenoscopic (URS) lithotripsy. Recently, the superpulse thulium fiber laser (SP TFL) has shown potential as a substitute for the HO:YAG laser. We aim to compare and evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the HO:YAG laser and SP TFL in the treatment of upper urinary calculi in this trial. Methods In this randomized, positive control, blinded management, single-center clinical study, patients with upper urinary calculi will be randomized (1:1) to the experimental group (SP TFL group) or the control group (HO:YAG laser group). Patients in both groups will undergo URS lithotripsy under general anesthesia, and according to the results of randomization, the patients will be treated with an SP TFL (trial group) or a holmium laser (control group). The primary outcome is the stone-free rate at 30 ± 7 days after surgery. The secondary outcomes include the duration of surgery, the duration of laser use, the length of postoperative hospital stay, postoperative clinical indicators, total hospitalization costs, the second-stage stone clearance rate, perioperative complications, the average hemoglobin change, and the mean white blood cell count change. Discussion This study aims to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of the SP TFL and HO:YAG for URS lithotripsy in the treatment of upper urinary calculi. Trial registration {2a and 2b} chictr.org.cn ChiCTR2300076893. Registered on October 24, 2023, with ChiCTR ( https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=206827 ). Protocol version {3} August 15, 2023 (V.20230815).

Background: Kidney stone disease is a common problem. The holmium: yttrium–aluminum–garnet (HO:YAG) laser is currently the gold standard laser for ureterorenoscopic (URS) lithotripsy. Recently, the superpulse thulium fiber laser (SP TFL) has shown potential as a substitute for the HO:YAG laser. We aim to compare and evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the HO:YAG laser and SP TFL in the treatment of upper urinary calculi in this trial. Methods: In this randomized, positive control, blinded management, single-center clinical study, patients with upper urinary calculi will be randomized (1:1) to the experimental group (SP TFL group) or the control group (HO:YAG laser group). Patients in both groups will undergo URS lithotripsy under general anesthesia, and according to the results of randomization, the patients will be treated with an SP TFL (trial group) or a holmium laser (control group). The primary outcome is the stone-free rate at 30 ± 7 days after surgery. The secondary outcomes include the duration of surgery, the duration of laser use, the length of postoperative hospital stay, postoperative clinical indicators, total hospitalization costs, the second-stage stone clearance rate, perioperative complications, the average hemoglobin change, and the mean white blood cell count change. Discussion: This study aims to evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy and safety of the SP TFL and HO:YAG for URS lithotripsy in the treatment of upper urinary calculi. Trial registration {2a and 2b}: chictr.org.cn ChiCTR2300076893. Registered on October 24, 2023, with ChiCTR (https://www.chictr.org.cn/bin/project/edit?pid=206827). Protocol version {3}: August 15, 2023 (V.20230815). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of biofilm bacteria infected with upper urinary calculi patients with double J stent indwelling, and to explore the influencing factors of Biofilm Bacteria Infections. Methods A total of 400 patients with upper urinary calculi who adopted double J stent inserting in our hospital from January 2019 to January 2022 were included. Urine and double J stent samples were collected, pathogen cultures were performed, and then drug sensitivity test analysis was carried out for isolates. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyzes were used to analyze the influencing factors of patients with double J stent associated biofilm bacteria infections. Results A total of 13 strains (3.2%) of biofilm bacteria were detected in urine samples and 168 strains (42%) in double J stent samples (P 0.05). Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria. There was significantly higher drug resistance observed in biofilm bacteria versus urine-cultured pathogens (P

Background: The causal link between smoking, alcohol consumption, and upper urinary calculi remains uncertain in observational studies due to confounding factors. To uncover potential causal associations, we utilized two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) methods. Methods: Five risk factors related to lifestyles (cigarettes per day, lifetime smoking index, smoking initiation, drinks per week and alcohol intake frequency) were chosen from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS). Upper urinary calculi were obtained from the FinnGen and United Kingdom Biobank consortium. Inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) was mainly used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (Cl). While diligently scrutinizing potential sources of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy via the rigorous utilization of Cochran'sQ test, the MR-PRESSO method, and MR-Egger. Results: The summary OR for upper urinary calculi was 0.6 (IVW 95% CI: 0.49-0.74; p = 1.31 × 10-06) per standard deviation decrease in drinks per week. Interestingly, the genetically predicted alcohol intake frequency was associated with a significantly increased risk upper urinary calculi (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.11-1.45; p = 0.0005). Our study found no association between smoking initiation, the number of cigarettes per day, and the lifetime smoking index and the risk of upper urinary calculi. By adjusting for body mass index and education, estimates of drinks per week remained consistent in multivariate MR analyses, while alcohol intake frequency became non-significant. Conclusion: MR analysis showed that drinks per week was negatively associated with upper urinary calculi, whereas the effect of tobacco on upper urinary calculi was not significant and the detrimental effect of alcohol intake frequency on upper urinary calculi became non-significant after adjusting for BMI and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of biofilm bacteria infected with upper urinary calculi patients with double J stent indwelling, and to explore the influencing factors of Biofilm Bacteria Infections. Methods: A total of 400 patients with upper urinary calculi who adopted double J stent inserting in our hospital from January 2019 to January 2022 were included. Urine and double J stent samples were collected, pathogen cultures were performed, and then drug sensitivity test analysis was carried out for isolates. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyzes were used to analyze the influencing factors of patients with double J stent associated biofilm bacteria infections. Results: A total of 13 strains (3.2%) of biofilm bacteria were detected in urine samples and 168 strains (42%) in double J stent samples (P < 0.05), 95 strains (23.7%) of pathogenic bacteria were separated from urine samples and 117 strains (29.2%) from double J-stent samples (P > 0.05). Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria. There was significantly higher drug resistance observed in biofilm bacteria versus urine-cultured pathogens (P < 0.05). Advanced age, long-term catheterization, inadequate water intake, hypoproteinemia, abnormal renal function, and diabetes mellitus were independent risk factors for biofilm bacteria infection associated with double J stent(P < 0.05). Conclusion: Among the upper urinary calculi patients with double J stent indwelling, the positive rate and drug resistance of biofilm bacteria obtained from double J stent were significantly higher than that from urine. More attention should be paid to the factors that influence biofilm bacteria infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To explore the risk factors for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after endoscopic lithotripsy for upper urinary calculi. Methods This retrospective study included patients with upper urinary calculi who underwent endoscopic lithotripsy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University between June 2018 and May 2020. Results A total of 724 patients with upper urinary calculi were included. One hundred and fifty-three patients developed SIRS after the operation. The occurrence of SIRS was higher after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) compared with ureteroscopy (URS) (24.6% vs. 8.6%, P

Abstract Background Urosepsis is an infectious complication after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This study aimed to analyze the perioperative factors related to urosepsis after PCNL for upper urinary calculi and establish a nomogram to predict the probability of postoperative urosepsis based on the risk factors. Methods The Clinical data of one-stage PCNL for upper urinary stones in patients already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between June 2010 and June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether urosepsis occurred after surgery, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses evaluated the risk factors for urosepsis. Moreover, the corresponding nomogram prediction model was determined by the regression coefficient. Results All 366 patients with diabetes underwent one-stage PCNL. Seventy-one (19.4%) patients had urosepsis after surgery, and their hospitalization time was longer than that of patients without urosepsis. Moreover, the incidence of non-infection-related complications was higher. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed four independent risk factors associated with postoperative urosepsis, including positive urine nitrite (odds ratio [OR] = 3.326, P = 0.007), positive urine culture (OR = 2.213, P = 0.023), intraoperative hypotension (OR = 8.968, P 0.05). The area under the curve of this model was 0.831, indicating that the nomogram model had good accuracy in predicting the probability of urosepsis in patients who underwent PCNL with diabetes and had good consistency with the actual risk. Conclusion Positive urine culture, positive urine nitrite, staghorn calculi, and intraoperative hypotension were independent risk factors for urosepsis in patients who underwent one-stage PCNL with diabetes. The new nomogram could accurately assess the risk of urosepsis after PCNL in patients with diabetes.

The causality between the urinary sodium–potassium ratio and upper urinary calculi has not been clarified and easily affected by confounders. We performed two-sample and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the potential causal role of the urinary sodium–potassium ratio in upper urinary calculi. Data of the urinary sodium–potassium ratio (N = 326,938), upper urinary calculi (N = 337,199), and confounding factors including BMI (N = 336,107), ever-smoke (N = 461,066), hypertension (N = 218,754), diabetes (N = 218,792), and alcohol intake frequency (N = 462,346) were obtained from the IEU OpenGWAS Project database. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, and MR-Egger methods were used to estimate MR effects. The MR-Egger intercept test, Cochran's Q test, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out method, and funnel plot were used for sensitivity analysis. A causal relationship was found between the urinary sodium–potassium ratio and upper urinary calculi (OR = 1.008, 95% CI = 1.002–1.013, P = 0.011). FinnGen data supported this conclusion (OR = 2.864, 95% CI = 1.235–6.641, P = 0.014). The multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis result showed that after adjusting for the effects of five confounders, the urinary sodium–potassium ratio was still positively correlated with upper urinary calculi (OR = 1.005, 95% CI = 1.001–1.009, P = 0.012). This study demonstrated a positive causal association between the urinary sodium–potassium ratio and upper urinary calculi using MR analysis. Timely identification of changes in urine composition and dietary regulation of sodium and potassium intake could greatly reduce the incidence of future urinary calculi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the value of serum procalcitonin(PCT), C-reactive protein(CRP), and neutrophil gelatinaseassociated lipocalin(NGAL) in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury(AKI) after upper urinary tract calculi(UUTC). Methods: The clinical data of 86 patients who underwent UUTC surgery in our hospital from March 2020 to April 2021 were analyzed retrospectively(Approval number: 20211205L, Date: 2021-12-21). Patients were divided into an AKI group (AKI≥7 days after the operation) and a Non-AKI group. PCT, CRP, and NGAL concentrations were compared before and two hours after the operation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors affecting the early occurrence of AKI post-operation. The receiver operating characteristic curve evaluated PCT, CRP, and NGAL in the early AKI diagnosis. Results: A total of 86 patients (30 with AKI and 56 with Non-AKI) were included. Kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1) and urinary microalbumin(mAlb) concentrations were significantly higher in the AKI group (P<0.05). PCT, CRP, and NGAL concentrations were significantly higher two hours after the operation than before the operation (P<0.05). KIM-1 levels and elevated PCT, CRP and NGAL concentrations affected the establishment of AKI after UUTC. The sensitivity of PCT, CRP, and NGAL in evaluating AKI after UUTC were 81.17%, 84.42%, and 79.02%; the specificity was 62.31%, 71.48%, and 73.32%; and the AUC was 0.812, 0.885 and 0.804 respectively. Conclusions: PCT, CRP, and NGAL concentrations in patients with AKI after UUTC were significantly increased two hours after the operation, which can be used for the early diagnosis of AKI after UUTC operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of ultrasound-guided mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-perc) for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones in children. We reviewed the records of 70 children with upper urinary tract stones who were treated with a mini-perc technique between July 2015 and April 2020. All puncture site selections and tract dilations were determined by Doppler ultrasonography. Patient age, height, weight, stone size, operation time, stone-free rate (SFR), postoperative complications, tubeless rate, and length of hospital stay (LOS) were recorded. Stone components were analysed using infrared spectroscopy. A total of 47 boys and 23 girls were included. Median weight and height of the patients were 18.5 kg and 110 cm, respectively. Median stone diameter was 2.0 cm. Median time to establish access was 4.0 min and median operation time was 25 min. Patients had median preoperative and postoperative haemoglobin levels of 121 and 113.5 g/L, median haemoglobin levels dropped to 8.0 g/L the day after surgery. No patient needed a blood transfusion. Eight children (11.4%) developed significant complications, including four cases with Clavien Grade I, one with Clavien Grade II, and three with Clavien Grade Ⅲ complications. One-day and 1-month follow-ups revealed a complete SFR of 95.7% (67/70) and 97.1% (68/70), respectively. Fifty-six patients (80.0%) did not require catheters of any type (total tubeless). Median LOS was 2.0 days. Ultrasound-guided mini-perc is safe and effective. The mini-perc technique is a feasible alternative for paediatric stone disease that does not result in major complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeTo evaluate the relationship between endoscopic ureteral inflammatory edema (UIE) and ureteral lumen, formulate a preliminary grading method for the severity of UIE, and analyze the impact of different grades of UIE on endoscopic ureteral calculi surgery and prognosis.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analyzed 185 patients who underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URSL) for upper urinary tract stones between January 2021 and November 2021. The UIE grade and lumen conditions were assessed by endoscopic observation. The effect of UIE grade on URSL and on patient prognosis were analyzed by multiple linear regression and binary logistic regression.ResultsA total of 185 patients were included in the study. UIE grade showed a significant correlation with age, hydronephrosis grading (HG), ureteroscope placement time (UPT), surgery time (ST), hemoglobin disparity value (HDV), and postoperative ureteral stenosis (PUS) (P

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy (FURSL) based on the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS).Materials and Methods: This study retrospectively analyzed 435 patients diagnosed with upper urinary calculi between 2017-2020 and categorized them into ERAS (ERAS management) and control groups (traditional management). The operative time, postoperative ambulation time, postoperative hospital stay, the total cost of hospitalization, postoperative complications, and stone removal rate between the two groups were subsequently compared.Results: The FURSL procedure was successfully performed in 427 patients but failed in 4 patients of the ERAS group (n = 216) and 4 of the control group (n = 219). No postoperative complications occurred in either group except for fever and hematuria. There was no significant difference in postoperative fever and stone removal between the two groups (all P > .05). However, patients in the ERAS group had a shorter operative time, shorter postoperative ambulation time, less postoperative severe hematuria, shorter postoperative hospital stay, and lower total cost of hospitalization than those in the control group (all P < .05).Conclusion: FURSL, based on the concept of ERAS, is safe and reliable for the treatment of upper urinary calculi, with rapid postoperative recovery and a low cost of hospitalization. It is worthy of clinical promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the use of Ningmitai capsule as an adjunctive stone expulsion therapy after RIRS. All patients were diagnosed with upper urinary tract calculi measuring 10–20 mm. The patients who successfully underwent RIRS were randomly assigned to the NMT capsule group (Ningmitai capsule, 1.52 g, three times daily) or the control group for 4 weeks based on the random number table method. The primary endpoints were the stone expulsion rate (SER) and stone-free rate (SFR). The average stone expulsion time (SET), average stone-free time (SFT) and complications were recorded. Between July 2, 2019, and December 17, 2020, 220 participants successfully underwent RIRS across 6 centers; 123 of them were randomized according to the exclusion criteria, and 102 (83%) were included in the primary analysis. The SERs on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th days were significantly increased in the NMT capsule group compared with the control group (78.95% vs. 31.11%, 92.98% vs. 55.56%, 94.74% vs. 64.44%, 100% vs. 82.22%, respectively, p < 0.05). The SFRs on the 3rd and 7th days were not different (p > 0.05), while those on the 14th and 28th days were higher in the NMT capsule group (63.16% vs. 24.44% and 92.98% vs. 68.89%, p < 0.05). The average SET and average SFT of the NMT capsule group were remarkably shorter than those of the control group (p < 0.001). During the follow-up period, there were no significant differences in urine RBC counts between the two groups (p > 0.05). The urine WBC counts of the NMT capsule group were significantly lower than those of the control group on the 14th day (p = 0.011), but there was no difference on the 3rd, 7th or 28th day (p > 0.05). The analgesic aggregate of the NMT capsule group was also much lower (p = 0.037). There were no significant differences in adverse events (p > 0.05), and they improved significantly without sequelae. This study indicated that NMT capsules can significantly promote stone clearance and are more effective and safer for upper urinary calculi after RIRS. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registration No. ChiCTR1900024151. Date of registration June 28, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Urosepsis is an infectious complication after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This study aimed to analyze the perioperative factors related to urosepsis after PCNL for upper urinary calculi and establish a nomogram to predict the probability of postoperative urosepsis based on the risk factors. Methods: The Clinical data of one-stage PCNL for upper urinary stones in patients already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between June 2010 and June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether urosepsis occurred after surgery, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses evaluated the risk factors for urosepsis. Moreover, the corresponding nomogram prediction model was determined by the regression coefficient. Results: All 366 patients with diabetes underwent one-stage PCNL. Seventy-one (19.4%) patients had urosepsis after surgery, and their hospitalization time was longer than that of patients without urosepsis. Moreover, the incidence of non-infection-related complications was higher. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed four independent risk factors associated with postoperative urosepsis, including positive urine nitrite (odds ratio [OR] = 3.326, P = 0.007), positive urine culture (OR = 2.213, P = 0.023), intraoperative hypotension (OR = 8.968, P < 0.001), and staghorn calculi (OR = 3.180, P = 0.002). The above independent risk factors were used as variables to construct the nomogram. The nomogram model was internally validated. The calculated concordance index was 0.824. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was performed (P = 0.972 > 0.05). The area under the curve of this model was 0.831, indicating that the nomogram model had good accuracy in predicting the probability of urosepsis in patients who underwent PCNL with diabetes and had good consistency with the actual risk. Conclusion: Positive urine culture, positive urine nitrite, staghorn calculi, and intraoperative hypotension were independent risk factors for urosepsis in patients who underwent one-stage PCNL with diabetes. The new nomogram could accurately assess the risk of urosepsis after PCNL in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the treatment outcomes and costs of a single-use and reusable digital flexible ureteroscope for upper urinary calculi.Methods: Four hundred forty patients with reusable digital flexible ureteroscope and 151 patients with single-use flexible digital ureteroscope were included in this study. Through exclusion and inclusion criteria and 1:1 propensity-score matching analysis based on baseline characteristics, ultimately, 238 patients (119:119) were compared in terms of treatment outcomes. The cost analysis was based on the costs of purchase, repair, and reprocessing divided by the number of all procedures in each group (450 procedures with reusable digital flexible ureteroscope and 160 procedures with single-use digital flexible ureteroscope).Results: There was no statistical significance in mean operation time (P = 0.666). The single-use digital flexible ureteroscope group has a shorter mean length of hospital stay than the reusable digital flexible ureteroscope group (P = 0.026). And the two groups have a similar incidence of postoperative complications (P = 0.678). No significant difference was observed in the final stone-free rate (P = 0.599) and the probability of secondary lithotripsy (P = 0.811) between the two groups. After 275 procedures, the total costs of a single-use flexible ureteroscope would exceed the reusable flexible ureteroscope.Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that the single-use digital flexible ureteroscope is an alternative to reusable digital flexible ureteroscopy in terms of surgical efficacy and safety for upper urinary calculi. In terms of the economics of the two types of equipment, institutions should consider their financial situation, the number of FURS procedures, the volume of the patient's calculus, surgeon experience, and local dealerships' annual maintenance contract when making the choice.

Objective: This article explores the differences in the effectiveness and safety of the treatment of the upper urinary calculi between single-use flexible ureteroscope (su-fURS) and reusable flexible ureteroscope (ru-fURS).Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus database, and CNKI databases within a period from the date of database establishment to November 2020. Stata 16 was used for calculation and statistical analyses.Results: A total of 1,020 patients were included in the seven studies. The statistical differences were only found in the Clavien–Dindo grade II postoperative complication [odds ratio (OR) 0.47; 95% CI 0.23–0.98; p = 0.04]. No significant statistical differences were observed in operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBL), length of hospital stay (LOS), and stone-free rate (SFR).Conclusion: Our meta-analysis results demonstrate that su-fURS, compared with ru-fURS, has similar effectiveness and better security for treating upper urinary calculi.

Abstract Background Urosepsis is a catastrophic complication, which can easily develop into septic shock and lead to death if not diagnosed early and effectively treated in time. However, there is a lack of evidence on the risk factors and outcomes in calculous pyonephrosis patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify risk factors and outcomes of intra- and postoperative urosepsis in this particular population. Methods Clinical data of 287 patients with calculous pyonephrosis were collected. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, all patients were divided into urosepsis group and non-urosepsis group. The diagnosis of urosepsis was mainly on the basis of the criteria of American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)/Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). Patient characteristics and outcomes data were analyzed, and risk factors were assessed by binary logistic regression analysis. Results Of 287 patients, 41 (14.3%) acquired urosepsis. Univariate analysis showed that white blood cell (WBC > 10*10^9/L) before surgery (P = 0.027), surgery types (P = 0.009), hypotension during surgery (P

Purpose: The efficacy and safety of super-mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (SMP, 14 Fr) was compared with mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (MPCNL, 16 Fr) for the treatment of upper urinary tract stones in children (< 14 years old). Methods: Clinical data of 133 paediatric patients with upper urinary tract stones treated with SMP or MPCNL between May 2012 and May 2019 were retrospectively analysed. The patients were divided into the SMP and MPCNL groups. Age, height, weight, stone size, operation time, stone-free rate (SFR), postoperative complications, tubeless rate, and length of postoperative hospital stay (LOS) were compared. Results: There were 66 patients (49.6%) in the SMP and 67 patients (50.4%) in the MPCNL group. No significant difference in the median age, weight, height and operation time, and SFR existed between the patients of the two groups. Larger stones were removed via SMP compared to those removed with MPCNL (2.0 vs. 1.5 cm, P = 0.001). LOS for SMP patients was significantly lower than that for the MPCNL patients (2 and 6 days, respectively, P < 0.0001). The tubeless rate for SMP was significantly higher than that for MPCNL (100% vs. 0%, P < 0.0001). Total complication rate of MPCNL was significantly higher than that of SMP (25.3% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.006). No patient required blood transfusion, and septicaemia, and other serious complications did not occur. Conclusion: SMP is more effective than MPCNL for treating middle-sized upper urinary tract stones in children, and is associated with a shorter LOS and a higher tubeless rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of microchannel and standard channel percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) on renal function and oxidative stress in patients with upper urinary calculi. Methods: 106 patients with upper urinary calculi who were treated in First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College from March 2017 to September 2018 were selected. According to the random number table method, the patients were randomly divided into microchannel group and standard channel group, 53 cases in each group. Microchannel group was treated with microchannel PCNL, standard channel group was treated with standard channel PCNL.The operation time, the amount of intraoperative bleeding, the clearance rate of one-time stone, the time of hospitalization and the rate of operation infection of the two groups were compared.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (SCr), C reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cortisol (Cor), adrenaline (AD), norepinephrine (NE) of the two groups were compared before and 1d, 3d after operation. Results: The operation time of the microchannel group was longer than that of the standard channel group, and the amount of intraoperative bleeding was less than that of the standard channel group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in levels of BUN and SCr between the two groups at each time point (P>0.05), the levels of BUN and SCr of the two groups 1d after operation were higher than that before operation (P<0.05). The levels of CRP, TNF-αand IL-6 in the two groups 1d and 3d after operation were significantly higher than those before operation (P<0.05). The levels of CRP, TNF-αand IL-6 in the microchannel group 3d after operation were lower than that in the standard channel group (P<0.05). The levels of Cor, AD and NE in the two groups 1d and 3d after operation were significantly higher than those before operation (P<0.05). The levels of Cor, AD and NE in the microchannel group 1d and 3d after operation were lower than that in the standard channel group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Microchannel PCNL and standard channel PCNL have good curative effect in the treatment of upper urinary calculi. However, microchannel PCNL has less bleeding, and the patient's inflammatory response and oxidative stress are lighter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children undergoing investigation and management for complex upper tract urolithiasis often require multimodal imaging. The significance of related radiation exposure in stone care pathways has received little attention in the published literature. Medical records of paediatric patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy were retrospectively analysed to ascertain the modalities used and determine extent of radiation exposure occurring during each care pathway. Radiation dose simulation and calculation was performed a priori. The cumulative effective dose (mSv) and cumulative organ dose (mGy) for radiosensitive organs was calculated. A total of 140 imaging studies were included from the care pathways of 15 children with complex upper tract urolithiasis. Median follow-up was 9.6 years (range: 6.7–16.8 years). The average number of imaging studies with ionising radiation per patient was nine, with a cumulative effective dose of 18.3 mSv across all modalities. The most common modalities were: mobile fluoroscopy (43%), x-ray (24%), and computed tomography (18%). The cumulative effective dose per study type was greatest for CT (4.09 mSv), followed by fixed and mobile fluoroscopy (2.79 mSv and 1.82 mSv, respectively). There is high general awareness of radiation exposure involved in CT scanning with resultant caution in employing this modality in paediatric patients. However, the significant radiation exposure relating to fluoroscopy (whether fixed or mobile) is less well documented in children. We recommend implementing steps to minimise radiation exposure by optimisation and avoidance of certain modalities where possible. Paediatrics urologists must employ strategies to minimise radiation exposure in children with urolithiasis, given the significant exposures encountered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Upper urinary calculi (UUC) is considered to be a comprehensive disease associated with many risk factors, but the role of physical activity (PA) is undefined. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate this relationship in Asian populations. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with UUC were the subjects of study and those who participated in a health examination in local medical center were included as controls. Information was collected through the same standard questionnaire. A metabolic equivalent score (METs) was measured for each kind of activity. OR of UUC in categories of PA were determined by logistic regression. Results: A total of 1,782 controls and 1,517 cases were enrolled. People who took higher PA (5-9.9, 10-19.9, 20-29.9 and >30 METs/wk) weekly were associated with lower risks of UUC than those took lower PA (<4.9 METs/ wk) after adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, water intake, history of gout, history of diabetes mellitus, history of supplemental calcium use and history of hypertension (adjusted OR 0.11, 0.32, 0.24, 0.34; 95% CI 0.08-0.15, 0.23-0.43, 0.15-0.40, 0.22-0.53, respectively; p value <0.001). Conclusions: In our cross-sectional study, PA was associated with UUC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Upper urinary tract stones are very common in my country, with an incidence of 1% to 5% in the North and an even higher incidence of 5% to 10% in the south. The incidence rate in the south is higher than that in the north, mainly due to the water quality, climate and eating habits of the region. From the perspective of sex, incidence is more likely in males than females. In the high-incidence population, young adults are most prone to stones. Men in the age range of 25 to 40 years are more likely to have stones., Aim: To observe the therapeutic effect of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mPCNL) on upper urinary tract stones and its influence on the renal function of patients., Methods: Patients with upper urinary tract stones who were treated in our hospital from February 2017 to March 2018 were selected as research subjects and were divided into the PCNL group and the mPCNL group according to the random number table method. The general conditions of the two groups of patients were observed during the perioperative period, and the differences in stone clearance, pain, renal function indicators and complication rates were compared between the two groups to determine which were statistically significant ( P < 0.05)., Results: The operation time of the mPCNL group was longer than that of the PCNL group ( t = -34.392, P < 0.001), and the intraoperative blood loss of the mPCNL group was more than that of the PCNL group ( t = 34.090, P < 0.001). There was no difference in renal function indices between the two groups of patients before treatment, and there was no difference in the levels of serum creatinine, β2 microglobulin or retinol binding protein in the mPCNL group after treatment. The visual analog scale score of patients in the mPCNL group was lower than that of the PCNL group ( t = 12.191, P < 0.001), and there was no significant difference in the stone clearance rate between the two groups ( χ 2 value = 1.013, P = 0.314). There was no significant difference in the incidence of urine extravasation, dyspnea and peripheral organ damage between the two groups ( χ 2 value = 1.053, P = 0.305). At 1 mo after treatment and 3 mo after treatment, the quality of life of the mPCNL group was lower than that of the PCNL group, and the Qmax level of the mPCNL group was higher than that of the PCNL group., Conclusion: mPCNL has a good therapeutic effect on upper urinary tract stones, with a high stone clearance rate without causing kidney damage or increasing the incidence of complications, and thus has good application value., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict of interest., (©The Author(s) 2022. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: To retrospectively evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness and safety of flexible ureteroscopes without preoperative ureteral stent placement., Methods: A total of 243 patients who had undergone flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) lithotripsy were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: 119 patients without preoperative ureteral stent placement were set as group A; and the remaining 124 patients who received preoperative ureteral stent placement were set as group B. The operative time, length of hospital stay, hospital costs, stone-free rates (SFRs), complications, and re-operation rates of the two groups were respectively compared., Results: Pairwise analysis indicated the following: the average operative time of group A was longer than that of group B (66.53±10.19 versus 59.85±9.85 min, P=0.0001), the average length of hospital stay of group A was considerably shorter than that of group B (6.56±0.90 versus 10.67±1.50 d, P=0.0001), the SFRs of group A were significantly lower than those of group B at 3 days postoperatively (36.1%, 43/119 versus 51.6%, 64/124, P=0.0034), and the average hospital costs were substantially lower in group A than those in group B (18,756 versus 23,450 RMB, P=0.0001). However, there were no notable differences observed in the following: SFRs between the groups at 1 month postoperatively (84.0%, 100/119 of group A versus 85.5%, 106/124 of group B, P=0.895), complications rates (20.1%, 26/124 in group A versus 20.1%, 23/114 in group B, P=0.597), and re-operation rates (15.1%, 18/119 in group A versus 16.9%, 21/124 in group B, P=0.558)., Conclusions: These results indicated that fURS without preoperative ureteral stent placement is safe and effective for the treatment of upper urinary calculi., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau-20-1458). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2020 Translational Andrology and Urology. All rights reserved.)

Background: Urosepsis is a catastrophic complication, which can easily develop into septic shock and lead to death if not diagnosed early and effectively treated in time. However, there is a lack of evidence on the risk factors and outcomes in calculous pyonephrosis patients. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify risk factors and outcomes of intra- and postoperative urosepsis in this particular population. Methods: Clinical data of 287 patients with calculous pyonephrosis were collected. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, all patients were divided into urosepsis group and non-urosepsis group. The diagnosis of urosepsis was mainly on the basis of the criteria of American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP)/Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). Patient characteristics and outcomes data were analyzed, and risk factors were assessed by binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Of 287 patients, 41 (14.3%) acquired urosepsis. Univariate analysis showed that white blood cell (WBC > 10*10^9/L) before surgery (P = 0.027), surgery types (P = 0.009), hypotension during surgery (P < 0.001) and urgent surgery (P < 0.001) were associated with intra- and postoperative urosepsis for calculous pyonephrosis patients. In multivariate analysis, hypotension during surgery and urgent surgery were closely related to intra- and postoperative urosepsis. Outcome analysis suggested that patients developing urosepsis had a longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay and postoperative hospital stay and higher mortality. Conclusions: Hypotension during surgery and urgent surgery were risk factors of intra- and postoperative urosepsis for calculous pyonephrosis patients, which may lead to a prolonged ICU stay, postoperative hospital stay and higher mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]