24 results on '"unresolved trauma"'
Search Results
2. “Two Wild and Crazy Guys‚ and a Gal” – Unresolved Trauma and Balkan Stereotypes in the Music of Emir Kusturica’s Film Podzemlje (Underground).
- Author
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Djordjević, Ana
- Subjects
- *
STEREOTYPES - Abstract
One of the manifestations of unresolved trauma is associated with the use of Balkan stereotypes and self-Balkanisation in films. In this paper, I explore the connection between unresolved trauma and the music used to express Balkan stereotypes, focusing on a case study dedicated to Goran Bregović’s soundtrack for Emir Kusturica’s film Podzemlje [Underground] (1995). I analyse the track “Mesečina [Moonlight]” featured in the film, and observe how the music goes hand in hand with the portrayal of some of the main characters as “wild Balkan men” associated with a myriad of negative characteristics and stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Conclusion
- Author
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Dryer, Rachel, Brunton, Robyn, Brunton, Robyn, editor, and Dryer, Rachel, editor
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
4. Exploring the meaning of unresolved loss and trauma in more than 1,000 Adult Attachment Interviews.
- Author
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Bakkum, Lianne, Verhage, Marije L., Schuengel, Carlo, Duschinsky, Robbie, Cornelisz, Ilja, van Klaveren, Chris, van IJzendoorn, Marinus H., Raby, K. Lee, Roisman, Glenn I., Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marian J., Oosterman, Mirjam, Madigan, Sheri, Fearon, R. M. Pasco, and Behrens, Kazuko
- Subjects
- *
ADULTS , *PARENT-child relationships , *REGRESSION analysis , *PREDICTION models , *PSYCHOMETRICS - Abstract
Unresolved states of mind regarding experiences of loss/abuse (U/d) are identified through lapses in the monitoring of reasoning, discourse, and behavior surrounding loss/abuse in response to the Adult Attachment Interview. Although the coding system for U/d has been widely used for decades, the individual indicators of unresolved loss/abuse have not been validated independently of the development sample. This study examined the psychometric validity of U/d, using individual participant data from 1,009 parent–child dyads across 13 studies. A latent class analysis showed that subsets of commonly occurring U/d indicators could differentiate interviewees with or without unresolved loss/abuse. Predictive models suggested a psychometric model of U/d consisting of a combination of these common indicators, with disbelief and psychologically confused statements regarding loss being especially important indicators of U/d. This model weakly predicted infant disorganized attachment. Multilevel regression analysis showed no significant association between ratings of unresolved other trauma and infant disorganized attachment, over and above ratings of unresolved loss/abuse. Altogether, these findings suggest that the coding system of U/d may have been overfitted to the initial development sample. Directions for further articulation and optimization of U/d are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
5. In defense of unresolved attachment: re-modelling intergenerational transmission of attachment.
- Author
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van IJzendoorn, Marinus H. and Makino, Naomichi
- Subjects
- *
RESEARCH , *INTERGENERATIONAL relations , *ATTACHMENT behavior , *RESEARCH funding , *WOUNDS & injuries , *PARENT-child relationships - Abstract
Intergenerational transmission of attachment is one of the core hypotheses of attachment theory. How parents or other caregivers look back on their childhood attachment experiences is suggested to shape their infants' attachments. In the current paper, we show that a new twist to correspondence analysis (Canonical Correlation Analysis [CCA]) of cross-tabulated attachment classifications with oblique rotation Correspondence Analysis (CA) may uncover the latent structure of intergenerational transmission showing the unique role of parental Unresolved representations in predicting infant Disorganized attachments. Our model of intergenerational transmission of attachment supports predicted associations between parental and infant attachments. Despite growing skepticism about the validity of parental Unresolved trauma and infant Disorganized attachment, we come to an evidence-based statistical defense of these generative clinical components of attachment theory awaiting a substantive experimentum crucis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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6. Childhood Trauma in Women and Fragmented Interview Narratives – Some Interdisciplinary Methodological and Clinical Implications
- Author
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Antonia Bifulco
- Subjects
ceca interviews ,childhood abuse ,attachment ,unresolved trauma ,methods ,attachement style ,Philology. Linguistics ,P1-1091 ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Trauma experience is understood through its expression in language, with implications for psycholinguistic and clinical research and analysis. Clinical research approaches often approach childhood trauma through investigative, semi-structured, retrospective interviews (e.g. Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse, CECA). This facilitates the narration of abuse history for systematic analysis in relation to clinical disorder. Interview techniques assist such history-telling, for example by ‘scaffolding’ the account, aiding memory through chronological questioning, using a factual focus and using probing questions to collect detail and resolve inconsistencies. However, some personal narratives are fragmented, incomplete, contradictory or highly emotional/dissociated from emotion. This can be explained by trauma impacts such as being emotionally frozen (forgetting and avoidance) or overwhelmed (emotional over-remembering) and is termed ‘unresolved trauma’ with links to attachment vulnerability. These narratives can make investigative interview research more challenging but can offer opportunities for secondary psycholinguistic analysis. Illustrative interview quotes from CECA childhood physical and sexual abuse narratives of three women are provided with comment on style of reporting. The women had recurrent trauma experience and later life depression and anxiety. The interview responses are examined in terms of seven characteristics taken from available literature (e.g. incoherent, contradictory, lack recall, time lapses, emotionality, blame and vividness). The concept of unresolved loss is discussed and whether the linguistic characteristics are specific to a trauma or to an individual. Factual investigative interviews and psycholinguistic analysis of narrative may find ways of combining for greater depth of understanding of unresolved trauma, to extend available methods and aid therapy.
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- 2021
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7. Exploring the meaning of unresolved loss and trauma in more than 1,000 Adult Attachment Interviews
- Author
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Lianne, Bakkum, Marije L, Verhage, Carlo, Schuengel, Robbie, Duschinsky, Ilja, Cornelisz, Chris, van Klaveren, Marinus H, van IJzendoorn, K Lee, Raby, Glenn I, Roisman, Marian J, Bakermans-Kranenburg, Mirjam, Oosterman, Sheri, Madigan, R M Pasco, Fearon, Kazuko, Behrens, ROA / Education and transition to work, and RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research
- Subjects
PARENTAL BEHAVIOR ,TRANSMISSION ,MODELS ,unresolved loss ,individual participant data meta-analysis ,MIND ,REPRESENTATIONS ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,STATES ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,LATENT STRUCTURE ,MALTREATMENT ,unresolved trauma ,DISORGANIZED ATTACHMENT ,METAANALYSIS ,Adult Attachment Interview - Abstract
Unresolved states of mind regarding experiences of loss/abuse (U/d) are identified through lapses in the monitoring of reasoning, discourse, and behavior surrounding loss/abuse in response to the Adult Attachment Interview. Although the coding system for U/d has been widely used for decades, the individual indicators of unresolved loss/abuse have not been validated independently of the development sample. This study examined the psychometric validity of U/d, using individual participant data from 1,009 parent–child dyads across 13 studies. A latent class analysis showed that subsets of commonly occurring U/d indicators could differentiate interviewees with or without unresolved loss/abuse. Predictive models suggested a psychometric model of U/d consisting of a combination of these common indicators, with disbelief and psychologically confused statements regarding loss being especially important indicators of U/d. This model weakly predicted infant disorganized attachment. Multilevel regression analysis showed no significant association between ratings of unresolved other trauma and infant disorganized attachment, over and above ratings of unresolved loss/abuse. Altogether, these findings suggest that the coding system of U/d may have been overfitted to the initial development sample. Directions for further articulation and optimization of U/d are provided.
- Published
- 2023
8. Unresolved Trauma and Reorganization in Mothers: Attachment and Neuroscience Perspectives
- Author
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Udita Iyengar, Purva Rajhans, Peter Fonagy, Lane Strathearn, and Sohye Kim
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attachment ,reorganization ,unresolved trauma ,intergenerational transmission ,maternal brain ,neuroscience ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
The onset of motherhood is characterized by significant psychological and neurobiological changes. These changes equip the mother to care for her new child. Although rewarding, motherhood is also an inherently stressful period, more so for mothers with unresolved trauma. Past research has looked at how unresolved trauma can hamper a mother’s caregiving response toward her infant, which further affects the development of secure attachment in her own infant. The Dynamic Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation (DMM) has introduced a unique concept of “attachment reorganization” which can be described as a process whereby individuals with unresolved trauma are transitioning toward attachment security based on their enhanced understanding of past and present experiences. Preliminary results from one of our previous studies have shown that, among mothers with unresolved trauma, mothers who themselves demonstrated “reorganizing attachment” toward security, had infants with secure attachment, thereby indicating the potential to halt the intergenerational transmission of insecure attachment. While this concept is of great clinical relevance, further research is required to assess the benefits of attachment reorganization as a protective factor and its positive implications for child development. Thus, the aim of the current review is to expand on the concept of attachment reorganization in mothers with unresolved trauma from both attachment and neuroscience perspectives. To that effect, we will first review the literature on the transition to motherhood from attachment and neuroscience perspectives. Second, we will use attachment and neuroscience approaches to address deviations from normative experiences during motherhood with a specific focus on the role of a mother’s unresolved trauma. Lastly, we will expand on the concept of reorganization and the promise this concept holds in resolving or halting the intergenerational transmission of trauma from mothers to their children.
- Published
- 2019
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9. Mental collapse as "disorganized attachment": A dynamic understanding for clinicians.
- Author
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Gojman-de-Millán, Sonia and Millán, Salvador
- Subjects
- *
LONGITUDINAL method , *ATTACHMENT behavior , *INFANTS , *PSYCHOANALYSTS , *COMPREHENSION , *EMPIRICAL research - Abstract
Unresolved loss and unresolved trauma in adult mothers, and the commonly disorganized attachment pattern developed by their infants, have been repeatedly reported in longitudinal research literature as a crucial correlate or precedent of severe pathology. We describe and illustrate how unresolved loss and unresolved trauma are manifested in verbatim-transcribed language and how they are to be detected, so that psychoanalysts and clinicians in general are able to distinguish them and understand how such "states of mind" evidence the process of fragmentation they involve. We follow each example with a resolved transcript so it can be contrasted with a nonresolved case. We then describe excerpts of a taped "disorganized infant" – an example of infants who are usually babies of unresolved mothers, as shown during the Adult Attachment Interview. The analyst's ability to identify and understand these "states of mind" and the subsequent sensitive reflection on the transcendental role of primary traumatic relations, which are involved in fear and the destructive dynamics of mental fragmentation – as seen in empirical research on attachment – can facilitate a resourceful integrative analytic scrutiny of the processes gone through by patients, and encourage the discovery of alternatives for working through the disturbing experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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10. Unresolved Trauma and Reorganization in Mothers: Attachment and Neuroscience Perspectives.
- Author
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Iyengar, Udita, Rajhans, Purva, Fonagy, Peter, Strathearn, Lane, and Kim, Sohye
- Subjects
ATTACHMENT behavior ,MOTHERHOOD ,CHILD development ,INTERGENERATIONAL relations ,NEUROSCIENCES - Abstract
The onset of motherhood is characterized by significant psychological and neurobiological changes. These changes equip the mother to care for her new child. Although rewarding, motherhood is also an inherently stressful period, more so for mothers with unresolved trauma. Past research has looked at how unresolved trauma can hamper a mother's caregiving response toward her infant, which further affects the development of secure attachment in her own infant. The Dynamic Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation (DMM) has introduced a unique concept of "attachment reorganization" which can be described as a process whereby individuals with unresolved trauma are transitioning toward attachment security based on their enhanced understanding of past and present experiences. Preliminary results from one of our previous studies have shown that, among mothers with unresolved trauma, mothers who themselves demonstrated "reorganizing attachment" toward security, had infants with secure attachment, thereby indicating the potential to halt the intergenerational transmission of insecure attachment. While this concept is of great clinical relevance, further research is required to assess the benefits of attachment reorganization as a protective factor and its positive implications for child development. Thus, the aim of the current review is to expand on the concept of attachment reorganization in mothers with unresolved trauma from both attachment and neuroscience perspectives. To that effect, we will first review the literature on the transition to motherhood from attachment and neuroscience perspectives. Second, we will use attachment and neuroscience approaches to address deviations from normative experiences during motherhood with a specific focus on the role of a mother's unresolved trauma. Lastly, we will expand on the concept of reorganization and the promise this concept holds in resolving or halting the intergenerational transmission of trauma from mothers to their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Neural Correlates of Emotion, Cognition, and Attachment in Borderline Personality Disorder and Its Clinical Implications
- Author
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Buchheim, Anna, Viviani, Roberto, George, Carol, Kächele, Horst, Walter, Henrik, Levy, Raymond A., editor, Ablon, J. Stuart, editor, and Kächele, Horst, editor
- Published
- 2012
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12. Trauma, Mothering, and Intergenerational Transmission: A Synthesis of Behavioral and Oxytocin Research.
- Author
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Kim, Sohye and Strathearn, Lane
- Abstract
Although intergenerational effects of traumatic experiences have garnered increased clinical and empirical attention, not much is known about the mechanisms by which trauma-related distress is transmitted. This paper brings together insights from mother-infant attachment research and oxytocin research to provide a neurobiobehavioral account of how maternal trauma affects the mother, the mother-infant attachment, and the infant. We draw from both behavioral and oxytocin research to shed light on how the cycle of intergenerational transmission is perpetuated and to consider what can be done to disrupt the cycle. We conclude by pointing toward a strategy for intervening in the intergenerational transmission of trauma, highlighting areas where further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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13. Unresolved trauma in fibromyalgia: A cross-sectional study.
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Waller, Elisabeth, Scheidt, Carl E., Endorf, Katharina, Hartmann, Armin, and Zimmermann, Peter
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- *
ADULT child abuse victims , *MENTAL depression , *FIBROMYALGIA , *HEALTH status indicators , *POST-traumatic stress disorder , *SELF-evaluation , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
This study examined the prevalence of unresolved attachment-related trauma and its association with physical and psychological health status in 34 patients with fibromyalgia. Unresolved trauma was assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview. In addition, participants completed self-report measures of childhood trauma, fibromyalgia-related health status and depression. Of the sample, 50 per cent was classified as unresolved on the Adult Attachment Interview. Neither interview-based ratings of unresolved trauma nor self-reported childhood sexual or physical abuse were associated with health outcomes. Only for self-reported emotional abuse, a positive correlation with depression emerged. The implications of the findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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14. Attachment organization in Arabic-speaking refugees with post traumatic stress disorder.
- Author
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Riber, Karin
- Subjects
- *
ATTACHMENT behavior , *POST-traumatic stress disorder , *REFUGEES , *HEALTH facility translating services - Abstract
As a part of an ongoing clinical study of refugees with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the primary objective of the current study was to examine and describe the distribution of adult attachment patterns as assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) in Arabic-speaking refugees. A total of 43 adult male and female refugees with Iraqi and Palestinian backgrounds completed the AAI. Sixty-seven percent of the sample was classified as Unresolved with respect to loss or trauma and a substantial proportion of insecure attachment representations (14% Secure-Autonomous, 39% Dismissing, 42% Preoccupied, 5% Cannot Classify) was found, in addition to high intake levels of post traumatic stress symptoms and comorbidity. Findings are compared with AAI studies of other PTSD or trauma samples, and the paper elaborates upon the methodological challenges in administering the AAI in a context of simultaneous translation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
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15. 'I Hate Talking About It': Identifying and Supporting Traumatised Young People in Custody.
- Author
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GRAY, PAUL
- Subjects
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VICTIMS of hate crimes , *CRIME & race , *HATE groups , *HATE crimes , *CRIME victims - Abstract
Research has shown that a significant proportion of young people in custody have experienced some form of abuse and/or loss in their lives. This article uses the biographies of three young men (all serving custodial sentences) to elucidate the feelings that experiences of this nature can engender. Crucially, none of the three was effectively helped to resolve their experiences. The article goes on to argue that more needs to be done to identify and support traumatised young people in custody. The article concludes that, while the CHAT: Secure tool may go some way to better identifying those needing support, an individual's reluctance to disclose their traumatic experiences in the first place may limit the tool's efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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16. Unresolved Trauma in Mothers: Intergenerational Effects and the Role of Reorganization
- Author
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Udita eIyengar, Sohye eKim, Sheila eMartinez, Peter eFonagy, and Lane eStrathearn
- Subjects
Attachment ,intergenerational transmission ,reorganization ,Mother-Infant ,unresolved trauma ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
A mother’s unresolved trauma may interfere with her ability to sensitively respond to her infant, thus affecting the development of attachment in her own child, and potentially contributing to the intergenerational transmission of trauma. One novel construct within the Dynamic Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation (DMM) coding of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is reorganization, a process whereby speakers are actively changing their understanding of past and present experiences and moving toward attachment security. We conducted a study of mothers with unresolved trauma, exploring their own attachment classification, attachment outcomes of their children, and the potential effects of reorganization on child attachment. Forty-seven first-time mothers participated in the AAI during pregnancy, and returned with their child at 11 months to assess child attachment using the Strange Situation Procedure. Mothers with and without unresolved trauma were compared. We found that mothers with unresolved trauma had insecure attachment themselves and were more likely to have infants with insecure attachment. However, the one exception was that all of the mothers with unresolved trauma who were reorganizing towards secure attachment had infants with secure attachment. These preliminary findings suggest that mothers who are reorganizing may be able to more sensitively respond to their child’s cues, contributing to the development of secure attachment. While our results need to be replicated in a larger cohort, this study is the first to explore the construct of reorganization and its potential relationship with child attachment. If confirmed in future studies, it may provide clinical insight into the intergenerational transmission of insecure attachment within the context of unresolved trauma.
- Published
- 2014
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17. PATRIARCHAL UPBRINGING IN THE 21ST CENTURY: THE IMPACT EMOTIONAL ABUSE RELATED TO PARENTAL STYLES HAS ON THE GENESIS OF GENDER INEQUALITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNRESOLVED TRAUMA IN CHILDREN
- Author
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Abi Rached, Melissa, Hankir, Ahmed, and Zaman, Rashid
- Subjects
emotional abuse ,patriarchal parental style ,hostile sexism ,benevolent sexism ,gender-equality ,unresolved trauma - Abstract
Background: Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) (physical, sexual, and psychological/emotional) is a type of structural discrimination that violates the basic human rights of females on a global scale. Cultural norms that glorify male dominance, power imbalances, and abuse of authority are the most encountered reasons for VAWG. Emotional abuse, which can start in childhood, is widely recognised as the most prevalent fo rm of VAWG. However, although victims of emotional abuse usually suffer terribly, perpetrators often evade accountability. Emotional abuse is u nderestimated in part because it is normalized by victims who are mostly women and girls. The normalization of VAWG is contributing to the propagation and perpetuation of biased perceptions of sexism. The intergenerational transmission of parenting styles - which is an important contributory factor for child developmen t - often includes gender-stereotyping norms, or patriarchy. Hitherto, li mited focus has been directed towards the consequences tha t emotional abuse related to patriarchal upbringing has on childr en. Aim - to investigate if emotional abuse related to patriarch al upbringing influences the perception of sexism and gender stereotyping across genders, and the development of unresolved trauma in children. Methods: Participants were recruited via social media platforms to complete online questionnaires assessing parental emotional abuse, control, trauma, misogyny, and perceptions of sexism. Parametric analyses were conducted on the 188 participants (158 women and 30 men) recruited. Trauma and perceptions of sexism were statistically analysed using correlation and multiple linear regression. Results: Our findings show that parental emotional abuse and control in females predicted for unresolved traumatic experiences (16.6%). Misogynistic culture and male gender predicted for hostile sexism (9.9%), whereas emotional abuse predicted for benevolent sexism (40%). Conclusion: Emotional abuse related to patriarchal upbringing contributes to the genesis of gender inequality and unresolved trauma in children. Given that parental styles are transmitted from one generation to the next, to reduce sexism and improve mental health outcomes, the patriarchal parental cycle must be broken.
- Published
- 2021
18. Mothers’ unresolved trauma blunts amygdala response to infant distress.
- Author
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Kim, Sohye, Fonagy, Peter, Allen, Jon, and Strathearn, Lane
- Subjects
- *
AMYGDALOID body , *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress , *INFANTS , *NEUROBIOLOGY , *MAGNETIC resonance imaging , *WOUNDS & injuries - Abstract
While the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder has been extensively researched, much less attention has been paid to the neural mechanisms underlying more covert but pervasive types of trauma (e.g., those involving disrupted relationships and insecure attachment). Here, we report on a neurobiological study documenting that mothers’ attachment-related trauma, when unresolved, undermines her optimal brain response to her infant’s distress. We examined the amygdala blood oxygenation level-dependent response in 42 first-time mothers as they underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning, viewing happy- and sad-face images of their own infant, along with those of a matched unknown infant. Whereas mothers with no trauma demonstrated greater amygdala responses to the sad faces of their own infant as compared to their happy faces, mothers who were classified as having unresolved trauma in the Adult Attachment Interview (Dynamic Maturational Model) displayed blunted amygdala responses when cued by their own infants’ sadness as compared to happiness. Unknown infant faces did not elicit differential amygdala responses between the mother groups. The blunting of the amygdala response in traumatized mothers is discussed as a neural indication of mothers’ possible disengagement from infant distress, which may be part of a process linking maternal unresolved trauma and disrupted maternal caregiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The inheritance of loss.
- Author
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Goldsmith, Jo and Cowen, Helena
- Subjects
- *
EMOTIONAL state , *INFANT death , *INFANT development , *BULIMIA , *PARENT-infant relationships , *SEX crimes - Abstract
This article aims to demonstrate that it is not only the mind that needs to have the capacity to hold and transform, but also the body. Fordham's concept of the 'primary self' emphasises the unity between the body and emotional states in infancy. The self is expressed through actions that bring the infant into contact with the mother and the environment. Through these interactions, the baby can know, in a primitive way, about the capacities and qualities of the mother. If there is a traumatic dislocation between the mother and the baby, the impact on the baby will be expressed predominately through the infant's body. If this is unresolved, the body will continue to manifest this distress throughout development. This article will discuss how the devastating experience of the death of an infant or child affects the maternal attachment to surviving children. In a consideration of quite different developmental periods, namely early infancy and older adolescence, there will be an exploration of how unresolved disturbances are expressed through the body. This will be illustrated using two clinical cases: one from parent-infant work with a depressed mother and her four-week-old baby who screamed for hours at a time; and the other from work undertaken with an older adolescent girl struggling with sexual abuse and bulimia. In both clinical examples, there had been significant deaths of siblings prior to the birth of identified patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Insecure and Unresolved/Disorganized Attachment in Patients With Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures.
- Author
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Gerhardt C, Hamouda K, Irorutola F, Rose M, Hinkelmann K, Buchheim A, and Senf-Beckenbach P
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Humans, Personality Tests, Dissociative Disorders, Seizures
- Abstract
Background: Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are still poorly understood and difficult to treat. Attachment theory could add new aspects to the understanding of the multifactorial genesis and maintenance of PNES and the therapeutic needs of this patient group., Objective: The aim of the present study is to systematically assess attachment in adult patients with PNES with a focus on the role of unresolved/disorganized attachment., Methods: A cross-sectional design was chosen to compare patients with confirmed PNES (n = 44) and healthy controls (n = 44) matched for gender, age, and education. Attachment was assessed using the Adult Attachment Projective Picture System. Psychometric questionnaires included the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) axis II disorders, Patient Questionnaire; the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire; and the Patient Health Questionnaire., Results: We found significantly less secure (P = 0.006) and more unresolved/disorganized (P = 0.041) attachment classifications in the PNES group. Among patients with PNES, 7% were classified secure and 43% were classified unresolved/disorganized. Patients with an unresolved attachment representation were significantly more likely to be screened positive for personality pathology in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV axis II disorders, Patient Questionnaire (P = 0.03) and to report more emotional abuse in the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (P = 0.007) than patients with other attachment classifications., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that unresolved/disorganized attachment might be the predominant attachment style in patients with PNES and might be associated with more severe personality pathology. This could be of therapeutic relevance. The present study is the first to assess adult attachment in patients with PNES using a semi-structured interview in comparison to matched healthy controls., (Copyright © 2020 Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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21. Another step closer to measuring the ghosts in the nursery: preliminary validation of the Trauma Reflective Functioning Scale
- Author
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Ensink, Karin, Berthelot, Nicolas, Bernazzani, Odette, Normandin, Lina, and Fonagy, Peter
- Subjects
mentalization ,childhood abuse and neglect ,trauma ,reflective functioning ,Psychology ,Original Research Article ,unresolved trauma ,transition to motherhood ,attachment - Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine preliminary evidence of the validity of the Trauma Reflective Functioning Scale and to investigate reflective functioning (RF) and attachment in pregnant women with histories of trauma, with a particular focus on the capacity to mentalize regarding trauma and its implications for adaptation to pregnancy and couple functioning. The Adult Attachment Interview was used to assess attachment, unresolved trauma and mentalization (measured as RF) regarding relationships with attachment figures (RF-G) and trauma (RF-T) in 100 pregnant women with histories of abuse and neglect. The majority (63%) of women had insecure attachment states of mind and approximately half were unresolved regarding trauma. Furthermore, the majority of women manifested deficits specific to RF-T. Their RF-T was significantly lower than their RF-G; the findings indicate that women with histories of childhood abuse and neglect do not manifest a generic inhibition of reflectiveness, but a collapse of mentalization specific to trauma. Low RF-T, indicative of difficulty in considering traumatic experiences in mental state terms, was associated with difficulty in investment in the pregnancy and lack of positive feelings about the baby and motherhood. In addition, low RF-T was also associated with difficulties in intimate relationships. Results of a regression analysis with RF indicated that RF-T was the best predictor of investment in pregnancy and couple functioning. In sum, the study provides preliminary evidence that RF-T can be reliably measured and is a valid construct that has potential usefulness for research and clinical practice. It highlights the importance of mentalization specifically about trauma and suggests that it is not the experience of trauma per se, but the absence of mentalization regarding trauma that is associated with difficulties in close relationships and in making the transition to parenthood.
- Published
- 2014
22. Attachment and Borderline Personality Disorder.
- Author
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Buchheim A and Diamond D
- Subjects
- Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder psychology, Female, Humans, Male, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Borderline Personality Disorder therapy, Object Attachment, Psychotherapy methods
- Abstract
Borderline personality disorder is associated with predominant insecure and unresolved attachment representations, linked history of trauma, impaired cognitive functioning and oxytocin levels, and higher limbic activations. Two randomized clinical trials on transference-focused psychotherapy assessed change of attachment representation and reflective functioning. The first showed that transference-focused psychotherapy was superior, demonstrating significant improvements toward attachment security and higher reflective functioning. The second randomized clinical trial study on transference-focused psychotherapy compared with therapy as usual replicated these results and additionally showed a significant shift from unresolved to organized attachment in the transference-focused psychotherapy group only, suggesting its effectiveness in traumatized patients., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Pastorale begeleiding van persone wat as gevolg van onverwerkte trauma spesifieke siektetoestande ervaar / Hendrik Petrus Kotze
- Author
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Kotze, Hendrik Petrus
- Subjects
Wholeness ,Pastoral ,Unresolved trauma ,Diseases ,Body ,Reconciliation ,Trauma ,Forgiveness - Abstract
This study deals with the pastoral counselling of people who became ill as a result of unresolved trauma. Some of the important questions raised in this study, included: Why are certain traumatic events physically harmful to people? 0 What is the relationship between unresolved trauma and the development of disease in the human body? Which additional factors play a role in the development of disease? The basis theoretical research clearly showed that a wounded person can be healed and restored by God; even if the wounding took place a long time ago. The traumatized person can bring his/her pain to God, uninhibitedly, with the expectation that God's healing power can heal. Negative thoughts and emotions, which are harmful to a person, must be brought under the truth of the Word, through the guidance of the Holy Spirit; with the intention to correct these thoughts and emotions. The meta-theoretical research has clearly shown a relationship between unresolved trauma and the development of disease in humans. Unresolved emotions can create certain emotions that work in negatively on a person's body. Unresolved trauma can also lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. For the purpose of the empirical study, four cases, of people who experienced trauma, were selected and studied. These people all struggled with new diseases after their traumatic experiences. The results highlighted the importance of considering the unique personal history of each individual; especially with reference to unresolved traumatic experiences in a person's past. The co-operation between the researcher and the medical profession regarding the results of the case studies should be noted. Chapter 6 clearly points out that the point of departure in pastoral counselling is God, the Holy Trinity. Vital dimensions of the Biblical counselling process are the following: Establishing involvement with counselees. Inspiring in them Biblical hope. 0 A thorough inventory and Biblical interpretation of counselees and their problems. Instructing counselees in an accurate and appropriately Biblical way to inspire in them decisive commitment to Biblical obedience and the implementation of Biblical instructions. Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
- Published
- 2006
24. Unresolved trauma in mothers: intergenerational effects and the role of reorganization.
- Author
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Iyengar U, Kim S, Martinez S, Fonagy P, and Strathearn L
- Abstract
A mother's unresolved trauma may interfere with her ability to sensitively respond to her infant, thus affecting the development of attachment in her own child, and potentially contributing to the intergenerational transmission of trauma. One novel construct within the Dynamic Maturational Model of Attachment and Adaptation (DMM) coding of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is "reorganization," a process whereby speakers are actively changing their understanding of past and present experiences and moving toward attachment security. We conducted a study of mothers with unresolved trauma, exploring their own attachment classification, attachment outcomes of their children, and the potential effects of reorganization on child attachment. Forty-seven first-time mothers participated in the AAI during pregnancy, and returned with their child at 11 months to assess child attachment using the Strange Situation Procedure. Mothers with and without unresolved trauma were compared. We found that mothers with unresolved trauma had insecure attachment themselves and were more likely to have infants with insecure attachment. However, the one exception was that all of the mothers with unresolved trauma who were reorganizing toward secure attachment had infants with secure attachment. These preliminary findings suggest that mothers who are reorganizing may be able to more sensitively respond to their child's cues, contributing to the development of secure attachment. While our results need to be replicated in a larger cohort, this study is the first to explore the construct of reorganization and its potential relationship with child attachment. If confirmed in future studies, it may provide clinical insight into the intergenerational transmission of insecure attachment within the context of unresolved trauma.
- Published
- 2014
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