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A detailed reading of »The Eloquent Peasant« (ca. 1850 BCE) is proposed which focusses on philosophical practices, especially »speaking Ma'at« and its way of universalization. This way of universalization is characterized neither by reference to a realm of ideas nor to a form of shared humanity, but by an orientation on the cosmological, especially through the connectivity between cosmos and breath and air, which is part of the concept of Ma'at. In the multiperspectival way displayed in the »Eloquent Peasant«, »speaking Ma'at« is not only a way of speaking philosophically, but cosmopolitical dissent as well. Cosmopolitics is a way of dissenting by referring to universality, and in the »The Eloquent Peasant« it comes in a form of a cosmopolitics of breathing. A parallel reading of the »Zhuangzi« shows another form of cosmopolitics of breathing, elucidating differences, e.g. in their way of universalization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic sanitation is the set of public services, infrastructures and operational facilities related to water supply, sanitary sewage, urban cleaning and solid waste management, and drainage and urban rainwater management. The aim of this research is to understand the situation of the basic sanitation system and the impact on related diseases in Mato Grosso do Sul, identifying the extent of access that Mato Grosso do Sul residents have to these services and/or the lack and precariousness of them, and the relationship with the occurrence of diseases in the population. With the results found, it is observed that investments in sanitation have developed, but there is still a long way to go before universalization in the state, bearing in mind that access to basic sanitary conditions for the entire population is extremely important and that lack and/or precariousness can lead to illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies tackling the subject of the COVID-19 pandemic found that most of the metaphors used in different genres on the subject are related to war. These war metaphors have been found to have the effects of raising awareness and creating a sense of urgency about the situation, therefore gaining support, bringing calm and stability, and promoting some emotional interaction. This study focused on the Arabic metaphors used during the different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, i.e., from the time the pandemic began to emerge to the time of lockdown and curfew to the invention of the vaccine and of the suggestion of taking multiple doses. Data were collected from Twitter using its advanced search engine. The importance of this study lies in the fact that previous studies tackling the topic have not focused on metaphors using such a diachronic approach. Furthermore, the causes and effects of using COVID-19 metaphors in previous studies were found to be similar to the ones in this study. The resulting metaphors reflected some of the diachronic changes brought on by the COVID-19 global situation. These results are indicative of the match between the global situation invoked by the pandemic and the conceptualization of this situation as realized in language regardless of which language this is or to what culture it belongs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how British Jews responded to the Bosnian War of 1992-1995. It questions how Jewish memories of the Holocaust influenced the way the community responded to the genocide in Bosnia. Using the British Jewish press as its source base, it identifies how British Jews extensively referenced the Shoah when responding to events in Bosnia. Highlighting a lack of international action to stop the Holocaust, British Jews attached a moral imperative to military intervention in Bosnia. It probes the idea that genocide in the Balkans had an important role in the expansion, and universalization, of Holocaust consciousness in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the rationale behind the combination of Buddha mahāstūpas (mahācetiyas) and cetiyas (caityas) within a Buddhist monastery. In integrating a broader intellectual program, the universality of the concept is exemplified, wherein "mahācetiya and cetiya" are combined to symbolize the life of Buddha through architectural arrangements. Adopting a broader intellectual program grounded in the causality principle signifies an inclination toward universality. These combinations represent sacred places and events in Buddha's life, from birth to Mahaparinirvana. They encompass significant moments, such as great departures, meditation, enlightenment, and preaching. The synthesis of mahācetiyas and apsidal shrines was a pivotal moment at the site, guided by the Mahāsaṅghika School, representing an innovative invention in the pursuit of narrative framing of Buddha's biography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Geographic Coordinates of Household and Establishment Addresses, by type, made available by IBGE, enable a diverse set of analyses on an unprecedented scale for the Brazilian territory. Building upon the methodological understanding adopted by IBGE, we elaborate a reflection on the challenges faced by the State in the process of universalizing the provision of public basic education, especially in those municipalities without private education offerings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais is the property of Associacao Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Planejamento Urbano e Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Práxis Educativa is the property of Revista Praxis Educativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is sanctified to theoretical research of the concept of the universality of human rights as a process of establishment of corresponding norms and mechanisms of universal character with the aim of defence and providing of human rights, and also concept of universality-as an achievement of certain perfection in the protection of human rights. This universality shows up as a transcendent aspect. Universal rights are rights everybody has that as personality, regardless of legal space or historical time. Consideration of this aspect is very important for the ground of absoluteness of human rights. The idea of universality of human rights is based on position that human rights have exterritorial character and that their realization and defence are not business only of the separate states, but is the article of general interest. Universality of human rights arises out of universality of human nature. Quality of practical changes in development of the modern states largely depends on ideas about universality of human rights and reasons of optimization of human rights. Problem of the general understanding of concept of universality of human rights, causes much violation of human rights and freedoms, and her it costs to decide through the search of ways of understanding of universality of rights and freedoms, through description of basic elements that determine maintenance of the modes of human rights, by finding out of all totality of descriptions each of elements-right and moral, social and other terms that can come forward as a stimulant or vice versa, their realization prevent. The most frequent misunderstanding in relation to understanding of universality of human rights arises up when speech йдеться about countries that develop, that not only feel different difficulties of economic, social and cultural character in realization of that or other convention on human rights but also in relation to different reasons does not welcome omnifying of human rights or, at least up to a point, behave to her with a carefulness. It is in-process carried out research of theoretical analysis of different conceptions of understanding of universality of human rights, discussion and discussion of opinions of supporters of cultural relativism and universalism. Today by a reference-point in the difficult and contradictory situations of the modern world, there must be universal human rights, that would express the clear limits of his freedom, place in society, to intercommunication with the state or with other individuals. Must yield to no doubt in the modern world, judgement, that human rights are an inalienable, inalienable achievement of all humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this research is to analyze the sources of financing available for the sanitation sector in Brazil and to identify the main forms of financing effectively used by companies classified as Corporations in the sanitation sector. The results showed that, although quite different in terms of the size of the total assets, the capital structure of the companies is very similar, with low leverage and preponderance of third-party resources obtained through federal resources from Caixa Econômica Federal, funding via debentures and financing lines from the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social – BNDES), as well as from Development Financial Institutions (DFI), among which the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (Jica). Thus, public financing and financing through development banks is still the main source of funds for the sector, although funding via debentures is relevant and there is great room for diversification. The difficulty of financing from third-party resources leads to the prioritization of tariffs for the expansion of financing services, which can be an impediment to universalization, given the need to expand to areas with low population density and/or lower purchasing power. In this context, lengthening the terms of financing and reducing the cost of capital, encouraging the active participation of development banks as financing agents and providing greater legal and contractual security for companies in the sector are fundamental aspects to achieve the universalization of sanitation services intended by the new legal framework for basic sanitation.

Intense recruitment for the Roman army among the Batavians of the Lower Rhi-ne exposed their community more profoundly to Latin literacy and the universal cul-ture of the empire than many oth-er provinces. How-ever, through an anthro-polo-gi-cal examination of their commu-ni-ty, the present paper demonstrates that even under the-se con-di-tions, the cultural amalgamation of the impe-rial and the lo-cal was li-mi-ted, and Batavian society retained a markedly distinct cul-ture through-out centuries of Ro-man rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts with the presumption that the 'act of counseling' must involve the strategic 'method of dialogue', and by doing so, the practitioners/counselors do indeed 'philosophize' with their counselees. Such a strategic method involves "... attending and encouraging, restating and paraphrasing, reflecting content and feeling, clarifying and perception checking, and summarizing." This method may be traced way back in the philosophic dialogues of Socrates (though in a subtle manner), which have been compiled in the dialogues of Plato. In Aristotle, we find that this method of dialogue is relatively less apparent than in Socrates and Plato, but it continues to be applied. It becomes the aporetic method: the solution of the problem results from a discussion of all possible opinions/beliefs: the 'act of midwifery' in the method of dialogue seems a crucial aspect of 'Socratic perspective', and conducive to the act of philosophical counseling. This paper shall focus on a particular piece of work called Aristophanes' Clouds. In modern times, it definitely seems to make sense in the process of philosophical counseling where the counselee is supposed to reach the solution to her/his dilemma (with the assistance of the counselor). This is supposed to be conversational, mimetic, and sometimes rhetoric as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionIn 2020, the Brazilian government sanctioned Law No. 14.026, which established new guidelines for water and sanitation in the country and encouraged service privatization. Based on this, the State of Minas Gerais government, Brazil has proposed a bill for these services. Regarding this bill, different social actors in the State of Minas Gerais have expressed different assessments concerning the outcomes of the proposed management model and its impact on the realization of the human rights to safe water and sanitation.MethodsWe used content analysis techniques to assess the position of different actors—government, civil society, and private sector—in three public events that were recorded and posted on the YouTube platform.ResultsThe analyses of this study indicated that the positions of the current government are aligned with those of the private sector. Also, the analyses agree that privatization can lead to the universalization of access to services. These different actors did not mention the human rights to safe water and sanitation in their discourses. Civil society organizations are concerned about the guarantee of those rights. For them, privatization of water and sanitation services can lead to discontinuation of the access of these services to vulnerable populations and poor municipalities due to tariff increases.DiscussionThe discourses concerning water and sanitation privatization as an instrument for universalization are disputed. Private sector actors and government representatives, aligned with the neoliberal agenda, support privatization. Civil society organizations defend the improvement of public management as the path to universalization. Representatives of municipalities were not included in the discussion for the new bill. The different societal positions relate to the different views these actors have concerning privatization and the world.

Videogame companies are selling religion to an overwhelmingly secular demographic. Ubisoft, the biggest company in the world's biggest cultural industry, created a best-selling franchise about a conflict over Biblical artefacts between Muslim Assassins and Christian Templars. Who decides to put religion into those games? How? And why? To find out, we interviewed 22 developers on the Assassin's Creed franchise, including directors and writers. Based on those, we show that the "who" of Ubisoft is not a person but an industry: a de-personalized and codified process. How? Marketing, editorial and production teams curb creative teams into reproducing a formula: a depoliticized, universalized, and science-fictionalized "marketable religion." Why? Because this marketable form of religious heritage can be consumed by everyone—regardless of cultural background or conviction. As such, this paper adds an empirically grounded perspective on the "who," "why," and "how" of cultural industries' successful commodification of religious and cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia (07169108) is the property of Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Derecho Internacional Contemporáneo is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Derecho Internacional Contemporáneo is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Review / Przeglad Strategiczny is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roteiro is the property of Roteiro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to analyze the controversy surrounding the ownership of public sanitation services after the approval of Federal Law No. 14.026/2020, known as the New Regulatory Framework for the Sector. It seeks to investigate whether the changes implemented by the new legal diploma represent a veiled transfer of state responsibility for the universalization of services to the private sector, especially with regard to sanitary sewage. Without intending to exhaust the theme, the objective was to carry out an eminently qualitative and exploratory bibliographic research supported by the inductive method. It was concluded that the diploma violates the competences of the municipalities and that, to a certain extent, it transfers responsibility for the provision of sanitation services to the private sector, attacking the State's capacity to achieve the longawaited universalization.

The Author has demonstrated that Samoan youth is not indifferent to cultural universals, despite attempting to co-create them in the course of a multi-cultural dialogue and globalization processes. The study was founded on research results conducted through local observations and a questionnaire distributed among students of the Faculty of Education at the National University of Samoa in Apia. The research aimed to learn about the opinions, aspirations, attitudes, and value systems of Samoan students as they represent the educated elite of the 21st-century generation. The interviewed approve of contemporary civilizational novelties, as long as those do not harm the traditional culture. The socialization process in the Samoan youth has been occurring on a borderland between upbringing, traditional family-tribal, and the modern state-citizen education in schools and social life. Family and traditional customs are still vivid despite being more open to contemporary civilization and state developments. Although cautious towards novelties that might threaten the Samoan culture, these attitudes may be assessed as a reformatory. Based on the results obtained in Samoa, it is justifiable to state that the process of cultural transformation universalization has been occurring there in many areas of reality.

Copyright of Canadian Yearbook of International Law is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Law & International Relations / Relações Internacionais no Mundo is the property of Relacoes Internacionais no Mundo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of A&C - Administrative & Constitutional Law Review - Revista de Direito Administrativo e Constitucional is the property of A&C - Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional (Instituto Bacellar) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

African American modern dancer and ballerina Janet Collins challenged conventions for representing race, gender, and religion in her Spirituals suite (1947) and Genesis (1965), works that brought together Jewish and African American spiritualities. Countering the assumption that only white dancers access the privilege to present themselves in universalizing ways, I argue that Collins used a process of self-universalization. This article shows how Collins employed dance techniques and thematic content usually coded as white to highlight the spiritual experiences of Black women and to circumvent assignations of "Negro dance" that would have failed to encompass her technical range and subject position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: The Radiotherapy Expansion Plan for Brazil's Unified Health System (PER-SUS) was an innovative program designed by the Ministry of Health in 2012 to provide improvements to the challenging problem of access to radiotherapy in the country. This study sought to analyze the execution and implementation of installations proposed by PER-SUS, and their capacity to address the problems of radiotherapy access in Brazil. Methods: From the first release (February 2015) until October 2021, all PER-SUS monthly progress reports were retrospectively analyzed. The beneficiary institutions, project location, project status, project type, dates of the progress on the stages, and reasons for cancellations or possible justifications for changing the status were collected. Brazilian geographic data, health care demands, and cancer incidences were correlated. Finally, we performed an Ishikawa diagram and 5W3H methodology, aiming to better understand the findings and to yield possible ways to improve the access to radiotherapy. Findings: After ten years, the PER-SUS project delivered nearly 50% of the planned implementation of radiotherapy equipment. There was a 17% growth in the national number of linear accelerators (LINACS) with PER-SUS, against a 32% increase in cancer incidence in Brazil in the same period. The following points were identified: a high rate of beneficiary exclusions reflecting inappropriate selection or inadequate planning; delays in execution related to bureaucratic obstacles and underestimation of the requirements (logistics/people); early closing of the equipment factory as a result of lack of project prioritization by the Government. Interpretation: Only about 50% of PER-SUS are being carried out. However, delays and exclusions of beneficiaries were observed. The dimension of the need for radiotherapy care in Brazil is greater than considered, and might not be fully attended by PER-SUS. Geographic, epidemiological, logistical, and economic variables could be reevaluated to allow better strategic planning and improvement proposals. PER-SUS could be optimized for the next decade, by involving all stakeholders' participation, alignment, and engagement. In the future, the States and regions with a higher LINAC shortage should be prioritized to improve RT access across the country. Considering the data and the initial project deadline, PER-SUS did not achieve the pre-established goals specified by the Brazilian Government. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

In the context of social processes globalization, the guidelines for the legal systems development, in particular, criminal law system, are transformed from the processes of unlimited differentiation and domestic "legal isolationism" to the trend of unification and universalization of law. The concept of reforming Ukraine criminal legislation should be focused on the new criminal legislation, which should be built on a single basis, using modern advances in legislation. This will make it possible to harmonize terminology. The appropriate approach determines the vector of the state criminal law policy, which is aimed at unification of criminal law, but doesn’t exclude the expediency of reasonable differentiation. The purpose of the article: to find out the meaning and impact of the law universalization and criminal law unification, to determine the processes of its implementation in criminal law, taking into account the analysis of the draft Criminal Code provisions. In article, the universalization of law is defined as a manifestation of legal globalization, which leads to recognition of basic legal values, universalization of legal language, legal norms and creation of universal legal means and instruments. In the criminal law doctrine the unification of criminal law is seen as a process that provides a single legal regulation of similar or overlapping social relations in relation to a criminal act. Unification is carried out by the legislator during the process of creating or improving criminal law and structural elements of criminal law. Unification of criminal law is a desirable process, as it is necessary to clearly define the content of criminal law prohibitions and boundaries of criminal law regulation; to exclude cases of misinterpretation of the same concept. Based on certain processes of universalization and unification, the impact of the processes on the content of criminal law is indicated. The implementation of substantive criminal law has the ultimate goal, which is lies in restoring of social justice. This is reflected in determination of proportionate punishment or other measures of criminal law regulation. In this regard, we believe that the effectiveness of criminal law regulation is achieved by providing a consistency of criminal law regulations and acts of criminal law application in unified body of law enforcement practice. Current trends of legal system in the context of public relations globalization and the need to overcome conflicts, reform of criminal law and the judiciary of Ukraine give a reason to believe that the universalization and unification of criminal law is justified priority in the lawmaking process.

Water and sanitation service access is a global problem, impacting disproportionally poor communities of low-income countries. Failed universalization initiatives highlighted historical negligence, social inequality, and bad governance. Infrastructure developments require large investments, which most local governments cannot afford. Alternative funding might come from private investors through cost-effective project finance arrangements. Public services should be sustainable, conciliating users' willingness to pay with providers' willingness to supply. Governments have implemented profit-driven strategies over taxing outsourced public services to increase budget inflow. Inefficient tax schemes on essential public services have damaged universalization initiatives in developing countries. These negative taxing practices have damaged tariff structure, service sustainability, and project attractiveness. The public sector should not profit from unsustainable outsourced services that are required but they cannot supply. Water and sanitation expansions on low-income communities in developing countries should not take place as tariff-free schemes, but within a tax-exempt policy. Highlights Universalization initiatives in developing countries.; Economic sustainability of public services.; Subsidies for unsustainable public services.; Taxing water and sanitation services.; Tariff structure of water and sanitation services.;

Despite its significance in regulating the global climate and maintaining biodiversity, the vastness of the Amazon geography imposes challenges for its residents, including limited access to electricity. The Luz para Todos Program proposes to universalize access to the public electricity service in remote regions of the Legal Amazon with renewable energy sources. From this perspective, the work assessed the ability of sector agents to meet the demand for universalization of the Luz para Todos Program, the economic aspects involved in the universalization process, and the waste management and reverse logistics of these systems. The findings indicate a demand for up to 15 million photovoltaic modules, batteries, and inverters with a maximum cost exceeding BRL 38 billion (USD 7.4 billion). Over 33 years, between 58 and 234 thousand tons of electronic waste would be generated. The program should change the panorama of installed photovoltaic capacity in the northern region of the country, thus placing considerable demand upon the solar industry to supply equipment for the installation of thousands of standalone systems across a vast territory, generating waste in places with inadequate infrastructure to manage them in an environmentally sensitive manner. The diversification of renewable energy sources could alleviate the burden on the service chain, curtail the waste generated by photovoltaic equipment, and stimulate the development of a service chain in regions gaining access to electricity services. • Universal access in Legal Amazon will require up to 15 million PV modules, batteries, and inverters. • The LCOE ranges between 477 and 1189 BRL/MWh or 92 to 230 US$/MWh. • No scientific literature addresses waste from renewable sources in remote regions. • 58–234 kton of equipment waste would be generated across a vast territory. • The Legal Amazon has inadequate infrastructure to manage this electronic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies and examines a Jain narrative that frames Jain tenets as being in line with some of the most impactful COVID-19 measures. It demonstrates how during the early stages of the pandemic (i.e., mid-March 2020 to January 2021), some Jains drew parallels between various Jain principles and the WHO guidelines, finding agreement, for instance, between the muhpattī ("face cloth") and the public face mask and the dig-vrata (a Jain vow of restraint) and social distancing. This paper shows how some also viewed several unintentional consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic (such as not being able to go shopping during the lockdown) as being in line with Jain practices (here the practice of aparigraha or non-possessiveness). By means of an analysis of two Jain writings on the WHO guidelines, I demonstrate how some Jains framed several COVID-19 measures within a distinctive Jain worldview. I argue that the equation of Jain practices with the WHO guidelines should be understood within the ongoing universalization and scientization of Jainism, processes that present Jainism as a universal and scientific solution to global disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to compound abbreviated appellatives, i.e. non-initial common abbreviations, related to the collocations by means of “spontaneous” formation (in diachrony) and/or motivation (in synchrony).The relevance of the investigation is determined by implementing a new approach to interpreting abbreviation based on identifying onomasiologically significant mechanisms of the producing unit transformation into an abbreviation as well as on the differentiating synchronous and diachronic methods to abbreviations. As the result, the author can define new principles of abbreviations’ lexicographic description. The aim of the article is to establish the basic options for determining and describing compound abbreviated appellatives as an autonomous onomasiological type of abbreviations in diachrony and in synchrony. The novelty of the research consists in the following facts: firstly, the necessity to differentiate abbreviations as nominative units, arising from overcoming asymmetric dualism of descriptive collocations, from reductions, which act as formal doublets of abbreviated words because they preserve the onomasiological status of the original unit, is justified; secondly, it defines the reasons to refer compound abbreviated appellatives to an autonomous onomasiological class of abbreviations; thirdly, it shows the need to differentiate synchronous and diachronic descriptions of abbreviations. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results of the study can be used for composing dictionaries of abbreviations.

The article promotes the discussion on the application of public accountability policies in basic education with emphasis on Rural Education, which primarily serves the objective of quantifying the results considered positive for use with neoliberal ideological purposes, to the detriment of diagnosing situations that need to advance to achieve an education of quality. Thus, the work is based on a qualitative approach developed through bibliographic analysis, in printed materials and search sites. The conclusions allow us to understand that public educational policies for the education universalization need greater attention.

INTRODUCTION. The review reflects the specifics of the methodological approach, implemented by Yu.S. Bezborodov in the analysis of the current phase of interaction between national legal systems and international law. Reference is made to the creation of a new conception that employs the notion of legal convergence to reveal the mechanism of getting national legal systems affinitive to each other. Attention is drawn to the content of legal convergence, the reasons for its dissemination, the link with international law as well as the correlation of convergence with related categories – globalization, universalization, sovereignty, etc. The author’s views on the interrelation between sovereignty and supranationality, universalization and localization as conditions of functioning of international law, constituting the predominant basis of convergence of national legal systems, are presented. The evaluation is given to the author’s position concerning the methods of legal convergence, in particular international legal integration. The emphasis is given to correlation of the presented forms of legal convergence. It is pointed out that comparative and legal analysis of integration in different regions of the world, including in the post-Soviet space, is important for understanding the current results of legal convergence.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is based on the conclusions and approaches formulated in the peer-reviewed monograph as well as the materials of the domestic and international legal doctrine on the subject-matter concerned. In writing the review the author used general and special scientific methods.RESEARCH RESULTS. The convergence of national legal systems and international law is influenced by different processes either inherent to the mechanism of international legal regulation or extraneous to it. They are distinguished by their considerable specificity and varied character. However, they do not impede legal convergence to be realized through various forms and methods.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The review of the scientific work led to the following conclusions: a) the author managed to present his own non-contradictory conception of convergence of national legal systems and demonstrate its connection with a number of current social phenomena; b) the monograph provides convincing arguments for the proposed forms and methods of legal convergence; c) the comparative legal characteristics of the regional international integration organizations are detailed and allows to form quite complete and correct comprehension of them. In addition, the review outlines a number of issues interesting for further discussion.

The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in the study of both colloquial speech and regional linguistic phenomena. The author proceeds from the fact that the study of regional speech facts makes it possible to clarify the idea of the functioning of regional systems, taking into account various discursive restrictions. The author dwells on the interpretation of lexical meanings, description of the functioning features and methods of formation of 6 common nouns and 8 proper names, formed from the toponym “Kolyma” and included in the group of homonyms “Kolymka”. It is shown that these homonyms are mainly formed through universalization, while proper names are formed on the basis of real-life phrases that are regularly used to designate objects, and common nouns are created on the basis of free combinations of words. It is concluded that the study of the facts of regional colloquial speech allows us to observe the features of the functioning of regional vocabulary, which have not yet been studied. It will help to more accurately distinguish between local speech phenomena and the properties of the author’s manner of generating speech (for example, in the field of occasional word formation), as well as see reflection in the nominations various features of the perception of the region (in this case, Kolyma).

This paper argues against a singular and definitive notion of modernity and calls for a new formulation of this elusive concept that moves beyond the framework established by its strongest proponent: Jurgen Habermas. In addition to serious consideration and analysis of non-Western critiques of Habermas’ unfinished project of modernity, the approach advocated here seeks to examine four central components of what I shall refer to as “multiple modernities”—components which are themselves the product of cultural diversity. 1) By reference to the multiplicity of cultures and histories, the notion of multiple modernities challenges the concept of universal history. 2) This concept takes into account the multifaceted roles of the various agents involved—in the development of multiple modernities. And because this is so 3) the underlying values of these cultures allow modernity to take on various forms. 4) The concept of “Multiple Modernities” definitively acknowledges the link between modernity and civilization—a link which I argue is a defining feature of the project of any modernity.

This issue of Social Inclusion takes the dazzling and fuzzy term ‘universalism’ to scrutiny. The editorial introduces different usages of the term in the academic debate. It first discusses universalism as an idea, then as a process, and finally its dimensions. The articles published in this issue are situated in the debate.

In his debut novel, Lost City Radio (2007), Daniel Alarcón combines his passions for narrative, journalism, radio, and the city of Lima into a story arch that at once teaches and transcends modern Peruvian history. The novelist has used the word "universalization" in defining the theoretical underpinning of his novel, a theory he enacts in subsequent creative endeavors, which include the founding and production of two narrative journalistic podcasts that speak to and about a broad "regional" community that identifies with "América Latina" as a transnational, transcultural, translingual community. This essay explores Alarcón's articulation and deployment of the concept of universalization as a transbordering strategy in Lost City Radio, and examines the enactment of transbordering as a guiding ethos in his multifaceted scholarly production to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]