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The major focus of this work is on William James's insistence that unification should not be explored in the abstract as if it were one thing. Rather, unity should be understood in terms of its major kinds. There are unities and pluralities with respect to such topics as values, methods, causes, and prescriptions about what to read and study. This article explores James's mature position on unification as set forth in his major psychological and philosophical works and letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economics is a societally influential discipline, but the relationship of its theoretical activity to social reality and practical policy is chronically puzzling. Its theoretical models appear to involve a lot of falsehood, and modellers seem unconcerned about this and about any possible future uses of the models, while sticking to the same unifying theoretical framework. Gilboa et al. (2014, 2022) aspire to resolve the puzzle in terms of varying interpretations of models. I offer critical comments on their ideas while expanding and refining my own account of what I call model commentary whose task is to help understand and evaluate the process of modelling. I point out the rich complexity of adequate commentaries and discuss the issue of whose responsibility it is to construe and communicate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, an extended description of the covariant noncommutative space is presented, which accommodates the Fuzzy Gravity model constructed previously. It is based on the historical lesson that the use of larger algebras containing all generators of the isometry of the continuous one helped in formulating a fuzzy covariant noncommutative space. Specifically a further enlargement of the isometry group leads the authors, in addition to the construction of the covariant noncommutative space, also to the suggestion of the group that should be gauged on such a space in order to construct a Fuzzy Gravity theory. As a result, two Fuzzy Gravity models are obtained, one in de Sitter and one in anti‐de Sitter space, depending on the extension of the isometry group, and their spontaneous symmetry breaking leading to fuzzy versions of the noncommutative SO(1,3)$SO(1,3)$ gravity are discussed. In addition, how to introduce fermions in the fuzzy gravity is discussed for the first time, and even more importantly, how to unify the constructed noncommutative‐fuzzy gravity with internal interactions based on SO(10)$SO(10)$ or SU(5)$SU(5)$ as grand unified theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a general computational framework to unify both Lagrangian staggered‐grid hydrodynamic (SGH) and cell‐centered hydrodynamic (CCH) methods. One challenge is that artificial viscosity has contained empirical parameters in the SGH method for seven decades. To address this challenge, a new relationship between pressure and velocity is constructed using specific volume as a medium. Another challenge is that entropy is increasing in isentropic flows for the CCH method. To overcome this second challenge, the forces acting on a target cell are split into linear and quadratic terms in the CCH method. The numerical results of the two methods are almost identical. The scheme is more general than both existing SGH and CCH methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of a unified material legal regulation of the transfer of property rights is determined by the presence of fundamental contradictions in the approaches of various legal systems to this issue. The lex rei sitae connecting factor is not the optimal way to regulate the transfer of ownership of movable property in cross-border transactions. Conflict mobile is one of the cases, when determining the statute of a movable property by the law of its location is difficult and leads to an unfair result. The right of the parties to a contract in cross-border relations to freely choose the legal order regulating transfer of ownership is one of the ways to overcome the disadvantages of conflict-of-laws regulation of the transfer of ownership. However, such a manifestation of the party autonomy is not allowed in all legal systems and is not a generally accepted approach. The purpose of the study is to reveal the difficulties of the legal order in case of implementation of the party autonomy in the sphere of transfer of property rights, as well as to identify ways to overcome them. The party autonomy is practically analyzed on the example of the legal systems of Russia and CIS, Switzerland, the Netherlands, China. The choice of the legal order applicable to the transfer of ownership is not an extension of the scope of the contract statute, but represents party autonomy in relation to the real statute. Consequently, party autonomy interferes with the specific issues of property law. The analysis shows us that the party autonomy with certain restrictions is permissible for regulating transfer of ownership and serves an instrument for overcoming difficulties caused by the use of lex rei sitae connecting factor in a number of cases. However, allowing parties to an international transaction to choose the legal order applicable to the transfer of ownership raises the question of the effect of the choice against third parties. The article outlines ways to solve this problem.

To mark the 30th anniversary of the Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA), 11 of PsySSA's past presidents, along with two facilitators, gathered in early 2024 for a roundtable discussion on psychology in South Africa. This article represents an edited transcript of that conversation. The guiding motif of the discussion – looking backwards, looking forwards – led discussants through the historical temporalities, institutional, professional and disciplinary debates, as well as the political concerns that face and have forged South African psychology. The discussants were specifically concerned with the challenges of unifying organised psychology; the generative forces, conflicts and antagonisms within psychology; psychology's pedagogical and intellectual developments; and what it means to politicise psychology in and beyond South Africa. In looking ahead, the discussion concluded with an internationalist reflection on how psychology in South Africa contributes to global knowledges and praxes. The conversation was characterised by epistemic, sectoral and political tensions, as well as ambivalences and shifting centres of gravity, all of which reflect the accomplishments made within South African psychology, as well as psychology's status as a strongly contested and patently unfinished organisational, disciplinary, professional, service and knowledge project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bohemistyka is the property of Instytut Filologii Slowianskiej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the integration and unification of the philosophy and psychology of well-being. For the most part, these disciplines investigate well-being without reference to each other. In recent years, however, with the maturing of each discipline, there have been a growing number of calls to integrate the two. While such calls are welcome, what it means to integrate well-being philosophy and psychology can vary greatly depending on one’s theoretical and practical ends. The aim of this paper is to provide a novel conceptual framework for thinking about integrating well-being philosophy and psychology that systematically categorizes different kinds of integration projects. We divide existing attempts in the literature into three broad categories according to the perspective from which the integration takes place: (1) top-down meta-theoretical unification; (2) psychological integration within philosophy; and (3) philosophical integration within psychology. These categories are then broken down into various further subcategories. Our aim in providing this framework is both to facilitate the assessment and comparison of existing integration attempts and to provide a roadmap for future integration attempts. For each category, we discuss one or two representative examples of the approaches. By doing so, we hope to generate interest in the wide variety of existing integration projects, as well as to generate discussion concerning the benefits and pitfalls of different approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paper deals with the importance of the Slovak influence (the role of Hungarian law and Slovak commissions) in the and recodification of civil law in Czechoslovakia for the time period 1918-1948 using the example of inheritance law. Firstly, different approaches in private law legislation after 1918 are presented (discontinuity, compromise, continuity with Hungarian law, continuity with Austrian law). Secondly, attention is paid to the inspiration of Slovak (Hungarian) law in the course of the recodification of inheritance law, which together with family law was one of the areas differing the most in the Czech lands and Slovakia, while receiving the most attention in the literature of the time and compared to other areas of civil law, which also influenced the further legal development the most significantly (Slovak law, the preparation of the Civil Code of 1950, the interwar curricula of 1931 and 1936/37, as well as the preparation of the Civil Code of 2012). In particular, the issues discussed in the so-called Slovak commissions (the Commission for the Civil Law established in Bratislava in 1922 and partly also the Commission under the Justice Commission for the Codification and Unification of Civil Law established in 1946), such as the acquisition of inheritance, incapacity to inherit (crime against the testator, the status of members of religious orders, adulterers and deserters), waiver of the right of inheritance, oral will, testamentary succession, protection of the surviving wife, extraordinary right of inheritance of legatees, determining the value of the gift by collation, transfer of the testator's debts, contract of inheritance, war will, annulment of last will and testament and protection of illegitimate children. The ABGB was chosen as the basis for the recodification, which was only to be modernised (mainly the codification of Austrian law, its applicability to the majority of the population of the new state and its familiarity with Slovak lawyers were the reasons given for the preference of Austrian law), however, the law in force in Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia was also to be taken into account. However, the reality was different, and the comments of the Slovak Commissions were only marginally taken into account. The dismissive attitude towards Slovak law and, indirectly, towards Slovak lawyers was also one of the reasons why only partial unification took place in the interwar era and the Civil Code was not adopted in the end. Comprehensive unification of private law, which followed the interwar recodification (albeit to a limited extend), only took place after the communist overturn within the framework of the so-called legal biennium from 1948 to 1950, which took real account of the Slovak legal situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family law is not uniformly regulated in the European Union. There are numerous reasons for the absence of uniform regulation (family law regulation is strongly influenced by the culture and traditions of a nation, and as such is not easily subject to change; great complexity of issues family law deals with; nonexistent uniform positive attitude of legal theorists regarding the necessity and usefulness of harmonization, etc.). The increased movement of people and goods within the Union conditioned an increasing number of cases where problems arose precisely because of non-existing uniform rules in this area. In this paper, we analyze the development of views on the harmonization of marital matters in the EU in general. Special attention is paid to the steps taken in the EU to harmonize property-related family matters. In the process of harmonization, property law issues proved to be a more suitable ground for harmonization, considering their lesser attachment to certain characteristics of the community. In addition, harmonization is easier to imagine in contractual matrimonial matters (compared to legally prescribed property models), and the marriage contract is considered to be a very suitable instrument for the potential harmonization of this legal area. For this reason, the paper analyzes in more detail the acts passed in connection with the marriage contract. Based on the analysis of the mentioned questions we give our proposal of possibilities for further harmonization in this legal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex frameworks for defining programming languages aim to generate various tools (e.g. interpreters, symbolic execution engines, deductive verifiers, etc.) using only the formal definition of a language. When used at an industrial scale, these tools are constantly updated, and at the same time, it is required to be trustworthy. Ensuring the correctness of such a framework is practically impossible. A solution is to generate proof objects as correctness artefacts that can be checked by an external trusted checker. A logic suitable for developing such frameworks is matching logic. K framework is a canonical example having matching logic-based foundation. Since the (symbolic) configurations of the programs are represented by matching logic patterns, the algorithms computing the dynamics of these configurations can be seen as pattern transformers and a proof object should be generated for the relationship between these patterns. In this paper, we show that conjunctions and disjunctions of patterns, produced by semantics or analysis rules, can be safely normalized using unification and antiunification algorithms. We also provide a prototype implementation of our proof object generation technique and a checker for certifying the generated objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show that properties of cognitive/conceptual representations and formal‐logical structures of linguistic meaning can be inter‐translated, recast, transformed into one another, and so united together, even though cognitive/conceptual representations and formal‐logical structures of linguistic meaning are apparently distinct in ontology and divergent in their form or character. While cognitive/conceptual representations are ultimately rooted in sensory‐motor systems, formal‐logical structures of linguistic meaning are abstractions detached from and independent of the actualized world. This paper sketches out the foundations of how representations of linguistic meaning in terms of cognitive/conceptual structures in Cognitive/Conceptual Semantics can be unified with those in terms of formal‐logical structures in Formal Semantics. This is done by recasting cognitive/conceptual representations in terms of formal‐logical structures of linguistic meaning and re‐encoding formal‐logical structures of linguistic meaning in terms of cognitive/conceptual representations. Then, these two types of semantic representations, thus shown representationally equivalent, will be related to a series of derivations across levels in neuronal networks and dynamics. The general discussion on unifying cognitive/conceptual representations of linguistic meaning with formal‐logical structures is contextualized within the broader context of theorizing in cognitive science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When designing new nuclear power plants, it is important to ensure cost-effective electricity production while complying with safety, reliability, and environmental protection requirements. One of the directions for solving this problem is to improve the equipment of nuclear power plants, in particular the search for the most suitable technical solutions for regenerative high- and low-pressure heaters (HPH and LPH) of steam turbine units (STU). Optimization of water subcooling to the saturation temperature of the heating steam (hereinafter referred to as subcooling) in the STU regeneration stages makes it possible to increase the power of the power unit or reduce the metal intensity of the heaters, depending on the expected economic indicators of the nuclear power plant, which leads to a reduction in the estimated cost of generated electricity. Unification of heaters will make it possible to simplify the processes of design, manufacturing, repair, and transportation of serially produced heat-transfer equipment, improve the layout of the turbine building, and reduce equipment development costs. The article presents the results of calculations of the technical and economic indicators of the heat-transfer equipment of the STU regeneration system type K-1200-6.8/50 LMZ, and draws conclusions about the possibility of finding a preferable solution based on the criterion of annual economic effect. A special feature of the methodology used is the determination of the most appropriate values of water subcooling in surface heaters of the STU regeneration system depending on operating conditions, the situation on the electricity and equipment market, as well as economic policy. The possibility of increasing the economic efficiency of the power unit by optimizing the weight and size characteristics and unifying the heat-transfer equipment of the regeneration system is shown. An additional economic effect can be obtained by using chamber-type heaters in a horizontal design, combining two heating stages in one housing. A promising layout option is that in which the entire LPH group is represented by unified surface-type devices in a horizontal design located in the condenser hood of a half-speed STU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work underlines the importance of studying time and its connections with real life and with disciplines such as physics, mathematics and neuroscience. The problem of time is a very important issue from a transdisciplinary point of view and should be better supported by research and funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the cultural-historical and moral-psychological causes of fascism in the 21st century. In particular, the fundamental role of resentment, which acquired a cult character under the conditions of Putin’s regime, is considered. Public memory, experience of resistance, condemnation of totalitarianism did not prevent a new powerful wave of implementation of fascist ideas and the unleashing of full-scale aggression against humanity, against human dignity, against the values of the civilized world. The absurdity of fascism, the chaos of consciousness, the spread of relativism and fear require reflection on the causes, worthy decisions and actions to defeat evil. We must return to the genesis of fascism and clarify the existential prerequisites for opposing totalitarianism and the culture of human dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science & Education is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Language is inherently multimodal. In spoken languages, combined spoken and visual signals (e.g., co‐speech gestures) are an integral part of linguistic structure and language representation. This requires an extension of the parallel architecture, which needs to include the visual signals concomitant to speech. We present the evidence for the multimodality of language. In addition, we propose that distributional semantics might provide a format for integrating speech and co‐speech gestures in a common semantic representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comparison of two Vietnamese Buddhist monks who travelled to and spent time in South Asia in the 1950s. The first, Thích Tố Liên (1903–1977), travelled to Calcutta and then on to Sri Lanka in May 1950 to participate in the First General Conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists. Though his encounter was relatively brief, it left a lasting impression. Tố Liên returned as an ardent advocate for the World Fellowship and for an internationalist view of Buddhism more generally. The second, Thích Minh Chàu (1918–2012), had a very different encounter with Sri Lanka and India. He spent most of the 1950s studying Pali manuscripts and earning his doctoral degree from the Nalanda Institute (then a part of the University of Bihar, now Nalanda University). During this time, he became an important popularizer of contemporary Indian ideas. While in South Asia, he contributed many articles to Buddhist journals back in Vietnam. He recounted his pilgrimage to major Buddhist sites, considered the contemporary influence of Buddhism in India, and analysed the works of everyone from Tagore to the Dalai Lama. This article will compare the South Asian experiences of these two Vietnamese Buddhist monks and analyse their impact on Buddhist unification and the Vietnamese Buddhist movement in the 1960s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the ways in which Korean-American artist Yong Soon Min visualizes the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), an emblem of the division of her home country, highlighting her unique perspective toward the subject, which stems from her hybrid and diasporic identity as a Korean American. A series of works she created after her visits to the DMZ, such as Kindred Distance (1996), Bridge of No Return (1997), Bangapsubnida (2004), On the Road (2009), Both Sides Now (2018), Liminal Space (2018), and We did not cross the border, the border crossed us, twice (2019), embody Min's prolonged process of mapping the contested space of the DMZ. In this map-making journey, Min reveals her ambivalent and complex perspective as a Korean American toward the rhetoric of unification and the DMZ, which has drawn upon a Korean ethnic nationalism based on the homogeneity of ethnic identity, utilizing fragmented images and multiple languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a modest attempt to initiate the research program outlined in this abstract. We propose that general relativity and relativistic MOND (RelMOND) are analogues of broken electroweak symmetry. That is, S U (2) R × U (1) Y D E M → U (1) D E M (DEM stands for dark electromagnetism), and GR is assumed to arise from the broken S U (2) R symmetry and is analogous to the weak force. RelMOND is identified with dark electromagnetism U (1) D E M , which is the remaining unbroken symmetry after the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the dark electro-grav sector S U (2) R × U (1) Y D E M . This sector, as well as the electroweak sector, arises from the breaking of an E 8 × E 8 symmetry in a recently proposed model of unification of the standard model with pre-gravitation, with the latter based on an S U (2) R gauge theory. The source charge for the dark electromagnetic force is the square root of mass, motivated by the experimental fact that the ratio of the square roots of the masses of the electron, up-quark, and down-quark is 1:2:3, which is the opposite of the ratio of their electric charges at 3:2:1. The introduction of the dark electromagnetic force helps us understand the peculiar mass ratios of the second and third generations of charged fermions. We also note that in the deep MOND regime, acceleration is proportional to the square root of mass, which motivates us to propose the relativistic U (1) D E M gauge symmetry as the origin of MOND. We explain why the dark electromagnetic force falls inversely with distance, as in MOND, rather than following the inverse square of distance. We conclude that dark electromagnetism effectively mimics cold dark matter, and the two are essentially indistinguishable in cosmological situations where CDM successfully explains observations, such as CMB anisotropies and gravitational lensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After three generations of quarks-leptons and Higgs boson have been confirmed, we research some possible development directions of particle physics. First, particles of three generations are extended. Second, the hadronic theory must precision quantification such as heavy flavor hadrons and the lifetime formula, etc. Third, various unifications of interactions are discussed. Fourth, some basic principles (Pauli Exclusion Principle, duality, uncertainty principle, etc.) are probably violated under some cases. Fifth, Santillli, Penrose, et al., proposed some new mathematical methods. Sixth, particle astrophysics, the negative matter as unified dark matter and dark energy, and the extensive quantum theory are searched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One fundamental question is the connection between electrical and gravitational forces. We present a quantum entanglement model, with multiple discrete electrically charged wave-packets, that simulates gravitational attraction among them, where quantum states can have only two wave-packets with opposite charge polarities, with equal absolute values, while the rest remain neutral, relating those charges to gravitational masses. We present a thought experiment where neutrons are displaced by electric fields above the Schwinger limit, predicting their maximum possible corresponding displacement magnitudes and diminishments in their gravitational masses (with increments elsewhere), estimating an upper bound for the gravitational mass of each of those entangled wave packets allegedly constituting those neutrons. Thus, the realization of the experiment could verify the predictions, but cannot necessarily falsify the model. The model's significance rests in hypothesizing entanglements in a classical mechanical property without violating the measurement independence postulate and in its possible applications for gravity simulations with quantum systems.

The cooperative as a legally organizational form of farming in agriculture is directly related to the social and economic development of the regions and the country. Not only large producers, but also small farms can participate in cooperation, which contributes to increasing their competitiveness. The cooperative is a good form of interaction between agricultural producers and an effective way to ensure sustainable development of agriculture. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities of the cooperation of different individuals with aim to achieve sustainable agriculture.

In the gauge theoretic approach of gravity, general relativity is described by gauging the symmetry of the tangent manifold in four dimensions. Usually the dimension of the tangent space is considered to be equal to the dimension of the curved manifold. However, the tangent group of a manifold of dimension d is not necessarily SOd$SO_d$. It has been suggested earlier that by gauging an enlarged symmetry of the tangent space in four dimensions one could unify gravity with internal interactions. Here, such a unified model is considered by gauging the SO(1,17)$SO_{(1,17)}$ as the extended Lorentz group overcoming in this way some difficulties of the previous attempts of similar unification and eventually obtained the SO10$SO_{10}$ GUT, supplemented by an SU2×SU2$SU_2 \times SU_2$ global symmetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study unification and admissibility for an infinite class of modal logics. Conditions superimposed to these logics are to be decidable, Kripke complete, and generated by the classes of rooted frames possessing the greatest clusters of states (in particular, these logics extend modal logic S4.2). Given such logic and each formula unifiable in , we construct a unifier for in , where verifies admissibility in of arbitrary inference rules with a switched-modality conclusions (i.e., solves the admissibility problem for such rules). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The People's Republic of China's (PRC) policy toward the Korean Peninsula can be largely characterized as the maintenance of a "stable status quo." This has been a constant feature since the founding of the PRC in 1949. Even when China was extremely radicalized and encouraged revolutions in the Third World in the 1960s, it prevented North Korea from attacking South Korea. However, the reasons behind China's policy choices have varied over time. This paper attempts to highlight the different reasons that led the PRC to maintain the same policy toward the Korean Peninsula during the Cold War. This article takes a historiographical perspective, juxtaposing the Sino-North Korean, Sino-Soviet, and Sino-US relationships, to reveal useful clues for understanding China's policy toward the Korean Peninsula and to elucidate the international political context China's policy exists within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we attempt to generalize the ability to achieve quality inferences of survey data for a larger population through data augmentation and unification. Data augmentation techniques have proven effective in enhancing models' performance by expanding the dataset's size. We employ ML data augmentation, unification, and clustering techniques. First, we augment the limited survey data size using data augmentation technique(s). Second, we carry out data unification, followed by clustering for inferencing. We took two benchmark survey datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of augmentation and unification. The first dataset contains information on aspiring student entrepreneurs' characteristics, while the second dataset comprises survey data related to breast cancer. We compare the inferences drawn from the original survey data with those derived from the transformed data using the proposed scheme. The results of this study indicate that the machine learning approach, data augmentation with the unification of data followed by clustering, can be beneficial for generalizing the inferences drawn from the survey data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Verbum Analecta Neolatina is the property of Pazmany Peter Catholic University (Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Online Journal Mundo Asia Pacífico is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is arguably suggested that the impact of Korean culture on Korea’s public diplomacy has been substantial, particularly through the widespread popularity of K-culture, which includes music, dramas, and entertainment. What are the actual impacts of Korean culture on Korea’s public diplomacy? Does the K-culture change the perspectives and minds of K-culture lovers? If so, what is the Korean government supposed to do (or not)? The boyband BTS and other K-celebrities are now regarded as the symbol of Korean soft power, so the Korean government has tried to use them to promote understanding of Korea’s policies. Was it successful? The latest survey on Korea’s public diplomacy by KINU in 2021 proved that K- culture’s proliferation had caught public interest beyond cultural consumption. However, it has not successfully invited foreigners to understand Korean policies. Another survey conducted for this article highlights that Korea’s public diplomacy on peace and unification reveals limited impacts. This article argues that the Korean government should leave cultural public diplomacy in the hands of private spheres rather than try to take initiatives in the peace and unification agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the leading ideas of Ukrainian teachers and civil leaders (V. Arnautov, Ya. Chepiha, T. Harbuz, H. Ivanytsia, Ya. Riappo, M. Skrypnyk, O. Zaluzhnyi, etc.) on reforming school education for the sake of development and protection of a child in the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic (USSR) in the 1920s. It has been proven that after the defeat of the Ukrainian Revolution (1917-1921) and the capture of the territory of Ukraine by the Bolsheviks, the pedagogical discourse focused on the idea of creating a new labour school. It should be based on the following principles: labour, active, social education to protect the child, communist, the principle of Ukrainization and at the same time the imposition of Russification, etc. Ukrainian educators, looking for active methods of teaching children in a labour school, turned mainly to European and world pedagogical science (A. Binet, J. Dewey, F. Freeman, G. Kerschensteiner, E. Meumann, P. Natorp, F. Seidel, Ch. Spearman, W. Stern, L. Terman, E. Thorndike etc.). Pedagogical discourse was aimed at opposing the unification of school education according to the Russian model. The policy of Ukrainization was effective, so the all-Union authorities intensified ideological pressure, seeking to curtail this process. The struggle for the Ukrainian school ended tragically for Ukrainian teachers. This eloquently testifies to how the Soviet ideology during the reform used the ideas of social protection of the child, Ukrainization of the educational process to establish its own ideological and socio-political goals of the totalitarian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Historia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Most architectures and models of language processing have been built upon a restricted view of language, which is limited to sentence processing. These approaches fail to capture one primordial characteristic: efficiency. Many facilitation effects are known to be at play in natural situations such as conversation (shallow processing, no real access to the lexicon, etc.) without any impact on the comprehension. In this study, on the basis of a new model integrating into a unique architecture, we present these facilitation effects for accessing the meaning into the classical compositional architecture. This model relies on two mechanisms, prediction and unification, and provides a unique architecture for the description of language processing in its natural environment.