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This article examines the ungulate exploitation strategies of hunter-gatherer groups at Perito Moreno National Park (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina). In this ecotonal zone, guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) have been the main prey from the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene transition. The faunal assemblage analyzed correspond to a mid-Holocene midden (ca. 5000 years BP) from Cerro Casa de Piedra 7. The results point out that guanaco was the dominant prey, with a complementary contribution from huemul. The variety of anatomical parts and the diversity and frequency of butchery marks indicated an intensive exploitation of these resources. The exploitation of guanaco would have been focused mainly on family groups, with a dominance of prime-aged adults. The demographic increase in guanaco populations that occurred during the Middle Holocene, as indicated by molecular research in Patagonia, would have allowed this prey selection without negative ecological consequences. Meanwhile, huemul remains did not register a predatory selection based on age or sex. Ungulate ethology and demography offer a significant key to understanding the differences in the hunting strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the subpopulations of guanacos (Lama guanicoe), some are in critical danger of extinction. This is the case of the Chaqueñan guanaco, which inhabited large areas of this great ecoregion until the beginning of the 20th century. Based on the information that located the species in the Salinas Grandes of central Argentina, a transdisciplinary study was conducted. After seven years of field studies, the recent history of this population was characterized, and its population size and area of distribution were estimated. Currently, the number of guanacos that persists is less than 80 individuals, being restricted to the peri-saline and surrounding areas of a large cattle ranch that prohibits hunting, the main anthropic impact that reduced this population in the recent past. Although there are encouraging aspects for its conservation, such as the recent creation of the Traslasierra National Park, it is necessary to deepen management measures to increase the size and distribution of the Chaco guanaco, as well as generate actions that allow revaluing its existence as a biocultural resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sentence of the Superior Court of Justice of Extremadura, dated September 14, 2023, refers to an administrative appeal filed by an association of property owners against the Selective Action Program for Ungulates in the Monfragüe National Park 2022-2023. The association argues that the program violates the provisions of the Monfragüe Master Plan for Use and Management by allowing hunting actions on public estates but not on private estates, which they consider discrimination. The Extremadura Regional Government argues that hunting is prohibited in the Park and that control actions on private estates are only allowed exceptionally and under certain conditions. The sentence concludes that the appeal is dismissed and that control actions can be carried out on public estates, but they are not mandatory on private estates. [Extracted from the article]

Las infecciones parasitarias representan un problema emergente en ungulados silvestres, sin embargo, existen pocos estudios sobre las infecciones parasitarias en estos animales. Se realizo un estudio para conocer los géneros de parásitos gastrointestinales que infectan a ungulados silvestres de febrero a septiembre de 2021 en una Unidad de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre ubicada en la laguna de Tamiahua en la zona Norte de Veracruz, México. Se obtuvieron muestras fecales de nueve especies de ungulados de vida libre. Las muestras de excremento se analizaron mediante las pruebas de Flotación Centrifugada para conocer los géneros de parásitos que afectan a los ungulados. En el presente estudio se identificaron los géneros Giardia, Strongyloides y Eimeria. Se encontró que el 32% de ungulados silvestres estaban infectados con una o varios géneros de parásitos. Se concluye que los ungulados silvestres evaluados estaban parasitados con nematodos gastrointestinales y/o protozoos del orden Eucoccidiaria y del orden Diplomonadida.

Antlers are unique structures because they grow rapidly and are cast annually, representing an important energetic and mineral cost for deer. Variables related to the timing of antler growth, such as date of antler casting and length of growth period, therefore, should be affected by somatic resources and availability of food. We examined the effects of body and antler weight, age, and climatic variables, on antler casting date and the period of time antlers were grown as well as possible random effects of individual, year, cohort, and pedigree, based on 244 antlers in a population of 109 males of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus) over a 17-year study from 1999 to 2016. Body weight affected casting date, with heavier males casting antlers earlier than lighter males. Antlers also grew faster and were cast earlier among older males than young males. Antler weight influenced casting date and the duration of the growth period: males with heavier antlers cast them earlier and grow them faster than males with light antlers. Nevertheless, age and antler weight interacted; as such, older males grew their antlers slower and delay casting date because they produce heavier antlers, in contrast to younger males, where those with the heaviest antlers grow them faster and cast first. The date of the end of antler growth also influenced casting date, so that antlers that took the longest to develop were cast later than those that finished growing early. We conclude that older and heavier males cast their antlers earlier and grow them faster than younger and lighter males, likely to correlate the subsequent antler growth with the spring peak in plant nutrients, but that this early development is limited physiologically by the size of the antlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal predation is a main problem in sheep production with an important impact on animal production. Factors such as the size of the herd, animals location, and decisions on livestock practices influence the probability of predator attacks. The aim was to determine the characteristic of the sheep farms and factors related with the sheep husbandry associated with the risk of predation, according to the perception of Uruguayan sheep farmers. A virtual structured survey with 30 closed questions was applied to 91 sheep farmers. The survey provided information about social aspects of farmers surveyed, farm characterization, management of the animals, the occurrance of attacks by predators and the predator species. More than 85% of the farmers reported predator attacks, but attacks were 8.3 times less when the farms had electric fences in all paddocks. The proportion of predation was greater in the northern region of the country, and lower when the paddock was visited more than once per day. In general, attacks from pampas foxes and free-ranging dogs had an inverse relationship. The principal predator species reported as responsible for sheep attacks were the southern caracaras, pampas foxes, free-ranging dogs and wild boars. We consider that there may be a probable spatial and temporal avoidance by the pampas fox when free-ranging dogs are present. The high impact of occurrence of predators' attacks indicates the need and the importance of collecting more information and developing management programs that can help to mitigate human-livestock predators conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las poblaciones silvestres de venado cola blanca han mostrado respuestas negativas a la variación climática dentro de su rango de distribución. En escenarios globales de cambio climático, los grupos conservacionistas deben entender las manifestaciones de la variabilidad climática en el comportamiento y distribución de poblaciones vulnerables para el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y sintetizar bibliografía que describa los principales efectos potenciales del cambio climático en las poblaciones de venado cola blanca a lo largo de su rango de distribución. Se realizó una intensa revisión bibliográfica mediante dos buscadores científicos en internet (Google Scholar; Web of Science) del 2000 al 2016. Durante la búsqueda se registraron documentos referentes al efecto del clima en poblaciones de venado cola blanca. Como resultado, de los 4 000 documentos publicados durante el periodo evaluado (los últimos 16 años), se encontraron18 documentos formalmente publicados en revistas peer reviewed, los cuales evidencian manifestaciones climáticas en poblaciones silvestres de venado cola blanca. Las principales respuestas observadas fueron las siguientes: cambios en la distribución, aumentos en la incidencia de enfermedades, cambios en los patrones de movimiento, cambios en la demografía poblacional, disminución de la calidad del forraje y cambios en el hábitat. Se concluye que la información disponible es limitada, restringida a la distribución norte del venado cola blanca, la cual no muestra información sobre los ecosistemas tropicales más allá de México, por lo que se necesitan, con urgencia, herramientas y enfoques para evaluar los efectos a largo y mediano plazo de la variabilidad climática en poblaciones de ungulados tropicales, pues la falta de información, al respecto, es evidente.

The judgment of the High Court of Justice of Extremadura, dated May 31, 2023, refers to the contentious-administrative appeal filed by the "Friends of Monfragüe Association" against the Resolution of the Minister for Ecological Transition and Sustainability of the Government of Extremadura, which approves the Selective Action Program for Ungulates in the Monfragüe National Park 2022-2023. The plaintiff argues that the program lacks the environmental assessment report and that trap cages and management fences are not selective methods. However, the Court dismisses the appeal, considering that the impact report was favorable and that trap cages are allowed selective methods. In summary, the judgment confirms the validity of the program and rejects the arguments of the plaintiff. [Extracted from the article]

High‐density populations of large ungulates are now widespread. However, the perception of overabundance only appears when it produces a problem for humans, such as a loss of plant diversity, damage to agricultural crops and forestry, ungulate‐vehicle collisions, a nuisance to humans, disease transmission to livestock or changes in habitat for other species. The admissible level of density depends on the ecological and socio‐economic context in which the population is located, and defining this level is important, in order to determine management strategies and actions.We describe the main contexts in which ungulate overabundance occurs in Europe, record the causes of overabundance and evaluate which set of indicators of ecological change is the most appropriate for monitoring and diagnosing overabundance in each scenario.Our review of 318 published papers revealed six contexts of wild ungulate overabundance in Europe (protected areas, hunting areas, forestry, arable farming, livestock farming and [peri]urban areas). In addition to population abundance, four sets of indicators of environmental change could be used to monitor overabundance within these contexts (impacts on habitats, impact on animal performance, increments in diseases and parasite loads, and increments in nuisance to humans).Nine species of ungulate were found to be overabundant. Red deer Cervus elaphus was the species most likely to be overabundant in the contexts of protected areas (detailed in 27% of papers on that context) and hunting areas (38%); roe deer Capreolus capreolus in forestry (28%); wild boar Sus scrofa in arable farming (60%), livestock farming (29%) and (peri)urban areas (38%). Our evidence shows that the diagnosis and monitoring of ungulate population overabundance via indicators of ecological change, and the management actions required to control these undesirable situations, are strongly context‐dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraordinary population growth of certain ungulate species is increasingly a concern in agroforestry areas because overabundance may negatively affect natural environments and human livelihoods. However, society may have negative perceptions of killing wildlife to reduce their numbers and mitigate damage. We used an online survey that included a choice experiment to determine Spanish citizens' (n = 190) preferences toward wildlife population control measures related to negative effects of ungulate overabundance (negative impacts on vegetation and other wildlife species and disease transmission to livestock) in 2 agroforestry national parks in Spain. We used latent‐class and willingness‐to‐pay in space models to analyze survey results. Two percent of respondents thought a national park should have no human intervention even if lack of management may cause environmental degradation, whereas 95% of respondents favored efforts to reduce damage caused by overabundant ungulate species. We estimated human well‐being losses of survey respondents when sustainable effects of deer overabundance on the environment became unsustainable effects and well‐being gains when sustainable effects transitioned to no visible effects. We found that the type of wildlife‐control program was a very relevant issue for the respondents; indirect control in which killing was avoided was the preferred action. Sixty‐six percent of respondents agreed with the option of hunters paying for culling animals to reduce ungulate impacts rather than management cost coming out of taxes, whereas 19% of respondents were against this option and willing to pay for other solutions in national parks. Our results suggest that killing wildlife in national parks could be a socially acceptable tool to manage overabundance problems in certain contexts, but it could also generate social conflicts. Article impact statement: The selection of tools to reduce wildlife impacts in parks is relevant when avoiding conflicts in environmental‐agenda planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio morfológico y biométrico de los restos fósiles de Suidos excavados en el yacimiento del Pleistoceno superior de la Cueva del Camino, en el término de Pinilla del Valle (Madrid), comparándolos con los restos de otros yacimientos y con especímenes actuales. El material extraído comprende 47 elementos pertenecientes a un mínimo de 6 individuos, destacando la presencia de restos craneales, muy poco frecuentes en los yacimientos europeos de esta época, y ausentes en yacimientos españoles. Se han comprobado en los restos los caracteres anatómicos típicos de Sus scrofa, confirmándose las condiciones paleoambientales obtenidas del conjunto de la fauna.

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En roedores, los tratamientos con progesterona (P4) reducen la respuesta de estrés o ansiedad a través de la acción de algunos metabolitos de la P4 (allopregnanolona y pregnanolona). Aunque existen pocos trabajos que hayan estudiado estos efectos en rumiantes, los tratamientos con P4 tienen una gran potencialidad para su aplicación práctica en sistemas productivos. El objetivo de esta revisión fue sintetizar información básica sobre la respuesta de estrés y los principales mecanismos estudiados en roedores, por los que la P4 mitiga la respuesta de estrés. Además, se presenta información primaria sobre los efectos del tratamiento con P4 en el comportamiento reactivo y la respuesta de estrés en rumiantes. Se muestran los efectos del tratamiento con P4 sobre la respuesta de estrés al destete en ovejas, y sobre algunas pruebas de temperamento en terneras. También se presenta información sobre el estrés de la esquila en ovejas gestadas, y por tanto con altas concentraciones séricas de P4. En síntesis, altas concentraciones de P4 reducen la respuesta de estrés, y pueden generar cambios en el comportamiento reactivo de los animales. Sin embargo, para que el tratamiento con P4 o sus concentraciones endógenas sean utilizados como herramienta práctica durante manejos estresantes, o como un factor a ser considerado a la hora de seleccionar animales por temperamento, es necesario realizar más estudios aplicados.

Se proporciona información sobre tamaño de rebaño en pecaríes y densidad poblacional de éstos y otros ungulados para los bosques de baja y alta presión de caza del nororiente peruano. Durante el recorrido de 610 km de transecto de Noviembre-Diciembre 2012 en bosques de baja presión de caza y de 1218 km desde Febrero-Junio y Agosto-Octubre 2013 en bosques de alta presión de caza, fueron registrados 76 y 40 encuentros pertenecientes a seis y cinco especies, respectivamente; siendo los más comunes Pecari tajacu (35%) y Mazama americana (28%). El tamaño de rebaño en P. tajacu varió desde 2 a 8 individuos (tamaño promedio: 3,4±1,6 a 6±1,2). La densidad poblacional estimada para los ungulados fueron más altas en bosques de baja presión de caza sobresaliendo Tayassu pecari con 23,8 individuos/km2, seguido por P. tajacu con 14,4 individuos/km2, en tanto que la más baja fue para Tapirus terrestris (0,08 individuos/km2) y correspondió a los bosques de alta presión de caza. En los bosques de baja presión de caza, los encuentros más frecuentes con ungulados ocurrieron en el palmal de altura (46%) y palmal de planicie (31%), en tanto que en el pantano arbóreo no hubo encuentros.

Se proporciona información sobre tamaño de rebaño en pecaríes y densidad poblacional de éstos y otros ungulados para los bosques de baja y alta presión de caza del nororiente peruano. Durante el recorrido de 610 km de transecto de noviembre-diciembre 2012 en bosques de baja presión de caza y de 1218 km desde febrero-junio y agosto-octubre 2013 en bosques de alta presión de caza, fueron registrados 76 y 40 encuentros pertenecientes a seis y cinco especies, respectivamente; siendo los más comunes Pecari tajacu (35%) y Mazama americana (28%). El tamaño de rebaño en P. tajacu varió desde 2 a 8 individuos (tamaño promedio: 3,4±1,6 a 6±1,2). La densidad poblacional estimada para los ungulados fue más alta en bosques de baja presión de caza sobresaliendo Tayassu pecari con 23,8 individuos/km2, seguido por P. tajacu con 14,4 individuos/km2, en tanto que la más baja fue para Tapirus terrestris (0,08 individuos/km2) y correspondió a los bosques de alta presión de caza. En los bosques de baja presión de caza, los encuentros más frecuentes con ungulados ocurrieron en el palmal de altura (46%) y palmal de planicie (31%), en tanto que en el pantano arbóreo no hubo encuentros.

Copyright of Montes is the property of Colegio y Asociación de Ingenieros de Montes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human activity can lead to changes in animal behavior and distribution patterns if the level of activity is high enough to cause disturbance. Both humans and other animals commonly use human-made trails in lowland tropical forest and, therefore, it is possible that use of trails by humans might affect the likelihood that animals would use those same trails. We investigated this possibility at a site in lowland forest of eastern Ecuador using camera traps to document numbers of people and numbers of other animals at a series of camera locations during January–March, 2014–2016. Human activity was higher on trails used by all visitors to the research station than on two research plots where human activity is restricted. Ungulates were the only group to show a strong negative relationship with human activity but only on trails open to all visitors; there was no apparent negative impact of human activity on research plots. Results suggest that the level of human activity along trails is not now causing negative impacts to most mammals but also that levels of activity should be monitored to ensure that any increase in human presence does not lead to negative responses by mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este reporte se proporciona información sobre tamaño de grupo, densidad poblacional y preferencias de hábitats de los ungulados para el río Bajo Urubamba y el interfluvio del río Urubamba – río Tambo, localizados en la Amazonía central del Perú, área que fue muy poco explorado. Durante el recorrido de 425 km entre octubre – noviembre 2008 y abril – mayo 2009 se tuvo 249 registros entre directos e indirectos correspondientes a cuatro especies, siendo los más comunes Pecari tajacu (95 registros) y Mazama americana (85 registros). El tamaño de grupo en P. tajacu varió desde 2 a 8 individuos, mientras que el tamaño promedio estimado para T. pecari fue 19 individuos. La densidad poblacional más alta fue para P. tajacu (6,7 individuos/km2) y la más baja para Tapirus terrestris (1,2 individuos/km2). Con excepción de T. pecari, el resto de ungulados fueron más frecuentes en bosque primario denso (Bpd) y bosque primario semi denso con pacal (Bpsp).

La cabra montés, Capra pirenaica, ha sido reintroducida en la Cordillera Cantábrica en León (Riaño y Ancares). Con el fin de evaluar la viabilidad del hábitat y del reforzamiento poblacional en la Reserva Nacional de Caza de Os Ancares (RNCA, Lugo) llevamos a cabo: (i) una reconstrucción de su historia natural en el NO de la Península Ibérica; (ii) una recolección de citas y determinación de la distribución actual en Ancares; (iii) el análisis del uso del espacio a partir de revisión de experiencias similares; (iv) un desarrollo de cartografía para definir su hábitat potencial y v) una zonificación de la RNCA en función de la calidad del hábitat. Los resultados indican la existencia de un área adecuada de 1.250 ha que podría albergar una población de 40 ejemplares considerando una densidad de 3 cabras km-2. La gestión de esta población debería estar coordinada con la de la parte leonesa del macizo, de mayor calidad y superficie que la parte lucense. El crecimiento actual de la población existente permitirá a la especie colonizar todo el macizo de forma natural.

In rodents, progesterone (P4) administration reduces stress responses or anxiety through the action of some metabolites of P4 (allopregnanolone and pregnanolone). Although, there are few studies on these effects in ruminants, P4 administration has a great potential for practical application in animal production. The aim of this review was to summarize the information about the stress response and the main mechanisms studied in rodents by which P4 administration reduces this response. We also include information on the effects of P4 treatment on reactive behavior and stress response in ruminants. We show that P4 administration decreases the stress response of ewes to abrupt weaning of lambs, and also affects the response to tests of assessment of temperament in female beef calves. We also present information about the stress response of shearing in pregnant ewes, therefore ewes with high serum concentrations of P4. In summary, high serum concentrations of P4 reduces the stress response and provokes changes on the reactive behavior in ruminants. However, more studies are needed to include P4 in practical managements or to consider it in the selection of animals according to their temperament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se estudia la serie ósea de macromamíferos del yacimento del Cubío Redondo, pequeña cavidad situada en el vlle de Matienzo (Cantabria). Se trata de una serie reducida y muy fracturada por lo que sus medidas son escasas y poco indicativas. Aparecen cinco especies de ungulados-ciervo, corzo, cabra montés, rebeco y jabalí-y dos de carnívoros-gato montés y garduña-, dominando ampliamente los primeros. El cuadro de fecuencias encaja bien en el marco paleoecológico en que se desarrollan las ocupaciones mesolíticas de la Cornisa Cantábrica, destacando la importancia de especies de apetencia forestal.

La calidad de la dieta es uno de los factores más determinantes en el estado de las poblaciones de la fauna silvestre. Debido a que el nitrógeno es escaso en las plantas, el contenido de N del alimento de los herbívoros puede considerarse como índice de la calidad de la dieta. El N de la dieta está directamente relacionado con el N fecal, por lo que la calidad de la dieta de una población puede estimarse a través del análisis de sus heces. Según lo observado en ciertos ungulados, la calidad de la dieta está relacionada con la calidad de las plantas disponibles, y de este modo, es posible categorizar las épocas y ambientes de acuerdo a la calidad de la dieta que los animales obtienen de ellos. El patrón anual del nitrógeno fecal en el sarrio de Navarra es similar al de otros ungulados de latitudes templadas, es decir, los valores más altos en primavera/verano y los más bajos en otoño/invierno. Por otro lado, los valores máximos estimados son similares a los mayores encontrados en los Pirineos, y en consecuencia, sugerimos que ello afecta positivamente en la evolución poblacional del sarrio en Navarra, aunque es necesario un seguimiento de las variaciones anuales del nitrógeno fecal para obtener una idea apropiada de la calidad de la dieta.

Gastrointestinal parasites and ectoparasites were identified in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) and brocket deer (Mazama americana) in free-living conditions and captivity in the Mexican tropics. Twelve free-living ungulates were hunted (four white-tailed deer, three brocket deer and five collared peccaries) to obtain samples of faeces and ectoparasites. Fifty-five captive ungulates (14 white-tail deer, 16 brocket deer and 35 collared peccaries) were sampled to obtain faeces and ectoparasites. To identify the genera and order of parasites, faecal samples were analyzed by Flotation and McMaster techniques. Egg and oocyst per gram of faeces were also calculated. Ectoparasites collected from ungulates were classified to genera and species level using specific identification keys. Positive samples of nematode of the order strongylida and protozoos of the order Eucoccidiorida were cultivated and classified. In white-tailed and brocket deer the following genera of parasites were identified: Strongyloides, Trichuris, Capillaria, Mammomonogamus and Eimeria. In collared peccaries the genera Oesophagostomun, Eimeria and Isospora were identified. The flea Pulex irritans and the louse Gliricola porcelli infested brocket deer and collared peccary, while the fly Lipoptena sp was collected from white-tailed deer. The tick Amblyomma cajennese was found parasitizing the three ungulate species studied. It is concluded that wild ungulates are parasitized with gastrointestinal nematodes, protozoa of the order Eucoccidiorida, fleas, lice, flies and ticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In several male ruminants, including both, domestic and wild species, it has been reported the presence of homosexual behaviour between males. The aim of this review was to summarize the information about neuroendocrinological differences between homo and heterosexual individuals, and the relationship between homosexual behaviour and sexual steroid concentration. Moreover, we present information that link homosexual behavior with social dominance, age, social environment during the developmental period, and environment disturbances. Therefore, we include information about other physiologic aspects, such as reproductive seasonality, including unpublished information about seasonal changes in domestic rams and captive male Iberian ibex, and the relationship between seasonal changes in testosterone and behaviour. Other topic discussed is the "buller syndrome", which is commonly observed in steers, in which is observed that some males are repeatedly mounted by others males. In brief, homosexual behaviour in male ruminants is multietiologic, and some aspects are understudied, so the interpretation may be cautiously considered before deep studies are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este estudio reporta información básica sobre la cacería realizada por los pobladores de la comunidad de Bretaña como: días requeridos para la cacería, animales silvestres frecuentemente cazados, tipos de hábitat donde se acostumbra a cazar, entre otros aspectos. Se realizó una entrevista a 10 cazadores de la zona, además de las observaciones personales en la zona de estudio. Las especies como majas (Cuniculus paca) 18.06% y choro (Lagothrix lagotricha) 14,01% fueron las más cazadas, entre la menos cazada estuvo la pava (Aburria pipile) 0,46%. La restinga representó el hábitat más frecuentado por los cazadores (42%). Los ungulados (1365 Kg) y reptiles (754 Kg) fueron las especies que aportaron mayor rendimiento de carne fresca por animal, siendo los machos (51,23%) los más preferidos por los cazadores. Es prioritario involucrar a la comunidad en un plan de manejo que busque conservar a las especies en su totalidad y su hábitat.

En el presente trabajo se da cuenta en forma muy resumida, de los herbívoros presentes en los yacimientos Paleolíticos y Epipaleolíticos del País Vasco, considerándolos por períodos. Tras pasar revista a los pocos restos del Paleolítico Inferior entre los que destacan Paleolodoxon antiquus, Hippopotamus amphibius, Mammuthus trogontherii y Dicerorhinus mercki, se analizan más detenidamente los del Musteriense. Se observa que durante este período se da una caza poco selectiva, en que se aprovechan todos los Ungulados presentes en la zona. Por otro lado no se observa ninguna relación entre determinado tipo de Musteriense y determinado conjunto faunístico. Durante las primeras fases del complejo Auriñaco-Perigordiense la caza sigue siendo también poco selectiva, pero pronto comienza a especializarse, alcanzando esta especialización su máximo grado durante el Magdaleniense. En éste es una especie la preferida: el ciervo o la cabra, según el biotopo en que se encuentra el yacimiento. Las demás especies (caballo, bovinos, sarrio, reno, corzo y jabalí) salvo excepción, están mucho peor representadas. Ninguno de los grandes herbívoros (elefantes, rinocerontes, megáceros) alcanzan el Magdaleniense. El paso a los tiempos postglaciales viene determinado por la total desaparición del reno, la disminución de la cabra montés, el sarrio y el caballo, y el aumento del corzo y del jabalí. El ciervo es la base principal del suministro proteínico.

Copyright of Tropical Conservation Science is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses a study published in the Volume 36.2 issue of the journal "Animal Biodiversity and Conservation" that examined the association between animals and trophy prices. The researcher stated information should be evaluated carefully to produce reliable data as international trophy hunting differs from commercial and stay-at-home. An overview of the species, trophy price, and trophy price index in U.S. dollars is also presented.

The article offers information on the use of aerial surveys combined with computer-linked thermal infrared cameras to monitor ungulates and identify specific species with high-resolution colour images. The authors used this method in three German national parks and a German/French biosphere reserve and demonstrates that the non-invasive method is cost-effective and is applicable to various landscapes.

The article reports on a study on a non-invasive genetic approach to estimating ungulate, specifically roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), population size. The authors developed a non-invasive genetic capture-mark-recapture method based on DNA from roe deer faeces. The results of the study shows that the method is more precise and can be applied to male and female roe deer. The authors claim that genetic sampling is a useful tool for management of roe deer.

The forests of the northeast Yucatan Peninsula supports wild ungulate populations such as the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Hays 1874), brocket deer (Mazama americana Erxleben 1777 and M. pandora Merriam 1901) and collared pecari (Pecari tajacu Merriam 1901). For its conservation and use, it is necessary to know the current status of wild ungulates populations. Basic ecological aspects such as density and distribution of the ungulate populations in different vegetation types were evaluated. The study area was El Edén Ecological Reserve (EER), located in the northern Yucatan Peninsula in Quintana Roo State, Mexico. The method used to assess ungulate density and distribution was the strip transect counts. The transects were set on the existing roads and footpaths. Using GIS, the habitat and five vegetation types were classified: secondary vegetation (acahual), tropical evergreen forest, tintales, savanna of palms and aquatic vegetation. Thirty eight observations of white-tailed deer were obtained, 14 of brocket deer and 6 groups of pecaries in 293.4 km of routes. The observation period was between September 2004 and April 2005 (six months of sampling). The absolute density of the white-tailed deer was 5,5 ± 4,1 ind/km², for the pecan was 1,9 ± 0,8 ind/km² or 0,2 ± 0,1 herd/km² and for brocket deer was 1,7 ± 1,8 ind/km². Acàhual was the vegetation type where white-tailed deer and collared pecan were found. This is the first time that AL americana was registered in this region of the State. These results suggest the important role that have the EER to conserve ungulates, nevertheless the continued risk of hurricanes and fires. The white-tailed deer population is high compared with other tropical zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]