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Increased demand for macroalgae as human food may jeopardise the balance of macroalgae in the Mediterranean Sea. Aquaculture is a sustainable alternative source of macroalgae, which can be sea- or land-based. Much data on macroalgae composition can be found in the literature; however, no comparison between aquaculture types has yet been made. This paper compares the contents of two samples cultivated on land (Ulva sp. and Ulva ohnoi) and three on the sea, an Ulva sp. and two red macroalgae (Gracilaria gracilis, and Geliduim sp.). The fatty acid profile, iodine, and some heavy metals significantly differed in the samples grown in the tanks on land compared to those produced in the sea. In addition, a higher content of some essential amino acids was found in U. ohnoi. By cultivating macroalgae under controlled conditions, land-based aquaculture can help improve some macroalgae's nutritional value and reduce toxic components such as heavy metals. This research was financed by GASTERRA (2021–22) and with a grant from the University of Alicante to use the HPLC-MS/MS (UAUSTI21-16).

Aquaculture may be responsible for deterioration of surrounding natural waters, so focus of research in this field to improve sustainability is directed on the recycling of wastewater in cultivation systems. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) show promise, but fish production is often limited because of low water quality due to the accumulation of metabolic waste. Water quality may be improved by integrating seaweed as they effectively clean the water by remediating nutrients. This study explored how to optimize RAS by measuring growth and yield performance of Ulva sp. and how this relates to water quality. An integration experiment was conducted by adding an Ulva filtration unit to outdoor RAS at different fish densities. Seaweed performance was compared by calculating growth rate, biomass yield, and nitrogen removal by biomass of the Ulva stocking densities 1, 2, and 3 kg FW m-2. Additionally, water quality parameters were compared, involving biochemical measurements and fluorescent microscopic microbial counts. The results showed that the highest growth rate was measured for Ulva stocking density 1 kg FW m-2 and the highest biomass and N yield for 2 kg FW m-2. Performance was lower with an increased fish density. The high fish density resulted in lower water quality in the RAS, with a significantly higher abundance of heterotrophic bacteria and bacterivores, a higher level of ammonia, and lower pH. No difference was detected in dissolved oxygen and phytoplankton abundance. These results demonstrate that lower Ulva stocking densities show higher performance in IRAS, but more research is required in improving the cultivation environment of Ulva to increase its capability to enhance water quality parameters. A aquacultura é o setor de produção alimentar que mais cresce no mundo, mas devido à alta pressão na procura existe uma preocupação com sua sustentabilidade ambiental. Um dos problemas é a eutrofização das águas naturais devido aos efluentes ricos em nutrientes, com as consequências prejudiciais que dai resultam. É essencial desenvolver estratégias para reduzir os resíduos metabólicos na aquacultura, e sistemas (semi)fechados como os Sistemas de Recirculação de Aquacultura (RAS) que oferecem grande potencial para soluções mais sustentáveis, pois permitem o cultivo de alta densidade de peixes em ambiente controlado. Os principais desafios com o RAS estão relacionados com as questões de rentabilidade e eficiência. Isso advém da troca reduzida de água o que causa à acumulação de metabólitos de peixes e bactérias, fatores inibidores de crescimento como cortisol dos peixes e metais pesados da ração. Em particular, a toxicidade da amónia leva a uma produção reduzida de peixes, pois inibe o crescimento causando danos oxidativos, danos físicos, doenças ou até mesmo a morte. Além disso, altas concentrações de nitrito, nitrato e fosfato afetam negativamente os peixes. Tanto o fitoplâncton como a comunidade bacteriana podem dar indicação da qualidade da água, pois estes microrganismos respondem rapidamente às mudanças na disponibilidade de nutrientes. As macroalgas podem remover efetivamente nutrientes da água numa abordagem ecológica. As macroalgas têm um elevado potencial para transformar resíduos em coprodutos de valor comercial quando integrados em sistemas de aquacultura, mas este recurso é ainda relativamente inexplorado. Uma possível abordagem sustentável para a gestão de efluentes é a Aquacultura Multitrófica Integrada (IMTA) onde espécies de diferentes níveis tróficos são integradas no mesmo sistema. Como a produção de peixes está, em parte, relacionada com a qualidade da água a presença de micro-organismos nocivos, a biofiltração pelas macroalgas melhora a saúde ambiental ao equilibrar os parâmetros de qualidade da água. As algas do género Ulva (filo Chlorophyta) podem ser um recurso sustentável para a indústria de rações e alimentos entre muitos outros, bem como representar uma alternativa de biofiltração, no entanto, o desempenho de crescimento de Ulva em RAS revelou-se altamente variável em diferentes estudos. Para desenvolver um RAS integrado com macroalgas (IRAS) economicamente viável, é necessário determinar a densidade de cultivo ideal para uma maior produção de biomassa e absorção de azoto, bem como a influencia da densidade de peixe nestes fatores. Os objetivos específicos deste estudo foram (a) determinar a densidade ótima de cultivo de Ulva para uma maior produção de biomassa, (b) investigar como a produção de algas influencia parâmetros de qualidade da água, e (c) comparar como a densidade de peixes influencia o desempenho das macroalgas. Para responder a essas perguntas, foram usados dois IRAS piloto. Um com alta densidade de peixes (IRAS High-F) e outro baixa densidade de peixes (IRAS Low-F) de modo a comparar como uma carga de nutrientes diferente influência o desempenho da Ulva sp. O ensaio foi iniciado com 20 e 10 kg m-3 de dourada, Sparus aurata, mas após duas colheitas essas densidades foram reduzidas para 10 e 5 kg m-3, respetivamente, porque os níveis de amónia excederam 1 mg L-1 no IRAS High-F. Portanto, os dados foram separados no Ciclo 1 (colheitas 1 e 2) e Ciclo 2 (colheitas 3, 4 e 5). O ensaio experimental teve lugar, no exterior, nos meses de abril e maio. A temperatura da água foi controlada na medida do possível. Cada sistema incluiu as densidades de Ulva 1, 2 e 3 kg FW m-2 em triplicado para encontrar a densidade de cultivo ideal para produção de biomassa e biorremediação. A taxa de crescimento específico (SGR), produção de biomassa (g FW m-2) e biofiltração de azoto (g N m-2) da Ulva foram determinados medindo o peso fresco, colhendo subamostras e secando-as no forno para calcular a relação linear para converter valores de peso fresco, peso seco e conteúdo de carbono-azoto (C-N). Além disso, foram feitas análises microscópicas de amostras de tecido Ulva para verificar o estado reprodutivo, uma vez que isso afeta o seu desempenho. Todas as semanas foram colhidas amostras de água para medir os níveis de nutrientes (nitrato, nitrito e amônio) nos dois sistemas. Como o Ciclo 2 teve um melhor desempenho em comparação com o Ciclo 1, resumimos apenas os dados do Ciclo 2 seguidamente. A biomassa de Ulva foi medida uma vez por semana para calcular a taxa de crescimento, produção de biomassa e biofiltração de azoto. A baixa densidade de peixes apresentou maiores taxas de crescimento (M = 26,7% d-1) e produção de biomassa de Ulva (M = 1064,8 g m-2 d-1) do que a maior densidade (M = 21,4% d-1 e 770,4 g m-2 d-1). No Ciclo 2, o desempenho do IRAS Low-F foi mais alto que no Ciclo 1, apesar da redução em amónia, enquanto o IRAS High-F permaneceu semelhante. Estes resultados podem ser devidos aos seguintes fatores: (1) a carga ideal de nutrientes para Ulva foi ultrapassada no IRAS High-F e inibiu o crescimento, (2) a alta carga de nutrientes no IRAS High-F promoveu o crescimento de microrganismos causadores de doenças que stressaram a Ulva, (3) outros parâmetros ambientais, como carbono disponível, favoreceram a Ulva no IRAS Low-F. As densidades de Ulva tiveram um desempenho produtivo diferente dependendo do tratamento de densidade de peixes. O SGR foi maior na densidade Ulva 1 kg m-2, e foi significativamente maior no IRAS Low-F (M = 37,6% d-1) do que High-F (M = 25,5% d-1). Não houve diferença significativa na produção de biomassa no IRAS Low-F, mas no IRAS High-F foi significativamente maior para densidade de Ulva 2 kg m-2 (M = 1039,4 g FW m-2 d-1 / 139,7 g DW m-2 d-1) do que para 1 kg m-2 (M = 704,3 g FW m-2 d-1 / 94,6 g DW m-2 d-1). Também não encontrámos efeito significativo na densidade de Ulva em relação ao conteúdo de N. Embora o conteúdo de N no tecido Ulva tenha sido menor em IRAS Low-F (M = 2,56 g N m-2 d-1) do que High-F (M = 2,94 g N m-2 d-1), a remoção de N foi significativamente maior para IRAS Low-F (M = 4,28 g N m-2 d-1) do que High-F (M = 3,55 g N m-2 d-1) devido à maior produção de biomassa de Ulva. Acreditamos que, ao otimizar o crescimento e produtividade da Ulva, esta torna-se mais capaz de bioremediar a água. Para avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade da água, foram medidos oxigénio dissolvido (DO), pH e temperatura da água todos os dias pela manhã e à tarde. Enquanto o DO diminuiu durante o dia, o pH aumentou. Amostras de água para análise de amónia, nitrato, nitrito e ortofosfato foram recolhidas uma vez por semana, no entanto, os resultados das análises de nutrientes dissolvidos ainda não estão disponíveis. Presumivelmente fosfatos e nitritos estariam extremamente elevados em IRAS High-F, inibindo o crescimento de Ulva. Os níveis elevados de nitrogênio também se refletiram no maior teor de N no tecido de Ulva. Esta suposição é apoiada pelas contagens microscópicas que mostraram uma alta abundância em cianobactérias, diatomáceas, protistas bacterivores e bactérias heterotróficas. Estes constituem indicadores de água relativamente eutrofizada. As contagens também foram significativamente maiores no IRAS High-F do que Low-F. No geral, podemos dizer que o IRAS High-F teve uma qualidade de água muito pior do que Low-F, e não foi observada melhoria significativa nos parâmetros medidos em ambos os IRAS durante a experiência. Os resultados sugerem que Ulva é uma opção promissora como unidade de biofiltração, uma vez que as altas taxas de crescimento contribuíram para a remoção de quantidades consideráveis de nutrientes na água. Para investigação futuras, recomenda-se otimizar o ambiente de cultivo da unidade Ulva, estudando como melhorar sua capacidade de manter boa qualidade da água com maiores densidades de peixes tornando IRAS mais sustentável em maior escala. This research was made possible by the Atlazul project (http://cmma.eu/atlazul/) that is managed under the INTERREG Spain Portugal Program (POCTEP).

Rumput laut Ulva sp. memiliki kandungan serat pangan tinggi yang diketahui memiliki aktivitas hipoglikemik. Penelitian ini telah melakukan penambahan Ulva sp. pada biskuit sebagai makanan sehat yang kaya serat pangan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian biskuit Ulva terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah pada tikus jantan yang diinduksi sukrosa jenuh. Selain itu, diamati profil hematologi dan biokimia klinis darah sebelum dan setelah pemberian biskuit Ulva. Uji antidiabetes dilakukan menggunakan uji toleransi glukosa oral terhadap tikus jantan yang diinduksi sukrosa jenuh. Biskuit Ulva yang diberikan 1 g/kg berat badan (BB) tikus dengan perlakuan kontrol negatif (pakan tanpa biskuit), biskuit tanpa Ulva sp., dan biskuit Ulva setara dengan Ulva sp. 1, 5, dan 10 mg/kg BB. Perlakuan dosis diberikan pada 5 ekor tikus percobaan sekali sehari selama 14 hari. Pengamatan terhadap intoleransi glukosa dilakukan melalui pengukuran glukosa darah setelah pemberian sukrosa jenuh ke semua perlakuan pada hari ke-14, dan diukur pada menit ke-0, 30, 60, dan 120. Penimbangan tikus dilakukan pada hari ke-0, 7, dan 14, sedangkan analisis hematologi dan biokimia klinis darah dilakukan pada hari ke-0 dan ke-14. Pemberian biskuit Ulva berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kadar glukosa darah, serta menurunkan hematokrit dan hemoglobin darah tikus. Biskuit dengan dosis Ulva setara 1 mg/kg BB mampu menurunkan kadar glukosa darah tikus secara efektif pada menit ke-60. Tidak ada perbedaan kenaikan berat badan tikus jantan antara kelompok kontrol negatif dan biskuit Ulva pada hari ke-0, 7, dan 14. Pemberian biskuit Ulva sampai dengan 10 mg/kg BB tidak mempengaruhi SGOT, SGPT, ureum, dan kreatinin tikus. ABSTRACT Seaweed Ulva sp. contains high dietary fiber which is known to have hypoglycemic activity. In this study, the addition of Ulva sp. in biscuit products for a healthy that food rich in dietary fiber. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of Ulva added biscuits on blood glucose levels reduction in male rats induced by saturated sucrose. In addition, clinical hematology and blood biochemical profiles before and after the administration of Ulva biscuits were also observed. Antidiabetic method used the oral glucose intolerance test method on male rats induced by saturated sucrose. Ulva biscuits were given at 1 g/kg body weight of rats for each treatment. This test used five treatments, namely negative control (rats feeding without biscuits), rat feeding without Ulva added biscuits; and rat feeding with Ulva biscuits equivalent to 1, 5, and 10 mg Ulva sp. /kg BW. Each dose treatment was given to five experimental rats once a day for 14 days. Observations on glucose intolerance included measurement of blood glucose levels by giving saturated sucrose to all treatments and measured at 0, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after administration of saturated sucrose. The weighing was carried out on day 0, 7, and 14, while clinical hematological and blood biochemical analyzes were performed on day 0 and 14. The administration of Ulva biscuits had a significant effect on the blood glucose levels of male rats, lowering hematocrit and hemoglobin in rat blood. The concentration of 0.1% Ulva biscuits in biscuits (equivalent to a dose of Ulva sp. 1 mg/kg BW) was able to effectively reduce the blood glucose levels of rats after 60 minutes. There was no difference in weight gain of male rats between the negative control group and Ulva biscuits on days 0, 7, and 14. The diet of Ulva biscuits with 10 mg/kg BW Ulva sp. did not affect the SGOT, SGPT, urea, and creatinine of rats.

There is a need to find new possible raw food sources with interesting nutritional values. One of the most unexploited sources are seaweeds. Thus, Ulva sp. is a green edible seaweed that shows a high growth rate in nature and can support drastic abiotic changes, such as temperature and salinity. This work aims to determine the main nutritional compounds, fatty acids (FAs) and monosaccharides profiles of Ulva sp. (collected from Mondego estuary, Portugal), to identify the potential of this seaweed as a food source. The present study also highlights the potential of controlled and semi-controlled cultivation systems in Ulva sp. profiles. The results showed that the controlled cultivation systems had higher essential FA and monosaccharide content than the semi-controlled cultivation systems. However, they are in some cases identical to wild individuals of Ulva sp., supporting that cultivation of Ulva sp. can be a key for food safety. It is crucial to control the associated risks of contamination that can occur in wild specimens.

International audience; Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) remains a prominent health concern widespread all over the world. The increasing genital infections by HSV-1 that might facilitate acquisition and transmission of HIV-1, the cumulative evidence that HSV-1 promotes neurodegenerative disorders, and the emergence of drug resistance signify the need for new antiviral agents. In this study, the in vitro anti-herpetic activity of sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) extracted by enzyme or hot water from seaweeds collected in France and Mexico from stranding events, were evaluated. The anti-herpetic activity evaluation of the semi-refined-polysaccharides (sr-SPs) and different ion exchange purified fractions showed a wide range of antiviral activity. Among them, the sr-SPs from the Rhodophyta Halymenia floresii showed stronger activity EC50 0.68 μg/mL with SI 1470, without cytotoxicity. Further, the antiviral activity of the sr-SPs evaluated at different treatment schemes showed a high EC50 of 0.38 μg/mL during the viral adsorption assays when the polysaccharide and the virus were added simultaneously, whilst the protection on Vero cell during the post-infection assay was effective up to 1 h. The chemical composition, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic, and molecular weights of the sr-SPs from H. floresii were determined and discussed based on the anti-herpetic activity. The potential utilization of seaweed stranding as a source of antiviral compounds is addressed.

Seaweed valuables have been researched a lot in the last decades but there is a lack of information on brackish seaweed at the eastern part of the Baltic Sea. Previous research shows that Baltic seaweed can be used as a source for phycocolloids as well as for bioenergy. The amount of available usable biomass is not clear, also seaweed in brackish seawater does not reach the dimensions such as the same species in Western parts of the Baltic Sea where the salinity is higher. Therefore, the use of this biomass must be smart to create economic benefit. Three abundant Baltic brackish seaweed species were chosen, to represent green, brown and red seaweed groups and an in-depth information analysis was made to clarify possible focus substances that could be extracted from these species. In this paper we summarize literature of common seaweed components, traditional extraction technology, and potential amount in seaweed and give an overview of novel methods for extraction of seaweed bioactive compounds.

Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. Our results strongly suggest that further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds found in Ulva sp. ulvan extracts could lead to the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.

Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to screen for novel compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-COV-2. Here we compared chemical composition and the in vitro anti- SARS-COV-2 activity of two different Ulva sp. crude ulvan extracts: one obtained by an HCl-based and another one by ammonium oxalate-based (AOx) extraction protocols. The composition of the crude extracts was analyzed and their antiviral activity was assessed in a cytopathic effect reduction assay using Vero E6 cells. We show that the extraction protocols have a significant impact on the chemical composition, anti- SARS-COV-2 activity, and cytotoxicity of these ulvan extracts. The ulvan extract based on the AOx protocol had a higher average molecular weight, higher charge, and 11.3-fold higher antiviral activity than HCl-based extract. Our results strongly suggest that further bioassay-guided investigation into bioactivity of compounds found in Ulva sp. ulvan extracts could lead to the discovery of novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 antivirals.

Planctomycetes are bacteria that were long thought to be unculturable, of low abundance, and therefore neglectable in the environment. This view changed in recent years, after it was shown that members of the phylum Planctomycetes can be abundant in many aquatic environments, e.g., in the epiphytic communities on macroalgae surfaces. Here, we analyzed three different macroalgae from the North Sea and show that Planctomycetes is the most abundant bacterial phylum on the alga Fucus sp., while it represents a minor fraction of the surface-associated bacterial community of Ulva sp. and Laminaria sp. Especially dominant within the phylum Planctomycetes were Blastopirellula sp., followed by Rhodopirellula sp., Rubripirellula sp., as well as other Pirellulaceae and Lacipirellulaceae, but also members of the OM190 lineage. Motivated by the observed abundance, we isolated four novel planctomycetal strains to expand the collection of species available as axenic cultures since access to different strains is a prerequisite to investigate the success of planctomycetes in marine environments. The isolated strains constitute four novel species belonging to one novel and three previously described genera in the order Pirellulales, class Planctomycetia, phylum Planctomycetes.

Planctomycetes are bacteria that were long thought to be unculturable, of low abundance, and therefore neglectable in the environment. This view changed in recent years, after it was shown that members of the phylum Planctomycetes can be abundant in many aquatic environments, e.g., in the epiphytic communities on macroalgae surfaces. Here, we analyzed three different macroalgae from the North Sea and show that Planctomycetes is the most abundant bacterial phylum on the alga Fucus sp., while it represents a minor fraction of the surface-associated bacterial community of Ulva sp. and Laminaria sp. Especially dominant within the phylum Planctomycetes were Blastopirellula sp., followed by Rhodopirellula sp., Rubripirellula sp., as well as other Pirellulaceae and Lacipirellulaceae, but also members of the OM190 lineage. Motivated by the observed abundance, we isolated four novel planctomycetal strains to expand the collection of species available as axenic cultures since access to different strains is a prerequisite to investigate the success of planctomycetes in marine environments. The isolated strains constitute four novel species belonging to one novel and three previously described genera in the order Pirellulales, class Planctomycetia, phylum Planctomycetes.

Ulva sp. is known to be a source of bioactive compounds such as ulvans, but their biological activity on human dermal fibroblast extracellular matrix (ECM) is poorly reported. In this work, the regulation of ECM has been investigated for the first time at both proteomic and transcriptomic levels in normal human skin dermal fibroblasts, after 48 h of incubation with poly- and oligosaccharide fractions from Ulva sp. obtained after enzyme-assisted extraction and depolymerization. Cell proliferation enhancement (up to +68%) without exhibiting any cytotoxic effect on fibroblasts was demonstrated at 50 and 1000 µg/mL by both fractions. At the proteomic level, polysaccharide fractions at 1000 µg/mL enhanced the most the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs, up to +57%), total collagen, especially types I (up to +217%) and III, as well as the synthesis and activity of MMP-1 (Matrix Metalloproteinase-1, up to +309%). In contrast, oligosaccharide fractions had no effect on GAGs synthesis but exhibited similarities for collagens and MMP-1 regulation. At the transcriptomic level, the decrease of COL1A1 and COL1A2 expression, and increase of COL3A1 and MMP-1 expression, confirmed the modulation of ECM metabolism by both fractions. Our research emphasizes that poly- and oligosaccharide Ulva sp. fractions exhibit interesting biological activities and supports their potential use in the area of skin renewal for anti-aging dermo-cosmetic applications.

Planctomycetes are bacteria that were long thought to be unculturable, of low abundance, and therefore neglectable in the environment. This view changed in recent years, after it was shown that members of the phylum Planctomycetes can be abundant in many aquatic environments, e.g., in the epiphytic communities on macroalgae surfaces. Here, we analyzed three different macroalgae from the North Sea and show that Planctomycetes is the most abundant bacterial phylum on the alga Fucus sp., while it represents a minor fraction of the surface-associated bacterial community of Ulva sp. and Laminaria sp. Especially dominant within the phylum Planctomycetes were Blastopirellula sp., followed by Rhodopirellula sp., Rubripirellula sp., as well as other Pirellulaceae and Lacipirellulaceae, but also members of the OM190 lineage. Motivated by the observed abundance, we isolated four novel planctomycetal strains to expand the collection of species available as axenic cultures since access to different strains is a prerequisite to investigate the success of planctomycetes in marine environments. The isolated strains constitute four novel species belonging to one novel and three previously described genera in the order Pirellulales, class Planctomycetia, phylum Planctomycetes.

Although macroalgae biomass is an emerging sustainable feedstock for biorefineries, the optimum process parameters for their hydrolysis and fermentation are still not known. In the present study, the simultaneous production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and biochar from green macroalgae Ulva sp. is examined, applying subcritical water hydrolysis and Haloferax mediterranei fermentation. First, the effects of temperature, treatment time, salinity, and solid load on the biomass and PHA productivity were optimized following the Taguchi method. Hydrolysis at 170 °C, 20 min residence time, 38 g L−1 salinity with a seaweed solid load of 5% led to the maximum PHA yield of 0.104 g g−1 Ulva and a biochar yield of 0.194 ± 1.23 g g−1 Ulva. Second, the effect of different initial culture densities on the biomass and PHA productivity was studied. An initial culture density of 50 g L−1 led to the maximum volumetric PHA productivity of 0.024 ± 0.002 g L−1 h−1 with a maximum PHA content of 49.38 ± 0.3% w/w Sensitivity analysis shows that within 90% confidence, the annual PHA production from Ulva sp. is 148.14 g PHA m−2 year−1 with an annual biochar production of 42.6 g m−2 year−1. Priori economic and greenhouse gas break-even analyses of the process were done to estimate annual revenues and allowable greenhouse gas emissions. The study illustrates that PHA production from seaweed hydrolysate using extreme halophiles coupled to biochar production could become a benign and promising step in a marine biorefinery.

The species of green macroalga belonging to the genus Ulva (family: Ulvaceae) are utilized in various fields, from food supplements to biomedical applications. Ulvan, a polysaccharide obtained from various Ulva species, has shown various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. To obtain the polysaccharide ulvan that can be utilized in various fields, it is necessary to understand the critical points that affect its physicochemical nature, the extraction procedures, and the mechanism of action for biological activities. This article discusses the physicochemical properties, extraction, isolation and characterization procedures and benefits in food and biomedical applications of ulvan. In conclusion, ulvan from Ulva sp. has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent and also as an additional ingredient in the development of tissue engineering procedures.

Dalam penelitian ini karakteristik pengeringan dari rumput laut Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. telah dipelajari. Proses pengeringan dilakukan pada kondisi variasi suhu 40, 50, dan 60 °C di dalam alat pengering laboratorium. Laju pengeringan dievaluasi dengan empat model pengeringan lapis tipis, yakni Newton, Page, Two-Term, dan Midilli. Model yang paling sesuai ditentukan dari nilai sum square error (SSE) dan root mean square error (RMSE) terendah, serta nilai r tertinggi. Laju pengeringan kedua rumput laut memperlihatkan adanya periode laju pengeringan menurun dan tidak ada periode laju pengeringan konstan pada pengeringan Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa laju pengeringan meningkat seiring peningkatan kadar air dan suhu, dan laju pengeringan menurun seiring dengan berjalannya waktu. Laju pengeringan tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu 60 °C untuk Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa model Midilli memiliki nilai SSE dan RMSE terendah, serta nilai r tertinggi. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut model Midilli merupakan model yang paling sesuai untuk menggambarkan laju pengeringan Ulva sp. dan Sargassum sp. Drying Characteristics of Ulva sp. and Sargassum sp. Seaweeds Abstract In this project drying characteristic of Ulva sp. and Sargassum sp. were studied. Drying process was conducted using laboratory scale dryer at various temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C). Four different thin layer drying models, i.e., Newton, Page, Two-term and Midilli were used to evaluate the drying kinetics. The most appropriate model was determined based on the lowest value of sum square error (SSE) and root mean square error (RMSE), and the highest value of r. There was only decrease period and no constant drying period in drying rate of Ulva sp. and Sargassum sp. The results showed that drying rate increased as moisture content and temperature increased, while drying rate decreased as drying time increased. The highest drying rate was obtained at 60 °C for Ulva sp. and Sargassum sp. The evaluation reveals that Midilli model has the lowest value of SSE and RMSE and the highest value of r at all condition. Based on the results, it was found that Midilli model was the appropriate model to describe the drying rate of Ulva sp. And Sargassum sp.

The impact of air-drying at 25 &deg, C, brining at 25%, and dry-salting (at 28% and 40%) on the quality and nutritional parameters of Ulva rigida were evaluated over six months of storage. Overall, the main changes occurred in physical aspects during storage time, with U. rigida intensifying its yellow/browning tones, which were more evident in salt-treated samples. The force necessary to fracture the seaweed also increased under all the preservative conditions in the first month. Conversely, the nutritional parameters of U. rigida remained stable during the 180 days of storage. All processed samples showed a high content of insoluble and soluble fibers, overall accounting for 55%&ndash, 57% dw, and of proteins (17.5%&ndash, 19.2% dw), together with significant amounts of Fe (86&ndash, 92 mg/kg dw). The total fatty acids pool only accounted for 3.9%&ndash, 4.3% dw, but it was rich in unsaturated fatty acids (44%&ndash, 49% total fatty acids), namely palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3), and stearidonic (18:4) acids, with an overall omega 6/omega 3 ratio below 0.6, a fact that highlights their potential health-promoting properties.

This chapter focuses on the bioprospecting of macro algae species in the Arabian Gulf, Abu Dhabi coast. Three species of macro algae were collected and subjected for detailed analysis and determination of biogas potentials, Padina boergesenii, Colpomenia sinuosa, and Ulva sp. Composition analysis and elemental analysis were used to determine bioenergy potentials. Anaerobic digestion of the three macro algae samples was carried out at two different volatile solid loadings (0.2 and 0.5%). The results showed significant methane yield for all three species, with Ulva sp. yielding higher methane production compared to Padina boergesenii and Colpomenia sinuosa. Biogas production for Ulva sp. was furthermore carried out at 1%, 3%, and 5% VS loading. The highest specific methane production for Ulva sp. was observed with 1% VS reaching 223 mlCH4/gVS in 27 days. This chapter focuses on the bioprospecting of macro algae species in the Arabian Gulf, Abu Dhabi coast. Three species of macro algae were collected and subjected for detailed analysis and determination of biogas potentials, Padina boergesenii, Colpomenia sinuosa, and Ulva sp. Composition analysis and elemental analysis were used to determine bioenergy potentials. Anaerobic digestion of the three macro algae samples was carried out at two different volatile solid loadings (0.2 and 0.5%). The results showed significant methane yield for all three species, with Ulva sp. yielding higher methane production compared to Padina boergesenii and Colpomenia sinuosa. Biogas production for Ulva sp. was furthermore carried out at 1%, 3%, and 5% VS loading. The highest specific methane production for Ulva sp. was observed with 1% VS reaching 223 ml_CH4/gVS in 27 days.

In the fermentation and bioenergy industry, terrestrial biomass is usually fractionated and the collected components, such as starch, are processed separately. Such a separation has not been reported for seaweeds. In this work, the direct hydrothermal processing of the whole green seaweed Ulva sp. biomass is compared to processing of separated starch and cellulose, to find the preferable route for monosaccharide, hydrochar, and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production. Glucose was the major released monosaccharide. A significant share of the glucose yield comes from the starch fraction. The highest hydrochar yield with the lowest ash content was obtained from the separated cellulose fraction. The highest PHA yield was obtained using a whole Ulva sp. hydrolysate fermentation with Haloferax mediterranei. Economic analysis shows the advantage of direct Ulva sp. biomass fermentation to PHA. The co-production of glucose and hydrochar does not add significant economic benefits to the process under plausible prices of the two outputs.

PhD (Agriculture, Animal Science), North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2018 The dusky kob, Argyrosomus japonicus, has been identified as a viable marine aquaculture species whose sustainable production can contribute to food and nutrition security in South Africa. For local dusky kob aquaculture to flourish, its sustainable production would require cost-effective feeding strategies and interventions. Therefore, the current study was designed to assess the effect of green macroalgae seaweed Ulva sp., inactivated yeasts (Brewer's and torula yeast) and commercial herbal products on fish growth performance, haemo-biochemical parameters, gut histology and fillet fatty acids concentration. The three experimental chapters (chapters 3, 4 & 5) in this thesis evaluated alternative, unconventional feed additives previously shown to promote growth, health and welfare in other aquaculture species. Experiments were carried out at the Marine Research Aquarium of the department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) in Sea Point (33.9169°S, l 8.3875°E), Cape Town, South Africa. The experimental system was a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) consisting of 20 black, high-density polyethylene grow-out tanks ( 465 L capacity, 67 cm deep and 94 cm diameter) with flattened conical floors coated with white fibreglass resin to allow for better fish visibility. The seawater temperature was maintained at 25 °C via a heat pump and with dissolved oxygen at 5.5-6.0 mg/1 via air lines. Fish of 6-9 g used for the study either were sourced from dusky kob breeders or were of DAFF Marine Research Aquarium breed. For all the experiments, fish were offered feed at a rate of 2.8 % of their body weight, weighed and measured for length to assess weekly growth performance. All diets across the three experiments were hand prepared. The drawing of blood, distal intestine sampling for gut histology, fillet sampling for fatty acids concentration were performed at the end of each experiment. In chapter 3, five diets were formulated to contain graded levels of Ulva, 0 (Ulva0), 50 (Ulva50), 100 (Ulval00), 150 (Ulva150) and 200 (Ulva200) g seaweed meal/kg commercial kob feed on a dry matter basis. There were four replicate tanks per treatment and each had 77 fish. The experiment was run for nine weeks. There was a decline in protein content as the level of seaweed supplementation increased. Repeated measures analysis revealed that the interaction between fish age (weeks) and diet had a significant effect on fish weight gain (P < 0.05). No significant (P >0.05) dietary effect was detected on blood haematological parameters. Blood alkaline phosphatase declined (P < 0.05) in response to Ulva inclusion in fish diets but all blood parameters were within the normal range for fish. The histological evaluation of the distal intestine revealed normal gut structure for all the dietary treatments. Eleven SF A, seven MUF A and nine PUF A were detected from the fillet samples of all fish groups. It was concluded that 50g Ulva/kg kob commercial was the optimum inclusion in dusky kob diets for unimpaired fish growth. The growth performance results from this study, especially when fish were fed U/va-supplemented diets beyond 50g/kg, showed a need to test other potential feed additives such as brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which have shown growth promoting potential in other previous studies. Therefore, in chapter 4, five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, consisting of three brewer's yeast-containing diets at rates of 50, 150, and 300 g/kg DM (BY5P0, BYl 5P0, and BY30P0, respectively), a commercial dusky kob diet containing 10% pro biotic mix but no brewer's yeast (BY0P 1, positive control), and a commercial dusky kob diet with neither the probiotic mix nor the yeast (BY0P0, negative control), were formulated. Each treatment tanks for six weeks. Repeated measures analysis revealed a significant interactive effect between dietary treatments and age of the fish (weeks) (P< 0.05) on fish weight, but not on caudal length. Fish growth decreased with an increase in yeast inclusion. The effect of dietary treatments on FCE was not significantly different. There was a notable decrease in haematocrit levels and alanine transaminase concentration with incremental levels of brewer's yeast. However, all the haemo-biochemical parameters were within normal range for fish. Similar to the conclusion reached in Chapter 3, 50g Brewer's yeast/kg kob commercial was the optimum inclusion level for unimpaired dusky kob growth. It was therefore important to investigate the effect of combining brewer's yeast, torula yeast (Candida utilis) and commercial herbs in the last experimental chapter (5). Torula yeast has been found to be beneficial in terms of fish growth when included at higher levels ( 45% of the diet), and herbal products are accredited with stimulating both the digestive enzymes and the immune systems of fish, thereby promoting fish growth. In chapter 5,a base diet of commercial Skretting Active ZA feed (62.9% of the diet) combined with torula yeast (25.9%) and brewer's yeast (5.2%) was formulated.Five commercial additives which included Aquapro® herbal powder, Liv up® herbal granules, Liv up® herbal liquid, Ultra Natural PlusPB-20® (UNP PB-20) herbal liquid and 2-strain Probitlora®(Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidus) were respectively added to the base diet. The base diet served as a positive control and the Skretting Active ZA feed served as the negative control, bringing the total number of diets to seven. Each treatment, except the negative control (two replicate tanks) was offered to three replicate tanks containing 50 fingerlings each. The highest weight gain was achieved with the base diet (43.38 ± 2.49 g), followed by the Probiflora® group and the Liv up® herbal granules group (40.35 ± 1.42 and 40.35 ± 4.86 g, respectively). The least weight gain was observed for the negative control diet (4.38 ± 0.80 g). In conclusion, 50 g/kg kob commercial diet of both Ulva and brewer's yeast are recommended because they did not impaired fish growth. The dietary inclusion of the two inactivated yeast products is recommended for dusky kob commercial diets since they enhanced growth performance. In conclusion, dilution of the diet protein quality by higher Ulva inclusion did not have an effect on fish fatty acid concentration, haemo-biochemical parameters and gut morphology. The combination of brewer's and torula yeast in future dusky kob is highly recommended and on the other hand, future studies should investigate the optimum inclusion levels of herbal products such as Aquapro® herbal powder in aquaculture feeds in South Africa. Doctoral

Se realizó una determinación espectrofotométrica por el método de la antrona para la cuantificación de carbohidratos aprovechables en las especies algales Ulva sp y Chaetomorpha sp con el fin de proponer un método alternativo y menos contaminante que sirva de combustible. Los resultados obtenidos de la determinación fueron: (a) porcentaje de humedad: 90,28 11 y 87,4239 % para la Ulva sp y la Chaetomorpha sp respectivamente. (b) el índice de correlación lineal de las curvas fue de 0,99 (c) las concentraciones de carbohidratos aprovechables de las algas estudiadas fueron: para las Ulvas sp de 35375,33 + 3,3139 ppm y para las Chaetomorphas sp 48176,31 + 2,7193 ppm cantidades considerables siendo esta ultimas las más ricas en carbohidratos y las que podrían dar el mayor aporte de azúcares a la producción de biocombustibles. It was realized a spectrophotometrical determination, by the antrona method for the quantification of profitable carbohydrates in the species algales Ulva sp and Chaetomorpha sp with the purpose of proposing an alternative and less polluting method that serves as fuel. The obtained results of the determination were: (a) percentage of humidity: 90,28 11 and 87,4239% for the Ulva sp and the Chaetomorpha sp respectively. (b) the index of lineal correlation of both curves was of 0,99 (c) the concentrations of profitable carbohydrates of the studied algae were: for the Ulvas sp of 35375,33 + 3,3139 ppm and for the Chaetomorphas sp 48176,31 + 2,7193 ppm considerable quantities being this last the carbohydrates richest and those that could give the biggest contribution of sugars to the biocombustibles production.

Les marées vertes constituent aujourd’hui un phénomène dont les fondements sont bien connus, avec pour origine un processus d’eutrophisation responsable d’épisodes prolifératifs. Bien qu’étant par nature non toxiques, les macroalgues composant les marées vertes sont la cause, via leur biodégradation, de nuisances, voire de risques toxiques importants. De nombreux plans de lutte ont ainsi été mis en place, avec notamment l’instauration d’un ramassage systématique des algues. Paradoxalement, malgré toutes ces années de présence envahissante sur nos côtes, les algues vertes ne sont encore que très peu exploitées et le nombre d’études réalisées à ce propos reste faible. Pourtant les possibilités de valorisation sont multiples, notamment dans la santé ou l’industrie, avec de nombreuses applications déjà existantes, même si bien d’autres n’en sont encore qu’au stade expérimental.

Biochemical methane potential of four species of Ulva and Gracilaria genus was assessed in batch assays at mesophilic temperature. The results indicate a higher specific methane production (per volatile solids) for one of the Ulva sp. compared with other macroalgae and for tests running with 2.5% of total solids (196 ± 9 L CH4 kg−1 VS). Considering that macroalgae can potentially be a post treatment of municipal wastewater for nutrients removal, co-digestion of macroalgae with waste activated sludge (WAS) was assessed. The co-digestion of macroalgae (15%) with WAS (85%) is feasible at a rate of methane production 26% higher than WAS alone without decreasing the overall biodegradability of the substrate (42–45% methane yield). The use of anoxic marine sediment as inoculum had no positive effect on the methane production in batch assays. The limiting step of the overall anaerobic digestion process was the hydrolysis., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the "Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia" through the grant given to Jose Carlos Costa (SFRH/BDP/48962/2008) and Ana Nobre (SFRH/BPD/64582/2009).

WOS: 000290040000032, Ulva gigantea (Kutzing) bliding (UGB) obtained from sea inlet of Izmir-Turkey has been studied as a biosorbent for removal of radioactive metals from water. In this study, unmodified UGB and modified UGB with glutaraldehyde (GUGB) characterized by FTIR spectroscopy were used as biosorbents for removal of U(VI) and Th(IV) ions from aqueous solution. Adsorption experiments performed under batch process with initial pH, contact time, adsorbent mass and temperature as variables. In order to determine the adsorption characteristics, Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Raduschkevich adsorption isotherms were applied to the adsorption data. Adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption isotherms correlated well with the Freundlich model. The sorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters such as variations of Delta HA degrees, Delta GA degrees and Delta SA degrees were estimated as a function of temperature. The thermodynamics of the adsorption of U(VI) and Th(IV) onto UGB and GUGB indicates that the spontaneous and exothermic nature of the process. The results showed that UGB and GUGB were potential for application in removal of U(VI) and Th(IV) from aqueous solution.

In an attempt to correlate external levels of exposure, bioaccumulation markers and oxidative stress responses in the green macroalgae Ulva sp., an investigative biomonitoring study was performed in a Portuguese coastal lagoon with a complex contamination scenario (eutrophication and moderate metal levels). Ulva sp. was collected seasonally in three stations: BB (Barrosa branch) and BS (Bom-Sucesso branch) located in confined areas of the upper lagoon; LL (lower lagoon) closer to the lagoon inlet and selected as reference station. Water and sediment were both monitored for metals (Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Cd). Additionally, nutrients and organic matter were measured in water and sediment, respectively. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), total glutathione (GSH(t)) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), as well as Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd were measured in the algae. Metal levels in Ulva sp. consistently reflected their occurrence in water. Ulva sp. from BB exhibited higher CAT activity (autumn and spring) in agreement with Cu and Ni increases in water and algae and supported by significant Pearson correlations. The involvement of GPx on algal defences was considered since a positive correlation was observed with accumulated Mn. At BB, a direct implication of accumulated metals on increases of GR (autumn) and GSH(t) (summer) was also assumed. The contribution of GST to algal defences seemed to be less prominent. Despite the enzymatic antioxidant activation at BB, Ulva sp. collected in autumn and spring did not show efficient coping with ROS overproduction as LPO occurred. Globally, the adopted multi-biomarker approach coupled with environmental chemical characterization, pointed out BB as a major impacted area. The integration of oxidative stress responses into a general stress index (IBR) substantiated the data interpretation, providing a more definitive identification of the level of pollution, and therefore contributing to the understanding of cause-effect relationships.

Ulva spp., the algae most responsible for green tides in Brittany (France), are found on the foreshore and in the most beachward wave area (MBWA) of many bays during green tide phenomena. These algae have recently been seen drifting at greater depths (reaching -20 m). In view of the significant quantities of algae found at these depths, and the less favorable conditions for algal growth than in the intertidal zone, we attempted to determine if they could grow there. For that, during their maximum growth period (from May to July), algae were picked up at three stations located on the foreshore, in the MBWA and in the subtidal (deep) zones of the Bay of Douarnenez, and their nitrogen, carbon and chlorophyll a+b contents were determined, and their photosynthetic activity was compared in the laboratory. The intracellular concentrations did not differ much from one station to another, although in the subtidal zone, the irradiance and the nitrogen concentration in the ambient water were much lower than those measured on the foreshore and in the MBWA. Photosynthetic activity characterized by maximum amounts of oxygen produced at different irradiances and by saturating and compensating irradiance levels, was also quite similar at the three stations. The irradiance, temperature and salinity of the subtidal environment, together with the chemical and photosynthetic characteristics of the algae found in that area, are consistent with the hypothesis that they grow there, and that their nitrogen supply comes from nitrogen releases from sediments. Nevertheless, their growth rate is probably less than that of algae in the MBWA. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The present study was carried out to study the long term effect of different nitrogen forms and concentrations (14.3, 28.6 and 57.1 µM N-NH4 and 214, 2360 and 3700 µM N-NO3) on the photosynthesis and relative growth rate (RGR) of Ulva sp. for five weeks. Nutrient-enriched seawater was supplied at an exchange rate of between 12.6 and 14.4 volumes per day. Relative growth rate was determined weekly. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution response was measured using 20 - 25 mg fresh weight seaweed incubated in a DW3 measuring chamber for 56 min under different irradiances with light and dark periods alternating every seven minutes. Photosynthetic light-response curves were drawn using 15 photosynthetic oxygen evolution readings normalized to dry weight. Experimental data were fitted with a Haldane model to calculate photosynthetic rate (Pmax), saturation irradiance (Is) and compensation irradiance (Ic). At the experiment termination, the RGR following nitrate addition were higher, but not significantly, than those with the ammonium supplied. The highest RGR was determined at the medium nitrate concentration. The photosynthetic activity of Ulva sp. showed a positive relationship with nitrogen concentrations from both nitrogen forms. The highest significant Pmax was found at the highest nitrate concentration. The lowest ammonium concentration corresponded to the lowest significant Pmax value. No significant differences were found for Is and Ic irrespective of treatment, although, in general, ammonium treatments yielded higher Is values than nitrate treatments. The discrepancy between the growth rate results and photosynthetic oxygen evolution is discussed in light of the reproduction activity and temperature effect.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an important disease of apple plants, and the use of the algal polysaccharide ulvan represents a new technology for its control. This study aimed to verify whether the defense mechanisms involved in cultivar-specific and ulvan-induced plant resistance to GLS are associated with changes in the activities of peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase. Seedlings were first sprayed with ulvan or water and then inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 6 days later. The disease severity was recorded daily on both young and old leaves up to 10 days after inoculation, and the enzyme activities were monitored from 24 to 72h after inoculation (HAI). Although the young leaves were more susceptible to GLS, ulvan reduced approximately 66% of the disease severity in both of the leaf age groups. Additionally, the cultivar-specific and ulvan-induced resistance was associated with enhanced peroxidase activity at 24 and 72 HAI, respectively. Both the resistant and susceptible seedlings exhibited similar glucanase activities. Mancha foliar de Glomerella (MFG) é uma doença importante da macieira e o uso do polissacarídeo algal ulvana representa uma nova tecnologia para o seu controle. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se os mecanismos de defesa envolvidos na resistência de planta cultivar-específica e induzida por ulvana a MFG estão associados com mudanças na atividade de peroxidase e β-1,3-glucanase. Plântulas foram primeiro pulverizadas com ulvana ou água e então inoculadas com Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 6 dias mais tarde. A severidade da doença foi registrada diariamente em ambas folhas jovens e velhas até 10 dias após a inoculação. Atividade enzimática foi monitorada de 24 a 72h após a inoculação (HAI). Embora, folhas jovens foram mais suscetíveis a MFG, a ulvana reduziu aproximadamente 66% da severidade da doença em ambos grupos etários de folhas. Adicionalmente a resistência cultivar-específica ou induzida por ulvana foi associada com um aumento da atividade de peroxidase às 24 e 72 HAI, respectivamente. Ambas plântulas resistentes e suscetíveis exibiram atividade similar de glucanase.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an important disease of apple plants, and the use of the algal polysaccharide ulvan represents a new technology for its control. This study aimed to verify whether the defense mechanisms involved in cultivar-specific and ulvan-induced plant resistance to GLS are associated with changes in the activities of peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase. Seedlings were first sprayed with ulvan or water and then inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [W1] 6 days later. The disease severity was recorded daily on both young and old leaves up to 10 days after inoculation, and the enzyme activities were monitored from 24 to 72h after inoculation (HAI). Although the young leaves were more susceptible to GLS, ulvan reduced approximately 66% of the disease severity in both of the leaf age groups. Additionally, the cultivar-specific and ulvan-induced resistance was associated with enhanced peroxidase activity at 24 and 72 HAI, respectively. Both the resistant and susceptible seedlings exhibited similar glucanase activities.

Bu çalışmada Ulva sp, Cystoseira sp, Corallina sp. makroalgleri kullanılarak süspanse organik sıvı gübre üretimi ve bu gübrenin fasulye (Phaseolus vulgaris) bitkisinin verimine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Giresun sahil şeridinden Mayıs-Haziran aylarında uygun koşullarda toplanan algler (Ulva sp, Cystoseira sp, Corallina sp.) deniz suyu ile birkaç defa epifitler, sediment ve diğer organik maddelerden temizlemek amacıyla yıkanmıştır. Polietilen poşetler içinde laboratuvara taşınmıştır. Sonraki aşamada tuz ve kirliliğin giderilmesi için musluk suyu ile örnekler tekrar yıkanarak 1 gün oda sıcaklığında bekletilmiştir. Temizlenen yosunlar, 1-3 cm boyunda kıyıldıktan sonra 1:1 oranında distile su ile 1 saat süreyle sıcak suda ekstrakte edilmiştir. Bu işlem sonrası örnekler süzülerek oda sıcaklığında soğumaya bırakılmıştır. Soğuyan süspanse örnekler filtre edilerek kullanıma hazır hale getirilmiştir (41 nolu Whatman). Süspanse sonucu elde edilen süspanse sıvı organik gübreler 1:1:1 (Ulva lactuca, Cystoseira barbata, Corallina elongata) oranında karıştırılarak, %1, %5, %10, %15, %20, %25, %30 oranlarında suyla dozlar hazırlanmıştır. Bir kontrol, bir de kimyasal grupla birlikte 9 grup oluşturulmuştur. Her grup üçer defa tekrarlanmıştır. Phaseolus vulgaris bitkisine ilk gübre uygulaması topraktan daha sonra 3 defa yapraktan (foliar) yapılmıştır. Saksılarda yürütülen deneme süresi 9 hafta devam etmiştir. Elde edilen datalar SPSS Programında One Way Anova metodunda test edilmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre fasulye verimi bakımından gruplar arasındaki farklılıklar önemli (p0,05) bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bütün gübre dozları (%1 ve %25 hariç) kontrol ve kimyasal gübre gruplarına göre daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. In this study, suspended organic liquid fertilizer production using Ulva sp., Cystoseira sp., Corallina sp. macroalgae and investigated the efficiency of this fertilizer on bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris).Algae is collected in appropriate circumstances in May and June from Giresun coastline, washed to remove epifits, sediment and another organic matter several times with sea water. These algae moved to the laboratory in polyethylene bags. Next step, washed again with tap water samples were stored at room temperature for 1 day to remove salt and impurities. Cleaning algae, hot water in a ratio of 1:1 with distilled water and was extracted for 1 hour after cut into 1-3 cm long. This procedure allowed to cool to room temperature after the samples by filtration. The cooled samples suspended in filtered and is ready for use (No. 41 Whatman). Suspending the suspending liquid organic fertilizer (Ulva lactuca, Cystoseira barbata, Corallina elongata) obtained by the mixing ratio of 1:1:1, %1, , %5, %10, %15, %20, %25, %30 water dose rate were prepared. A control group of 9 formed with a chemical group. Each group was repeated three times. Phaseolus vulgaris plants from the soil first, then 3 times a foliar fertilizer, application is made. 9 weeks of the trial period, which continued to pots in the greenhouse. One Way ANOVA using SPSS program data are obtained by the method have been tested.According to the findings from the research bean yield significant differences between the groups (p 0.05). In addition, all fertilizer doses (%1 and 25% excluded) gave better results when compared with the control and chemical fertilizers. 85

Deniz alglerinin (makroalg) insanlar tarafından kullanılması M.Ö. 2700 yıllarına kadar dayanmaktadır. Deniz alglerinin bilinen en eski kullanım şekli gübredir. Çünkü deniz algleri ve alg ürünleri bitki büyümesini stimüle eden çok sayıda bileşikler içerdiklerinden tarımsal alanda geniş çapta kullanılmaktadırlar.Çalışmamızda gübre hammaddesini oluşturacak algler (Ulva sp., Corallina sp., Cystoseira sp.) Giresun sahillerinden toplanmıştır. Toplanan algler deniz suyu ile yıkanıp yabancı materyaller ayrıldıktan sonra polietilen poşetler içinde laboratuara getirilip musluk suyu ile tekrar yıkanıp 12 saat tatlı suda bekletilmiştir. Temizlenen algler 3 kısma ayrılarak her alg türünden süspanse, sıvı fermente ve katı formda organik gübreler geliştirilmiştir. Süspanse ve sıvı fermente gübreler suda ekstraksiyon yöntemiyle, katı gübre formu ise kompostlaştırma yöntemiyle elde edilmiştir.Gübrelerde yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre her alg türünden elde edilen gübre formlarının organik madde ve bitki besin elementleri yönünden ülkemiz organik gübre standartlarına uygun olduğu belirlenmiştir.Bu çalışmanın bilim insanlarımızın algler ve algal biyoteknoloji konularına yönelmesi ve ülkemizde bir alg endüstirisine katkıda bulunulacağı düşünülmektedir. The use of algaes (macroalgae) by humans dates back to B.C. 2700. The oldest method to use seaweed is as fertilizer. Because seaweed and algal products contain many compounds that stimuli plant growth, they have been used in agriculture widely.The sample material of seaweeds (Ulva sp. Corallina sp, and Cystoseira sp.) in this study has been collected from natural beds through Giresun seashore. Washed with sea water, algae has been brought to the laboratories in polythene bags and wash with tap water then hold in fresh water along 12 hours to eliminate their salt. Washed algae has been divided into 3 types of algae suspended and solid form and liquid fermented organic fertilizers have been obtained. Suspending and liquid fermented form fertilizers were obtained by water extraction method, solid fertilizer form were obtained by composting.According to the analyses results of fertilizers obtained from three different algaes their algal organic matter and plant nutrients contents meet with of organic fertilizer standards of Turkey.This study is believed to add contribution on studies of algal industry of Turkey and also take often turn of our scientific people 79

Bu çalışmanın materyalini Giresun sahillerinden toplanan makroalglerden Ulva lactuca, Cystoseira barbata ve Corallina elongata türleri oluşturmaktadır. Toplanan makroalgler önce deniz suyu ile yıkanıp yabancı materyaller ayrıldıktan sonra polietilen poşetler içinde laboratuvara getirilip musluk suyu ile tekrar yıkanıp 24 saat tatlı suda bekletilmiştir. Yıkanan algler kıyıldıktan sonra 40 gün süreyle 1:1 oranında distile su ile fermantasyona bırakılmıştır. Fermantasyon sonunda kat ve sıvı kısımlar ayrılmış, sıvı ekstraklar 1:1:1 oranında karıştırılarak, bir kısmı analiz için saklanmış ve bir kısmı ise su ile dilüye edilerek %1, %5, %10, %15, %20, %25 ve %30 oranında dozlar oluşturulmuştur. İlk gübreleme ekimle birlikte toprağa ve diğer gübrelemeler ise 15 gün aralıklarla yaprağa (foliar) uygulanmıştır. Bir gruba gübre verilmemiş (kontrol), diğer bir gruba ise çiftçinin kullandığı kompoze kimyasal (NPK) gübre verilmiştir. Giresun Fındık Araştırma İstasyonunda yürütülen denemede fasulye bitkisi kullanılmış ve deneme tesadüf parselleri desenine göre üç paralelli olarak Temmuz ve Ekim ayları arasında yürütülmüştür.Yapılan analizlerde gübrede % 1,367 ± 0,01 Azot(N), 15,70 ± 0,49 ppm Fosfor (P) ve 765,90 ± 9,45 ppm Potasyum (K) olduğu belirlenmiştir. İstatistiksel olarak gübrenin fasulye verimine önemli bir etki yapmadığı (p> 0,05) fakat fasulye veriminin kimyasal gübre verilen grupla aynı olduğu gözlenmiştir. The mateial of this study the constitute of species of macro algae Ulva lactuca, Cystoseira barbata ve Corallina elongata which is collected from the shores of Giresun. The scllected macroalgae, first washed with sea water after leaving the foreign materials, brought to the laboratory in polyethylene bags washed again with tap water and allowed to stand 24 hours in fresh water. After cutting up the washed algae, was allowed to ferment with 1:1 distilled water for a period of 40 days. At the end of the fermantation solid and liquid components separated, liquid extracts are mixed in a ratio 1:1:1, some parts are stored for analyzing and some parts diluted with the water %1, %5, %10, %15, %20, %25 and % 30 ratio doses formed. First fertilizing the soil with planting and other fertilizers were administered to the leaf (foliar)15 days intervals. Fetilizer has not given to a group (for control), chemicel composed fertilizer (NPK) which farmer uses has given to a another group. In the Giresun Hazelnut Research Station conducted experiment bean plant has been used and according to trial coincidence plot pattern in three paralleled conducted July and October. In the fertilizer analysis determined that % 1,367 ± 0.01 Nitrogen (N), 15,70 ± 0,49 ppm Phosphorus (P) and 765,90 ± 9,45 ppm Potassium (K). Stastically, fertilizer did not make a significant impact on bean (p< 0,05) but the efficiency of bean was observed same with the group of given chemical fertilizer 78