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Proteins are widely consumed for their nutritional benefits, and they possess many applications such as emulsifiers, foaming agents, fat replacers, and thickeners which aid in obtaining the desired rheology and texture of food products. Moreover, the formation of protein–carbohydrate complex can further enhance the functional properties. Hence, the present study investigated the effect of ultrasonic cavitation in the formation of soy protein-rice starch complexes. Ultrasound treatment at 60% amplitude (450 W) combined with heat treatment formed complexes with enhanced solubility, water holding, and foaming properties compared to raw soy protein isolates. Further, sonication preserved the crystalline nature of the complexes formed. The molecular docking studies performed using 11 S protein (1FXZ) indicate the formation of the hydrogen bonds of shorter distances between glutamine (GLN) and leucine (LEU) amino acids with the OH group of rice starch. The complexes formed had excellent functional properties, which increased their scope of application in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to explore the impacts of various ultrasonic powers (0, 300, 500, 700, and 900 W) on the structure and functional attributes of the myofibrillar protein (MP) of Tenebrio molitor. As the ultrasonic intensity escalated, the extraction efficiency and yield of the MP rose, while the particle size and turbidity decreased correspondingly. The reduction in sulfhydryl group content and the increase in carbonyl group content both suggested that ultrasonic treatment promoted the oxidation of the MP to a certain extent, which was conducive to the formation of a denser and more stable gel network structure. This was also affirmed by SEM images. Additionally, the findings of intrinsic fluorescence and FTIR indicated that high-intensity ultrasound significantly altered the secondary structure of the protein. The unfolding of the MP exposed more amino acid residues, the α-helix decreased, and the β-helix improved, thereby resulting in a looser and more flexible conformation. Along with the structural alteration, the surface hydrophobicity and emulsification properties were also significantly enhanced. Besides that, SDS–PAGE demonstrated that the MP of T. molitor was primarily composed of myosin heavy chain (MHC), actin, myosin light chain (MLC), paramyosin, and tropomyosin. The aforementioned results confirmed that ultrasonic treatment could, to a certain extent, enhance the structure and function of mealworm MP, thereby providing a theoretical reference for the utilization of edible insect proteins in the future, deep-processing proteins produced by T. molitor, and the development of new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial low acyl gellan (LAG) is purified by the fractional dissolution method. An aqueous solution of purified commercial LAG exhibits polyelectrolyte character due to its high molar mass and carboxylic groups in glucuronic acid fragments. The empirical Fuoss equation determines the intrinsic viscosity of purified LAG in salt‐less water. Fractionation of commercial LAG is carried out by ultrasound treatment. LAG fractions are characterized by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The intrinsic viscosities of ultrasonically treated LAG samples are measured in 0.025 m of tetramethylammonium chloride (TMACl). The molecular weights of LAG fractions are determined by the Mark–Kuhn–Houwink equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of corrosion-induced deterioration of the tensile properties of a Mg-1 wt.% Ca alloy on the performance of a coronary artery stent model fabricated using the alloy wire. Finite element analysis was used to determine the change in various characteristics of the model when immersed in a biosimulation aqueous solution (Earle's Balanced Salt Solution). Results from tensile tests on wires fabricated from the alloy (non-treated versus ultrasound-assisted casting (US)) were used as input to a shape optimisation study of the stent, which aimed at reducing stent strut thickness and minimising corrosion-related parameters such as equivalent plastic strain and residual stress. For each of the characteristics, it was found that the US treatment produced a more desirable result compared to the stents modelled using non-treated material data; for example, the decrease in strut thickness, equivalent plastic strain, and residual stress were each markedly greater, while keeping the stent's functionality. These results suggest that US-treated Mg-1 wt./wt.% Ca alloy may be promising for fabricating biodegradable coronary artery stents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the impact of pre-treating on mineralized nitrogen production, we carried out an anaerobic incubation following five pre-treatment sets: (1) 5 g soil/50 ml water (Control), (2) 5 g soil/50 ml water/80℃/ 4 hours (Hot water), (3) 2.5 g soil/50 ml water/80℃/4 hours + 2.5 g soil (Mixed hot water), (4) 5 g soil/ 50 ml water/ultrasound 37 Hz/30 minutes (Ultrasound), and (5) 2.5 g soil/50 ml water/ultrasound 37 Hz/30 minutes + 2.5 g soil (Mixed ultrasound). Inorganic nitrogen was extracted before incubation (Initial In-N) and after 4 weeks of anaerobic incubation (Total Min-N and Net Min-N). The results reveal that Initial In-N ranged from 21.8 to 23.5 mg N/kg and was similar among four pre-treatment methods. Interestingly, Net Min-N was promoted by heating hot water; meanwhile, ultrasound pre-treatment did not enhance soil mineralization potential. This indicates that pre-treating soil with hot water could be a promising method to enhance soil nitrogen mineralization.

旨在为杜仲籽仁蛋白的开发与应用提供参考，以杜仲籽仁粕为原料，采用碱溶酸沉法提取蛋白，采用500 W、35 kHz超声波对杜仲籽仁蛋白处理不同的时间(0、10、20、30 min和40 min)，探究超声处理对杜仲籽仁蛋白微观结构、理化特性（粒径、Zeta-电位、内源荧光光谱、溶解性、持水性、持油性、起泡性、起泡稳定性、乳化性、乳化稳定性）的影响。结果表明：超声处理可改变杜仲籽仁蛋白的微观结构、粒径、Zeta-电位和荧光强度；超声处理20 min时，杜仲籽仁蛋白溶解度达到7535%；超声处理10 min时，杜仲籽仁蛋白乳化性最大，达到72.12 m2/g；超声处理40 min时，杜仲籽仁蛋白持水性、持油性、起泡性和起泡稳定性最大，分别达到4.32 g/g、3.46 g/g、23.12%和21.12%。综上，超声处理可改善杜仲籽仁蛋白的持水性、持油性、起泡性、乳化性等功能特性。To provide reference for the development and application of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein, the Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel meal was used as material, the protein was extracted with alkali solution and acid precipitation, and Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein was treated by ultrasound (500 W, 35 kHz) for different time (0, 10, 20, 30 min and 40 min). The effects of ultrasound treatment on Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein′s microstructure and physicochemical properties (particle size, Zeta-potential, fluorescence spectrum, solubility, water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity, foam stability, emulsifying capacity, emulsifying stability) were studied.The results showed that ultrasound treatment could change microstructure, particle size, Zeta-potential and fluorescence intensity of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein. When the ultrasound treatment time was 20 min, the solubility of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein reached 75.35%. When the ultrasound treatment time was 10 min, the emulsifying capacity of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein was the highest, reaching 72.12 m2/g. When the ultrasound treatment time was 40 min, the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity,foaming capacity and foam stability of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein were the largest, reaching 4.32 g/g, 3.46 g/g, 23.12% and 21.12%, respectively. In summary, ultrasound treatment can improve the functional characteristics of Eucommia ulmoides seed kernel protein,such as water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity and emulsifying capacity.

Aging oil is a common pollutant in petrochemical enterprises due to its severe emulsification and flocculation, poor settling performance, low oil recovery rate, and high difficulty in treatment. This article adopts the method of mechanical, ultrasonic, and chemical coupling demulsification to treat aging oil, with the water content and oil recovery rate of the treated aging oil as the inspection indicators. The experiment shows that when the oil-water ratio is 1:4, the heating temperature is 50°C, the stirring speed is 180rpm, the ultrasonic frequency is 25kHz, the power is 40W, the ultrasonic time is 25min, and the pH is adjusted to 3-4. The additional amount of FeSO4 is 160mg/L, the additional amount of H2O2 is 0.11%, and the heating stirring reaction is 40min. When the dosage of cationic PAM with an ion degree of 50 is 35mg/L, the centrifugation speed is 3200rpm. The centrifugation time is 20 min, the crude oil recovery rate after aging oil treatment can reach over 94.6%, and the water content of the treated crude oil is less than 0.5%, meeting the standards for crude oil gathering and transportation in China. The oil content in the water generated after aging oil treatment is about 150 mg.L-1, the suspended solids content is 200 mg.L-1, the oil content in the residue is 6%, and the water content is 53%. By analyzing the appearance of aging oil before and after treatment, it was found that when using this process to treat aging oil, the original spatial cross-linking network structure of the aging oil was broken, allowing the water droplets wrapped in the oil to be released, thereby significantly reducing the water content in the recovered oil and improving the oil recovery rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of research is modified epoxy composite materials containing fibrous fillers treated in physical fields. The technological features of the development of tribotechnical epoxy composites, which must withstand the effects of elevated temperatures, have been considered. In this case, it is necessary to modify the structure of the epoxy polymer matrix, which is achieved as a result of the introduction of heat-resistant organosilicon varnish. Organosilicon varnishes and chopped fibers contain technological additives, which complicates the process of structuring epoxy composites and leads to the appearance of structural defects. Removal of technological additives and cleaning the surface of the aramid and glass fibers from lubricants is possible as a result of processing the components of the composition in physical fields. There is a need to study the influence of physical fields on the structuring processes of the epoxy system and the formation of the structure of epoxy composites with specified properties. Modified epoxy composites contain chopped aramid and glass fibers treated with ultrasound. The tribotechnical characteristics of epoxy composites were studied at a sliding speed of V=1.0 m/s with a change in specific load from 0.5 MPa to 1.5 MPa. The temperature in the tribocontact zone during frictional interaction rises to 100 °C with an increase in the specific load. An increase in the density of the surface layer of tribocontact of epoxy composites with fillers treated in physical fields was revealed. The practical recommendations have been compiled for the implementation of the treatment technology of components in physical fields, which ensures structuring of epoxy composites with high tribotechnical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the study on physicochemical, rheological properties and water-holding capacity of gelatin of chicken lungs was investigated to replace bovine and porcine gelatin. The extraction rates of chicken, bovine and porcine lung gelatin by ultrasound assisted alkaline protease were 52.12 %, 69.06 % and 70 %, respectively. Three lung gelatins had similar molecular weight distribution in SDS-PAGE with low content of high molecular weight subunits. The amino acid content of bovine lung gelatin (18.03 %) was higher than in chicken (16.62 %) and porcine lung (15.30 %). The highest intensity of 2θ = 7.5° diffraction peak in bovine lung gelatin was observed, which indicated that the triple helix content of bovine lung gelatin was higher than that of chicken and porcine lung gelatin. The lowest apparent viscosity of chicken lung gelatin was 0.253 mPa·s, but the highest water holding capacity of chicken lung gelatin was 331.72 %. Therefore, chicken lung gelatin can be used as a substitute for bovine and porcine gelatin in some functional properties.

Fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis allows for smart valorization of fish side streams. However, further treatments are normally needed to enhance bioactive and functional properties of the obtained FPH. At present, the commonly used methods to improve functional properties of FPH include chemical and enzymatic modification. Chemical treatments often cause environmental problems, while the enzymatic modification method requires the use of quite expensive enzymes. In recent years, emerging technologies such as ultrasound treatment (US-treatment) have shown great potential in protein modification with high efficiency and safety, low energy consumption, and low nutritional destructiveness. In this study, high-power ultrasound treatments were applied to fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) extracted from Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) side streams to improve their quality parameters. The effect of three different treatments of 300 W, 450 W and 600 W at the operating frequency of 20 kHz for 10 min on the physicochemical, structural, and functional characteristics of FPH, were examined. The results have shown that with an increase in ultrasound power, the protein solubility of FPH increased linearly, and the changes were significant for all US-treated samples compared to control (untreated) samples. US-treatment significantly increased the degree of hydrolysis of FPH samples treated with 450 W and 600 W compared to control samples. The carbonyl content of FPH increased (significantly for 450 W and 600 W), while thiol groups decreased (significantly for 300 W and 450 W). This indicated that some US-treatments induced oxidation of FPH, however the values of the protein oxidation were low. Amino acid composition of FPH revealed that US-treatment increased the proportion of essential amino acids in the sample treated with 300 W and 450 W, but the increase was not significant. After the US-treatment, all FPH samples became lighter and less yellowish and reddish, which suggest potentially higher attractiveness to consumers. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays and the cell-free dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity was also measured. Moreover, these biological activities were measured at cellular level utilizing human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Specifically, the FPH capacity to lower H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation levels was used to measure its antioxidant activity. The findings suggest that Scomber scombrus hydrolysates could find use as ingredients for promoting health.

To investigate the effect of ultrasound treatment on the flavor profile of beef during postmortem aging, a comprehensive analysis of beef flavor was conducted at 0, 7, and 12 d of aging using sensory evaluation and electronic nose. Furthermore, the key volatile flavor compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the odor activity value (OAV) was further evaluated. In addition, the primary pathway involved in flavor formation during beef aging after ultrasound treatment was explored. The results indicated that ultrasound enhanced the flavor profile of beef during postmortem aging by modifying the OAV of hexanal, heptanal, octanal, nonanal, decanal, (Z)-2-nonenal, dodecanal, pentanal, 1-octen-3-ol, octanoic acid, and 2-pentylfuran. Lipid oxidation was a crucial pathway through which ultrasound promoted the generation of volatile flavor compounds in beef, confirmed by the improved oxidation level of fatty acids, particularly monounsaturated ones. The study indicates that ultrasound technology can be regarded as an effective method for enhancing the beef flavor profile during postmortem aging.

This study investigated the effects of different durations of ultrasound treatment (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min) on the gelatinization, rheological properties, crystal structure, short-range ordered structure, and microstructure of lotus root starch (LS). The results showed that the molecular chain swelled and entanglement increased after ultrasonic treatment, and the gelatinization viscosity increased up to (6 059 ± 31) mPa·s. Cracks, and collapses and holes appeared on the surface of starch particles, which promoted the entrance of water molecules and increase the viscoelasticity. Ultrasound treatment destroyed the α-1,6-glycosidic bonds of starch molecules, and broke some branches to form short starch chains, which were rearranged into ordered structures. The number of short-range ordered structures increased, and the R1 047/1 022 ratio increased by 3.20%. Short-time ultrasonic treatment (30 min) enhanced the interaction between starch molecules, making the double helix structure more ordered and compact and increasing the Tp and ΔH by 11.09% and 89.21%, respectively. Long-time ultrasonic treatment (40–50 min) was not conducive to the formation of ordered structures. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the application of ultrasonic in regulating the physicochemical properties and multi-scale structure of starch.

Emodin was one of the hydrophobic active molecules, the solubility bioavailability of which was improved by loading in a certain matrix. In this study, the microcapsules of emodin-casein complexes were prepared with casein as matrix with ultrasound treatment. The structural properties of the complexes were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy. The thermal properties, DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging activities of the complexes were measured. In addition, the release profiles of emodin from the complexes were evaluated by simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiment. The results showed that the ultrasound treatment within 1~3 min duration had not significant effect on the fluorescence properties of the complexes with the addition of emodin at 8~10 μg/mg. Furthermore, there were no significant effect of ultrasound treatment on the FTIR spectra and morphology of emodin-casein complexes. In addition, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the complexes had the lowest value with 1 min-ultrasound treatment, but the highest value of ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity among other samples with the same emodin addition. The release rate of emodin from the emodin-casein complexes during simulated gastrointestinal digestion was improved by 1 min-ultrasound treatment, but retarded by 5 min-ultrasound treatment. The results would provide references for the application of ultrasound treatment in the properties' regulation of emodin-casein complexes.

This study investigated the formation of conjugates between whey protein isolate (WPI) and green tea extract (GTE) using three methods: redox-pair (R), ultrasound-assisted redox-pair (RU), and ultrasonication (UL). Ultrasonication significantly reduced the reaction time for synthesizing WPI-GTE conjugates compared to the standard R method (p

BACKGROUND: The limited physicochemical properties (such as low foaming and emulsifying capacity) of mung bean protein hydrolysate restrict its application in the food industry. Ultrasound treatment could change the structures of protein hydrolysate to accordingly affect its physicochemical properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ultrasound treatment on the structural and physicochemical properties of mung bean protein hydrolysate of protamex (MBHP). The structural characteristics of MBHP were evaluated using tricine sodium dodecylsulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, laser scattering, fluorescence spectrometry, etc. Solubility, fat absorption capacity and foaming, emulsifying and thermal properties were determined to characterize the physicochemical properties of MBHP. RESULTS: MBHP and ultrasonicated‐MBHPs (UT‐MBHPs) all contained five main bands of 25.8, 12.1, 5.6, 4.8 and 3.9 kDa, illustrating that ultrasound did not change the subunits of MBHP. Ultrasound treatment increased the contents of α‐helix, β‐sheet and random coil and enhanced the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of MBHP, but decreased the content of β‐turn, which demonstrated that ultrasound modified the secondary and tertiary structures of MBHP. UT‐MBHPs exhibited higher solubility, foaming capacity and emulsifying properties than MBHP, among which MBHP‐330 W had the highest solubility (97.32%), foaming capacity (200%), emulsification activity index (306.96 m2 g−1) and emulsion stability index (94.80%) at pH 9.0. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound treatment enhanced the physicochemical properties of MBHP, which could broaden its application as a vital ingredient in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emodin was one of the hydrophobic active molecules, the solubility bioavailability of which was improved by loading in a certain matrix. In this study, the microcapsules of emodin-casein complexes were prepared with casein as matrix with ultrasound treatment. The structural properties of the complexes were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy. The thermal properties, DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging activities of the complexes were measured. In addition, the release profiles of emodin from the complexes were evaluated by simulated gastrointestinal digestion experiment. The results showed that the ultrasound treatment within 1-3 min duration had not significant effect on the fluorescence properties of the complexes with the addition of emodin at 8-10 μg/mg. Furthermore, there were no significant effect of ultrasound treatment on the FTIR spectra and morphology of emodin-casein complexes. In addition, the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the complexes had the lowest value with 1 min-ultrasound treatment, but the highest value of ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity among other samples with the same emodin addition. The release rate of emodin from the emodin-casein complexes during simulated gastrointestinal digestion was improved by 1 min-ultrasound treatment, but retarded by 5 min-ultrasound treatment. The results would provide references for the application of ultrasound treatment in the properties' regulation of emodin-casein complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The saffron industry produces large by-products, including petals with potential bioactive compounds, which are cheap and abundant, making them an attractive alternative to expensive stigmas for extracting bioactive components. This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from vacuum-dried saffron petals using an ultrasound-assisted acidified ethanol solvent. Three factors were considered: ethanol concentration (0–96%), citric acid concentration in the final solvent (0–1%), and ultrasound power (0–400 watt). This study examined the effects of these factors on parameters like maximum antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and the total flavonoid content of the extraction. This study found that saffron petal extract's antioxidant activity increases with higher ethanol concentration, citric acid dose, and ultrasound power, but that an increased water content leads to non-antioxidant compounds. Increasing the dosage of citric acid improved the extraction of cyanidin-3-glucoside at different ultrasound power levels. The highest extraction was achieved with 400 watts of ultrasound power and 1% citric acid. Ethanol concentration did not affect anthocyanin extraction. Higher ethanol concentration and greater citric acid concentration doses resulted in the maximum extraction of total phenolic content, with a noticeable drop in extraction at higher purity levels. This study found that increasing the proportion of citric acid in the final solvent did not affect flavonoid extraction at high ethanol concentration levels, and the highest efficiency was observed at 200 watts of ultrasound power. The optimum values of the independent parameters for extracting bioactive compounds from saffron petals included 96% ethanol concentration, 0.67% citric acid concentration, and 216 watts of ultrasound power, resulting in a desirability value of 0.82. This ultrasound-assisted acidified ethanolic extract can be used in the food industry as a natural antioxidant and pigment source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The walnut oil oleogels prepared by beeswax and monoglyceride was used as the research object and the effects of ultrasound treatment before or after complex oleogelators melting on the structure and properties of the walnut oli oleogels were explored. The research results indicated that when the mass ratio of beeswax to monoglyceride was 3:7, the formed walnut oil oleogels had an oil bonding capacity (OBC) of over 95% and a smooth and stable surface morphology. All walnut oleogels showed solid-like elastic properties within a certain shear strain range, and the walnut oil oleogels prepared with 100 W-30 s parameters had the strongest mechanical properties. Ultrasound treatment could improve the crystal structure of walnut oil oleogels, produce more compact and fine crystal morphology, and effectively enhance OBC and thermal stability of walnut oil oleogels. The oleofoams obtained by whipping the oleogels exhibited excellent decorative performance, and ultrasound treatment could significantly increase the overrun of the walnut oil oleogels. In sum, ultrasound treatment could improve the structure and properties of walnut oil oleogel, and make it a good substitute for margarine. Key words:walnut oil oleogel;beeswax;monoacylglycerol;ultrasound treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on developing a water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsion system using high-intensity ultrasound (HIU)-treated pea protein isolate (HIU-PPI) and pectin to encapsulate Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum). The effects of ultrasound treatment on pea protein isolate (PPI) characteristics such as solubility, particle size, emulsification, surface hydrophobicity, and surface free sulfhydryl group were examined, determining optimal HIU processing conditions was 400 W for 10 min. The developed W1/O/W2 double emulsion system based on HIU-PPI demonstrated effective encapsulation and protection of L. plantarum, especially at the HIU-PPI concentration of 4 %, achieving an encapsulation efficiency of 52.65 %. Incorporating both HIU-PPI and pectin as emulsifiers increased the particle size and significantly enhanced the emulsion’s viscosity. The highest bacterial encapsulation efficiency of the emulsion, 59.94 %, was attained at a HIU to pectin concentration ratio of 3:1. These emulsions effectively encapsulate and protect L. plantarum, with the concentration of HIU-PPI being a critical factor in enhancing probiotic survival under simulated gastrointestinal digestion. However, the concurrent utilization of pectin and HIU-PPI as emulsifiers did not provide a notable advantage compared to the exclusive use of HIU-PPI in enhancing probiotic viability during in vitro simulated digestion. This research offers valuable perspectives for the food industry on harnessing environmentally friendly, plant-based proteins as emulsifiers in probiotic delivery systems. It underscores the potential of HIU-modified pea protein and pectin in developing functional food products that promote the health benefits of probiotics.

Pectin, as a gelling agent enhancer, is capable of augmenting the strength of plant protein gels; however, their direct blending often results in insignificant crosslinking efficiency. The application of ultrasonication has been found to effectively promote crosslinking interactions between pectin and plant proteins. This study primarily probes into the physicochemical impacts on the pea protein system instigated by ultrasonicated apple pectin (AP), citrus pectin (CP), and high methoxyl pectin (HM) variances. It has been revealed that the incorporation of pectin, subsequent to ultrasonication, ameliorates the textural and rheological traits of the pea protein matrix. Nevertheless, the introduction of high methoxyl pectin excessively enhances these identical properties, rendering it unsuitable for use in food development and three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies. Under an ultrasound power setting of 390 W, the citrus pectin variant outperforms other variants with its superior hardness, elasticity, and viscoelasticity, thereby significantly bolstering the self-supporting capability and malleability of the pea protein system for potential utilization in 3D printing applications. In conclusion, the ultrasonically treated pectin-pea protein amalgam optimizes the physicochemical attributes of the pea protein system, contributing to the stability enhancement of 3D printed products.

Vinegar is renowned for its benefits to human health due to the presence of antioxidants and bioactive components. Firstly, this study optimized the production conditions of ultrasound-treated strawberry vinegar (UT-SV), known for its high consumer appeal. The sensory properties of UT-SV were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) to create the most appreciated strawberry vinegar. Secondly, various quality parameters of conventional strawberry vinegar (C-SV), UT-SV, and thermally pasteurized strawberry vinegar (P-SV) samples were compared. RSM was employed to craft the best strawberry vinegar based on consumers ratings of UT-SV. Sensory characteristics, bioactive values, phenolic contents, and organic acid contents of C-SV, UT-SV, and P-SV samples were assessed. Through optimization, the ultrasound parameters of the independent variables were determined as 5.3 min and 65.5 % amplitude. The RSM modeling levels exhibited high agreement with pungent sensation at 98.06 %, aromatic intensity at 98.98 %, gustatory impression at 99.17 %, and general appreciation at 99.26 %, respectively. Bioactive components in UT-SV samples increased after ultrasound treatment compared to C-SV and P-SV samples. Additionally, the amount of malic acid, lactic acid, and oxalic acid increased after ultrasound treatment compared to C-SV samples. Ultimately, UT-SV with high organoleptic properties was achieved. The ultrasound treatment positively impacted the bioactive values, phenolic and organic acid content, leading to the development of a new and healthy product.

The objective of this study was to explore the impacts of various ultrasonic powers (0, 300, 500, 700, and 900 W) on the structure and functional attributes of the myofibrillar protein (MP) of Tenebrio molitor. As the ultrasonic intensity escalated, the extraction efficiency and yield of the MP rose, while the particle size and turbidity decreased correspondingly. The reduction in sulfhydryl group content and the increase in carbonyl group content both suggested that ultrasonic treatment promoted the oxidation of the MP to a certain extent, which was conducive to the formation of a denser and more stable gel network structure. This was also affirmed by SEM images. Additionally, the findings of intrinsic fluorescence and FTIR indicated that high-intensity ultrasound significantly altered the secondary structure of the protein. The unfolding of the MP exposed more amino acid residues, the α-helix decreased, and the β-helix improved, thereby resulting in a looser and more flexible conformation. Along with the structural alteration, the surface hydrophobicity and emulsification properties were also significantly enhanced. Besides that, SDS–PAGE demonstrated that the MP of T. molitor was primarily composed of myosin heavy chain (MHC), actin, myosin light chain (MLC), paramyosin, and tropomyosin. The aforementioned results confirmed that ultrasonic treatment could, to a certain extent, enhance the structure and function of mealworm MP, thereby providing a theoretical reference for the utilization of edible insect proteins in the future, deep-processing proteins produced by T. molitor, and the development of new technologies.

This study investigated the influence of corrosion-induced deterioration of the tensile properties of a Mg-1 wt.% Ca alloy on the performance of a coronary artery stent model fabricated using the alloy wire. Finite element analysis was used to determine the change in various characteristics of the model when immersed in a biosimulation aqueous solution (Earle’s Balanced Salt Solution). Results from tensile tests on wires fabricated from the alloy (non-treated versus ultrasound-assisted casting (US)) were used as input to a shape optimisation study of the stent, which aimed at reducing stent strut thickness and minimising corrosion-related parameters such as equivalent plastic strain and residual stress. For each of the characteristics, it was found that the US treatment produced a more desirable result compared to the stents modelled using non-treated material data; for example, the decrease in strut thickness, equivalent plastic strain, and residual stress were each markedly greater, while keeping the stent’s functionality. These results suggest that US-treated Mg-1 wt./wt.% Ca alloy may be promising for fabricating biodegradable coronary artery stents.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound treatment has a beneficial role in horticultural production from harvest to consumption. The quality traits and microbiological load in pomegranate fruit were explored during 30 days' storage at 20 °C after 10 min and 30 min ultrasound treatments. RESULTS: Ultrasound treatment significantly reduced the microbiological load during storage, providing a relatively clean and suitable storage environment. This was especially true for the 30 min treatment, which also maintained relatively lower weight loss and kept the browning rate below 5% during storage. Meanwhile, the fruit treated with ultrasound had higher ascorbic acid and anthocyanin content, which provided better antibacterial properties and higher nutraceutical properties until the end of storage. The 30 min ultrasound treatment significantly delayed the decrease in catalase (CAT) enzyme activity and the increase in peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity. Combined with weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA), and correlation analysis, color indicators and antioxidant activity induced by ultrasound treatment were responsible for the relatively higher fruit quality of pomegranate. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound treatment can improve the sensory quality and nutritional characteristics of pomegranate fruits during storage, and reduce the microbiological load. Ultrasound for 30 min was better than 10 min for prolonging the storage life of pomegranate. Our results will provide valuable information for ultrasound application in other horticultural products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wide use of multi-component cement of highly reduced Portland clinker factor is largely impeded by detrimental changes in the rheological properties of concrete mixes, a substantial reduction in the early rate of cement hardening, and sometimes the insufficient strength of mature concrete. Therefore, major changes are needed in traditional concrete-production technologies if low-clinker cement is to gain wider acceptance. This review's goal is to summarize the impacts of using non-ionizing radiation methods to improve the dispersion of concrete mix constituents, cement setting, and early hardening. The potential impacts of such interactions on the permeability and strength of concrete are also highlighted and investigated. Their intriguing potential for delivering additional energy to cementitious mixtures is analyzed for batch water, solid non-clinker constituents of cement (mainly supplementary cementitious materials), and their mixtures with aggregates. The advantages of adopting these non-traditional methods are found to be highly alluring to the greener preparation techniques used in the construction materials sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to extract collagen‐I from lamb feet (LF) and examine the effects of ultrasound treatment on the structural and molecular characteristics of the collagen. Compared to ultrasonic bath treatment and conventional extraction methods, ultrasonic probe (USP) treatment significantly increased the collagen content of the extract (p < 0.05). The electrophoretic profiles confirmed the presence of α‐ and β‐chains, indicating it as type I. Furthermore, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectra analyses revealed that the extraction method did not adversely affect the triple helix structure of the collagen. Moreover, the fibrillar structure of the collagen samples was verified through scanning electron microscopy analyses. Notably, the LF collagen exhibited a high thermal denaturation temperature owing to its elevated imino acid content. The collagen samples exhibited high solubility in acidic pH but low solubility in high salt concentrations. The present findings signified that sonication with USP can effectively enhance the yield of collagen from LF without compromising its quality. Practical Application: This study showed that ultrasonication enhanced the collagen concentration without disturbing the integrity of lamb feet collagen. We expect that lamb feet collagen can be used for industrial processes and consumer products thanks to unique product properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no established standard method for obtaining valuable components from biomass materials. Therefore, each system should be considered individually, and methods should be developed specifically. In this study, two emerging technologies with pre-treatments (ultrasound and microwave) have been proposed to acquire extract from the leaves of Moringa oleifera. In order to optimize the process conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), response surface method (RSM) has been used with the design type of randomized Central Composite design. The yields of total phenolic (TPM) and flavonoid materials (TFM) were selected as responses. Optimum conditions were determined as 77% ethanol solution, 0.5 mm particle size, and 11% output amplitude in order to obtain maximum TPM (8.67 mg-GAE/g-DP) and TFM (69.47 mg-CE/g-DP) yields in the UAE of bioactive substances from Moringa oleifera leaves. In respect of MAE system, 400 s, 200 W, 72% ethanol solution, and 0.5 mm of particle size were the optimum conditions to attain the highest TPM (18.81 mg-GAE/g-DP) and TFM (83.24 mg-CE/g-DP) yields. Moreover, two different antioxidant activity assays (DPPH and ABTS) were carried out to examine the antioxidant activity of the Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present invention relates to a technique for synthesizing vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalyst employing an ultrasonic treatment approach while assessing phase composition and hydrocarbon oxidation activity to a conventionally synthesized catalyst. The ultrasonic treatment approach has been shown to produce a catalyst with improved surface constitution and accelerated hydrocarbon conversion in 3 h, as opposed to the typically heating process, which takes 24 h. Product selectivity is influenced by the nature of the catalyst, with an integration consisting of (VO)2P2O7 (V4+) and VOPO4 (V5+) being optimal for high rate of conversion. A 39 % conversion rate and 89 % maleic anhydride selectivity were achieved under optimum reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was to investigate how ultrasonic (US) treatment impacts on the physical and chemical properties of vacuum-impregnated apples. Apple slices were subjected to vacuum impregnation (VI) in an Aloe vera juice solution without additional treatments, serving as the reference material. Alternatively, ultrasound (US) treatments, at frequencies of 25 or 45 kHz, and durations of 10, 20, or 30 min, were employed as a pre-treatments before the VI process. The use of US processing enabled a significant increase in the efficiency of VI, without influencing in a significant way the color of the VI samples. The VI process led to a reduction in the content of bioactive compounds, in particular vitamin C and TPC decreased by 34 and 32 %, respectively. The use of US as a pre-treatment, in particular at 45 kHz for 20 or 30 min, led to a better preservation of these compounds (unchanged values for vitamin C and decrease by 23–26 % for TPC in comparison to the fresh samples). Through cluster analysis encompassing all assessed properties, it was evident that US treatment was beneficial for the processing, however the application of appropriate parameters of US treatment (frequency and time) had an impact on achieving similar quality to VI samples. The ultrasound treatment before vacuum impregnation may be suitable, however, the specific processing parameters should be defined for the obtained high quality of the final product.

The influence of ultrasonic processing on the physicochemical characteristics, microstructure, and intermolecular forces of the hybrid gels obtained by heating the mixtures of different ratios of salted ovalbumin (SOVA)-cooked soybean protein isolate (CSPI) was investigated. With the growth of SOVA addition, ζ-potential in absolute value, cohesiveness, water-holding capacity (WHC), surface hydrophobicity, and the content of soluble protein of the hybrid gels decreased (P

Microbial contamination is the principal factor in the deterioration of postharvest storage quality in grapes. To mitigate this issue, we explored a synergistic treatment which combines ultrasound (US) and slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW), and rigorously compared with conventional water cleaning (CW), exclusive US treatment, and standalone SAEW treatment. The US + SAEW treatment proved to be markedly superior in reducing total bacterial, mold & yeast counts on grapes. Specifically, it achieved reductions of 2.23 log CFU/g and 2.76 log CFU/g, respectively, exceeding the efficiencies of SAEW (0.78, 0.75), US (0.58, 0.65), and CW (0.24, 0.46). The efficacy of this synergistic treatment is attributed to the ultrasound removal of the wax layer on grape skins, which transitions the skin from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. This alteration increases the contact area between the grape surface and SAEW, thereby enhancing the antimicrobial efficacy of SAEW. From a physicochemical quality standpoint, the US + SAEW treatment exhibited multiple advantages. It not only minimized weight loss, color deviations, polyphenol oxidase activity and malondialdehyde synthesis in comparison to CW-treated samples but also preserved firmness, sugar-acid ratio and the activities of key enzymes including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and thus maintaining high levels of total phenolics, total ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, and antioxidants. Consequently, US + SAEW treatment put off the times of decay onset in grapes by 12 days, outperforming both SAEW (8) and US (4) in comparison to CW. These results highlight the potential of US + SAEW as an effective strategy for maintaining grape quality during their postharvest storage period.

Magnesium-based materials show great potential for producing biodegradable stents, but their high corrosion rates are a roadblock.This study investigates whether ultrasound melt treatment can change the corrosion response of an extruded AZ91D-1.0%Ca (wt.%) in Earle's Balanced Salt Solution by tailoring the intermetallics' morphology in the as-extruded state.The results showed that the wires from ultrasound-treated ingots corroded faster than non-treated ones in immersion for up to 6 hours. This trend shifted for longer periods, and ultrasound-treated material showed lower corrosion rates and uniform corrosion, while the non-treated material displayed localized corrosion signs. Tensile testing of the wires demonstrated that immersion in EBSS lowered the tensile strength and elongation at fracture due to material degradation, regardless of the processing route. Nonetheless, this decline was sharper in the non-treated material.These findings suggest that ultrasound melt processing can be a promising method for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium-based materials, paving the way for their use in manufacturing biodegradable stents.

Jaboticaba is healthy and delicious berries rich in phenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids, anthocyanins and ellagitannins. The natural occurring polyphenols have been getting interested by food and pharmaceutical industries, mainly due to their remarkable pharmacological actions. Therefore, this study was focused on the extraction of water soluble phenolics from jaboticaba berries using maceration technique with and without ultrasonic pretreatment. A short period of ultrasonic treatment (30 min) prior to maceration could improve the extraction to recover total phenolic and anthocyanin content, especially from its thick fruit peel for 75% and 61%, respectively. About 4.5% - 8.5% and 8.6% - 9.4% of the total phenolics was flavonoids and anthocyanins, respectively. The phenolics were statistically correlated to different colorimetric antioxidant assays to postulate the plausible antioxidant pathway. Hierarchical clustering revealed that phenolics in jaboticaba extracts were the dominant scavengers against free, cationic and peroxyl radicals, specifically flavonoids and anthocyanins were likely to be reducing agents. Jaboticaba extracts were also found to have higher scavenging capacity against peroxyl radicals, and higher reducing power than that of Trolox. Mass screening by UPLC-MS/MS detected many phenolics including glycosylated cyanidins and delphinidins, as well as galloylated flavonoids, ellagitannins and phospholipids in the peel extract.

Summary: Black carrot is a peculiar variety of carrot that is known for its deep purple‐black colour and its high levels of antioxidants. Black carrots were subjected to five different treatments, namely, hot water blanching, acidified water blanching, sonication and sonication combined with hot water blanching and acidified blanching. The untreated juice was taken as control. The effect of both conventional (blanching) and non‐conventional (sonication) methods on the quality attributes of black carrot juice was evaluated. The application of blanching treatments resulted in significant (P < 0.05) reduction in peroxidase activity, however, sonication alone was comparatively ineffective. The sonication exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) increase in minerals, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. Conversely, conventional blanching treatments reduced their content. All treated samples exhibited significant (P < 0.05) decrease in microbial count as compared to control. However, the decline was more pronounced in juices subjected to simultaneous acidified water blanching and ultrasound treatment. The findings demonstrate that combining ultrasound treatment with blanching offers advantages in improving the phytochemical constituents, microbial safety, and overall quality of black carrot juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The starch‐fatty acid (FA) complex belongs to a new type of resistant starch (RS5) and has become a prevalent research topic because of its slow‐digestion and enzymatic resistance properties. In this study, the starch‐FA complexes were prepared from potato starch (PS) and FAs with various carbon chain lengths and unsaturation by hydrothermal treatment (HT), alcohothermal treatment (AT) or ultrasound treatment (UT), and their physicochemical properties and digestibility were interpreted. The PS‐8% lauric acid (Lau) with the highest complex index value (approximately 95%) and RS content (approximately 31%) was obtained by HT; meanwhile, it had a slow glucose diffusion rate and a low free fatty acid release rate in simulated gastrointestinal digestion compared to native PS. Besides, the V‐type crystalline structure was formed obviously after HT, but it was too weak for AT and UT samples to be detected. The gelatinisation viscosity was reduced due to the physical combination of PS and Lau. Therefore, HT was a relatively efficient and safe approach to prepare starch‐FA complex with high RS content, and the obtained starch‐FA complex has the potential to become an alternative functional food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There were two objectives of this study. The first was to investigate the influence of ultrasound treatment on coal flocculation in the presence of polymers. In this context, it was observed that the flocculation success increased by using ultrasound as a pre-treatment, but flocculation did not occur with its application in the flocculation phase (ultrasound-induced flocculation only). Also, the short-term application of ultrasound pre-treatment at high power created a more positive effect. In the flocculation process with polymers, the use of ultrasound treatment as a pre-treatment for the suspension enhanced the aggregation of coal particles. In addition, the ultrasound pre-treatment reduced the magnitude of the zeta potential of coal with anionic polymer, which also supported the flocculation. The second objective of the study was to determine the influence of variables related to stirring speed, flocculation time, polymer concentration, and pH on flocculation efficiency by using Box- Behnken design. With the Box-Behnken design, it was found that the optimal conditions for flocculation efficiency were a stirring speed of 300 rpm, a flocculation time of 4 min, a polymer concentration of 1 mg/L, and pH-7, and these values were consistent with experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Finer β -Mg 17 Al 12 increased corrosion during the first immersion hours. • The ultrasound-treated samples are characterized by uniform corrosion. • Non-treated samples showed severe localized corrosion regions. • Material degradation negatively impacts the mechanical properties of non-treated samples. • Ultrasound treatment can be used to produce Mg-based stents with controlled degradation. Magnesium-based materials show great potential for producing biodegradable stents, but their high corrosion rates are a roadblock. This study investigates whether ultrasound melt treatment can change the corrosion response of an extruded AZ91D-1.0%Ca (wt.%) in Earle's Balanced Salt Solution by tailoring the intermetallics' morphology in the as-extruded state. The results showed that the wires from ultrasound-treated ingots corroded faster than non-treated ones in immersion for up to 6 hours. This trend shifted for longer periods, and ultrasound-treated material showed lower corrosion rates and uniform corrosion, while the non-treated material displayed localized corrosion signs. Tensile testing of the wires demonstrated that immersion in EBSS lowered the tensile strength and elongation at fracture due to material degradation, regardless of the processing route. Nonetheless, this decline was sharper in the non-treated material. These findings suggest that ultrasound melt processing can be a promising method for improving the corrosion resistance of magnesium-based materials, paving the way for their use in manufacturing biodegradable stents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most frequently isolated bacteria from teeth with root canal treatment failure. This study aims to evaluate the disinfection effect of ultrasonic-mediated cold plasma-loaded microbubbles (PMBs) on 7d E. faecalis biofilm, the mechanical safety and the mechanisms. Methods The PMBs were fabricated by a modified emulsification process and the key reactive species, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were evaluated. The 7d E. faecalis biofilm on human tooth disk was constructed and divided into the following groups: PBS, 2.5%NaOCl, 2%CHX, and different concentrations of PMBs (108 mL−1, 107 mL−1). The disinfection effects and elimination effects were verified with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microhardness and roughness change of dentin after PMBs treatment were verified respectively. Results The concentration of NO and H2O2 in PMBs increased by 39.99% and 50.97% after ultrasound treatment (p 0.05). Conclusion PMBs combined with ultrasound treatment exhibited significant disinfection effect and biofilm removal effect, the mechanical safety is acceptable.

In order to explore the effect of ultrasound (US) treatment on the storage quality of Lyophyllum decastes, the sensory quality and energy metabolism-related enzyme activities of the fresh mushroom were measured after US treatment (at 35 kHz frequency and 300 W power) for 10 min. The results showed that US treatment could maintain a higher level of brightness (L* value) and higher contents of total protein (TP), ascorbic acid (AsA), and glutathione (GSH), and increase the activity of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), as well as significantly reduce the degree of browning compared to the untreated control group. The contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and oxidized?NADPH (NADP+) were higher in the US treatment group, and so was the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), H+K+-ATPase, Na+K+-ATPase, and Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase, indicating that US treatment could slow down the quality deterioration of L. decastes. Therefore, US can be used for the preservation of postharvest edible fungi.

The saffron industry produces large by-products, including petals with potential bioactive compounds, which are cheap and abundant, making them an attractive alternative to expensive stigmas for extracting bioactive components. This study aimed to optimize the extraction conditions of bioactive compounds from vacuum-dried saffron petals using an ultrasound-assisted acidified ethanol solvent. Three factors were considered: ethanol concentration (0–96%), citric acid concentration in the final solvent (0–1%), and ultrasound power (0–400 watt). This study examined the effects of these factors on parameters like maximum antioxidant activity, total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and the total flavonoid content of the extraction. This study found that saffron petal extract’s antioxidant activity increases with higher ethanol concentration, citric acid dose, and ultrasound power, but that an increased water content leads to non-antioxidant compounds. Increasing the dosage of citric acid improved the extraction of cyanidin-3-glucoside at different ultrasound power levels. The highest extraction was achieved with 400 watts of ultrasound power and 1% citric acid. Ethanol concentration did not affect anthocyanin extraction. Higher ethanol concentration and greater citric acid concentration doses resulted in the maximum extraction of total phenolic content, with a noticeable drop in extraction at higher purity levels. This study found that increasing the proportion of citric acid in the final solvent did not affect flavonoid extraction at high ethanol concentration levels, and the highest efficiency was observed at 200 watts of ultrasound power. The optimum values of the independent parameters for extracting bioactive compounds from saffron petals included 96% ethanol concentration, 0.67% citric acid concentration, and 216 watts of ultrasound power, resulting in a desirability value of 0.82. This ultrasound-assisted acidified ethanolic extract can be used in the food industry as a natural antioxidant and pigment source.

In this work muscovite was ultrasonically treated to obtain composites with post-industrial wood plastic residues. The muscovite was ultrasonicated for 30 or 60 min and mixed with the polymeric matrix at a constant level of 15% (weight percentage). The composites were prepared in a single-screw extruder and formed into flat films for characterization. SEM images of the ultrasonicated muscovite revealed the occurrence of delamination, while the particle size distribution results suggested a decrease in size with longer sonication time. FTIR spectra also indicated the occurrence of delamination of the material. The composites exhibited a slight increase in density and a large increase in impact resistance of the samples with ultrasonicated muscovite. The XRD of the composites suggested the occurrence of alignment of the mineral in the matrix. The results indicate that ultrasonication is an effective method to improve the interaction and dispersion of muscovite with wood plastic waste to obtain composites.

Soy meal as an agro‐industrial by‐product produced by the soybean oil processing industry is rich in protein. To valorize soy meal, the present study was aimed at the optimization of soy protein isolate (SPI) extraction by ultrasound treatment, its characterization, and comparison with microwave, enzymatic, and conventionally extracted SPI. Maximum yield (24.17% ± 0.79%) and protein purity (91.6% ± 1.08%) of SPI were obtained at the optimized ultrasound extraction conditions of 15.38:1 (liquid–solid ratio), 51.85% (amplitude), 21.70°C (temperature), 3.49 s (pulse), and 11.01 min (time). The SPI extracted with ultrasound treatment showed a smaller particle size (27.24 ± 0.33 µm) as compared to that extracted with microwave, enzymatically, or conventional treatment. Functional characteristics, namely, water and oil binding capacity, emulsion properties, and foaming properties of ultrasonically extracted SPI were increased by 40%–50% as compared to SPI extracted with microwave treatment, enzymatically, or conventionally. Structural and thermal properties studied by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning colorimeter showed amorphous, secondary structural change, and high thermal resistance of ultrasonically extracted SPI. Increased functionality of ultrasonically obtained SPI can enhance its application in the development of various new food products. Practical Application: Soybean meal is one of the richest sources of protein and has huge potential to lessen protein‐based malnutrition. Most of the studies on soy protein extraction were found to be based on the conventional methods that yield less quantity of protein. Hence, ultrasound treatment which is one of the novel nonthermal techniques has been selected for the present work and optimized for soy protein extraction. The ultrasound treatment showed significant improvement in extraction yield, proximate composition, amino acids profile, and improvement of functional properties of SPI as compared to the conventional, microwave, and enzymatic methods which proved the novelty of the work. Hence, the ultrasound technique could be used to increase the applications of SPI for developing a wide range of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental samples are produced by cold metal transfer (CMT) and plasma surfacing on the basis of AMg5 aluminum–magnesium alloy wire. The samples considered take the form of individual beads applied to the surface. The influence of the direction of ultrasound treatment on the geometric dimensions and macrostructure of the material obtained is analyzed. The experimental findings are compared with the results of preliminary modeling. Ultrasound treatment in surfacing is a promising means of improving the dimensions of the aluminum–magnesium alloy samples produced and lowering the risk of internal defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of a droplet of metal melt (AMg5 aluminum alloy) under ultrasound treatment is numerically investigated. The wire surfacing of AMg5 alloy on a substrate under ultrasound treatment in various directions is also simulated. In the first series of numerical experiments, cold metal transfer (CMT) is considered; in the second, plasma surfacing is analyzed. Ultrasound is introduced directly through the s-ubstrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic antioxidants were extracted from Moringa oleifera leaves by applying ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The feasibility of UAE was studied by analyzing the kinetics, thermodynamics, mass transfer, and effective diffusivity mechanisms to improve the process under several temperature values (298, 300, 306 K). Extraction rate increased with temperature (0.0028, 0.0028, and 0.0029 L mg−1 min−1). Activation energy for the process of UAE was calculated to be 3.5225 kj mol−1. Based on the results of thermodynamics parameters, UAE process of phenolic extraction from Moringa oleifera leaves was endothermic, random, and spontaneous, where the change in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy were 1.6156 kj mol−1, 0.02977 kj mol−1 K−1, and − 7.2356, − 7.3247, − 7.4732 kj.mol−1, respectively. Furthermore, the diffusion and mass transfer model were used in order to evaluate the diffusion coefficients, mass transfer coefficients, and Biot numbers of the process. Diffusion coefficients (1.9800 × 10−10, 2.3070 × 10−10, and 2.3905 × 10−10 m2 s−1) and mass transfer coefficients (0.1320, 0.1447, and 0.1460 m s−1) increased with increasing temperature, while Biot numbers (285.00 × 103, 268.05 × 103, and 261.22 × 103) decreased slightly with increasing temperature. In addition, Biot number indicated that the external resistance is negligible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the treatment of coconut oil using thermosonic treatment in combination with green coffee beans. Under a defined ratio of coconut oil to green coffee beans, the effect of different thermosonic time on the quality parameters, active substance content, antioxidant capacity, and thermal oxidative stability of coconut oil were investigated as a strategy to potentially improve the quality of oil. Results showed that the β-sitosterol content of CCO (coconut coffee oil) treated with the thermal method combined with green coffee bean treatment reached up to 393.80 ± 11.13 mg/kg without affecting the lipid structure. In addition, DPPH clearance equivalents increased from 5.31 ± 1.30 mg EGCG/g to 71.34 ± 0.98 mg EGCG/g, and the ABTS clearance equivalent was 45.38 ± 0.87 mg EGCG/g versus 0 for the untreated sample. The improvement in thermal oxidation stability of treated coconut oil is also significant. The TG (Thermogravimetry) onset temperature was elevated from 277.97 °C to 335.08 °C and the induction time was elevated up to 24.73 ± 0.41 h from 5.17 ± 0.21 h. Thermosonic treatment in combination with green coffee beans is an ideal option to improve the quality of coconut oil. The results of this article provide new ideas for the development of plant-blended oil products and the new utilization of coconut oil and coffee beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the most common methods of pipeline transport of high solidified oil existing at the moment. The effects of treating oil with magnetic and electric fields are given. The positive and negative effects of ultrasonic treatment in oil transport processes are considered. The totality and quality of the facts requires much more in-depth analysis on a number of issues in this area because with a lot of positive effects are present and negative, which do not allow to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]