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Abstract Background A corrective radius osteotomy is often performed in patients with a symptomatic distal radius malunion. In 3D-planned osteotomies, the unaffected radius is mirrored over the malunited radius after adjusting for left-right length differences using both ulnae. This approach assumes that ulnar length differences in a malunion population are similar to those in a healthy population. This study was conducted to analyze the difference in ulnar length in a distal radius malunion population and to assess the potential influence of age, sex, or malunion side on this difference. Methods We evaluated 65 adult patients with distal radius malunion using bilateral forearm CT scans. 3D models of both ulnae were constructed, and length differences were determined along a standardized length axis. The results were compared to two populations without a radius malunion. Results The average absolute ulnar length difference was 2.57 mm (SD 1.81), which was comparable to the two healthy populations. This difference was not significantly affected by age, sex, or malunion side. Conclusion This study demonstrated that using the ulnar length difference to correct for radial length difference in the current 3D planning process, before using the contralateral radius as a template for a corrective osteotomy in patients with radius malunion, is safe.

Objective The aim of this study is to create clinical normative data for ulnar length in the pediatric population and to demonstrate the usefulness of such data.

Background: A corrective radius osteotomy is often performed in patients with a symptomatic distal radius malunion. In 3D-planned osteotomies, the unaffected radius is mirrored over the malunited radius after adjusting for left-right length differences using both ulnae. This approach assumes that ulnar length differences in a malunion population are similar to those in a healthy population. This study was conducted to analyze the difference in ulnar length in a distal radius malunion population and to assess the potential influence of age, sex, or malunion side on this difference. Methods: We evaluated 65 adult patients with distal radius malunion using bilateral forearm CT scans. 3D models of both ulnae were constructed, and length differences were determined along a standardized length axis. The results were compared to two populations without a radius malunion. Results: The average absolute ulnar length difference was 2.57 mm (SD 1.81), which was comparable to the two healthy populations. This difference was not significantly affected by age, sex, or malunion side. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that using the ulnar length difference to correct for radial length difference in the current 3D planning process, before using the contralateral radius as a template for a corrective osteotomy in patients with radius malunion, is safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study is to create clinical normative data for ulnar length in the pediatric population and to demonstrate the usefulness of such data. Materials and Methods A nationally representative sample of healthy children aged 1 day to 18 years from five centers across India was collected. The percutaneous length of the ulna was measured by using a certified calibrated measuring tape across all centers. Other variables such as geographical domicile, dominance of the hand, age, body mass index (BMI), and sex of the child were also recorded. Results In total, 1,300 children (883 males and 417 females) with age ranging from 1 day to 18 years were included in the study. Gradual lengthening of the ulna was seen in both male and female children with increasing age without a significant difference; however, at 8, 9, and 14 years, there was significant lengthening of the ulna in males compared with females although the difference was statistically insignificant at 17 years. Apropos BMI at 16 years of age, a longer ulna was observed in obese children. Later on, at 18 years, the difference in ulnar length was insignificant. South Indian children had a significantly longer ulna up to the age of 11 years, but after the age of 11 years there was no difference in ulnar length in all zones. The length of the ulna was not affected by hand dominance. There was good inter-observer agreement and reliability between different centres. Age, zone, and gender, had statistically significant effect on the length of ulna but BMI and hand dominance was not significant. Conclusion This multicentric study provides normative data on the percutaneous length of the ulna in the Indian pediatric population. Gradual lengthening of the ulna was seen in all children with increasing age. The length of the ulna was significantly more in male, obese, and in South Indian children. However, except for age, other factors become insignificant at maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2-D) plain radiographs may be insufficient for the evaluation of distal radial malunion, as it is a three-dimensional (3-D) deformity. This study introduced a 3-D measuring method that outputs radial inclination, ulnar variance, palmar tilt and axial rotation. To this end, a standardized and clearly defined coordinate system was constructed that allowed 3-D measurements closely resembling the conventional 2-D method in 35 patients. Mean differences between 3-D and 2-D measurements in affected wrists were 1.8° for radial inclination, 0.8 mm for ulnar variance and 3.7° for palmar tilt. In addition, inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of all 3-D and 2-D measurements were good or excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.75), with 3-D reproducibility always better than 2-D. Axial rotation was present in all patients with a mean of 7.9° (SD 6.9). Although the differences between 2-D and 3-D measurements were small, 3-D evaluation enables the assessment of axial rotation and brings us closer to a routine 3-D evaluation of malunion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the deforming stresses arising from soft tissue and continued skeletal development is crucial to obtain long-term correction of forearm carpal alignment in Radial longitudinal deficiency. The aim of the present study was to report the medium-term follow-up results of radialization with ulnar cuff osteotomy in children. A total of 17 patients (21 involved limbs) with a mean follow-up of 66 months (range 50 to 96) were reviewed. Mean correction of the hand forearm angle at the final follow-up was 51°. Mean hand forearm position preoperatively and at the final follow-up were −1.1 cm (SD 0.9) and +1.3 cm (SD 0.8), respectively. This metaphyseal osteotomy relaxed the radial structures throughout the original phase of deformity correction. The mean ulnar growth was 62% of the contralateral side at the final follow-up. Our technique may provide a feasible solution to the correction and prevent recurrence of deformity while maintaining ulnar growth in the medium to longer term. Level of evidence: III [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2-D) plain radiographs may be insufficient for the evaluation of distal radial malunion, as it is a three-dimensional (3-D) deformity. This study introduced a 3-D measuring method that outputs radial inclination, ulnar variance, palmar tilt and axial rotation. To this end, a standardized and clearly defined coordinate system was constructed that allowed 3-D measurements closely resembling the conventional 2-D method in 35 patients. Mean differences between 3-D and 2-D measurements in affected wrists were 1.8° for radial inclination, 0.8 mm for ulnar variance and 3.7° for palmar tilt. In addition, inter- and intra-observer reproducibility of all 3-D and 2-D measurements were good or excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient >0.75), with 3-D reproducibility always better than 2-D. Axial rotation was present in all patients with a mean of 7.9° (SD 6.9). Although the differences between 2-D and 3-D measurements were small, 3-D evaluation enables the assessment of axial rotation and brings us closer to a routine 3-D evaluation of malunion. Level of evidence: III.

Estimation of stature plays a major role in the field of Forensic Medicine and anthropometry especially helps in establishing the identity of an individual from mutilated, decomposed and amputated body parts. In our study, stature was estimated from the percutaneous length of ulna. Study sample consisted of 96 adult males and 66 adult females between the age group of 18 - 22 years, born and brought up in Chennai. The length of the of the right and left ulna was measured with a vernier caliper from the tip of the olecranon to the styloid process and the height of the individual was measured with a calibrated stadiometer. The measurements were noted in the proforma. The data was statistically analyzed and linear regression formulae were derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stature is a important factor in identification of an unidentified dead body or any mutilated part of such body. In present study we made an attempt to estimate the stature from percutaneous length of ulna. Study consists of 94 adult males and 96 adult females between the age group of 18- 24 years, born and brought up in Maharashtra. The length of the of the right and left ulna was measured with a venier calliper from the apex of the olecranon to the styloid process and the height of the individual was measured with a calibrated standing meter rule. The measurements were noted in the proforma. The data was statistically analyzed and linear regression formulae were derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if ulnar length obtained by the bedside nurse can be used to estimate patient length. To compare our findings to previous predictive equations of height and ulnar length. To evaluate the performance of predictive equations for height and ulnar length on patients with syndromes that affect height.Design: Retrospective observational study of prospectively collected data.Settings: Multidisciplinary Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a university teaching hospital.Patients: 1,177 patients, ages 1 month to 23 years. Mean age was 79.7 months (1,3 IQR 19.5, 164.5 months) and 55.4% male.Measurements: Ulnar length was obtained using digital calipers by bedside nurses in PICU as well as height and weight. The electronic health care record was used to extract patient information.Main Results: The predictive equation for height for the entire group is: height (cm) = 0.59*ulnar length (mm) + 13.1 (r2 = 0.93). Bland Altman analysis of the derivation formula applied to the testing group did not show any systematic bias.Conclusions: Our study shows that ulnar length measurements can be used to predict height with a simple linear formula in a PICU setting. Not having specific individuals or specific training for ulnar measurement did not seem to alter the accuracy (r2 = 0.93). The robust nature of the measurement and ease of use may make this an unconventional but reasonable alternative to obtaining height when that cannot be measured directly.

Addressing the deforming stresses arising from soft tissue and continued skeletal development is crucial to obtain long-term correction of forearm carpal alignment in Radial longitudinal deficiency. The aim of the present study was to report the medium-term follow-up results of radialization with ulnar cuff osteotomy in children. A total of 17 patients (21 involved limbs) with a mean follow-up of 66 months (range 50 to 96) were reviewed. Mean correction of the hand forearm angle at the final follow-up was 51°. Mean hand forearm position preoperatively and at the final follow-up were -1.1 cm (SD 0.9) and +1.3 cm (SD 0.8), respectively. This metaphyseal osteotomy relaxed the radial structures throughout the original phase of deformity correction. The mean ulnar growth was 62% of the contralateral side at the final follow-up. Our technique may provide a feasible solution to the correction and prevent recurrence of deformity while maintaining ulnar growth in the medium to longer term. Level of evidence: III., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background Standing height (SH) is the most reliable parameter used to predict spirometric values in children, but measurement of this parameter may be difficult in children with thoracic or spinal abnormalities. This study was designed to establish reference equations to estimate SHs of children using their arm span length (ASL) or forearm ulnar length (UL) as an index. Methods Children aged 1–17 years were enrolled to measure their SH, body weight, ASL, and UL. Sex and age were also recorded. The relationship between SH and children's weight, age, ASL, and UL were analyzed. Regression equations using different indexes for SH of enrolled cases were used, and adults aged 18–64 years were also enrolled for comparison. Results A total of 512 children and 144 adults were enrolled. There was a strong linear relationship between SH and both ASL and UL in children and adults. Pearson's correlation coefficients of SH for ASL and UL were 0.989 and 0.968 ( p < 0.001) in children and 0.933 and 0.845 ( p < 0.001) in adults. The linear regression equations for estimating SH in children were calculated as SH = 9.363 + 0.943 ASL ( r 2 = 0.978, p < 0.001) and SH = 14.542 + 5.570 UL ( r 2 = 0.936, p < 0.001). In adults, age and sex were also added as indexes: SH = 59.849 + 0.642 ASL−0.047 Age +3.431 Sex (male = 1; female = 0) ( r 2 = 0.887, p < 0.001) and SH = 102.824 + 2.317 UL −0.049 age + 6.739 sex ( r 2 = 0.773, p < 0.001). Conclusion Both ASL and UL have a significant linear relationship with SHs of children and adults. True SH can be estimated using regression equations with ASL or UL as a single index for situations where direct measurement of SH is difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crimes are increasing day by day and criminals intend to destroy the identity of an individual. So stature estimation from skeletal remains bears utmost significance in establishment of individuality of an individual which has been achieved from measurement of long bones. An attempt was made to formulate linear regression equations for estimation of stature in natives of Gujarat for which 148 young and healthy medical students (67 males and 81 females) in age group of 17 to 21 years were examined and measurements were taken, tabulated and statistically analyzed. It can be concluded that there exist a positive correlation between stature & percutaneous length of ulna and linear regression equations so derived can be used for estimation of stature of an individual which will be a useful tool for experts of the anthropology & forensic medicine field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Injuries resulting from trauma or tumor resection may cause length alterations in the bones of the upper extremities (UE) requiring reconstruction. Direct contralateral bone is often used to determine the appropriate length for reconstruction but fails to account for potential asymmetry. Given the paucity of data assessing asymmetry in living populations and the need for accurate length approximation, we developed a study evaluating UE long bone asymmetry using radiographic imaging in living subjects. Methods Bilateral X-ray images previously obtained for traumatic injury or chronic osseous conditions were retrospectively collected for adult subjects (ages 18-81). After screening, 61 patients met the inclusion criteria: 28 radii, 29 ulnae, and 19 humeri. Three serial measurements were taken, and the median was used for subsequent analysis. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were performed to assess differences in contralateral bone lengths. Bootstrapping was utilized to obtain sample sizes of 200, 500, and 1000 for each bone. Results The difference in mean absolute length was 27.0 mm for the humerus, 8.6 mm for the radius, and 7.5 mm for the ulna. Neither the left side nor the right side was significantly longer for any bone. In 57.9% (11/19) of patients, the right humerus was longer than the left; in 60.7% (17/28), the right radius was longer than the left; and in 48.3% (14/29), the right ulna was longer than the left. All other measurements showed the left was longer than the right. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests did not find significant differences between contralateral pairs in any direct measurement group. In bootstrap samples, significant differences in length (p ≤ 0.05) were seen in all samples (n = 200, 500, and 1000) for both humerus and radius but only the 1000 sample group for the ulna. Conclusions Direct contralateral measure may be an appropriate method of length estimation for the humerus, radius, and ulna in post-industrial humans., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Kharbat et al.)

Ulnar length and body height have a direct relation with each other, although the exact calculation of this relation could not be determined with precision. This relation between ulnar length and body height has been questioned and studied by scientific researchers and medical professionals all over the world, and the results of one such study done in PGIMS Rohtak may not only help us to predict one from the other but also whether the relationship between the two is significant or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stature estimation from percutaneous body measurements forms part of forensic anthropological analysis for the purpose of identification. However, there is a great void in such norms for south Indian population. This study is aimed at modeling the stature on the basis of percutaneous ulnar length in human subjects comprising of south Indian population. The study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy in collaboration with the Department of Forensic Medicine, A.J. Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalore on 200 young and healthy students comprising of 100 males and 100 females in the age group ranging from 20 to 22 years. The measurements were taken by using standard anthropometric instruments. It is remarked that ulnar length show a linear relationship with the stature, where stature is normally distributed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an attempt has been made out to formulate a linear regression equation for estimation of stature from the ulnar length. The material consists of 310 subjects between 20-40 years of age in Gujarat. The Ulnar (Rt. & Lt.) length was measured by spreading caliper. The Stature ( Height ) was measured in standing erect, anatomical position with standard height measuring instrument. Data tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel. A good correlation of stature was observed with Ulnar length and it was statistically highly significant. The results of present study would be useful for Anthropologist and Forensic Medicine experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if ulnar length obtained by the bedside nurse can be used to estimate patient length. To compare our findings to previous predictive equations of height and ulnar length. To evaluate the performance of predictive equations for height and ulnar length on patients with syndromes that affect height. Design: Retrospective observational study of prospectively collected data. Settings: Multidisciplinary Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in a university teaching hospital. Patients: 1,177 patients, ages 1 month to 23 years. Mean age was 79.7 months (1,3 IQR 19.5, 164.5 months) and 55.4% male. Measurements: Ulnar length was obtained using digital calipers by bedside nurses in PICU as well as height and weight. The electronic health care record was used to extract patient information. Main Results: The predictive equation for height for the entire group is: height (cm) = 0.59 * ulnar length (mm) + 13.1 ( r 2 Our study shows that ulnar length measurements can be used to predict height with a simple linear formula in a PICU setting. Not having specific individuals or specific training for ulnar measurement did not seem to alter the accuracy ( Conclusions: Our study shows that ulnar length measurements can be used to predict height with a simple linear formula in a PICU setting. Not having specific individuals or specific training for ulnar measurement did not seem to alter the accuracy ( r 2 = 0.93). The robust nature of the measurement and ease of use may make this an unconventional but reasonable alternative to obtaining height when that cannot be measured directly.