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Flexibilities are involved in the process of decision-making. They offer much freedom of choice in terms of the selection of suitable actors who interact with the dynamic environment of the organization. This paper presents a systematic and holistic approach to ranking key actors responsible for the business excellence of an organization. The study highlights the area where the actors of the organization should focus on achieving desired business excellence. It portrays the outcome in the form that top management is the most influential actor since it is responsible for the formulation of the vision/mission of the organization along with the setting of plant quality targets, cost-saving targets, manpower planning, and policy formulation for energy-saving. Top management is followed by cross-function teams (CFTs) and the government of India (GOI) in terms of interaction with the various processes. The novelty of this case study is that it utilizes qualitative and interpretive tools for the analysis, which does not require much statistical knowledge to produce outcomes, and the results are easy to understand. The reported results are in consensus with the results reported by various studies that are conducted using quantitative tools like Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), total interpretive structural modelling (TISM), etc. that require statistical excellence for the calculation, interpretation, and dissemination of results to the general public and shopfloor employees.

Increasing competition and globalization that encompasses all dealings in the world of business compel SMEs to seek more successful organizational and management modes and approaches. This paper presents a simulation model for the application of Lean methods and tools in SMEs and their impact on the improvement of production processes and product sustainability. The Lean concept can be used to achieve more efficient production whilst manufacturing lower-cost products including shorter manufacturing cycle, high quality, and added value. Research results show the usefulness of the application of dynamic simulations in the detection of critical places in processes and the usefulness of the application of relevant Lean methods and Lean tools for process improvement. Simulation results underline better performance of product manufacturing through the use of Lean tools with the aim to eliminate any waste. Reengineering the assembly line focuseson the following aspects, namely reducing waste, internal logistics, redesigning workplaces, and changing the workplace layout.

Giving an offer to a consumer and knowing the average cost of the product (ACP) for the product along the entire production process, depending on the size of the order, can be a very important indicator which also has an impact on the lean production process. This paper presents a mathematical model to analyze the impact of customer changes (changes in the product type, quantity and/or quality) on the lean production process, and thus on the average production price (ACP). Any change in the process could mean a deviation from the lean process, which means an increase of the ACP for the company, which is the main goal of Industry 4.0. The measurements can be performed on all of the operations of the production process in a company, or only the most critical operations in terms of waste can be selected. The model was tested on an example of a product from a Slovenian company. The average cost of the product in the selected work operation turned out to be 71% higher than the optimal case due to an excessive stock of semi-finished products. Excessive stock can lead to a situation in which the product’s own price even exceeds the selling price of the product, which of course leads to the loss of the company.

In today's highly dynamic and unpredictable project environment, companies need to be able to manage changes quickly and effectively, otherwise, the final product will not be current and will only go to waste. Traditional project management approaches that focus on planning are no longer efficient and companies are forced to adopt new ways of working. As a result, more flexible agile project management (APM) approaches have emerged over the last decades. Originally developed for the software industry, APM is now increasingly recognized and adopted also by other industry sectors. However, due to some discipline-specific differences, the adoption of APM by non-software companies is challenging and requires many adjustments and high financial input. While the larger organizations have sufficient resources to make such a transition, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) generally cannot afford to do so, and therefore need alternative strategies to increase their agility and stay competitive on the global market. In this paper, we present a case study of a Slovenian medium-sized manufacturing company that implemented only certain APM practices separately and not as part of a structured APM methodology, and still managed to achieve significant benefits: improved communication, faster detection of discrepancies, more effective problem-solving and greater flexibility. The results also suggest that APM practices, even when implemented separately, positively impact project success in terms of both efficiency and stakeholder satisfaction, and can thus help in establishing an economically, socially, and environmentally more sustainable workplace.

In a highly competitive manufacturing environment, it is critical to balance production time and cost simultaneously. Numerous attempts have been made to provide various solutions to strike a balance between these factors. However, more effort is still required to address these challenges in terms of labour productivity. This study proposes an integrated substitution and management improvement technique for enhancing the effectiveness of labour resources and equipment. Furthermore, in the context of time-cost optimization with optimal labour productivity, an extremal-micro genetic algorithm (Ex-μGA) model has been proposed. A real-world case from the labour-intensive medium-scale bus body fabricating industry is used to validate the proposed model performance. According to the results, the proposed model can optimize production time and cost by 34 % and 19 %, respectively, while maintaining optimal labour productivity. In addition, this study provides an alternative method for dealing with production parameter imbalances and assisting production managers in developing labour schedules more effectively.

In order to survive in today's highly competitive global market, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have had to transition from sequential to concurrent product development, which significantly shortens development cycles, reduces costs, and ensures high product quality. Despite its many benefits, concurrent product development is still based on detailed upfront planning and cannot address the challenges related to today's ever-growing uncertainty, constantly changing environment, and unstable requirements. A potential solution to this problem could be in more flexible and value-driven agile project management (APM) approaches, typical of software development. In this paper, we propose a new product development model specifically appropriate for SMEs that combines concurrent product development principles with APM elements. It is designed as a loop of five repetitive steps (macroplan, microplan, iteration activities, review, and retrospective) that are being executed within individual concurrent development loops. The application of the model is presented on a real case example of process development and small batch manufacture of a complex wiring harness. The study reveals many benefits of the proposed model, such as improved communication, faster detection of discrepancies, more effective problem solving, and greater flexibility. A positive impact on project success is also observed.

Today, three conditions are crucial for a company to be competitive on the market: quality, reduced time and low costs for the development of new products. The paper shows how companies developing new products (NPD) for the market can successfully implement concurrent engineering as an improvement of project management, in order to reduce product development time and costs and to ensure the quality expected by customers. The methodology presented in this paper is based on three main pillars of knowledge: project management, teamwork and concurrent engineering. The methodology provides a step-by-step guideline for the introduction of concurrent engineering in a company. This paper also presents the results of 10 Slovenian companies where this methodology has been tested on 20 pilot projects. The results show that managed projects upgraded with the principles of concurrent engineering lead to cost reduction, shorter development time and fewer discrepancies.

Podjetja, ki želijo v današnjem svetu ostati konkurenčna, morajo težiti k zniževanju stroškov poslovanja. Pri tem so metode vitke proizvodnje danes enako aktualne kot so bile takrat, ko so nastale. Eden od načinov za doseganje načel vitke proizvodnje je tudi uporaba naprednih metod planiranja in razporejanja proizvodnje (APS). V nalogi je opisna uvedba APS orodja Preactor v podjetju Frutarom Etol d.o.o. Opredeljene so zahteve, ki jih je podjetje postavilo pred uvedbo in prilagoditve, ki so bile potrebne po uvedbi, saj vseh potreb na začetku projekta ni bilo mogoče predvideti. Opisana je tudi integracija APS orodja v informacijski sistem podjetja, ki temelji na ERP SAP. V nalogi so na osnovi posnetka stanja obstoječega procesa v proizvodnji ugotovljene pomanjkljivosti in težave v obstoječem načinu dela. Na podlagi tega je bil izdelan predlog prenove procesa, ki omogoča učinkovito uporabo plana izdelanega v APS orodju. Na koncu so opisani predlogi za nadaljnji razvoj sistema planiranja v podjetju. Companies that want to stay competitive nowadays must strive to reduce costs. Lean manufacturing methods are as relevant today as they were upon creation. One way to follow lean manufacturing principles is to use advanced production planning and scheduling (APS) methods. The assignment describes the implementation of the APS tool Preactor in Frutarom Etol Ltd. It defines the requirements that the company set before the implementation and the adjustments that were needed after the implementation, since not all the needs of the project could be anticipated ahead of time. The integration of the APS tool into the enterprise information system based on SAP ERP is also described. On the basis of a snapshot of the existing production process, the assignment outlines deficiencies and problems that are present in the existing mode of operation. Based on these findings, a proposal was made for a process overhaul that enables a plan created with the APS tool to be used effectively. Finally, suggestions for further development of the company planning system are outlined.

V diplomskem delu so prikazane najpogostejše napake, ki se pojavljajo pri montaži oken. V Sloveniji je konkurenca velika, saj se z izdelavo oken ukvarja skoraj 50 podjetij, s prodajo pa še veliko več. Vsako podjetje, ki poleg izdelave izdelkov nudi tudi montažo, pa se seveda ukvarja z reševanjem različnih vrst reklamacij. Pomembno je zavedanje, da se pri montaži oken pokažejo vse morebitne napake, bodisi napačne izmere merilca, dobavitelja, tehnologije, proizvodnje, logistike in na koncu monterjev. Veliko težav še vedno povzroča montaža oken. Izdelki večkrat prispejo na objekt poškodovani, površna montaža in uporaba nepravilnih materialov pa težavo le še poglobi. Po prikazu težav, ki se nanašajo na montažo in transport oken, smo prišli do rešitev, ki bi zmanjšale število napak in kasnejše reklamacije, povezane z njimi. Prikazali smo rešitve, ki zajemajo detajlni pregled oken po končani montaži, zmanjšanje površinskih poškodb, ustrezno vzdrževanje oken in zračenje prostorov. Z omenjenimi rešitvami bi zmanjšali število reklamacij in ob tem zagotovili ugodno bivalno okolje. The diploma paper presents the most common mistakes that occur when installing windows. There is a huge competition in Slovenia, since almost 50 companies are involved in the production of windows, and a lot more are selling. Every company, which in addition to the production of products also offers assembly, is, of course, dealing with the resolution of various types of complaints. It is important to note that when installing the windows, all possible errors, or incorrect measurements of the meter, supplier, technology, production, logistics and at the end of the installers, will be indicated. A great deal of problems are still caused by the installation of windows. The products arrive repeatedly on the damaged object, the superficial installation and the use of irregular materials only deepen the problem. After the problems with the installation and transport of windows were revealed, we came up with solutions that would reduce the number of errors and subsequent complaints related to them. We have demonstrated solutions that include detailed window inspection after finishing installation, reduction of surface damage, proper window maintenance and ventilation of rooms. These solutions would reduce the number of complaints and thus provide a comfortable living environment.

Za nastanek avtomobila potrebujemo proizvodnjo, ki mora biti zaradi izjemno velike konkurence na trgu avtomobilov tehnično in tehnološko dovršena. V diplomskem delu smo najprej preučili značilnosti proizvodnje in skušali odgovoriti predvsem na vprašanja, katere vrste proizvodnje poznamo, kako se proizvodnja deli, kateri procesi potekajo v njej in kakšen je njen vpliv na okolje. Nato smo se posvetili obravnavi poslovnih procesov in managementu v proizvodnji. Nadaljevali smo s predstavitvijo proizvodnje v avtomobilski industriji in njenih značilnosti. V tem okviru smo obravnavali tudi Industrijo 4.0, ki predstavlja četrto industrijsko revolucijo in je pomembna za razvoj avtomobilske industrije, predvsem z uvedbo avtomatizacije in robotizacije proizvodnje. Obravnavo možnosti izboljšanja proizvodnje z uporabo načel Industrije 4.0 smo zaključili z obravnavo primera avtomobilske proizvodnje. To create a car we need a production, which must be technically and technologically completed due to the extremely high competition in the automotive market. In the diploma thesis, we first studied the characteristics of the production, especially the question of what kind of production we know, how the production is divided, what processes are being carried out in the production, and what the impact of production is on the environment. Then we devoted ourselves to dealing with business processes and production management. We proceeded with the production in the automotive industry and its characteristics. In this context, we also discussed Industry 4.0, which represents the fourth industrial revolution and it is important for the development of the automotive industry, mostly by introducing automation and robotization of production. We discussed the possibility of improving production by applying the principles to industry 4.0 by addressing the case of automotive production.

V teoretičnem delu tega dela diplomskega projekta smo predstavili vse tri vidike podjetniške racionalnosti, ki so učinkovitost, usmerjenost v dobiček in etičnost. Še posebno se osredotočamo na učinkovitost (tehnično racionalnost). V nadaljevanju smo predstavili vitko proizvodnjo in metodo 5S. S pomočjo te metode ustvarjamo in ohranjamo dobro organizirano, čisto, učinkovito in kakovostno delovno mesto. Teoretični del omogoča temelje za kasnejše analiziranje. Namen diplomskega projekta je ugotoviti, kako metoda 5S vpliva na produktivnost na proizvodnih linijah v podjetju GKA, d.o.o. V ta namen smo opazovali tri proizvodne linije na področju kuhalnih, pralnih in pomivalnih aparatov za obdobje 6 mesecev. V praktičnemu delu smo na začetku predstavili uporabo metode 5S v izbranem podjetju GKA, d.o.o. Kasneje smo izvedli analizo produktivnosti delovnih sredstev in dela na izbranih proizvodnih linijah. To smo izvedli z analiziranjem vseh vrst zastojev in izgub. Na koncu smo opravili najpomembnejšo analizo, v kateri smo analizirali vpliv uporabe metode 5S na izmet, varstvo pri delu in produktivnost. V sklepu smo povzeli vse pomembne ugotovite in podali predloge za izboljšanje obstoječega stanja. Spoznali smo, da je izjemno pomembno, da prepoznamo vse možnosti, da bi lahko kakorkoli povečali učinkovitost proizvodnje. Vsaka možnost, s katero bi v podjetju dosegli boljše rezultate, je pomembna. Ena od možnosti, ki jo lahko uporabimo za zmanjšanje stroškov, je odstranitev nepotrebnih izgub v proizvodnem procesu, kar smo preučevali v tem delu diplomskega projekta. In the theoretical part of this part of the graduation project we presented all three aspects of entrepreneurial rationality, which are efficiency, orientation in profit and ethics. We especially focus in efficiency (technical rationality). In the continuation, we presented the lean manufacturing and the 5S method. With the help of this method, we create and maintain well organised, clean, effective and quality workplace. Theoretical part enables foundation for the further analysis. The purpose of this graduation project is to find out how the 5S method affects productivity on production lines in the company GKA, d.o.o. For this purpose, we observed three production lines in the area of cooking, laundry and dishwashing for a period of 6 months. In the beginning of the practical part, we presented the use of the 5S method in the chosen company GKA d.o.o. Later on we did an analysis of the productivity working assets and work on the selected production lines. We did that by analysing all kinds of stops and losses. Finally, the most important analysis was performed in which we analyzed the impact of using the 5S method on scrap, safety at work and productivity. In conclusion, we summarized all the important findings and made suggestions for improving the current situation. We realized that it is extremely important to recognise all the possibilities in order to maximize the efficiency of the production. Every possibility, with which we could reach better results in the company, is important. One of the possibilities that we can use for decreasing costs is removing the unnecessary losses in the production process, which we studied in this part of the graduation project.

Osnovni cilj proizvodnje je zagotoviti izdelke kupcem v dogovorjenih dobavnih rokih ob minimalnih stroških. Pri doseganju teh ciljev si lahko pomagamo z optimalnim razvrščanjem kapacitet. Podjetja morajo biti čim bolj fleksibilna in se zaradi konkurence pripravljena odzvati na spremembe kar se da hitro. Dinamično razvrščanje proizvodnje v malih in srednje velikih podjetjih je eden izmed najbolj zahtevnih kombinatoričnih optimizacijskih problemov, saj je izjemno kompleksno in presega človeške sposobnosti. Praktična vrednost razvrščanja se kaže neposredno pri višanju izkoristka proizvodnih resursov in s tem povezanem nižanju proizvodnih stroškov podjetja. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili bistvene značilnost naročniške proizvodnje, podali teorijo s področja razvrščanja opravil in opisali prednostna oz. prioritetna pravila za razvrščanje delovnih nalogov. V praktičnem delu pa smo na primeru obravnavanega podjetja z naročniško proizvodnjo uporabili različna pravila razvrščanja in iskali optimalno možnost. The main goal of the production is to deliver the product to the customer within the specified deadline and at minimal cost. To achieve both goals, we can help with the optimal capacity management. Due to competition, companies must be flexible and be ready to react to changes as quickly as possible. Dynamic planning of production in small and medium sized companies is one of the most difficult combinatorial optimization problems - extremely complex and exceeds humans' abilities. Practical value is directly reflected in the rise of production resource utilization and consequently in the lowering of production costs in the company. In the theoretical part of this work, the main focus is on the description of basic characteristics of Make-To-Order production, theory of scheduling models and Priority Dispatch Rules. In the practical part of the work, we have focused on an optimization problem within the production environment of the company.

V diplomskem delu smo opisali podjetje Impol PCP, d. o. o., eno izmed trinajstih podjetij v družbi Impol, d. o. o. Impol ima večletno tradicijo, ustanovljen je bil že leta 1825. V tem času, se je podjetje razvijalo in širilo, sedaj ima tudi podjetja v Srbiji ter na Hrvaškem. Podjetje se ukvarja s predelavo aluminija. Kot problem v diplomskem delu smo izpostavili nepotrebne manipulacije med proizvodnim obratom in skladiščem ter tudi skladiščenjem samim. Predlagamo novo nakladalno ploščad, s katero bi se izdatno zmanjšale manipulacije med proizvodnim obratom in skladiščem. Izračunali smo tudi čas, v katerem naj bi se investicija, ki bi jo podjetje namenilo za novo nakladalno ploščad, tudi povrnila. In this diploma, we described the company Impol PCP d.o.o., one of the thirteen companies in the company Impol d.o.o.. Impol deals with the processing of aluminum. Impol has a long tradition, it was founded in 1825. At this time, the company has developed and expanded, and now there are companies in Serbia and Croatia. As a problem in the diploma we pointed out the unnecessary manipulations between the production and the warehouse, as well as the storage in the warehouse itself. We tried to solve this problem by suggesting that we need a new loading dock, which would reduce manipulation between the production plant and the warehouse. We also calculated the time whenh this investment intended for the new loading dock could be repaid.

Diplomski projekt z naslovom Reinženiring proizvodnega procesa v izbranem podjetju se nanaša na podjetje Kana D.o.o., ki se ukvarja z proizvodnjo in prodajo nagrobnih sveč. V teoretičnem delu diplomskega projekta predstavljamo osnove teorije organizacije in poslovne procese, ki se nanašajo na proizvodnjo ter delovna mesta. V sklopu poslovnih procesov podrobneje analiziramo prenavljanje procesov, opredelimo prenovo procesov naštejemo možne metode in pristope k prenavljanju poslovanja ter sistematizacijo delovnih mest. V aplikativnem delu diplomskega projetka se ukvarjamo z zarisom trenutnega stanja delavnice. Natančno zarišemo delovna mesta ter potek njihovega delovnega toka, tako da dobimo pregled nad procesom oz. procesi v proizvodnji. Le te analiziramo, da dobimo kritično mnenje o učinkovitosti delovnih procesov. Predlagamo možne spremembe in opazujemo ter merimo čase in razdalje potrebne za predloge sprememb. Ugotavljamo rezultate in možne izboljšave. Graduation project titled Reengineering of production process in selected company refers to company Kana D.o.o. which is manufacturing and selling cementery candles. In the theoretical part of the Diploma project we present the fundamentals of organization theory and business processes that relate to production and workplaces. Within business processes we are analizing the process of renewal in more detail, defining the process of renewal, identifying the possible methods and aproachess to the upgrade of the business and the systematization of workplaces. In the applicable part of this thesis we are dealing with the drawing of the current state of the workshop. We accurately plot the workplaces and the course of their workflow so that we get an overview of the production process. We are analyzing this to obtain a critical opinion on the effectiveness of work processes. We propose possible changes and observe and measure the times and distances required for the amendments. We are looking forward at the results and possible improvements.

Određivanje odgovarajućih zahtjeva od bitne je važnosti u ranim fazama projektiranja proizvoda kako bi se dobilo dovoljno informacija i da ne bi previše ograničili proizvod. U radu se razmatra što se može dogoditi ako se to ne učini. Daje se pregled najsuvremenijih metodologija za izbor i klasificiranje potrebnih svojstava proizvoda. Postojeće metode odabira uglavnom nisu usmjerene na sadržaj potrebnih zashtjeva i metode klasifikacije zahtjeva koji nedostaju. Zbog toga se predlaže nova metoda određivanja i klasifikacije porebnih zahtjeva. Njome se definiraju univerzalno potrebni zahtjevi, neophodni zahtjevi specifična za razvijani proizvod te zahtjevi po izboru. Prikladnost metode provjerena je na slučaju analize rada regulatora za ispuštanje zraka i mišljenja stručnjaka. Pozitivni doprinos metode potvrđen je evaluacijom od strane novih projektanata., Establishing appropriate requirements is essential in early phases of product design for obtaining enough information and in order not to over-constrain the product. Consequences of failing to do so are discussed. An overview of state-of-the-art methodologies for eliciting and classifying requirements is presented. Existing elicitation methods tend not to focus on the requirements content and the classification methods overlook the missing requirements. To overcome this gap a new method for requirements elicitation and classification is proposed. It defines the universally necessary requirements, product-specific necessary requirements and optional requirements. The appropriateness of the method is verified with a case-study on air ventilation register box and expert opinions. The positive contribution of the method is confirmed through evaluation with novice design engineers.

Proizvodna podjetja vseskozi vlagajo napore v povečevanje produktivnosti ljudi in proizvodne opreme oz. želijo produktivnost zadržati vsaj na zadovoljivi ravni. Raziskovali smo produktivnost in poslovne procese, ki smo jih za potrebe raziskave preučevali iz tehnološkega vidika in vidika človeškega faktorja oz. dela. Preučevanje koncepta produktivnosti na takšen način, koristi predvsem proizvodnim podjetjem, saj le-ta večino pozornosti namenjajo tehnologiji v proizvodnji ter zaposlenim. Ugotavljamo, da avtorji s tehnološkimi procesi najpogosteje povezujejo tehnologijo, računalniško proizvodnjo in avtomatizacijo. Z delovnimi procesi, ki jih povezujemo s človeškim faktorjem, pa avtorji namenjajo pozornost razporejanju dela, merjenju dela in specializaciji. Poslovne procese je potrebno ob predlogih za izboljšanje produktivnosti pogosto spremeniti. Radikalnost sprememb poslovnih procesov pa rangiramo od tistih najmanj radikalnih, ki so zgolj izboljšanje poslovnega procesa, do bolj radikalnih, kot je preoblikovanje poslovnega procesa, do najradikalnejših prenov poslovnih procesov. Preučevanje produktivnosti, ki temelji na preučevanju tehnološkega in delovnega procesa pokaže, da obstaja mnogo tehnik in metod za merjenje ter posledično izboljšanje produktivnosti, izbrati pa moramo najprimernejše, glede na situacijo. Produktivnost smo merili na 20 MN stiskalnici aluminija v podjetju Impol PCP d.o.o. V raziskavo smo zajeli podatke meritev procesa stiskanja dveh različnih izdelkov, in sicer aluminijastih cevi in palic. Proces stiskanja smo razdelili na različne faze in s pomočjo multiple regresijske analize določili njihov vpliv na skupen čas celotnega transformacijskega procesa. Na temelju dobljenih rezultatov smo pripravili predloge za izboljšanje produktivnosti tehnološkega in delovnega procesa, ter jih povezali z rezultati statistične analize in podatkov o parametrih, ki so nam bili na voljo za izračune. Linearno smo izračunali spremembe v produktivnosti na temelju naših predlogov. Za izboljšanje delovne produktivnosti predlagamo delo čez malico s primerno finančno kompenzacijo, za povečanje tehnološke produktivnosti pa povečanje hitrosti faze počasnega stiskanja na stroju. Ugotavljamo, da imajo lahko celo najenostavnejši predlogi in spremembe procesa linearno velik vpliv na produktivnost in poslovni rezultat podjetja. Učinki študije in raziskave pa se kažejo v boljšem razumevanju koncepta produktivnosti za proizvodna podjetja. Production companies continuously invest effort to increase productivity of employees and production equipment, or they want to keep productivity at satisfactory level. We have been researching productivity and business processes, which we have divided in to human and technological sides for the purposes of our research. To study the concept of productivity in this way benefits production companies, because production companies are focusing mainly on the production technology and employee's labour. We have found that authors usually associate technology, computer integrated production and automatization with technological processes. On the other side with labour processes which are associated with human factor, authors associate work scheduling, work measurement and work specialization. With the proposals for higher productivity, business processes usually need to be changed. We can rank the radicality of changes in business processes in three stages. The less radical change is business process improvement, more radical is business process re-design and the most radical change is business process reengineering. Studying productivity from the point of view of technological and labour procesess shows that there are many techniques for measuring and improving productivity. Therefore we must choose the ones that best suit our situation. We were measuring productivity on 20 MN aluminum press at Impol PCP d.o.o. company. In the study we included measurement data from two different products production, that is aluminium tubes and rods. Pressing process was broken down into various parts and by using a multiple regression analysis we have determined their effect on the total time of the process. We have prepared suggestions for productivity improvement of technological and labour process, that we have based on results of statistical analysis and available relevant information. We have calculated changes in productivity based on our suggestions by using linear approach. For the labour productivity improvement we suggest working through lunch with fair compensation for the workers and for technological productivity improvement we suggest increasing the speed of slow pressing process on the machine. We have concluded that even simple suggestions and small changes in the process can have a big effect on productivity and profitability of the company. The effects of the study are showing through better understanding the concept of productivity for production companies.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to apply an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for the evaluation/selection of maintenance policy. Methodology/Approach: The paper adopts a case study approach of selecting most appropriate maintenance policy in the case of Slovenian paper mill company. Several steps of the AHP method are used in order to structure the decision-making process. Five possible alternatives are considered: failure based maintenance, preventive maintenance, total productive maintenance, reliability centered maintenance and total quality maintenance. Findings: This paper proposes a framework for maintenance policy selection based on the AHP methodology. The framework was applied to select the most appropriate maintenance policy in a paper mill company. The results suggest that total quality maintenance is the most suitable concept for a paper machine. By performing a sensitivity analysis, it was revealed that the final outcome remained stable in all cases when the weights of the main criteria were increased for 25 percent. Originality/value: The paper contributes to the literature by providing a framework for decision-making process regarding the maintenance policy selection. In addition, this paper utilizes an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) chart for performing a consistency test. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis also presents an important implication of this study. Namen: Namen članka je prikazati uporabo metode analitičnega hierarhičnega procesa (AHP) na primeru evalvacije in izbire ustrezne politike vzdrževanja. Metodologija/pristop: Članek temelji na študiji primera izbire najprimernejše politike vzdrževanja za slovensko papirniško podjetje. V okviru študije primera so uporabljeni in predlagani številni koraki AHP metode, katerih namen je strukturirati odločitveni proces. V raziskavi so bili upoštevani naslednji koncepti vzdrževanja: kurativno vzdrževanje, preventivno vzdrževanje, celovito produktivno vzdrževanje, vzdrževanje na osnovi zanesljivosti, celovito kakovostno vzdrževanje. Ugotovitve: Predlagan je okvir za izbiro ustrezne politike vzdrževanja, ki temelji na metodologiji AHP. Predlagani okvir je bil testiran na primeru izbire najprimernejše politike vzdrževanja za slovensko papirniško podjetje. Rezultati kažejo, da je celovito kakovostno vzdrževanje najbolj primeren koncept vzdrževanja za proučevani papirniški stroj. Z naknadno analizo občutljivosti je bilo ugotovljeno, da je končna razvrstitev ocenjevanih politik vzdrževanja ostala nespremenjena, kljub 25% povečanjem uteži vseh ključnih kriterijev. Izvirnost/pomembnost prispevka: Članek predstavlja doprinos k obstoječi literaturi z vidika razvoja okvira, katerega namen je zagotoviti strukturirani odločitveni proces izbire ustrezne politike vzdrževanja. V članku je predlagana in prikazana metoda za preverjanje konsistentnosti na osnovi kontrolne karte, ki temelji na eksponentnem ponderiranem pomičnim povprečjem (EWMA). Pomembnost raziskave se dodatno odraža še preko analize občutljivosti, ki ravno tako predstavlja pomembni del predlaganega okvira za izbiro ustrezne politike vzdrževanja.

V delu diplomskega projekta je predstavljena problematika podjetja, ki se do sedaj ukvarja le s predelavo klasičnega nerafiniranega bučnega olja. To podjetje sedaj na trgu zaznava povpraševanje po hladno stiskanem olju, ter se zaradi tega odloča o nakupu stroja za hladno stiskanje olja. Skozi delo diplomskega projekta je bilo potrebno ugotoviti ali je investicija v nakup stroja za hladno stiskano olje za podjetje smotrna. Odločitev za nakup je namreč smotrna šele po opravljeni analizi trga, po analizi potreb in povpraševanja po proizvodu, ki ga podjetje proizvaja in trži, ter po preučitvi možnih prihodkov in odhodkov, ki bi jih s tem strojem ustvarili. Po opravljeni analizi trga in preučitvi dosedanje bilance in poslovnega izida podjetja je bilo ugotovljeno, da je investicija podjetja v stroj za hladno stiskano olje za podjetje smotrna, saj poveča podjetnikov osnovni kapital, kar je razvidno iz bilance stanja, ter poveča podjetnikov dobiček, kar je razvidno iz poslovnega izida. Podjetju pa doprinese tudi pri razširitvi ponudbe. In this graduation project we presented the problematics of a company that has dealt with the processing of classical unrefined pumpkin seed oil until now. At present the company is perceiving the demand for cold extracted oil on the market and is deciding about the purchase of machinery for the cold extraction of the oil. Throughout the graduation project we needed to determine whether the decision about the investment in purchasing a machine for the cold extracted oil is rational. The decision about the purchase is rational only after analysing the market as well as the needs and demands for the product the company produces and after considering the possible revenues and expenses which this machine would create. After analysing the market and examining the existing balance sheet as well as profit and loss of the company it was found that the investment in the machine for the cold extracted oil would be very effective for the company because it would increase the entrepreneur’s initial capital, evident from the balance sheet, and it would also increase the entrepreneur’s profit as shown in profit and loss. The company will also expand their offer on the market.

V diplomskem delu smo proučili literaturo in vire na področju procesov planiranja, delovanja in obnašanja podjetja in analizirali procese planiranja delovanja in obnašanja podjetja X. Ugotovili smo, da je podjetje X z uvedbo planiranja doseglo koristi, ki se kažejo v izboljšanju učinkovitosti dela, sodelovanja z bankami, dobavi kupcem v roku in kakovosti proizvodov. Na ta način podjetje X postane bolj zanimivo za tuji trg. Vodstvu oziroma podjetju X smo priporočili, da zasleduje in izpolnjuje cilje, ki so si jih zastavili na začetku delovanja, da svoj razvoj racionalno usmerijo na tista področja, kjer se pričakuje uspešna prihodnost videnja podjetja. In the thesis, we have studied literature on the processes of planning, operation and the company’s behaviour, and analysed the procedures of planning the operation and performance in company X. We have observed that with implementing the processes of planning, company X has achieved benefits which are reflected in the improvement of work efficiency, bank cooperation, timely supply to the buyers and the quality of products. By this means, company X has attracted more attention from the foreign market. We have recommended the management of company X to pursue and meet the objectives they set at the start of their operation, and to rationally target their development into areas where successful future vision of the company is anticipated.

V hudem konkurenčnem boju se na trgih obdržijo samo proizvodna podjetja, ki dobavljajo široko paleto izdelkov vrhunske kakovosti v kratkih rokih in po nizkih cenah. Kupci zaradi zahtev po kratkih dobavnih rokih, možnostih spreminjanja naročil ter njihovih količin in fleksibilnosti in zanesljivosti dobav postavljajo proizvajalce pred zelo zahtevne naloge. Zato podjetja stremijo k nenehnemu izboljšanju učinkovitosti in optimizacije proizvodnega procesa. Osnovni namen magistrskega dela je razviti model dinamičnega planiranja serijske proizvodnje v obravnavanem podjetju, zato naloga najprej predstavlja spoznanja domače in tuje literature s področja planiranja proizvodnje, nadalje preučuje stanje sedanjega sistema planiranja v izbranem podjetju ter na podlagi opravljene raziskave ponudi nov model dinamičnega planiranja proizvodnje za potrebe delovanja podjetja. V zadnjih letih se je podjetje soočilo z velikimi spremembami v poslovanju in spremembi proizvodnih programov. Te spremembe so povzročile predvsem probleme pri planiranju in vodenju proizvodnje, kar se izraža v nenehnih zamudah do kupcev, ki pa so tudi posledica slabo izkoriščenih strojev. Magistrsko delo se v prvem delu naloge ukvarja s teoretičnimi izhodišči planiranja proizvodnje, kjer so predstavljeni in pojasnjeni različni proizvodni sistemi, ki se uporabljajo v podjetjih vsepovsod po svetu. V nadaljevanju podrobneje opisujemo različne koncepte materialnega toka proizvodnega sistema, ki se uporabljajo pri planiranju in vodenju proizvodnje. Četrto poglavje opisuje obravnavano podjetje, na primeru katerega v petem poglavju postavimo izhodišča za razvoj dinamičnega planiranja proizvodnje. Z empiričnim delom v zaključku magistrske naloge preučujemo, kako bi uvedba novega, dinamičnega modela planiranja proizvodnje lahko pripomogla k temu, da bi podjetje v povprečju bolje izkoristilo razpoložljivo strojno opremo in tudi zmanjšalo zamude v proizvodnji. V sklepnem delu podajamo svoj pogled na uvedbo novega sistema planiranja proizvodnje v obravnavanem podjetju ter opredelimo izhodišča, s katerimi se bodo druga podjetja lažje odločala za implementacijo bolj optimalnega sistema planiranja proizvodnje v svojo organizacijo. Nowadays, when companies are faced with huge market competition, it is crucial for their existence on the market that they provide large range of high quality products in short terms and at low prices. Buyers are putting manufacturers in front of difficult tasks, due to their demand for short term supply, later changes of ordered products and their quantity, expectation of flexibility and reliable supply. Mentioned factors are the main reason why companies strive towards constant improvement of efficiency and optimization of production process. Basic purpose of this thesis is to develop a model of dynamic planning in mass production for the discussed company. Therefore, thesis deals with findings of national and international literature in the field of production planning, further on studies the condition of current planning system of the discussed company and provides a new model of dynamic planning in mass production for the operational needs of discussed company as a result of conducted research. In the last years, the discussed company was faced with large changes in the way company was doing business and with production programs. These changes led to problems with production planning and control, which consequentially meant constant delays in relation to buyers. The latter is also a consequence of inefficient machinery usage. First part of the thesis deals with theory concepts of production planning and provides explanation of different models of production planning that are used all over the world. Furthermore, we provide detailed description for different concepts of material flow of production system that is used for production planning and control. Chapter 4 deals with description of discussed company, which is used as an example for the basis of development of a new, dynamic planning production model. In the empirical part of the thesis we study how an implementation of a new dynamic planning production model would be beneficial to the discussed company in a sense of a better, more efficient machinery usage and prevention of possible delays in the production process. The conclusion of the thesis provides our own view of a new production planning model, developed for implementation to the discussed company, and defines fundamentals that other companies can take into consideration, when deciding to implement the most optimal production planning system in their organization.

This article describes the development of a web-based dynamic job-shop scheduling system for small and medium enterprises. In large enterprises, scheduling is mainly performed with appropriate technology by human experts many small and medium enterprises lack the resources to implement such a task. The main objective was to develop a cost-effective, efficient solution for job-shop scheduling in small and medium enterprises with an emphasis on accessibility, platform independence and ease of use. For these reasons, we decided to develop a web-based solution with the main emphasis on the development of an intelligent and dynamic user interface. The solution is built upon modular programming principles and enables dynamic scheduling on the basis of artificial intelligence, i.e. genetic algorithms. The solution has been developed as a standalone information system, which allows the management of virtually all scheduling activities through an administration panel. In addition, the solution covers the five main functionalities that completely support the scheduling process, i.e. making an inventory of resources available in the company, using it in the process of production planning, collecting data on production activities, distribution of up-to-date information and insight over events in the system. Prispevek obravnava razvoj spletne aplikacije za potrebe dinamičnega razporejanja proizvodnje v malih in srednje velikih podjetjih. Medtem ko večja podjetja lahko investirajo v ljudi in ustrezno tehnologijo, ki podpira aktivnosti razporejanja, številna mala in srednja podjetja trpijo prav zaradi pomanjkanja podpore pri upravljanju le-teh. Glavni cilj je bil razvoj stroškovno ugodne, učinkovite rešitve za potrebe razporejanja proizvodnje v malih in srednjih podjetjih s poudarkom na dostopnosti, neodvisnosti od platform in enostavnosti uporabe. Zaradi tega smo se odločili za razvoj spletne rešitve, pri kateri je bil glavni poudarek na razvoju inteligentnega in dinamičnega uporabniškega vmesnika. Rešitev je zgrajena modularno in omogoča dinamično razporejanje naročil v proizvodnjo na podlagi metode umetne inteligence - genetskih algoritmov. Rešitev je razvita kot samostojen informacijski sistem, ki preko administracijskega vmesnika omogoča upravljanje vseh aktivnosti razporejanja. Tako lahko posameznim uporabniškim skupinam določamo ustrezne dostopne pravice in s tem uporabnikom omogočamo izvajanje posameznih aktivnosti. Poleg tega je v nalogi zajetih še pet glavnih funkcionalnosti, ki podpirajo dejavnosti razpore­janja. Tako rešitev omogoča popisovanje sredstev s katerimi podjetje razpolaga, uporabo le-teh v procesu planiranja proiz­vodnje, zbiranje podatkov o proizvodnih aktivnostih, ažurno razpečevanje informacij in izvajanje nadzora nad dogajanjem v sistemu.

This paper presents the cost optimal project scheduling. The optimization was performed by the nonlinear programming approach, NLP The nonlinear total project cost objective function is subjected to the rigorous system of the activity preceden- ce relationship constraints, the activity duration constraints and the project duration constraints. The set of activity precedence relationship constraints was defined to comprise Finish-to-Start, Start-to-Start, Start-to-Finish and Finish-to-Finish precedence relationships between activities. The activity duration constraints determine relationships between minimum, maximum and possible duration of the project activities. The project duration constraints define the maximum feasible project duration. A numerical example is presented at the end of the paper in order to present the applicability of the proposed approach. V članku je predstavljeno stroškovno optimalno planiranje projektov. Optimiranje je izvedeno s pristopom nelinearnega programiranja, NLP Nelinearna namenska funkcija celotnih stroškov projekta je podvržena rigoroznemu sistemu pogojnih neenačb časovnih odvisnosti med aktivnostmi, trajanja aktivnosti in trajanja projekta. Množica pogojnih neenačb časovnih odvisnosti med aktivnostmi vključuje časovne povezave konec-začetek, začetek-začetek, začetek-konec in konec-konec. Pogojne neenačbe trajanja aktivnosti določajo odnose med minimalnim, maksimalnim in možnim časom trajanja projektnih aktivnosti. Pogojne (ne)enačbe trajanja projekta omejijo maksimalni možni čas trajanja projekta. Za predstavitev uporabnosti predlaganega pristopa je na koncu članka prikazan računski primer.