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It is expected that climate change as well as abiotic and anthropogenic disturbances will strongly influence temperate forests. Besides changes in the main climate variables, various disturbance factors may significantly worsen conditions for mesic Slovenian forests (SE Europe) dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and European silver fir (Abies alba). In Slovenia, the climate has warmed in recent decades, with an average annual rate of increase of about 0.4°C per decade or even more than 0.5°C per decade in summer. In addition, disturbances have caused considerable damage to trees in the most extensive forest types in Slovenia, starting with a widespread ice storm in 2014, followed by bark beetle outbreaks, windthrows and salvage logging interventions. After 2014, salvage logging increased from about one third to two thirds of the total annual felling. Over the last two decades, we have observed a decline in Norway spruce growing stock, with the highest rate of decrease in areas below 500 m a.s.l., and an increasing trend for European beech. Overall, the three dominant species (beech, spruce, silver fir), which together account for more than 70% of the total growing stock, have shown a declining trend over the last 20 years. The patterns observed are broadly consistent with earlier predictions developed for different climate change scenarios and with those reported in many other European countries. Adaptive forest management, which implements close-to-nature silviculture, has been traditionally practised in the region under study and has the potential to play an important role in reducing the risks associated with the impacts of climate change and disturbances in the future.

Prikazujemo sedem vrst metuljev, ki obžirajo hrastove liste: gobar (Lymantria dispar), zeleni hrastov zavijač (Tortrix viridana), mali zimski pedic (Operophthera brumata), veliki zimski pedic (Erannis defoliaria), hrastov sprevodni prelec (Thaumetopoea processionea), zlatoritka (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) in prstaničar (Malacosoma neustria). L. dispar in T. viridana sta se v submediteranskem in predpanonskem območju Slovenije pojavljala večkrat v močnejših gradacijah in povzročala škode. Naslednje dve vrsti pri nas povzročata manjše golobrste predvsem v naravnih sestojih doba v Prekmurju in Krakovskem gozdu ter v sestojih termofilnih hrastov v primorskem območju. T. processionea, E. chrysorrhoea ter M. neustria sporadično povzročajo poškodbe listja hrastov. Ugotavljajo, da se metulji defoliatorji pojavljajo v evropskih gozdovih vse pogosteje in začenjajo ponovno povzročati velike škode.Tudi pri nas ugotavljamo v zadnjih letih ponavljajoče se golobrste v hrastovih sestojih. Na kratko je prikazana morfologija, bionomija, opis poškodb, morebitne zamenjave, gostitelji, najpomembnejši naravni sovražniki inza nekatere omenjene vrste tudi vzroki za nastanek in nadaljevanje gradacij ter ogroženost sestojev. In the present contribution seven species of butterflies on oaks (Quercus spp.) are presented: gypsy moath (Lymantria dispar), European oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana), winter moth (Operophthera brumata), mottled umber moth (Erannis defoliaria), oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea), browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) and lackey moth (Malacosoma neustria).L. dispar and T. viridana have appeared several times in the sub-mediterranean and sub-pannonic areas of Slovenia and have caused damage. The next two species cause less significant defoliation mostly in natural pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) stands in Prekmurje and in the Krakovo forest as well as in thermophyllic oak stands in the coastal region. T. processionea, E. chrysorrhoea and M. neustria cause damage on oaks sporadically. Researchers state that butterflies which defoliate forests are appearing more frequently in Europe and are starting to cause extensive damagein forests again. Recently, in Slovenia the situation in oaks forests isthe same. A short description of the insects' morphology, bionomy, a description of damage, possible misidentifications, hosts, their most important natural enemies, causes of beginning or continuation of their outbreaks and their threat to forests are given.

Prispevek je prvi v seriji prispevkov, ki bodo obravnavali zdravje gozda. Namenjena je gozdarjem v operativnem gozdarstvu za uspešnejše delo v slovenskiPoročevalski, diagnostični in prognostični službi. Opisani bodo najpomembnejši škodljivi biotski (žuželke, glive, bakterije, virusi, ogorčice,mali sesalci) in abiotski dejavniki (suša, požar, pozeba). Razporejeni bodo po pomembnosti z ozirom na ekonomske škode in po drevesnih vrstah na katerih se najpogosteje pojavljajo. V prvem delu prispevka prikazujemo štiri vrste podlubnikov na navadni smreki (Picea abies): osmerozobega smrekovega lubadarja (Ips typographus), šesterozobega smrekovega lubadarja (Pityogenes chalcographus), dvojnookega smrekovega ličarja (Polygraphus poligraphus) ter malega osmerozobega smrekovaga lubadarja (Ips amitinus). Na kratko je prikazana njihova morfologija, bionomija, opis poškodb, morebitne zamenjave, gostitelji, vzroki za nastanek in nadaljevanje gradacij ter ogroženost sestojev. Za najpomembnejše vrste je opisana tudi kontrola gostote populacije in zatiranje, našteti so njihovi najpomembnejši naravni sovražniki. The present contribution is the first in a series which will deal with forest health. It is designed for foresters in practice and aimed at a more efficientperformance of the Reporting, diagnostic and prognostic service in Slovenia. The most important harmful biotic factors (insects, fungi, bacteria,viruses, nematodes, small mammals) and abiotic factors (drought, fire, frost) will be presented. They will be arranged by their importance withregard to economic importance and by the host on which they most often appear. In the first contribution we present four species of bark beetles on Norway spruce (Picea abies): the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus), six-toothed spruce bark beetle (Pityogenes chalcographus), smallspruce bark beetle (Polygraphus poligraphus) and small eight-toothed spruce bark beetle (Ips amitinus). A short description of their morphology, bionomy, a description of damages, possible misidentifications, hosts, causes of beginning or continuation of their outbreaks and their threat to forests isgiven. For the most important species control of population density and suppression are also described, and their most important natural enemies are listed.