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Uvod: Amiotrofična lateralna skleroza je neozdravljiva progresivna nevrodegenerativna bolezen, za katero je značilna progresivna izguba motoričnih funkcij s spastičnostjo, mišično oslabelostjo, atrofijo ter oslabljeno ali pretirano živahnostjo kitnih refleksov. V veliki meri je prizadeta tudi funkcija zgornjega uda. Namen: Z meritvami zmogljivosti cilindričnega in pincetnega prijema roke smo želeli ugotoviti, ali se zmogljivost bolnikov razlikuje od zdravih posameznikov. Zanimalo nas je tudi, ali so bolniki z amiotrofično lateralno sklerozo dovzetnejši za nastanek izvedbene utrudljivosti pri desetkratnem izvajanju testa devetih zatičev ter ali je pojav izvedbene utrudljivosti povezan z zmanjšano mišično zmogljivostjo cilindričnega in pincetnega prijema roke. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 24 odraslih bolnikov z amiotrofično lateralno sklerozo ter 15 zdravih posameznikov s podobnimi demografskimi podatki. Vsi so za namen testiranja zmogljivosti cilindričnega in pincetnega prijema opravili meritev s hidravličnim dinamometrom ter deset neprekinjenih ponovitev testa devetih zatičev. Rezultati: Pri bolnikih z amiotrofično lateralno sklerozo smo ugotovili manjšo zmogljivost cilindričnega in pincetnega prijema ter daljše absolutne čase izvajanja testa devetih zatičev kot pri zdravih posameznikih. Prav tako smo dokazali povezanost izvedbene utrudljivosti z zmanjšano zmogljivostjo obeh prijemov. Razprava in zaključek: Bolniki z amiotrofično lateralno sklerozo imajo zmanjšano zmogljivost prijemov roke in so dovzetnejši za pojav izvedbene utrudljivosti. Oboje pomembno vpliva na njihovo kakovost življenja, zato bi jima v prihodnosti morali posvečati več pozornosti, prav tako bi ju bilo smiselno upoštevati pri načrtovanju fizioterapevtske obravnave. Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is an incurable progressive neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive motor function loss with spasticity, muscle weakness, atrophy and hypo- or hyperreflexia. It largely affects the function of the upper limb. Purpose: We aimed to determine whether patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have a decreased muscle strength of cylindrical hand grip and pincer grasp in comparison to healthy individuals. We were also interested in whether patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are more susceptible to performance fatigue at performing ten repetitions of the nine-hole peg test, and if performance fatigue and decreased muscle strength show a significant correlation. Methods: The study included 24 adult patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and 15 healthy individuals with similar demographics. Each of them performed cylindrical hand grip and pincer grasp strength testing, followed by ten continuous repetitions of the nine-hole peg test. Results: We found a significantly decreased muscle strength of both grips and significantly longer absolute durations of the nine-hole peg test at patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Additionally, we found a correlation between performance fatigue and a decreased muscle strength. Discussion and conclusion: Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have a decreased grip strength and are more susceptible to performance fatigue than healthy individuals. Both impact the quality of patient’s life significantly therefore, future researches should focus on their influence and management and we should also consider them at planning the physiotherapy treatment.

Uvod: Fibromialgija je pogosto stanje nepojasnjenih kroničnih bolečin, ki prizadene predvsem ženske. Najverjetneje je pojav bolezni posledica prepleta več dejavnikov, vendar točen vzrok za sprožitev bolezni še ni znan. Zaradi stalnih bolečin in občutka nerazumljenosti lahko fibromialgija vpliva na zmanjšanje telesne dejavnosti, omejuje socialne stike, povečuje tveganje za razvoj depresije in tesnobnosti. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil s pomočjo pregleda literature ugotoviti učinkovitost sodobnih nevroznanstvenih in psiholoških pristopov pri obravnavi bolnikov s fibromialgijo. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu je bila uporabljena deskriptivna metoda raziskovanja s pregledom literature. Uporabljeni časovni okvir za izbor ustrezne literature je bil od leta 2012 do 2022. V podatkovnih bazah PubMed in Cochrane Library smo s ključnima besedama fibromyalgia AND neuroscience iskali ustrezno literaturo. Z vključitvenimi in izključitvenimi merili smo izbrali šest raziskav. Rezultati: Bolniki s fibromialgijo pogosto poročajo o močni bolečini, večjem številu bolečih točk, funkcijskih okvarah, kineziofobiji, depresiji in tesnobnosti. Avtorji rezultatov obravnavanih raziskav poročajo o pozitivnih učinkih uporabe nevroznanstvenih in psiholoških pristopov v kombinaciji s tradicionalnim zdravljenjem. Pisne ali spletne intervencije za obravnavo bolečine predstavljajo finančno in časovno razbremenitev zdravstvenega sistema, vendar osebni stik z bolnikom prinaša boljše spreminjanje neustreznih vzorcev. Dejavnosti, ki se izvajajo v naravi večinoma, pripomorejo k izboljšanju vzburjenja, dominantnosti in samopodobe ter zmanjšajo stres, bolečino in utrujenost. Razprava in zaključek: Ker je nevroznanstveni pristop h kronični bolečini razmeroma nov, je bilo najdeno manjše število kakovostne literature. V raziskavah so bila uporabljena zelo raznolika merilna orodja, kljub temu so vsa merila le subjektivni vidik doživljanja bolnikov. Prihodnje raziskave bi za povečanje posplošljivosti lahko uporabile/izdelale objektivno merilno orodje, uporabile bolj homogene vzorce bolnikov in izvedle intervencije v okolju primarne oskrbe z nižjimi izbornimi merili. Osebni stik je nenadomestljiv, a njegovo vlogo morda lahko zmanjša dolgotrajni program z izobraževalnimi videoposnetki. Dosedanje raziskave potrjujejo učinkovitost nevroznanstvenih in psiholoških pristopov za obravnavo fibromiaglije, saj vplivajo na zmanjšanje zaznane bolečine, funkcionalnih okvar, depresije, tesnobnosti in utrujenosti ter izboljšujejo možganske in psihološke atribucije za bolečino in pripravljenost za spremembe. Introduction: fibromyalgia is a common condition of unexplained chronic pain, affecting mainly women. Most likely, the occurrence of the disease is due to a combination of several factors, but the exact trigger is still unknown. Due to the constant pain and feelings of not being understood, fibromyalgia can lead to a decrease in physical activities, limit social contact, and increase the risk for depression and anxiety. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to determine the effectiveness of modern neuroscientific and psychological approaches in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients by conducting a literature review. Methods: The thesis used a descriptive research method with a literature review. The time frame for selecting relevant literature was from 2012 to 2022. We searched the PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for appropriate English-language literature using the keywords "fibromyalgia" AND "neuroscience". Six studies were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Fibromyalgia patients frequently report severe pain, multiple tender points, functional impairment, kinesiophobia, depression, and anxiety. The authors of the results of the studies reviewed report a positive effect of neuroscientific and psychological approaches in combination with traditional treatment. Written or online interventions for pain management are one way to reduce the financial and time burden on the health care system, but face-to-face contact with the patient leads to better changes in inappropriate patterns. Activities in nature usually contribute to the improvement of arousal, dominance and self-image and have an effect on the reduction of stress, pain and fatigue. Discussion and conclusion: Because the neuropsychological approach to chronic pain management is recent, a smaller number of high-quality papers were found. Studies used a wide range of measurement instruments however, all measurements captured the subjective aspect of patients' experiences. To increase generalizability, future studies could use/develop an objective measurement tool, use a more homogeneous patient sample, and conduct interventions in a primary care setting with lower selection criteria. Face-to-face contact is irreplaceable, but its role may be attenuated by a long program of educational videos. Recent studies confirm the efficacy of neuroscientific and psychological approaches to the treatment of fibromyalgia in reducing pain perception, functional impairment, depression, anxiety, and fatigue, and in improving brain and psychological attributions to pain and readiness to change.

Uvod: Mišično-skeletne okvare, povezane z delom, so opredeljene kot vsaka težava mišično-skeletnega sistema, ki se pojavi pri delu in povzroča nelagodje, težave ali bolečino med opravljanjem dela. Čeprav imajo fizioterapevti veliko znanja o mišično-skeletnih poškodbah in strategijah za preprečevanje le-teh, je razširjenost mišično-skeletnih okvar med to skupino delavcev visoka. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil na podlagi pregleda literature ugotoviti pojavnost mišično-skeletnih okvar zgornjega uda pri fizioterapevtih ter na podlagi pregledanih člankov analizirati in predstaviti dejavnike tveganja za nastanek le-teh. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo, ki je zajemala pregled literature. Strokovno in znanstveno literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, ScienceDirect in CINAHL. Pri iskanju literature smo uporabili naslednjo kombinacijo besed ali besednih zvez v angleškem jeziku (physiotherapist OR physical therapist) AND (musculoskeletal disorder OR occupational injuries OR work deformations OR musculoskeletal defects) AND (upper limb OR upper extremity OR arm OR hand OR thumb). Rezultati: Na podlagi ključnih besed je bilo najdenih 69 raziskav. Vključitvenim in izključitvenim kriterijem je ustrezalo osem raziskav, ki so bile vključene v nadaljnjo analizo. Za pridobitev podatkov so avtorji raziskav uporabili različne vrste vprašalnikov, ki so jih fizioterapevti izpolnili sami. Na podlagi vprašalnikov smo primerjali pojavnost mišično-skeletnih okvar zgornjega uda in demografske spremenljivke. Rezultati vseh analiziranih raziskav so pokazali, da se mišično-skeletne okvare zgornjega uda pogosteje pojavljajo pri ženskah, starejših fizioterapevtih in na začetku ali na koncu njihove delovne dobe. Najpogostejše prizadeto območje je palec, kar je največkrat posledica pogostega izvajanja manualne terapije. Mišično-skeletne okvare zgornjega uda najpogosteje prizadenejo fizioterapevte, ki delajo na področju ortopedije. Razprava in zaključek: Avtorji raziskav ugotavljajo, da je prevalenca z delom povezanih mišično-skeletnih okvar zgornjega uda pri fizioterapevtih visoka. V prihodnosti bo treba dati večji poudarek na preventivne ukrepe in zdravljenje tovrstnih poškodb. Na ta način bi lahko zmanjšali ali v določeni meri preprečili nastanek le-teh in s tem izboljšali kakovost življenja mnogih fizioterapevtov. Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are defined as any problem of the musculoskeletal system that occurs at work and causes discomfort, difficulty or pain during work. Although physiotherapists have a great deal of knowledge about musculoskeletal injuries and prevention strategies, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among this group of workers is high. Purpose: The aim of this diploma was to determinate the prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in physiotherapists based on a review of the literature, and to analyse and present risk factors for the occurrence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders in physiotherapists. Methods: The descriptive method used in the diploma was a literature review. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect and CINAHL databases. The following combination of words or phrases in English was used in the literature search: (physiotherapist OR physical therapist) AND (musculoskeletal disorder OR occupational injuries OR work deformations OR musculoskeletal defects) AND (upper limb OR upper extremity OR arm OR hand OR thumb). Results: 69 studies were found based on keywords. Eight studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in further analysis. The authors of the studies used different types of self-administered questionnaires to obtain the data. The questionnaires were used to compare the prevalence of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders and demographic variables. The results of all analysed surveys showed that upper limb musculoskeletal disorders are more common in women, in older physiotherapists, at the beginning or at the end of their working career. The most commonly affected area is the thumb, which is most often result of frequent manual therapy. Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb most commonly affect physiotherapists working in the field of orthopaedics. Discussion and conclusion: The authors of the studies conclude that the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb is high. In the future, more focus will need to be placed on preventive measures and treatment of such injuries. In this way, their occurrence could be reduced or to some extent prevented, thus improving the quality of life of many physiotherapists.

Uvod: Pandemija COVID-19, ki jo povzroča virus SARS-CoV-2, je prizadela vse zdravstvene sisteme. Pri okuženih bolnikih, zlasti pri starejši populaciji, poročajo o različnih stopnjah motenj dihalne, telesne in kognitivne funkcije. Pravočasni začetek rehabilitacije lahko izboljša prognozo in zmanjša možnost funkcijskega upada ter nastanka dolgotrajnega covida. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda znanstvene in strokovne literature ugotoviti, katere metode ter tehnike fizioterapije so pri rehabilitaciji pacientov s COVID-19 najučinkovitejše za izboljšanje funkcijske zmogljivosti, ravnotežja, aerobne zmogljivosti, mišične zmogljivosti in zmogljivosti dihalnih mišic. Metode dela: Iskanje literature je potekalo v podatkovni zbirki PubMed. Izbrane so bile raziskave, ki so ustrezale sledečim vključitvenim merilom: randomizirane nadzorovane klinične raziskave, objavljene med letoma 2020 in 2023, dostopnost celotnega besedila, raziskave s preiskovanci, ki so imeli potrjen COVID-19. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih sedem raziskav. Za raziskovanje so uporabili tehnike respiratorne fizioterapije in program večkomponentne vadbe. V štirih raziskavah se je fizioterapija izvajala preko medmrežja z uporabo telerehabilitacije, v treh neposredno pod vodstvom fizioterapevta oziroma vodje vadbenega programa. V štirih raziskavah so ugotovili statistično pomembne razlike med poskusno in primerjalno skupino, v treh statistično pomembne razlike le znotraj preiskovalnih skupin. Razprava in zaključek: Izsledki pregledanih raziskav so pokazali učinkovitost tehnik respiratorne fizioterapije in programa večkomponentne vadbe pri rehabilitaciji pacientov s COVID-19. V prihodnje bi bile potrebne nadaljnje raziskave z večjim vzorcem preiskovancev iz različnih starostnih skupin in daljšim trajanjem intervencij, vključno z osebami mlajšimi od 18 let ter osebami s kroničnimi boleznimi, ki so bile v pregledanih raziskavah izvzete. Prav tako bi bilo smiselno proučiti tudi druge fizioterapevtske metode in tehnike. Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has affected all health systems. Various degrees of respiratory, physical and cognitive dysfunction are reported in infected patients, especially in the elderly population. Timely initiation of rehabilitation can improve prognosis and reduce the possibility of functional decline and long COVID-19. Purpose: The aim of this diploma work is to determine which physiotherapy methods and techniques are most effective in the rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 for improving functional capacity, balance, aerobic capacity, muscle capacity and respiratory muscle capacity. Methods: The literature was searched in the PubMed database. Studies were selected if they met the following inclusion criteria: randomized controlled trials published between 2020 and 2023, full text availability, studies with subjects who had a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: Seven studies were included in the literature review. They used respiratory physiotherapy techniques and a multicomponent exercise program for the research. Three studies were conducted in-person, and four using telerehabilitation. In four studies, statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups, and in three, statistically significant differences were found only within the research groups. Discussion and conclusion: The results of the reviewed studies showed the effectiveness of respiratory physiotherapy techniques and a multicomponent exercise program in the rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19. In the future, further research with a larger number of subjects from different age groups and a longer duration of interventions would be needed, including persons under 18 years of age and persons with chronic diseases, which were excluded in the reviewed studies. It would also make sense to study other physiotherapy methods and techniques.

Uvod: Igelna desenzibilizacija postaja vse pogostejši terapevtski pristop k lajšanju bolečin v vratu, ki so posledica prisotnosti miofascialnih prožilnih točk. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pomočjo pregleda literature ugotoviti, kakšen učinek ima terapija z igelno desenzibilizacijo na bolečino v vratu, ki je posledica miofascialnih prožilnih točk v mišici trapezius. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo s pregledom literature. Pri iskanju smo uporabili časovni okvir od 2018 do 2022. Literatura je bila iskana v angleškem jeziku s ključnimi besedami dry needling AND neck pain AND trapezius, v podatkovni bazi PubMed. V podrobnejšo analizo smo vključili šest raziskav. Rezultati: Skupno število vseh preiskovancev je bilo 484. Vse raziskave so vključevale terapijo igelne desenzibilizacije, v vseh je bila opravljena enkrat, razen v eni dvakrat. Dve raziskavi sta imeli dve eksperimentalni skupini, ena je vključila intervencijo manualne terapije, ena pa globoko in površinsko igelno desenzibilizacijo. Ena raziskava je v isti intervenciji izvedla igelno desenzibilizacijo in manualno terapijo. V kontrolnih skupinah so izvajali ali lažno terapijo z igelno desenzibilizacijo, ali manualno terapijo, ali igelno desenzibilizacijo druge mišice. V raziskavah so bila uporabljena merilna orodja algometer in vizualna analogna lestvica za oceno bolečine (VAS) ali numerična lestvica za oceno bolečine. Ena raziskava je uporabila VAS brez algometrije, v eni pa so na boleče mesto dovedli pritisk z algometrom, pacient pa je na VAS ocenil stopnjo bolečine. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati kažejo, da ima terapija z igelno desenzibilizacijo pozitivne učinke na bolečino v mišici trapezius. Smiselno jo je uporabiti poleg manualne terapije, saj skupaj prinašata boljše rezultate. Tako globoka kot površinska igelna desenzibilizacija prinašata podobne rezultate, natančno mesto vboda dolgoročno ni zelo pomembno, priporočena pa je izvedba več kot ene terapije, saj tako pozitivni učinki trajajo dalj časa. Priporoča se kompresija vbodnega mesta, da se prepreči zapoznela bolečina. V pregled literature bi bilo smiselno vključiti raziskave, ki opazujejo učinke skozi daljše časovno obdobje in imajo večje vzorce. Introduction: Trigger point dry needling is becoming an increasingly common therapeutic approach to alleviate neck pain caused by the presence of myofascial trigger points. Purpose: The aim of this diploma work is to determine the effect of trigger point dry needling therapy on neck pain caused by myofascial trigger points in the trapezius muscle through a literature review. Methods: A descriptive method with a systematic literature review was used for this thesis. The time frame for the search was 2018 to 2022, and the literature was searched in English using the key words "dry needling AND neck pain AND trapezius" in the PubMed database. Six researchees were included in the detailed analysis. Results: The total number of participants in all studies was 484. All studies involved trigger point dry needling therapy, which was performed once, except for one study where it was performed twice. Two studies had two experimental groups, one included manual therapy intervention, and the other included deep and superficial trigger point dry needling. One study performed trigger point dry needling and manual therapy in the same intervention. The control groups received either sham trigger point dry needling or manual therapy or trigger point dry needling of another muscle. The measurement tools used in the studies were the algometer and the visual analog scale (VAS) or the numerical rating scale for pain assessment. One study used VAS without an algometer, and in one study, pressure was applied to the painful area with the algometer, and the patient rated the level of pain on the VAS. Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that trigger point dry needling therapy has positive effects on pain in the trapezius muscle. It makes sense to use it in combination with manual therapy as they bring better results together. Both deep and superficial trigger point dry needling bring similar results, and the exact needle insertion site is not very important in the long term. It is recommended to perform more than one therapy session, as the positive effects last longer. Compression of the needle insertion site is recommended to prevent delayed pain. It would be useful to include studies that observe the effects over a longer period of time and have larger sample sizes.

Uvod: Spinalna mišična atrofija je skupina genetskih bolezni, katerim je skupna degeneracija celic motoričnih nevronov v sprednjem rogu hrbtenjače, posledica česar je postopno propadanje motoričnih nevronov in zatem še mišičnih vlaken, ki jih te celice oživčujejo. Z razvojem zdravila nusinersen se je za bolnike s spinalno mišično atrofijo pojavila tudi potreba po spremljanju zdravljenja bolnikov s to boleznijo. Glede na priporočila se bolnike s spinalno mišično atrofijo testira vsakih šest mesecev, kjer se oceni motorična funkcija s primerno funkcijsko lestvico. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je bil prevesti Popravljeno Hammersmithovo lestvico motoričnih funkcij in Popravljeno ocenjevalno lestvico za zgornje ude v slovenski jezik ter proučiti merske lastnosti prevodov. Preveriti smo želeli zanesljivost znotraj ocenjevalca, zanesljivost med ocenjevalci ter konvergentno veljavnost slovenskih prevodov pri ocenjevanju odraslih bolnikov s spinalno mišično atrofijo. Poleg tega so nas zanimali še učinki zdravljenja bolnikov s spinalno mišično atrofijo z zdravilom nusinersen. Metode dela: V raziskavo smo vključili 33 bolnikov. V del raziskave za ugotavljanje zanesljivosti posameznega ocenjevalca in med ocenjavalci smo vključili bolnike s spinalno mišično atrofijo, ki se zdravijo z zdravilom nusinersen in so privolili v snemanje. Podatke teh in vseh preostalih bolnikov pa smo uporabili za ugotavljanje veljavnosti slovenskega prevoda lestvic. Učinke zdravljenja smo spremljali s 6-minutnim testom hoje, s Popravljeno Hammersmithovo lestvico motoričnih funkcij, Popravljeno ocenjevalno lestvico za zgornje ude ter s testi pljučnih funkcij po pol leta, po enem letu in po letu in pol od pričetka zdravljenja. Rezultati: Zanesljivosti slovenskega prevoda Popravljene ocenjevalne lestvice za zgornje ude znotraj ocenjevalca je bila odlična (ICC = 0,996). Zanesljivost slovenskega prevoda Popravljene ocenjevalne lestvice za zgornje ude med ocenjevalci je bila na dan 0 (ICC = 1) in po sedmih dneh (ICC = 0,996) odlična. Povezanost med izidi Popravljene Hammersmithove lestvice motoričnih funkcij in Popravljene ocenjevalne lestvice za zgornje ude je bila po 6. mesecih zdravljenja odlična (r = 0,855), prav tako je bila odlična po 18. mesecih zdravljenja (r = 0,888). Povezanost Popravljene ocenjevalne lestvice za zgornje ude s 6 – minutnim testom hoje je bila po 6. mesecih zdravljenja nizka (r = 0,41), po 18. mesecih zdravljenja pa je bila povezanost še slabša (r = 0,35). Zanesljivost slovenskega prevoda Popravljene Hammersmithove lestvice motoričnih funkcij znotraj ocenjevalca je bila odlična (ICC = 1). Zanesljivost slovenskega prevoda Popravljene Hammersmithove lestvice motoričnih funkcij med ocenjevalci je bila na dan 0 (ICC = 0,999) in po sedmih dneh odlična (ICC = 0,999). Povezanost 6 – minutnega testa hoje s Popravljeno Hammersmithovo lestvico motoričnih funkcij je bila pred zdravljenjem nizka (r = 0,49) ter po 18. mesecih zdravljenja zmerna (r = 0,71). Po letu in pol zdravljenja odraslih bolnikov s spinalno mišično atrofijo sta se statistično značilno izboljšali le vrednosti maksimalnega ekspiratornega tlaka in inspiratornega tlaka pri vdihu skozi nos. Zaključek: Slovenska prevoda Popravljene Hammersmithove lestvice motoričnih funkcij in Popravljene ocenjevalne lestvice za zgornje ude sta zanesljiva, njuna veljavnost pa je nizka do odlična. Kljub temu, da nismo ugotovili izboljšanja funkcijskih zmožnosti odraslih bolnikov s spinalno mišično atrofijo, v povprečju nismo opažali poslabšanja, kar je za bolnike glede na progresivni potek bolezni spodbudno. Introduction: Spinal muscular atrophy is a severe neuromuscular disorder characterized by degeneration of anterior motor neurons, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and paralysis. The development of nusinersen for patients with spinal muscular atrophy has led to a need for treatment monitoring. The current standard of care recommends motor function assessment every six months using an appropriate functional scale. Purpose: The purpose of this master's thesis is to translate the Revised Hammersmith Motor Scale) and the Revised Upper Limb Module into the Slovenian language and assess the psychometric properties of the translations. Intra-rater reliability, inter-rater reliability, and convergent validity of the Slovenian translations for assessing adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy has were studied. Additionally, the effects of nusinersen treatment on patients with spinal muscular atrophy were investigated. Methods: A total of 33 patients with spinal muscular atrophy has treated with nusinersen participated in this study. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were assessed for the Slovenian translations of Revised Hammersmith Motor Scale and Revised Upper Limb Module, and data from all patients were used to determine the validity of the translations. Treatment effects were monitored using a 6-minute walk test, Revised Hammersmith Motor Scale, Revised Upper Limb Module, and lung function tests at six months, one year, and one and a half years after the start of treatment. Results: The intra-rater reliability of the Slovenian translation of Revised Upper Limb Module was found to be excellent (ICC = 0,996). The inter-rater reliability of the Slovenian translation of Revised Upper Limb Module was excellent on day 0 (ICC = 1) and after seven days (ICC = 0,996). The correlation between the results of Revised Hammersmith Motor Scale and Revised Upper Limb Module was very strong after 6 months of treatment (r = 0,855), as well as after 18 months of treatment (r = 0,888). The correlation between Revised Upper Limb Module and 6-minute walk test was weak after 6 months of treatment (r = 0,41) and after 18 months of treatment (r = 0,35). The intra-rater reliability of the Slovenian translation of RHS was excellent (ICC = 1), and the inter-rater reliability was excellent on day 0 (ICC = 0,999) and after seven days (ICC = 0,999). The correlation between 6-minute walk test and Revised Hammersmith Motor Scale was weak before treatment (r = 0,49) and moderate after 18 months of treatment (r = 0,71). After one and a half years of treatment in adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy has, statistically significant improvements were observed only in the maximum expiratory pressure and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure lung function values. Conclusion: The Slovenian translations of the Revised Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale and the Revised Upper Limb Module are reliable, and their validity ranges from weak to excellent. Despite not finding improvement in the functional abilities of adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy, on average, we did not observe deterioration, which is encouraging for patients considering the progressive nature of the disease.

Uvod: Kronična bolečina v spodnjem delu hrbta je najpogostejše mišično-skeletno obolenje pri odraslih. Z njo se vsaj enkrat v življenju sreča do 85 % svetovne populacije, kar predstavlja velik izziv za javno zdravje. Glede na trajanje je definirana kot bolečina, ki traja vsaj 12 tednov. Zdravljenje vključuje različne pristope fizioterapije, v zadnjem času pa je zelo narasla priljubljenost terapije s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije – ene od vrst termoterapije –, ki je sicer v uporabi že vrsto let, vendar pod drugim izrazom in na drugačen način. Ta terapija uporablja radiofrekvenčno energijo za segrevanje globokih tkiv. Namen: Namen diplomske naloge je bil ugotoviti učinek terapije s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije na kronično bolečino v spodnjem delu hrbta. Metode: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda raziskovanja. Iskanje literature je potekalo v podatkovni zbirki PubMed. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih šest kliničnih raziskav, ki so skupno vključevale 210 preiskovancev. V večini raziskav je bila kot merilno orodje za merjenje bolečine uporabljena vidna analogna lestvica, v eni raziskavi pa so uporabili algometrijo s pritiskom. V vseh raziskavah so dokazali statistično značilno izboljšanje takoj po intervenciji. V treh raziskavah so merili tudi dolgotrajne učinke terapije, vendar so samo v eni dokazali statistično značilno zmanjšanje bolečine glede na primerjalno skupino, v preostalih dveh pa so bila izboljšanja premajhna. Ugotovljeno je bilo tudi, da vrstni red uporabe kapacitivnega in uporovnega načina ne vpliva na izid terapije. Razprava in zaključek: Terapija s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije se je izkazala za učinkovito, ko govorimo o kratkotrajnem zmanjšanju bolečine, ki nastopi takoj po terapiji. Glede na rezultate raziskav ne moremo trditi, da ima terapija dolgoročne učinke. Potrebne so bolj kakovostne raziskave, ki bodo raziskovale tudi dolgotrajnejše učinke terapije. Introduction: Chronic low back pain is the most common musculoskeletal disorder in the adult population. It affects up to 85% of the world's population at least once in their lifetime and represents a major public health challenge. In terms of duration, it is defined as pain lasting at least 12 weeks. Treatment includes various physiotherapy approaches, but recently there has been a surge in popularity of capacitive and resistive energy transfer therapy – a type of thermotherapy – which has been in use for many years but under a different name and in a different way. This therapy uses radiofrequency energy to heat deep tissues. Purpose: The purpose of thesis was to determine the effects of capacitive and resistive energy transfer therapy on chronic low back pain. Methods: The descriptive research method was used. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database. Results: Six clinical studies involving a total of 210 participants were analysed in a literature review. Most studies used a visual analogue scale as the pain measurement tool, and one study used pressure algometry. All studies demonstrated statistically significant improvement immediately after the intervention. Three studies also measured the long-term effects of the therapy, but only one showed a statistically significant reduction in pain compared to the control group, while the other two showed insufficient improvement. It was also found that the order of application of the capacitive and resistive modalities did not affect the outcome of the therapy. Discussion and conclusion: Capacitive and resistive energy transfer therapy proved to be effective in terms of short-term pain reduction immediately after therapy. Based on the results of the studies, it cannot be said that the therapy has long-term effects. Better quality research is needed to investigate the long-term effects of the therapy.

Uvod: Eksplozivna mišična moč je v tekmovalnem in rekreativnem športu pogosto pomembna za športni rezultat. Predhodne mišične kontrakcije vplivajo na mehansko delovanje mišičnih kontrakcij pozneje. Utrujajoče mišične kontrakcije poslabšajo mišično moč, toda kratkotrajne mišične kontrakcije visoke intenzitete, izvedene med ogrevanjem športnikov, lahko povečajo mišično moč in s tem vplivajo tudi na skakanje. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pregledom znanstvene in strokovne literature ugotoviti, kako poaktivacijska potenciacija vpliva na višino navpičnega skoka in katere vadbene metode so najbolj učinkovite za doseganje tega pojava. Metode dela: Iskanje literature je potekalo po podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed in PMC z različnimi kombinacijami ključnih besed v angleškem jeziku. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih sedem raziskav, v katerih so avtorji preverjali vpliv poaktivacijske potenciacije na višino navpičnega skoka. Rezultati so pokazali, da poaktivacijska potenciacija lahko izboljša višino navpičnega skoka tudi za 5,9 %. Njen vpliv je zelo odvisen od protokola, ki je uporabljen za spodbujanje poaktivacijske potenciacije. Razprava in zaključek: Iz pregledanih raziskav lahko sklepamo, da je poaktivacijska potenciacija učinkovita pri povečanju višine navpičnega skoka predvsem pri športnikih oz. fizično močnejših posameznikih. Introduction: Explosive power of skeletal muscles is often important for sports performance in both competitive and recreational sports. Earlier muscle contractions affect the mechanical action of subsequent muscle contractions. Fatiguing muscle contractions impair muscle performance, but short-duration, high-intensity muscle contractions performed during an athlete's warm-up can increase muscle performance and thus affect jumping. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to determine, through a review of scientific and professional literature, how post-activation potentiation affects vertical jump height and which methods are most effective in achieving this. Methods: Literature searches were conducted using the PubMed and PMC databases with various combinations of keywords in English. Results: Seven studies were included in the literature review, in which the authors investigated the effect of post-activation potentiation on vertical jump height. The results show that post-activation potentiation can improve vertical jump height by as much as 5,9 %. Its impact is highly dependent on the protocol used to enhance post-activation potentiation. Discussion and Conclusion: From the reviewed studies, it can be concluded that post-activation potentiation is effective in increasing vertical jump height, especially in athletes or physically stronger individuals.

Uvod: Visokošolsko izobraževanje, ki temelji na kompetencah, omogoča študentom usvojitev potrebnih znanj, veščin, vrednot in stališč, ki jih bodo potrebovali v poklicnem in v zasebnem življenju. Pandemija koronavirusne bolezni covid-19 je vplivala na razvoj prilagojenega načina poučevanja, pri katerem je bilo treba študentom zagotoviti enako raven usvojenih kompetenc kot pred izbruhom pandemije. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti, v kolikšni meri so študentje študijskega programa fizioterapije na Zdravstveni fakulteti v Ljubljani usvojili kompetence v času študija v razmerah covida-19. Poleg tega smo želeli ugotoviti, v kolikšni meri so se razlikovale usvojitve kompetenc študentov iz naše raziskave in iz predhodno izvedene raziskave o usvojitvi kompetenc pred pandemijo koronavirusne bolezni covid-19. Metode dela: Za zbiranje podatkov smo uporabili anketni vprašalnik, ki je bil sestavljen iz dveh delov demografskih vprašanj in vprašanj za samooceno kompetenc. Za analizo rezultatov smo uporabili deskriptivne statistične metode, za oceno usvojenih kompetenc smo uporabili 5-stopenjsko Likertovo lestvico, za primerjavo ocene usvojitve kompetenc med anketama smo uporabili t-test za en vzorec. Rezultati: Za analizo smo uporabili odgovore 50 študentov, ki so v celoti izpolnili anketo, 12 moških (24 %) in 38 žensk (76 %). Povprečna starost je bila 23,36 leta (razpon 23–27 let). Povprečna vrednost ocene vseh usvojenih kompetenc je bila 3,45 (±1,08), povprečna vrednost ocene usvojenih kompetenc na fakulteti je bila 3,06 (±1,11), povprečna vrednost ocene usvojenih kompetenc v kliničnem okolju je bila 3,84 (±0,9). Pri primerjavi ocene usvojenih kompetenc na fakulteti in v kliničnem okolju med našo in predhodno raziskavo je do statistično pomembnih razlik prišlo pri večini kompetenc, naši anketiranci so bolje usvojili kompetence v kliničnem okolju s področja fizioterapevtskega ocenjevanja in izvajanja fizioterapevtskega procesa, medtem ko so vse ostale v času pandemije usvojili slabše. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati naše raziskave so pokazali, da so študenti ocenili, da so v času razmer covida-19 kompetence bolje usvojili v kliničnem okolju kot na fakulteti. Večina usvojenih kompetenc naših študentov je bila ocenjena nižje pri primerjavi z oceno kompetenc študentov v predhodni raziskavi. Introduction: Competency-based higher education enables students to acquire the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes they need in their professional and personal lives. The pandemic COVID-19 influenced the development of an adapted teaching method in which it was necessary to provide students with the same level of acquired competencies as before the outbreak of the pandemic. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which students in the physiotherapy program at the Faculty of Health in Ljubljana acquired competencies in the pandemic COVID-19. The study also aimed to compare the students' acquisition of competencies from our study and from a study conducted in 2015 before the pandemic COVID-19. Methods: For data collection, a questionnaire was developed that consisted of two parts: demographics data and self-assessment of competencies. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyse the results, and a 5-point Likert scale was used to evaluate the acquired competencies. A one-sample t-test was used to compare students’ assessment of acquired competencies between our survey and the 2015 survey. Results: Fifty students participated in the survey, 12 male (24%) and 38 female (76%). The mean age was 23.36 years (range 23 to 27 years). The mean of all self-assessed competence acquisition was 3.45 (±1.08), the mean of assessed competence acquisition at faculty was 3.06 (±1.11), and in the clinical settings 3.84 (±0.9). A comparison of student-assessed competencies acquisition at faculty and in clinical settings between our study and the previous survey revealed statistically significant differences for most competencies, our respondents acquired better competencies in physiotherapy assessment and implementation of the physiotherapy process in the clinical setting, while all others acquired to a lesser extent. Discussion and conclusion: The results of our study showed that the students estimated that during the COVID-19 acquired the competencies better in the clinical settings than at the faculty. Most of the competencies acquired by students in our study were rated lower compared to the students in the previous study.

Uvod: Pri metodi dihanja po Wim Hofu (WHD) gre za kombinacijo hiperventilacije, ki ji sledi apneja pri rezidualnem volumnu do trenutka, ko preiskovanec ne zmore več zavreti fiziološke potrebe po vdihu. Metoda naj bi pripomogla k doseganju boljših rezultatov v športu. Namen: V okviru diplomske naloge smo ugotavljali, kako WHD vpliva na fiziološki odziv telesa na test maksimalne aerobne zmogljivosti (TMAZ), če WHD izvedemo tik pred TMAZ (WHD) v primerjavi z odzivom na TMAZ brez WHD (kontrolna meritev). Metode dela: V navzkrižni raziskavi je sodelovalo 14 preiskovancev. Vsak je opravil kontrolno in WHD meritev. Preiskovanci so WHD izvajali po navodilih mobilne aplikacija s protokolom: 30 globokih ritmičnih vdihov in izdihov (hiperventilacija), zadržanje diha po izdihu dokler posameznik zdrži, globok vdih in zadržanje diha za 15 sekund, kar se trikrat ponovi. TMAZ smo izvajali na cikloergometru s povečevanjem obremenitwe 30W/min. S sistemom Cosmed Quark PFT smo spremljali nekatere srčne, dihalne in presnovne parametre pred in med TMAZ: srčno frekvenco, delna tlaka kisika in CO2 na koncu izdiha (petO2 in petCO2), porabo kisika (V ˙O2), nastajanje CO2 (V ˙CO2), pljučno ventilacijo (VE), porabo kisika na W obremenitve v aerobnem območju (V ˙O2/WR) ter druge izpeljane parametre. Po končanih meritvah so preiskovanci ocenili občutek napora po Borgovi lestvici. Pri statistični obdelavi smo uporabili faktorsko ANOVA za ponovljene meritve, za statistične razlike smo upoštevali vrednosti p < 0,05. Rezultati: Dokazali smo pozitivne učinke enkratne izvedbe WHD pred TMAZ na V ˙O2/WR ter na subjektivni občutek napora. Preiskovanci so na W porabili manj kisika pri WHD v primerjavi s kontrolno meritvijo (p = 0,016), WDH obremenitev pa so opisali kot subjektivno lažjo v primerjavi s kontrolo (p = 0,015). Razprava in zaključek: Športniki na račun predhodne hiperventilacije v kombinaciji z apnejo subjektivno lažje prenašajo kratkotrajne obremenitve do maksimalne aerobne kapacitete. Manjši V ˙O2/WR po WHD je lahko pozitivna ali negativna adaptacija, ki pomeni bodisi optimizirano porabo kisika za mišično delo ali pa nezmožnost normalne dobave kisika v mišice. Omejitev študije je majhno število preiskovancev, študijo pa bi lahko nadaljevali na populaciji srčno-žilnih ali respiratornih bolnikov. V fizioterapiji bi bila WHD lahko pomembna strategija pri izvajanju telesne vadbe bolnikov, ki zaradi subjektivnega občutka napora s telesno aktivnostjo prenehajo. Introduction: Wim-Hof breathing (WHB) combines periods of hyperventilation (HV) followed by voluntary breath holding (BH) at low lung volumes until one can hold it. It is increasingly used by recreational and professional athletes to improve physical performance. Purpose: We compared the acute metabolic, cardiovascular, and respiratory response to the maximal aerobic capacity test (MACT) after WHB with the response to the MAPT after spontaneous breathing. Methods: Fourteen healthy recreational athletes participated in our crossover study. After baseline measurements, the MAPT was performed with a randomly selected breathing pattern applied immediately prior to exercise: spontaneous breathing (control) or WHB. For WHB, participants followed the breathing instructions of the mobile application of the WHB method: HV (30 deep breaths), BH, and deep inhalation held for 15 seconds, repeated three times. The Cosmed Quark PFT system was used to measure various cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic parameters before and during MAPT: heart rate, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen (PetCO2 and PetO2), oxygen consumption (V ̇O2), carbon dioxide production (V ̇CO2), pulmonary ventilation (VE), workload and derived parameters such as the ratio of V ̇O2 to workload before reaching the anaerobic threshold (V ̇O2/WR slope), ventilatory equivalents, oxygen pulse. Participants rated their perception of exertion (RPE) during MAPT. ANOVA for repeated measures was performed and p < 0.05 was considered evident for significant differences between the two trials. Results: Analysis showed positive effects of WHB practice prior to MAPT on V ̇O2/WR slope and RPE. We found lower V ̇O2/WR slope during WHB trial compared to control (p = 0.016) and lower RPE after WHB compared to control (p = 0.015). Discussion and Conclusion: Our results suggest that athletes may benefit from performing WHB pre- exercise as less physical exertion is perceived compared to no WHB. A lower V ̇O2/WR slope after WHB may be either a positive or negative adaptation to WHB: it may represent better oxygen uptake efficiency or lower oxygen availability in active muscles. A limitation of our study was the small number of participants. In physical therapy, WHB could be a key strategy to keep patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases who usually stop physical activity due to the great RPE. Therefore, we would like to extend the study to patients with cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.

Uvod: Bolečino v spodnjem delu hrbta občuti velik delež odraslih po svetu. Vpliva na vsakdanje življenjske aktivnosti ljudi in njihovo počutje. Ena od podskupin bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta je tudi klinična nestabilnost ledvenega dela hrbtenice, ki lahko vodi v težave pri funkcijskih sposobnostih nadzora motorike in do veliko drugih težav. Za vzdrževanje stabilnosti ledvenega dela so odgovorni pasivni, aktivni in nadzorni podsistemi. Ko govorimo o zdravi hrbtenici, ti trije podsistemi medsebojno delujejo in omogočajo normalno gibanje brez bolečin. Kadar pa ima oseba šibke mišice trupa, se pri njej lahko pojavi segmentna nestabilnost hrbtenice in bolečina v hrbtu. V zadnjem obdobju se za namen zdravljenja in preprečevanja bolečin v spodnjem delu hrbta vse pogosteje uporabljajo tudi stabilizacijske vaje. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil s pomočjo pregleda literature ugotoviti, kako stabilizacijske vaje učinkujejo na simptome in funkcijo oseb z nestabilnostjo ledvenega dela hrbtenice. Metode dela: Pregled literature je bil opravljen v elektronski podatkovni zbirki PubMed. Uporabljena je bila kombinacija ključnih besed: »exercise AND low back instability OR lumbar instability«. Vključene so bile raziskave v angleškem jeziku, ki so ustrezale vključitvenim merilom. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih šest raziskav, ki so vključevale primerjalno in poskusno skupino preiskovancev, rezultati pa so bili primerjani med skupinama. Raziskave so imele različne vadbene programe in različno dolga obdobja trajanja programov. Do zmanjšanja telesne disfunkcije in bolečine je prišlo v obeh skupinah, vendar v primerjalni skupini rezultati niso bili statistično značilni v vseh raziskavah, medtem ko so v poskusni skupini dosegli statistično značilno izboljšanje pri večini raziskav. Med skupinama je pri ocenjevanju intenzivnosti bolečine do statistično značilne razlike v rezultatih prišlo v štirih raziskavah, medtem ko je pri ocenjevanju zmanjšanja telesne disfunkcije do statistično značilne razlike v rezultatih prišlo v petih raziskavah. Razprava in zaključek: Stabilizacijske vaje kot samostojna vadba ali v kombinaciji z drugo obliko vadbe imajo takojšen učinek na zmanjšanje bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta in na telesno disfunkcijo. Potrebne bi bile še dodatne raziskave o dolgoročnem učinku stabilizacijskih vaj na zmanjšanje telesne disfunkcije in bolečine v spodnjem delu hrbta. Introduction: Numerous adults worldwide suffer from low back pain. This affects their daily activities and well-being. One of the subsets of low back pain is clinical instability in the lumbar spine, which leads to problems in functional motor control and many other problems. Several subsystems are involved in maintaining stability in the lumbar spine: the passive subsystem, active subsystem and the neural subsystem. In a healthy spine, these three subsystems work together to allow normal, pain-free movement. When people have weak trunk muscles, segmental instability of the spine and back pain can result. Recently, stabilization exercises have been increasingly used in the treatment and prevention of low back pain. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to review the literature to determine how stabilization exercises affect the symptoms and function in people with lumbar spine instability. Methods: The literature search was conducted in the PubMed electronic database. The search terms used were: »exercise AND low back instability OR lumbar instability«. English language studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. Results: The literature search included six studies, with a control and an experimental group of subjects. Results were compared between the two groups. The studies had different training programs and durations of the programs. There was a decrease in physical dysfunction and pain in both groups, but the results in the control group were not statistically significant, while in the experimental group there was a statistically significant improvement in most studies. When comparing the experimental and control groups, there was a statistically significant difference in the assessment of pain intensity in four studies and in the assessment of the decrease in physical dysfunction in five studies. Discussion and conclusion: Stabilisation exercise alone or in combination with other exercise, have an immediate effect on reducing low back pain and physical dysfunction. Further research on the long-term effects of stabilisation exercises on physical dysfunction and low back pain would be needed.

Introduction: Excessive amounts of intense training, without adequate recovery time, can overload the musculoskeletal, immune, and metabolic systems, resulting in a potentially negative effects on later exercise performance. During the competitive period, the ability to recover after intense training and competition is an important factor of success in soccer. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hamstring foam rolling on the knee muscle contractile properties in soccer players, after a sports-specific load. Methods: 20 male professional soccer players were included and contractile properties of the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles were measured with tensiomyography, before and after a Yo-Yo interval test and after 5 × 45 s of hamstring foam rolling. Additionally, active and passive knee extensibility before and after the intervention were measured. A mixed linear model was performed to determine the differences between the mean values of the groups. The experimental group performed foam rolling, while the control was resting. Results: Five repetitions of 45 s of hamstring foam rolling had no statistically significant effect (p > 0.05) on any of the measured muscles following the Yo-Yo interval test or foam rolling intervention. There were no statistically significant differences in delay time, contraction time and maximum muscle amplitude between groups. Active and passive knee extensibility did not differ between groups. Discussion and conclusion: It seems that foam rolling does not affect mechanical properties of the knee muscles or hamstring extensibility in soccer players, after a sports-specific load.

Uvod: Plantarni fasciitis je posledica degenerativnih in vnetnih sprememb na izvoru plantarne fascije, za katerega je značilna intenzivna ostra bolečina v medialnem plantarnem delu pete, ki se pojavi zjutraj ob prvih korakih, po daljši neaktivnosti ali dolgotrajni obremenitvi stopala. Zdravljenje plantarnega fasciitisa je predvsem konzervativno, s počitkom in hlajenjem za zmanjševanje bolečine. Uporabljajo se tudi druge metode, kot so vaje za raztezanje, elektroterapija, terapija z laserjem, ultrazvok, ortopedski vložki za v čevlje po meri in injekcijska terapija s kortikosteroidi, trombocitno plazmo in proloterapija. Pred kratkim se je za zdravljenje mišično-skeletnih okvar začela uporabljati obetavna neinvazivna metoda z udarnimi globinskimi valovi, ki se učinkovito spopada s plantarnim fasciitisom. Namen: Namen diplomske naloge je s pregledom literature analizirati učinkovitost uporabe udarnih globinskih valov pri pacientih s plantarnim fasciitisom. Metode dela: Iskanje literature, ki smo jo analizirali, je potekalo v podatkovni bazi PubMed. Glavni vključitveni kriteriji so bili: raziskave, objavljene med letoma 2017 in 2022, raziskave v angleškem jeziku, preiskovanci s plantarnim fasciitisom, uporaba fokusnih ali radialnih udarnih globinskih valov. Rezultati: Glede na vključitvene kriterije je bilo v pregled literature vključenih pet raziskav. V raziskavah so merili učinke na bolečino in funkcijo stopala pacientov s plantarnim fasciitisom. Rezultati so pokazali predvsem kratkoročno statistično pomembno izboljšanje bolečine in funkcije stopala pacientov. Bolečina se je kratkoročno zmanjšala iz 7,4 na 4,5 na vizualni analogni lestvici, dolgoročno pa skoraj ni bilo spremembe, vendar je do zmanjšanja bolečine prišlo iz 6,9 na 6,2 na vizualni analogni lestvici. Funkcija stopala se je kratkoročno izboljšala iz 75,8 na 53,8, dolgoročno skoraj ni prišlo do sprememb, vendar je prišlo do izboljšanja iz 84,4 na 78,3 točke po funkcijskem indeksu za stopalo. Razprava in zaključek: Udarni globinski valovi z visoko jakostjo (maksimalna jakost, ki jo pacient lahko tolerira) in vsaj 7 terapij so se kratkoročno izkazali za učinkovito in varno zdravljene plantarnega fasciitisa. Ker v nobeni raziskavi ni prišlo do popolnega izboljšanja stanja, se priporoča terapijo kombinirati z ostalimi fizioterapevtskimi postopki. V primeru, da se stanje ne izboljšuje, je priporočljiva uporaba injekcijskih terapij kortikosteroidov, trombocitne plazme ali proloterapija. V prihodnjih raziskavah bi bilo treba vključiti večje število preiskovancev, vključiti skupino s placebom ali skupino, ki ne prejema nobenih oblik zdravljenja in daljšega časovnega spremljanja učinkov terapij. Introduction: Plantar fasciitis is a result of degenerative and inflammatory changes at the origin of the plantar fascia and is characterized by intense, sharp pain in the medial plantar part of the heel, which occurs in the morning at first steps, after prolonged inactivity, or after prolonged stress on the foot. Treatment of plantar fasciitis is mainly conservative, with rest and cooling to reduce pain. Other methods, such as stretching exercises, electrotherapy, laser therapy, ultrasound, custom foot orthotics, and injection therapy with corticosteroids, platelet-rich plasma, and prolotherapy, are also used. Recently, a promising non-invasive deep shockwave method has been introduced for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, effectively tackling plantar fasciitis. Purpose: The aim of this diploma is to analyze the efficacy of shockwave therapy in patients with plantar fasciitis by reviewing the literature. Methods: The literature we analyzed was searched in the PubMed database. The main inclusion criteria were: studies published between 2017 and 2022 English-language studies subjects with plantar fasciitis and use of focal or radial depth shock waves. Results: According to the inclusion criteria, five studies were included in the literature review. Studies have measured the effects on pain and foot function in patients with plantar fasciitis. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in patients' pain and foot function, especially in the short term. Pain decreased from 7.4 to 4.5 on the Visual Analogue Scale in the short term, and there was almost no change in the long term, but there was a decrease in pain from 6.9 to 6.2 on the visual analogue scale. Foot function improved from 75.8 to 53.8 in the short term, with almost no change in the long term, but there was an improvement from 84.4 to 78.3 points on the Foot Function Index. Discussion and conclusion: High-energy shockwaves (the maximum intensity the patient can tolerate) and at least seven treatments have been shown to be effective and safe in the short term for the treatment of plantar fasciitis. Because no studies have shown that the condition improves completely, it is recommended that the therapy be combined with other physiotherapy treatments. If the condition does not improve, injectable corticosteroid therapy, platelet-rich plasma therapy, or prolotherapy are recommended. Future studies should include a larger number of subjects, a placebo group or a no-treatment group, and a longer-term follow-up of the effects of the treatments.

Uvod: Idiopatska adolescenčna skolioza je najpogostejša oblika tridimenzionalne deformacije hrbtenice, pri kateri je kot po Cobbu, izmerjen v stoječem položaju osebe na rentgenskem posnetku, enak ali večji od 10°. Zdravljenje je lahko konservativno z različnimi vadbenimi programi, operativno ali z uporabo ortoz. Namen: Primerjava učinkov različnih vadbenih programov pri osebah z idiopatsko adolescenčno skoliozo. Metode dela: Uporabljen je bil pregled literature v elektronskih podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed in PEDro. Iskanje je bilo omejeno na angleške članke. Raziskave, uporabljene za analizo, ki niso bile starejše od 10 let, so bile metodološko ovrednotene po lestvici PEDro. Rezultati: Analiziranih je bilo šest raziskav s povprečno metodološko oceno po PEDro lestvici 7,7. V treh raziskavah so proučevali učinkovitost Schroth metode, v eni so jo primerjali s tehnikami proprioceptivne nevromišične facilitacije in v dveh v kombinaciji s standardno fizioterapevtsko obravnavo. V dveh so proučevali učinkovitost izvajanja znanstvenega vadbenega pristopa k skoliozi in ga primerjali z izvajanjem osnovnih vaj ter s skupino, ki ni prejemala nobene terapije. V eni raziskavi so primerjali v dejavnost usmerjeno vadbo s temelji ergonomije, kombinirano z vajami za krepitev hrbtnih mišic, aktivnimi samokorekcijskimi in dihalnimi vajami z vadbenim programom. V vseh raziskavah so ugotovili značilno zmanjšan Cobbov kot in rotacijski kot trupa ter pomembno izboljšanje pljučne funkcije preiskovancev. Zaključek: Učinkovito obliko konservativnega zdravljenja oseb z idiopatsko adolescenčno skoliozo predstavljajo za skoliozo specifične fizioterapevtske vaje. Poleg pravilnega izbora vaj je pomembna doslednost posameznika, da redno samostojno izvaja predpisan vadbeni protokol, saj se s tem hitreje doseže napredek zdravljenja, zaradi katerega se oseba z večjo verjetnostjo izogne zdravljenju z ortozo. V raziskavah je bilo moč zaslediti nekatere načine, kako mladostnika spodbuditi k vadbi: ozaveščanje, spremljanje in motiviranje. Introduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common form of three-dimensional spinal deformity in which the Cobb angle is equal to or greater than 10⁰, measured on an X-ray in the standing position. Treatment can be conservative with different exercise programs and orthotic treatment or with surgical intervention. Purpose: The goal of the thesis was to compare the effects of different exercise programs on subjects affected by adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Methodology: The literature review was carried out using bibliographic databases (PubMed and PEDro). The research was confined to articles in English the studies used in the thesis were no more than 10 years old. They were rated using the PEDro scale. Results: Six studies were reviewed and evaluated using the PEDro scale with a mean score of 7.7. Three studies have examined the efficacy of the Schroth method, one has compared it with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques and two in combination with a physiotherapeutic standard of care. Two investigated the effectiveness of a scientific exercise approach to scoliosis by comparing it to general exercises and observation. One study compared task-oriented exercises based on ergonomics in combination with spinal strengthening exercises, active self-correction and breathing exercises. In all studies, there was a significant decrease in the Cobb angle, the rotation angle of the trunk, and a significant improvement in the results of the subjects' pulmonary function tests. Conclusion: Physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises are an effective form of conservative treatment for subjects with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In addition to the correct selection of exercises, it is important that the individual is consistent with following prescribed exercise protocol, as this will result in faster treatment progress, making it more likely that the person will avoid orthotic treatment. Research has identified a number of ways to encourage adolescents to exercise: education, monitoring and motivation.

Uvod: Lumbalna spinalna stenoza se nanaša na vrsto stanj, ki povzročijo zožanje spinalnega kanala, stranskih recesusov ali nevralnih foramnov. Bolniki z lumbalno spinalno stenozo imajo pogosto težave z ravnotežjem, otrplostjo mišic spodnjih udov, mravljinčenjem in šibkostjo mišic spodnjih udov. Cilj zdravljenja lumbalne spinalne stenoze je zmanjšanje simptomov in izboljšanje funkcionalnega stanja. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil, na podlagi pregleda literature, ugotoviti učinkovitost postopkov kinezioterapije v kombinaciji z manualno terapijo na zmanjšanje bolečine in izboljšanje hoje pri bolnikih z lumbalno spinalno stenozo. Metode dela: Pregledali smo literaturo v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, Cinahl, Cochrane Library in ScienceDirect. V angleškem jeziku smo uporabili naslednje ključne besede in besedne zveze: spinal stenosis AND physiotherapy, spinal stenosis AND exercise therapy, spinal stenosis AND manual therapy. Rezultati: Na podlagi ključnih besed je bilo najdenih 63 raziskav. Vključitvenim in izključitvenim kriterijem je ustrezalo 5 raziskav, ki so bile vključene v nadaljnjo analizo. Preiskovanci v eksperimentalnih skupinah so izvajali intervencije, ki so vključevale postopke kinezioterapije in manualne terapije ter hojo oziroma kolesarjenje na sobnem kolesu. Preiskovanci v kontrolnih skupinah pa so izvajali program vadbe doma, program hoje, skupinsko vadbo oziroma so prejeli zdravstveno oskrbo, ki je vključevala medikamentozno zdravljenje ali običajno predoperativno oskrbo. Med skupinama je do statistično pomembnega zmanjšanja bolečine v hrbtu prišlo v eni raziskavi in v eni raziskavi do statistično pomembnega zmanjšanja bolečine v nogah. V eni raziskavi je prišlo do statistično pomembnega izboljšanja hoje znotraj eksperimentalne skupine. Do statistično pomembnega izboljšanja hoje med skupinama je prišlo v treh raziskavah. Razprava in zaključek: Postopki kinezioterapije v kombinaciji z manualno terapijo imajo ugoden vpliv na zmanjšanje bolečine in izboljšanje hoje pri bolnikih z lumbalno spinalno stenozo. Nadaljnje raziskave bi morale vključiti tudi mlajše preiskovance, da bi se lahko rezultati posplošili na celotno populacijo bolnikov z lumbalno spinalno stenozo. Introduction: Lumbar spinal stenosis refers to a diversity of conditions that decrease the total area of the spinal canal, lateral recesses, or neural foramina. Patients with lumbar spinal stenosis often experience problems with balance, numbness in the muscles of the lower limbs, tingling and weakness in the muscles of the lower limbs. Treating lumbar spinal stenosis aims to reduce symptoms and improve functional status. Purpose: This thesis aimed to determine the effectiveness of kinesiotherapy procedures in combination with manual therapy on reducing pain and improving walking ability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, based on a literature review. Methods: We reviewed the literature in the PubMed, Cinahl, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect databases. We used the following keywords and phrases in English: spinal stenosis AND physiotherapy, spinal stenosis AND exercise therapy, spinal stenosis AND manual therapy. Results: Based on the keywords, 63 studies were found. Five studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in further analysis. Participans in the experimental groups performed interventions that included kinesiotherapy and manual therapy procedures, as well as walking or cycling on an exercise bike. Participans in the control groups performed a home exercise program, a walking program, or group exercise or received medical care that included drug treatment or usual preoperative care. One study showed a statistically significant reduction in back pain between groups, and one study showed a statistically significant reduction in leg pain between groups. One study showed a statistically significant improvement in walking ability within the experimental group. Statistically significant improvement in walking ability between groups occured in three studies. Discussion and conclusion: Kinesiotherapy procedures in combination with manual therapy have a beneficial effect on reducing pain and improving walking ability in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Further research should also include younger participans to generalize the results to the entire population of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.

Uvod: Disparevnija ali boleč spolni odnos je ena izmed ženskih spolnih motenj. Je neprijet-na bolečina, ki žensko odvrne od spolnih odnosov. Ženske se zato spolnih odnosov bojijo in ob tem občutijo sram, krivdo ali občutek manjvrednosti. Raziskovanje disparevnije je del raziskovanja človeške spolnosti. Je tema, o kateri v Sloveniji ni dovolj raziskav. Veliko žensk disparevijo med spolnim odnosom zadrži zase ter se ne pogovarjajo z ginekologom, prijateljicami ali celo spolno_im partnerko_jem. Dejavnikov za disparevnije je veliko. Med seboj se lahko prepletajo biološki, psihološki do socialno-kulturni dejavniki. Ne glede na vzrok pojava disparevnije, jo je potrebno zdraviti in se o tem posvetovati z ginekologom. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil na podlagi izvedenih pol strukturiranih intervjujev raziskati žensko spolno motnjo - bolečino pri spolnih odnosih. Metode dela: Izvedena je bila kvalitativna raziskava s pol strukturiranim intervjuji med študentkami fizioterapije, ki imajo ali so imele disparevnijo. Pri vzorčenju intervjuvank smo uporabili namensko vzorče-nje na podlagi predhodnega znanja, da študentke poznajo funkcijo in delovanje mišic me-deničnega dna in hkrati, da raziskujemo vpliv disparevnije pri mlajših ženskah oz. študen-tkah. Rezultati: S pomočjo izključitvenih in vključitvenih kriterijev, smo oblikovali vzorec dvajsetih študentk, ki so sodelovale anonimno v intervjujih. Ugotovili smo, da se disparev-nija najpogosteje pojavlja ob začetni penetraciji penisa v nožnico. Intervjuvanke so imele negativno telesno in psihološko izkušnjo ob disparevniji, kot so strah ali sram. Polovica štu-dentk je menilo, da je disparevnija ozdravljiva in so omenile, da je potrebna strokovna po-moč,. Disparevnija študentk ni ovirala pri nadaljnjih spolnih odnosih. So uporabile alterna-tivne metode, saj so smatrale disparevnijo, kot del normalnega spolnega odnosa in jo niso obravnavale kot spolno motnjo. Razprava in zaključek: Z diplomskim delom smo ugoto-vili, da je tema še vedno zelo tabuirana v družbi in med ženskami in prisotno pomanjkljivo znanje. Potrebno je povečati ozaveščanje in izobraževanje tako strokovnih delavcev kot samih žensk o pojavnosti in zdravljenju disparevnije ter zagotoviti ustrezno strokovno po-moč ter psihološko podporo za zmanjšanje oz. odpravljanje disparevnije. Introduction: Dyspareunia or painful intercourse is one of the female sexual disorders. It's unpleasant pain that prevents a woman from having sexual intercourse. Women are there-fore afraid of sexual intercourse and feel shame, guilt or a sense of inferiority. The study of dyspareunia is study of human sexuality. There isn't enough research in Slovenia. Many women don't express feelings of dyspareunia and they keep it to themselves during exter-nal intercourse and don't talk to their gynaecologist, friends or their sexual partner. There are many factors for dyspareunia. Biological, psychological and socio-cultural factors can intertwine with each other. Regardless of the cause of dyspareunia, it must be treated and consulted with a gynaecologist. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma was to investigate woman's sexual disorder - pain in external relations, on the basis of semi-structured inter-views. Work methods: A qualitative research was conducted with a semi-structured inter-view among physiotherapy students who have or have had dyspareunia. When sampling the interviewees, we used purposive sampling based on prior knowledge that the female students know the function of the pelvic floor muscles and at the same time to investigate the impact of dyspareunia in younger women. Results: With the help of exclusion and inc-lusion criteria, we formed a sample of twenty students who anonymously participated in the interviews. We found out that dyspareunia most often occurs during the initial penetra-tion of the penis into the vagina. Students had a negative physical and psychological experience with dyspareunia, such as fear or shame. Half of the students believed that dyspareunia was curable and mentioned that professional help was needed, but less than half of the students sought professional help. The dyspareunia of students did not hinder further sexual intercourse. They used alternative methods and didn't treat it as a sexual di-sorder. Discussion and conclusion: We found that the topic is still very taboo in society and among women and it lack of education. It's necessary to raise awareness in the educa-tion of both professional workers and women themselves about the incidence and health of dyspareunia, provide appropriate professional help and psychological support to manage dyspareunia.

Uvod: Plezanje je vse bolj popularen šport. Za uspešnost v tej športni panogi sta med drugmi dejavniki pomembna jakost in vzdržljivost fleksorjev prstov. Ena izmed predpostavk uporabe elastičnih lepilnih trakov je vplivanje na jakost in vzdržljivost mišic. Namen: Ugotoviti ali namestitev elastičnih lepilnih trakov na telo mišic fleksorjev prstov, z uporabo različnih tehnik, vpliva na mišično jakost in vzdržljivost. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo sedemindvajset rekreativnih plezalcev. V razmiku enega tedna smo v naključnem vrstnem redu izvedli meritve pod različnimi pogoji namestitve elastičnih lepilnih trakov (facilitacijska tehnika, inhibicijska tehnika, brez trakov). Merili smo maksimalno silo prijema, maksimalno silo uščipnega prijema, statično vzdržljivost, dinamično vzdržljivost in oceno napora med testiranjem. Rezultati: Rezultati ne kažejo statistično pomembnih razlik med različnimi pogoji namestitve elastičnih lepilnih trakov pri merjenju maksimalne sile prijema, maksimalne sile uščipnega prijema ter statični in dinamični vzdržljivosti fleksorjev prstov. Dokazalni nismo povezanosti med sposobnostjo plezalcev in učinkom elastičnih lepilnih trakov na maksimalno jakost fleksorjev prstov ter vzdržljivost prstov. Razprava in zaključek: Različne tehnike lepljenja elastičnih lepilnih trakov ne vplivajo na mišično jakost in vzdržljivost fleksorjev prstov pri rekreativnih plezalcih. Povezave med učinkom različnih tehnik namestitve elastičnih lepilnih trakov in sposobnostjo plezalca nismo zaznali. Introduction: Climbing is an increasingly popular sport. Among other factors, the strength and endurance of the finger flexors are important for success in this sport. One of the assumptions of using elastic adhesive tapes is to influence the strength and endurance of the muscles. Purpose: To find out whether the placement of elastic adhesive tapes on the belly of the fingers flexor muscles, using different techniques, affects muscle strength and endurance. Methods: Twenty-seven recreational climbers participated in the research. In an interval of one week, they were tested in random order under different conditions of application of elastic adhesive tapes (facilitation technique, inhibition technique, no tapes). During testing maximal grip strength, maximal pinch grip strength, static endurance, dynamic endurance and rate of perceived exertion were measured. Results: The results show no statistically significant differences between the different application techniques of elastic adhesive tapes when measuring maximal grip force, maximal pinch grip force, static and dynamic endurance of the finger flexors. We did not prove a connection between the ability of climbers and the effect of elastic adhesive tapes on the maximum strength of the finger flexors and the endurance of the finger flexors. Discussion and conclusion: Different techniques of elastic adhesive tapes application do not affect muscle strength and endurance of finger flexors in recreational climbers. No correlation was found between the effect of different application techniques of elastic adhesive tape and the climber's ability.

Uvod: Parkinsonova bolezen je nevrodegenerativna bolezen, ki pogosto povzroča motorične motnje, kot so bradikineza, tremor, rigidnost, in posturalne motnje. Zdravljenje Parkinsonove bolezni je simptomatsko, predvsem z dopaminergično terapijo, ki ima lahko ob napredovani bolezni neželene stranske učinke. Vadba joge lahko vpliva na izboljšanje mišične zmogljivosti, gibljivosti, koordinacije in ravnotežja, zato bi se verjetno lahko uporabljala pri obravnavi pacientov s Parkinsonovo boleznijo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je s pregledom strokovne in znanstvene literature preučiti vplive vadbe joge na izboljšanje ravnotežja ter premičnosti oseb s Parkinsonovo boleznijo. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo s pregledom literature. Pri iskanju literature smo uporabili desetletni časovni okvir med letoma 2012 in 2022. Literatura je bila iskana v angleškem jeziku s ključnimi besedami parkinson ?s disease, yoga in effects v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, Science Direct, PEDro in Cochrane Library. Rezultati: V podrobnejšo analizo smo vključili šest člankov. V raziskavah je bilo skupno 132 preiskovancev, vsi so imeli blago do zmerno obliko Parkinsonove bolezni. Preiskovanci eksperimentalnih skupin so izvajali vadbo joge. Programi vadbe so trajali od 8 do 12 tednov, od 30 do 60 minut. V vseh šestih vključenih raziskavah je bilo ugotovljeno, da vadba joge pripomore k izboljšanju ravnotežja in premičnosti. Statistično značilno izboljšanje ravnotežja med skupinama so ugotovili v eni raziskavi, izboljšanje premičnosti pa v dveh raziskavah. V štirih raziskavah so v eksperimentalni skupini ugotovili statistično značilno izboljšanje ravnotežja in tudi premičnosti. Kot najučinkovitejša se je izkazala vadba Hathe joge z asanami leže, sede in stoje ter relaksacijo na koncu vadbe. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati kažejo, da ima vadba joge pomemben učinek pri izboljšanju statičnega ravnotežja. Statistično značilni učinki na izboljšanje dinamičnega ravnotežja in premičnosti se med raziskavami razlikujejo, zato je smiselno vadbo joge kombinirati še z drugimi oblikami vadbe ravnotežja in premičnosti. Potrebno bi bilo tudi pripraviti standardiziran protokol vadbe joge, ki bi olajšal izvedbo joge v kliničnem okolju. Introduction: Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease that often causes motor disorders such as bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity and postural disorders. Treatment of Parkinson's disease is symptomatic, mainly with dopaminergic therapy, which can have unwanted side effects as the disease progresses. Yoga can improve strength, flexibility, coordination and balance, and could probably be used in the treatment of Parkinson's patients. Purpose: The purpose of this review was to examine the effects of yoga practice on improving balance and functional mobility in people with Parkinson's disease. Methods: We used a 10-year timeframe between 2012 and 2022. The literature was searched in English with the keywords Parkinson's disease, yoga and effects in PubMed, Science Direct, PEDro and Cochrane Library databases. Results: Six articles were included in the more detailed analysis. There were 132 patients in total, all with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. The patients in the experimental groups practised yoga. The exercise programmes lasted between 8 and 12 weeks, from 30 to 60 minutes. All six included studies have found that practising yoga helps to improve balance and functionalmobility. A statistically significant difference between the two groups was found in one study for balance improvement and in two studies for functional mobility improvement. Within the experimental group, a statistically significant difference was found in the improvement of balance in four studies and in the improvement of functional mobility also in four studies. Discussion and conclusion: The results show that yoga has a statistically significant effect on improving static balance. Statistically significant effects on improving dynamic balance and functional mobility vary between studies, so it is advised to combine yoga with other forms of balance and functional mobility training. Hatha yoga with asanas in lying, sitting and standing positions and relaxation at the end of the session proved to be the most effective. The small number of current studies with small samples of subjects suggests the need for additional research to examine the effects of yoga practice over a longer period of time. A standardised yoga practice protocol would also be needed to facilitate the implementation of yoga in the clinical setting.

Uvod: Debelost in prekomerna telesna teža mater postajata vse večji problem javnega zdravja. Dosegata razsežnosti epidemije. Eden izmed številnih njunih zapletov je gestacijski diabetes, ki je opredeljen kot intoleranca za glukozo z nastopom ali prvim prepoznavanjem med nosečnostjo. Predstavlja zdravstveno tveganje tako za mater kot za otroka. Je najpogosteje predhodnik sladkorne bolezni tipa 2, ki je najpogostejša oblika sladkorne bolezni. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil na osnovi pregleda literature ugotoviti vpliv telesne dejavnosti na preprečevanje gestacijskega diabetesa pri nosečnicah s prekomerno telesno težo in debelostjo. Metode dela: Opravljen je bil pregled strokovne in znanstvene literature. Literatura je bila iskana v časovnem obdobju od marca 2022 do avgusta 2022 v tujih podatkovnih bazah v angleškem jeziku. Ključne besede, ki so bile uporabljene v iskanju, so telesna dejavnost IN gestacijski diabetes IN preventiva IN debele nosečnice IN nosečnice s prekomerno telesno težo. Rezultati: Med iskanjem literature je bilo najdenih 130 raziskav. Po izključitvenih kriterijih smo v diplomsko delo vključili 8 raziskav, objavljenih med letoma 2012 in 2022. Rezultati kažejo, da je s telesno dejavnostjo mogoče preprečiti nastanek gestacijskega diabetesa pri nosečnicah, ki spadajo v rizično skupino zaradi dejavnika tveganja prekomerne telesne teže ali debelosti. Ugotovili smo, da je mogoče to doseči tudi s prehransko intervencijo v kombinaciji s telesno dejavnostjo. Preiskovanke intervencijskih skupin so imele prav tako bistveno manjše gestacijsko povečanje telesne teže v primerjavi s tistimi v kontrolnih skupinah. Razprava in zaključek: Pojavnost gestacijskega diabetesa, debelosti in prekomerne telesne teže se z leti povečuje. Ker učinek telesne dejavnosti v povezavi s temi stanji ni dovolj razjasnjen, je potrebnih veliko raziskav na to temo, predvsem kjer je edina intervencija telesna dejavnost. Omeniti je treba tudi pomembnost preventive, da bi ženske že v rodnem obdobju pridobile znanje, kako lahko zapleti v nosečnosti vplivajo na mater in dojenčka. Introduction: Maternal obesity and overweight is becoming a growing public health problem. It is reaching epidemic proportions. One of its many complications is gestational diabetes mellitus. This is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. It poses a health risk to both mother and child. It is most often a precursor to type 2 diabetes, which is the most common form of diabetes. Purpose: The purpose of the diploma thesis was to determine the impact of physical activity on the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight and obese pregnant women based on a review of the literature. Methods: A review of professional and scientific literature was carried out. The literature was searched in the period from March 2022 to August 2022 in foreign databases in the English language. The keywords used in the search were physical activity AND gestational diabetes mellitus AND prevention AND obese pregnant women AND overweight pregnant women. Results: A total of 130 studies were found during the literature search. According to the exclusion criteria, we included 8 studies in the thesis, published between 2012 and 2022. The results show that physical activity can prevent the onset of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant women who belong to the risk group due to the risk factor of overweight or obesity. We have come to the conclusion that this can also be achieved with a nutritional intervention combined with physical activity. Subjects in the intervention groups also had a significantly lower gestational weight gain compared to those in the control groups. Discussion and conclusion: The incidence of gestational diabetes, obesity and overweight has been increasing over the years. However, since the effect of physical activity in connection with these conditions has not been sufficiently clarified, there is a lot of research needed on this topic, especially where the only intervention is physical activity. It is also necessary to mention the importance of prevention, so that women could already in the childbearing period acquire knowledge about how complications in pregnancy can affect the mother and the baby.

Uvod: Wim Hof dihalna tehnika je v zadnjih letih prejela kar nekaj pozornosti športnikov, saj naj bi izboljšala telesno zmogljivost. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti vpliv Wim Hof dihalne tehnike na aerobno zmogljivost med obremenitvijo. Metode dela: v raziskavi je sodelovalo 14 zdravih preiskovancev (13 moških, ena ženska), starih od 21 do 54 let, ki niso bili kadilci in so se vsaj štirikrat tedensko ukvarjali s športom, niso redno prakticirali Wim Hof dihalne tehnike. Vsak preiskovanec je po naključno izbranem vrstnem redu opravil dve obremenitvi, eno z uporabo Wim Hof dihalne tehnike, drugo brez. Meritev je obsegala tri faze: 1) Pet minut mirovanja, ki mu je sledila izvedba Wim Hof dihalne tehnike, ali pa ne, 2) Faza stopnjevanega napora do maksimalne obremenitve, ko je preiskovanec prenehal z vadbo zaradi neugodnega počutja, ali pa je dosegel respiratorni količnik 1,13. 3) Faza okrevanja z vrtenjem pedalov pri kadenci 60/min pri 30 W, pet minut in za tem mirovanje na kolesu deset min. Ves čas smo preiskovancu merili frekvenco srčnega utripa, arterijski krvni tlak, ventilacijo, porabo kisika, količino izdihanega CO2, delni tlak CO2 v izdihanem zraku ob koncu izdiha (etCO2), kadenco vrtljajev in obremenitev v Watih. Po koncu meritve smo zabeležili subjektivni občutek napora po Borgovi lestvici. Podatke smo ustrezno statistično obdelali, razlike smo smatrali kot statistično pomembne pri p?0,05. Rezultati: Anaerobni prag se ob predhodni uporabi Wim Hof dihalne tehnike ni premaknil glede na kontrolno meritev, VO2max se med obema meritvama ni razlikoval, spremenila se je kinetika CO2 med obremenitvijo, saj so se statistično pomembno spremenile vrednosti respiratornega količnika, etCO2 in VeqCO2 pri anaerobnem pragu. Preiskovanci so napor ocenili za manj naporen pri meritvi z Wim Hof dihalno tehniko (15.21?1.58) v primerjavi s kontrolno meritvijo (16.29?1.20), p=0,015. Razprava in sklep: Uporaba Wim Hof dihalne tehnike ne pripomore k aerobni vzdržljivosti in ne zamakne anaerobnega praga. V prihodnje bi napravili raziskavo, pri kateri bi spremljali koncentracijo laktata v krvi. Introduction: In recent years, the Wim Hof breathing technique has received a lot of attention from athletes as it is believed to improve physical performance. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was investigating the impact of Wim Hof breathing technique on aerobic performance during exercise. Methods: Study involved 14 healthy participants (13 males, one female), aged 21 to 54, who were non-smokers and engaged in sports at least four times a week but did not regularly practice the Wim Hof breathing technique. Each participant completed two exercise tests in random order, one with the use of the Wim Hof breathing technique and one without. The measurements consisted of three phases: 1) Five minutes of rest, followed by the execution of the Wim Hof breathing technique or without, 2) A progressively increasing load phase until maximum workload was achieved or until the participant stopped due to discomfort or reached a respiratory quotient of 1.13, 3) Recovery phase with pedaling at 60/min and 30 W for five minutes, followed by ten minutes of rest on the bike. Throughout, heart rate, blood pressure, ventilation, oxygen consumption, CO2 exhalation, partial CO2 pressure in exhaled air (etCO2), cadence, and wattage were measured. After the test, participants rated their perceived exertion using the Borg scale. The data were statistically analyzed, and differences were considered significant at p䁤0.05. Results: The anaerobic threshold did not change with the use of the Wim Hof breathing technique compared to the control test, and VO2max did not differ between the two tests. There was a significant difference in CO2 kinetics during exercise as the values of respiratory quotient, etCO2, and VeqCO2 changed significantly at the anaerobic threshold. Participants perceived the test as less strenuous with the use of the Wim Hof breathing technique (15.21±1.58) compared to the control test (16.29±1.20), p=0.015. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of the Wim Hof breathing technique did not contribute to aerobic endurance or shift the anaerobic threshold. Future research should investigate the effects of the technique on blood lactate concentration.

Background: Arthrometers are used to assess knee anterior laxity and to evaluate the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament. Assessment of knee anterior laxity is crucial part of the clinical examination. The aim of this study was to investigate the intra-rater reliability of the GNRB® in healthy subjects. Methods: In the study participated 97 subjects and two measurements using a GNRB® arthrometer were performed. Males were tested two times one week a part. Females were tested two times within 24 h. Measurements were performed at the following forces 134 N, 134 N, 150 N, 200 N, and 200 N. To evaluate the reliability of GNRB® measurements an intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated. Results: Intra-rater reliability of the GNRB® measurements is good for 134 N on the left knee (ICC = 0.848) and the right knee (ICC = 0.788) and for 200 N on the left knee (ICC = 0.805) and the right knee (ICC = 0.756). Conclusion: The GNRB® knee arthrometer has good intra-reliability for measurements at the 134 N and 200 N forces. Reliability can be increased with the standardize position of the subject, the stabilization of the patella and standardize measurement protocol.

Uvod: Eno od orodij za preventivo pretreniranosti je primerna časovna razporeditev vadbenih enot tako, da športnik novo vadbeno enoto izvede po okrevanju po prejšnji vadbeni enoti. Namen: Proučiti časovni vidik vpliva dolgotrajne aerobne vadbe (tek na 21 km) na dihalne in metabolne odzive ter občutek napora med kasnejšo zmerno aerobno vadbo pri zdravih odraslih rekreativnih tekačih. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 19 zdravih odraslih rekreativnih tekačev, ki so pretekli 21 km in opravili pet zmernih aerobnih vadb na sobnem kolesu, in sicer pred tekom ter pol ure, en dan, dva dni in sedem dni po njem. Primerjali smo spremembe dihalnih in metabolnih odzivov ter občutek napora v posamezni meritvi po teku na 21 km glede na kontrolno meritev, ki smo jo izvedli pred tekom na 21 km. Rezultati: Dihalni in metabolni odziv na zmerno aerobno vadbo je bil pol ure po teku na 21 km spremenjen pri vseh opazovanih parametrih, razen pri ventilacijskem ekvivalentu za kisik in strmini odvisnosti porabe kisika od obremenitve. Respiratorni količnik je bil med okrevanjem po zmerni aerobni vadbi, ki smo jo izvedli en dan po 21-km teku, glede na kontrolno meritev statistično značilno nižji (p = 0,007). Rezultati kažejo dvofazni odgovor v kisikovem pulzu, ki je bil ob koncu zmerne aerobne vadbe pol ure po 21-km teku glede na kontrolno meritev statistično značilno nižji (p = 0,030) in en dan po 21-km teku statistično značilno višji (p = 0,022). Razprava in zaključek: Spremenjen respiratorni količnik pol ure po 21-km teku in med zmerno aerobno vadbo, ki smo jo izvedli pol ure po 21-km teku, kaže na spremenjen metabolizem s premikom proti porabi maščob kot glavnega vira energije. Zmanjšana srčno-pljučna kapaciteta je bila prisotna pri zmerni aerobni vadbi, ki smo jo izvedli pol ure po 21-km teku, in kaže na utrujenost srčne mišice brez respiratorne kompenzacije. Rezultati kisikovega pulza kažejo na izboljšano srčno akcijo pri zmerni aerobni vadbi en dan po 21-km teku. Glede na dobljene rezultate izvajanje telesne aktivnosti, četudi zmerne, pol ure po 21-km teku odsvetujemo, medtem ko ugotavljamo, da je novo vadbeno enoto zmerne intenzitete optimalno izvesti en dan po 21-km teku. Introduction: One of the overtraining prevention tools is periodization of training in a way where the athlete performs training after full recovery following the previous training session. Purpose: To study the impact of a 21K run on respiratory and metabolic responses and perceived exertion during subsequent moderate aerobic exercise in healthy adult recreational runners. Methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 19 healthy adult recreational runners. The subjects went on a 21K run and performed five moderate aerobic exercises on a cycloergometer before the run and half an hour, one day, two days and seven days after the run. We compared changes in respiratory and metabolic responses and perceived exertion in each measurement made after the 21K run to the measurement made before the 21K run. Results: Respiratory and metabolic responses to the moderate aerobic exercise half an hour after a 21K run changed in all observed parameters, except in the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen and oxygen uptake - work rate slope. The respiratory quotient was statistically significantly lower in recovery after the moderate aerobic exercise performed one day after the 21K run, compared to the control measurement (p = 0.007). The results show a biphasic response in the oxygen pulse, which was statistically significantly lower (p = 0.030) at the end of the moderate aerobic exercise half an hour after the 21K run and statistically significantly higher (p = 0.022) one day after the 21K run, compared to the control measurement. Discussion and conclusion: The respiratory quotient recorded half an hour after the 21K run and during the moderate aerobic exercise performed half an hour after the 21K run indicates a shift in metabolism toward the use of fat as the main source of energy. Reduced cardiopulmonary capacity was present during moderate aerobic exercise performed half an hour after the 21K run and indicates cardiac muscle fatigue without respiratory compensation. Results of oxygen pulse show improved cardiac output during the moderate aerobic exercise one day after the 21K run. Based on the obtained results, we do not recommend performing moderately intense physical activities half an hour after a 21K run, while we determine that it is optimal to perform new moderately intense training one day after a 21K run.

Uvod: Pri pacientih v kronični fazi po možganski kapi je priporočena vadba za ravnotežje, kombinirana z navidezno resničnostjo. Uporabljajo se sistemi zabavne elektronike ali sistemi, razviti za rehabilitacijo. Igre na sistemih se razlikujejo po prilagodljivosti hitrosti, količini povratnih informacij ali težavnosti, ki vplivajo na zadovoljstvo, zahtevnost in kakovost gibanja med igranjem. Namen: Primerjati igre za ravnotežje z navidezno resničnostjo na pritiskovni plošči sistema zabavne elektronike in igre sistema, razvitega za rehabilitacijo pri pacientih v kronični fazi po možganski kapi. Metode dela: V raziskavo smo vključili 26 preiskovancev. V prvem delu smo s testi ravnotežja in hoje ocenili njihove sposobnosti (modificiran miniBESTest, 10MWT in FAC). V drugem in tretjem delu so preiskovanci igrali igre, razdeljene v pare, glede na smer premikanja središča pritiska, ki jo spodbujajo. Polovica iger je bila na sistemu za rehabilitacijo (Equio, Kinestica) in polovica na sistemu zabavne elektronike (Wii Balance Board, Nintendo-WBB, z igrami Wii Fit). Igrali so igre, pri katerih je hitrost določala igra, in igre, pri katerih je hitrost določal igralec. Ocenili smo število ponovitev in amplitudo premikanja medenice v centimetrih (analiza videoposnetkov), občuten napor (Borgova lestvica za oceno občutenega napora), zadovoljstvo (mPACES), zanos (FSSOT) in všečnost iger (ocena 1-6). Na pritiskovni plošči smo izmerili simetrijo obremenjevanja spodnjih udov, meje stabilnosti in obseg premikanja središča pritiska. Rezultati: Med igrami ni bilo statistično značilnih razlik v zadovoljstvu pacientov (p = 0,271). Statistično značilne razlike so se pojavile predvsem pri igrah, pri katerih hitrost določa igra. Te igre so na plošči WBB spodbudile večje število ponovitev (p < 0,009), večjo amplitudo premikanja medenice (p < 0,025) in dosegle višjo oceno občutenega napora (p = 0,015), kot igre na plošči Equio. V primerjavi z igrami na plošči WBB so igre na plošči Equio pri oceni zanosa dosegle statistično značilno več točk (p = 0,008) in pri oceni všečnosti bile preiskovancem bolj všeč (Equio: modus 4-6 WBB: modus 1-2). Med igrami, pri katerih hitrost določa igra, in igrami, pri katerih hitrost določa igralec, nismo ugotovili statistično značilnih razlik v mejah stabilnosti, simetriji obremenitve spodnjih udov in obsegu premikanja središča pritiska (p > 0,133). Zaključek: Razlike med sistemoma se pokažejo predvsem pri igrah, pri katerih hitrost določa igra. Igre, pri katerih hitrost določa igra, in igre, pri katerih hitrost določa igralec, so primerljive za izboljšanje mej stabilnosti, simetrije obremenitve spodnjih udov in premikanja središča pritiska. Introduction: Balance training combined with virtual reality is recommended for patients after stroke. Off-the-shelf systems or systems developed for rehabilitation can be used. Games on the systems differ in adaptability of speed, amount of feedback, or difficulty, which affects satisfaction, challenge, and quality of movement during gameplay. Purpose: To compare virtual reality balance games on a pressure plate of an off-the-shelf system and a system developed for rehabilitation in patients in the chronic phase after a stroke. Methods: 26 participants were included. In the first part, balance and walking tests were used to assess their abilities (modified miniBESTest, 10MWT and FAC). In the second and third parts, participants played games divided into pairs according to the direction of movement of the center of pressure (COP) they facilitate. Half of the games were on a rehabilitation system (Equio, Kinestica) and the other half on an off-the-shelf system (Nintendo Wii Balance Board with Wii Fit, Nintendo). Participants played self-paced games in one session and game-paced games in the other. The number of repetitions and amplitude of pelvic motion in centimeters (video analysis), perceived exertion (Borg’s perceived exertion rating scale), enjoyment (mPACES), flow (FSSOT), and likeability of the games (rating 1-6) were assessed. The symmetry of weight distribution between lower limbs, limits of stability, and the COP range of motion were measured with a pressure plate. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in patient enjoyment between games (p = 0,271). Statistically significant differences occurred mostly in game-paced games. WBB games facilitated a higher number of repetitions (p < 0,009), a greater range of pelvic motion (p < 0,025) and were perceived as more exerting than the Equio games (p = 0,015). Compared to WBB games, Equio games scored statistically significantly higher in flow state (p = 0,008) and were more likable (Equio: modus 4-6 WBB: modus 1-2). We found no statistically significant differences between game-paced and self-paced games in weight distribution symmetry, limits of stability, and COP range of motion (p > 0,133). Conclusion: The differences between the systems are particularly clear for game-paced games. Game-paced and self-paced games are comparable in terms of facilitation of symmetry of weight distribution, limits of stability, and COP range of motion.

Uvod: Za oceno premičnosti pacientov z mišično distrofijo ne obstaja specifično merilno orodje, zato nas je zanimala izvedljivost Indeksa premičnosti de Morton (DEMMI) in primerjava s 6- (6MWT) ter 2-minutnim testom hoje (2MWT), ki se že uporabljata v klinični praksi pri pacientih z mišično distrofijo. Namen: Preveriti izvedljivost DEMMI, 6MWT in 2MWT ter razločevalno in konvergentno veljavnost le-teh pri preiskovancih s facioskapulohumeralno (FSHD) in ramensko-medenično distrofijo (RMD). Metode dela: Sodelovalo je 21 preiskovancev z RMD in 21 preiskovancev s FSHD, starih od 31 do 80 let. Pridobljeni so bili podatki o sposobnosti za hojo (razvrstitev funkcijske premičnosti - FAC v 6 kategorij). Preiskovanci so bili najprej ocenjeni z DEMMI. Z 2MWT in 6MWT so nadaljevali preiskovanci z oceno FAC 3-6. Za ugotavljanje razlik med preiskovanci obeh podskupin pri izidu DEMMI smo uporabili Mann-Whitneyev U test, pri izidu 2MWT in 6MWT pa t-test za neodvisne vzorce. Povezanost med merilnimi orodji smo ugotavljali z Pearsonovim koeficientom korelacije. Učinek tal in stropa smo ugotavljali z deležem preiskovancev z najnižjim in najvišjim možnim številom doseženih točk oziroma nezmožnosti izvedbe testa hoje. Rezultati: Ugotovljen je bil učinek tal za DEMMI pri preiskovancih z RMD. Pri preiskovancih obeh podskupin je bil ugotovljen učinek tal za oba testa hoje. Ugotovljena je bila statistično značilna razlika v izidih DEMMI med preiskovanci obeh podskupin. V povprečju so preiskovanci s FSHD dosegali več točk. Med preiskovanci obeh podskupin nismo zabeležili statistično značilnih razlik v izidih 2MWT in 6MWT. Konvergentna veljavnost DEMMI s testoma hoje je bila visoka do zelo visoka. Pri preiskovancih z RMD nismo ugotovili statistično značilne povezanosti med izidi DEMMI in testoma hoje. Pri vseh preiskovancih skupaj in za vsako podskupino posebej smo ugotovili statistično značilno odlično pozitivno povezanost med izidi 2MWT in 6MWT. Zaključek: Uporaba DEMMI v klinični praksi bi bila smiselna pri pacientih s FSHD in RMD, dokler so sposobni premikanja po postelji. 2MWT je primeren za paciente s slabšo sposobnostjo hoje, večjo utrudljivostjo in slabšim ravnotežjem. Zaradi odlične korelacije s 6MWT se ga lahko uporabi tudi pri tistih pacientih z dobro sposobnostjo hoje. Introduction: Since there is no specific measurement tool to assess mobility in patients with muscular dystrophy, we were interested in the feasibility of the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) and in comparing the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and the 2-minute walk test (2MWT), which are already used in clinical practise in patients with muscular dystrophy. Purpose: To test the feasibility of the DEMMI, the 6MWT, the 2MWT and their discriminant and convergent validity in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) and limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LMGD). Methods: Twenty-one subjects with LGMD and twenty-one subjects with FSHD, all aged between 31 and 80 years, were included in the study. First, data on their walking abilities were collected (functional ambulation classification - FAC in 6 categories). The subjects were first assessed with the DEMMI. Only subjects who achieved a FAC score between 3-6 could proceed to the 2MWT and the 6MWT. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to detect differences between subjects in the two subgroups for the DEMMI score, while the independent samples t-test was used for the 2MWT and 6MWT scores. The correlation between the measurement instruments was determined using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The floor-ceiling effect was determined by the proportion of subjects with the lowest and highest possible score or inability to perform the walk test. Results: The floor effect was observed for DEMMI in subjects with LMGD. In addition, the floor effect was also observed for both walk tests in subjects of both subgroups. There was a statistically significant difference in DEMMI scores between subjects in the two subgroups. On average, subjects with FSHD scored higher. There were no statistically significant differences in 2MWT and 6MWT scores between the two subgroups. The convergent validity of the DEMMI with the two walking tests was high to very high. For subjects with LMGD, we found no statistically significant correlations between the results of the DEMMI and the results of the two walk tests (2MWT and 6MWT). For all subjects together and for each subgroup separately, we found a statistically significant and excellent positive correlation between the 2MWT and 6MWT results. Conclusion: In clinical practise, the use of DEMMI would be useful and practical for patients with FSHD and LMGD until they are able to move around the bed. The 2MWT is appropriate for patients with lower ambulation, increased fatigue and poorer balance. Due to its excellent correlation with the 6MWT, it can also be used for patients with good walking ability.

Uvod: Nespecifična bolečina v zgornjem delu hrbta je lahko posledica mehanskih motenj, okvar v predelu zgornjega dela hrbta, vratu in/ali miofascialnih motenj. Kronično bolečino definiramo kot vztrajno nelagodje v zgornjem delu hrbta, ki traja več kot dvanajst tednov, nespecifično pa kot bolečino brez znakov ali simptomov večje strukturne patologije. Zdravimo jo lahko konzervativno z edukacijo, s protibolečinsko terapijo, z manualno terapijo in manualno terapijo v kombinaciji z drugimi postopki, kot je terapevtska vadba. Namen: Namen je na podlagi pregleda literature pri pacientih s kronično nespecifično bolečino v zgornjem delu hrbta predstaviti in analizirati učinke manualne terapije na celostno zdravstveno stanje, zmanjšanje bolečine, dinamično ravnotežje, obseg gibljivosti in mišično zmogljivost. Metode dela: Literatura, ki je bila objavljena po letu 2010, je bila iskana v spletnih podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, Cochrane Library, PEDro ter z iskanjem v referencah objavljenih pregledov literature. Rezultati: V analizo smo vključili enajst raziskav, ki so bile dostopne v celotnem besedilu. Rezultati so pokazali, da manualna terapija vpliva na zmanjšanje bolečine in povečan obseg gibljivosti. Dokazi o učinkovitosti manualne terapije pri izboljšanju splošnega zdravstvenega stanja in dinamičnega ravnotežja so nejasni. Manualna terapija ni bila učinkovita pri izboljšanju mišične zmogljivosti. Razprava in zaključek: V večini analiziranih raziskavah ni bilo jasnega dokaza o učinkovitosti manualne terapije, saj so njen učinek večkrat preučevali v kombinaciji z drugimi postopki zdravljenja. Potrebne so nadaljnje raziskave, ki bi natančneje opredelile tako samostojni učinek manualne terapije kot tudi njen dolgoročni učinek. Introduction: Nonspecific upper back pain may be caused by mechanical disorders, neck deformities, and/or myofascial disorders. Chronic pain is defined as persistent upper back discomfort lasting longer than twelve weeks. Non-specific pain is defined as pain without signs or symptoms of major structural pathology. It can be treated conservatively with education, pain-relieving therapy with manual therapy, and manual therapy in combination with other treatments such as exercise. Purpose: Based on a literature review, the effects of manual therapy on general health status, pain, range of motion, functional capacity, dynamic balance, and muscle strength in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain are presented and analysed. Methods: Literature published after 2010 was searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and PEDro databases and by searching the references of published literature reviews. Results: Eleven studies that were available in full text were included in the analysis. The results provide evidence for the effects of manual therapy on pain reduction and increase in range of motion. Evidence for the effectiveness of manual therapy in improving general health and dynamic balance is unclear. Manual therapy was not effective in improving muscle performance. Discussion and Conclusion: Most of the studies reviewed examined manual therapy in combination with other treatments. Further studies are needed to determine the individual effectiveness of manual therapy and its long-term effects.

Uvod: Vstajanje iz sedečega položaja in sedanje sta najpomembnejši in najpogostejši telesni dejavnosti ter predpogoj za pokončno premikanje in samostojnost. Nanju lahko negativno vplivajo starost in različne okvare, zato so za oceno kapacitete vstajanja in sedanja razvili različna merilna orodja. Najpogosteje uporabljen test pri starejših odraslih je test petih vstajanj s stola (angl. five times sit-to-stand ? 5TSTS), ki je bil prvotno namenjen funkcijski oceni mišične zmogljivosti spodnjih udov. Raziskovalci še vedno dvomijo o veljavnosti testa kot merila mišične zmogljivosti spodnjih udov, saj naj bi bilo vstajanje odvisno od precej več dejavnikov, med drugim od ravnotežja. Namen: Ugotoviti povezanost izida testa 5TSTS s starostjo, mišično jakostjo spodnjih udov in dinamičnim ravnotežjem pri funkcijsko samostojnih starejših odraslih. Metode dela: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 37 funkcijsko samostojnih starejših odraslih, starih od 65 do 81 let (povprečna starost: 71 let), več je bilo žensk (n = 22). V randomiziranem vrstnem redu smo pri vsakem preiskovancu izvedli test 5TSTS, izmerili mišično jakost ekstenzorjev kolka in kolena z ročnim dinamometrom Lafayette ter izvedli še test korakanja v štirih kvadratih in test dvigovanja na stopnico. Povezanost izida testa 5TSTS s starostjo preiskovancev, mišično jakostjo spodnjih udov in dinamičnim ravnotežjem smo izračunali s Spearmanovim koeficientom korelacije. Rezultati: Povezanost testa 5TSTS s starostjo preiskovancev je bila nizka pozitivna (ro = 0,38). Povezanost testa 5TSTS z mišično jakostjo ekstenzorjev kolka je bila nizka negativna (ro = ?0,28), medtem ko povezanost z mišično jakostjo ekstenzorjev kolena ni bila statistično značilna. Test 5TSTS pa je bil visoko pozitivno (ro = 0,72) povezan s testom korakanja v štirih kvadratih in zelo visoko negativno (ro = –0,76) s testom dvigovanja na stopnico. Zaključek: Test 5TSTS je preprost, hiter in brezplačen, zato ga priporočamo v klinični praksi za oceno funkcijske premičnosti pri prehodih med položaji pri vseh funkcijsko samostojnih starejših odraslih. Zaradi višje povezanosti z dinamičnim ravnotežjem kot z mišično jakostjo ekstenzorjev kolka so pred uveljavitvijo testa 5TSTS kot merila mišične zmogljivosti spodnjih udov pri funkcijsko samostojnih starejših odraslih potrebne nadaljnje raziskave na večjem vzorcu preiskovancev. Introduction: Standing up and sitting down are the most important and common physical activities and a prerequisite for upright mobility and independence. The manoeuvres can be negatively affected by age and pathology, which is why various measures have been developed to assess the sit-to-stand capacity. The most frequently used test in older adults is the Five Times Sit-to-Stand (5TSTS) test, which was developed to assess lower extremity functional muscle strength. Researchers still question the test’s validity as a measure of lower limbs’ strength, as standing is thought to depend on many other factors, including balance. Purpose: To determine the correlation of 5TSTS test with age, lower limbs muscle strength and dynamic balance in functionally independent older adults. Methods: The study included 37 functionally independent older adults aged from 65 to 81 years, mostly females (n = 22). In randomized order we performed 5TSTS test on each subject, tested hip and knee extensor strength using Lafayette dynamometer and performed the four-square-step test and step-up test. The correlation of the 5TSTS test with the age of the subjects, the muscle strength of the lower limbs and the dynamic balance was calculated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Results: The correlation between the 5TSTS test and the age of the subjects was low positive (ro = 0,38). The correlation between the 5TSTS and hip extensor strength was low negative (ro = ‒0,28), while the correlation with the knee extensor strength was not statistically significant. The 5TSTS test also showed highly positive (ro = 0,72) correlation with the four-square-step test and highly negative (ro = ‒0,76) correlation with the step-up test. Conclusion: The 5TSTS test is simple, fast and cost-free, therefore, in clinical practice we recommend the test for assessment of functional mobility to change the body positions in all functionally independent older adults. Due to a higher correlation with the dynamic balance than with the hip extensor strength, further research on a larger sample of subjects is needed to validate the 5TSTS test as a measure of lower limb muscle strength in functionally independent older adults.

Uvod: Spinalna mišična atrofija je genetska živčno-mišična bolezen, ki prizadene alfa motorične nevrone sprednjega roga hrbtenjače. Kaže se kot mišična atrofija ter oslabelost. Bolniki s spinalno mišično atrofijo so glede na starost ob nastopu bolezni in njihove najvišje dosežene funkcijske sposobnosti razdeljeni v pet podtipov. Namen: Z desetkratnim izvajanjem testa devetih zatičev smo želeli ugotoviti, ali so bolniki s spinalno mišično atrofijo bolj dovzetni za izvedbeno utrudljivost mišic roke v primerjavi z zdravimi preiskovanci. Zanimalo nas je ali obstaja razlika v občutenju utrujenosti med omenjenima skupinama ter ali pri bolnikih s spinalno mišično atrofijo obstaja povezanost funkcijskih lestvic gibalnih sposobnosti z izvedbeno utrudljivostjo mišic roke. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 20 odraslih bolnikov s spinalno mišično atrofijo in 20 zdravih preiskovancev s podobnimi demografskimi podatki. Vsi so za namen ocene izvedbene utrudljivosti desetkrat neprekinjeno z dominantno roko izvedli test devetih zatičev, nato pa izpolnili Lestvico izražene utrujenosti. Poleg tega smo pridobili že zbrane podatke dveh funkcijskih lestvic in sicer Razširjene Hammersmithove lestvice gibalnih sposobnosti in Revidiranega testa modula zgornjih udov. Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da imajo bolniki s spinalno mišično atrofijo pri vseh desetih izvedbah testa devetih zatičev daljši čas izvajanja posamezne izvedbe v primerjavi z zdravimi preiskovanci. Bolniki s spinalno mišično atrofijo tipa 2 so bolj dovzetni za izvedbeno utrudljivost mišic roke v primerjavi z bolniki s spinalno mišično atrofijo tipa 3/4. Bolniki s spinalno mišično atrofijo so na Lestvici izražene utrujenosti dosegli večje število točk kot zdravi preiskovanci. Pri bolnikih s spinalno mišično atrofijo obstaja zelo visoka do odlična negativna povezanost časa izvajanja 10 izvedb testa devetih zatičev s funkcijskima lestvicama gibalnih sposobnosti. Razprava in zaključek: Bolniki s spinalno mišično atrofijo so dovzetni za izvedbeno utrudljivost in navajajo večjo občuteno utrujenost. Oboje pomembno vpliva na kakovost življenja, zato bi v prihodnje morali pri spremljanju učinka novih zdravil ocenjevati tudi vpliv na izvedbeno utrudljivost in občutenje utrujenosti. Prav tako bi ju morali upoštevati tudi pri načrtovanju fizioterapevtske obravnave. Introduction: Spinal muscular atrophy is a genetic neuromuscular disease affecting the alpha motor neurons of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. It manifests as muscle atrophy and weakness. Patients with spinal muscular atrophy are divided into five subtypes according to their age at onset and their peak functional ability. Purpose: We aimed to determine whether patients with spinal muscular atrophy are more susceptible to performance fatigability of the arm muscles compared with healthy subjects by performing the Nine-Hole Peg Test ten times. We were interested in whether there was a difference in perceived fatigue between the two aforementioned groups and whether there was a correlation between the functional scales and performance fatigability of arm muscles in patients with spinal muscular atrophy. Methods: The study included 20 adult patients with spinal muscular atrophy and 20 healthy subjects with similar demographics. All of them performed the Nine-Hole Peg 10 times continuously with the dominant hand to assess performance fatigability and then completed the Fatigue Severity Scale. In addition, we obtained previously collected data from two functional scales, namely the Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale and the Revised Upper Limb Module. Results: We found that patients with spinal muscular atrophy had a longer time to perform each execution of the Nine-Hole Peg Test compared to healthy subjects. Patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 2 are more susceptible to performance fatigability of the arm muscles compared to patients with spinal muscular atrophy type 3/4. Patients with spinal muscular atrophy had higher score on the Fatigue Severity Scale than healthy subjects. In patients with spinal muscular atrophy, there is a strong negative correlation between the time of performing 10 executions of the Nine-Hole Peg Test and the functional scales. Discussion and conclusion: Patients with spinal muscular atrophy are susceptible to performance fatigability and report greater perceived fatigue. Both have a significant impact on the quality of life, and future monitoring of the effects of new medications should also assess the impact on performance fatigability and perceived fatigue. They should also be included in the planning of physiotherapy treatment.

Uvod: V obdobju nosečnosti ženske doživijo mnogo telesnih in psiholoških sprememb, ker želijo poskrbeti za optimalne pogoje za otrokov razvoj. V času nosečnosti je treba upoštevati anatomske in fiziološke spremembe, ki se zgodijo. Med njimi sta še posebej pogosti spremembi pridobivanje telesne mase in sprememba v pogostosti izvajanja telesne dejavnosti. Kadar pri nosečnicah redno telesno dejavnost spremlja ustrezna prehrana, jih to varuje pred debelostjo. S tem je naraščanje telesne mase bolj nadzorovano. Poleg tega nosečnice z redno telesno dejavnostjo vzdržujejo telesno pripravljenost, izboljšajo telesno držo, ravnotežje, koordinacijo, zmanjša se tveganje za padce in poškodbe, zniža se diastolični krvni tlak, izboljša se nevrološki in telesni razvoj ploda ter rast posteljice. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda strokovne in znanstvene literature raziskati, kakšna je vloga telesne dejavnosti pri nosečnicah z debelostjo. Poleg tega želimo ugotoviti, katera izmed oblik telesne dejavnosti zmanjšuje možnost pojava debelosti pri nosečnicah. Metode dela: Iskanje strokovne in znanstvene literature je potekalo s pomočjo spletnih podatkovnih baz PubMed in PEDro. Vključitveni kriteriji za izbrane raziskave so bili slovenski ali angleški jezik randomizirane nadzorovane raziskave raziskave, ki so vključevale debele nosečnice raziskave, ki so vključevale telesno dejavnost ustrezna vsebina glede na naslov in izvleček ter omogočen dostop do celotnega besedila. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih 6 raziskav. Rezultati raziskav kažejo, da prihaja do sprememb v telesni dejavnosti in prehrani pri nosečnicah s povečano telesno maso, vendar se rezultati med vključenimi raziskavami razlikujejo. Uporabljena so bila različna merilna orodja, kot so pedometer, tekalna steza, ura za merjenje korakov (StepWatch? Activity Monitor) ter merilnik pospeškov. Razprava in zaključek: Kljub majhnemu številu ustreznih raziskav na temo vloga telesne dejavnosti pri nosečnicah z debelostjo in številnimi omejitvami pri primerjavi izbranih raziskav, rezultati pregleda literature kažejo, da do sprememb prihaja v telesni dejavnosti in telesni masi. Enoznačnega odgovora glede sprememb telesne dejavnosti in telesne mase kljub dobri tehnologiji in meritvam ni mogoče podati. Vprašanja o spremembi telesne mase in telesne dejavnosti pri nosečnicah z debelostjo ostajajo. Introduction: During pregnancy, women experience many physical and psychological changes because they want to ensure the most optimal conditions for the child's development. During pregnancy, it is necessary to take into account the anatomical and physiological changes that occur. Among them, weight gain and a change in the frequency of physical activity are particularly common changes. When regular physical activity is accompanied by appropriate nutrition in pregnant women, this protects them from obesity and thus weight gain is more controlled. In addition, with regular physical activity pregnant women maintain physical fitness, improve posture, balance, coordination, reduce the risk of falls and injuries, lower diastolic blood pressure, improve the neurological and physical development of the fetus and the growth of the placenta. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the role of physical activity in pregnant women with obesity, based on a review of professional and scientific literature. In addition, we want to find out which of the forms of physical activity reduces the possibility of obesity in pregnant women. Methods: The search for professional and scientific literature was carried out with the help of online databases PubMed and PEDro. The inclusion criteria for the selected researches were Slovenian or English language randomized controlled trials research involving obese pregnant women research that involved physical activity appropriate content in terms of title and abstract, and access to the full text enabled. Results: 6 studies were included in the literature review. Research results show that there are changes in physical activity and diet in pregnant women with increased body weight, but the results differ between the included studies. Various measuring tools were used, such as: pedometer, treadmill, watch for measuring steps (StepWatch␢ Activity Monitor) and accelerometer. Discussion and conclusion: Despite the small number of relevant studies on the role of physical activity in pregnant women with obesity and many limitations in the comparison of the selected studies, the results of the literature review show that there are changes in physical activity and body weight. Despite good technology and measurements, it is not possible to give an unequivocal answer regarding changes in physical activity and body weight. Questions about changes in body weight and physical activity in pregnant women with obesity remain.

Uvod: Test dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi je funkcijski test za oceno vzdržljivosti mišic plantarnih fleksorjev. Je enostaven za izvedbo ter ne zahteva veliko časa in posebne opreme. Kljub pogosti uporabi v klinični praksi, so merske lastnosti pomanjkljivo preverjene, postopki izvedbe testa pa so neenotni. Namen: Povzeti in analizirati izsledke raziskav o merskih lastnostih testa dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi za oceno vzdržljivosti mišic plantarnih fleksorjev in pripraviti navodila za poenotenje njegove izvedbe. Metode dela: Literaturo smo iskali v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed in CINAHL. Vključili smo raziskave, objavljene do decembra 2021, v katerih so proučevali merske lastnosti testa dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi pri zdravih ljudeh in ljudeh z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami. Rezultati: V pregled je bilo vključenih 13 raziskav. Zajele so 328 zdravih preiskovancev (od tega 46 starejših odraslih) in 163 preiskovancev z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami. Zanesljivost so ugotavljali v 12 raziskavah, veljavnost v eni, povezanost s spolom, starostjo in stopnjo telesne pripravljenosti v dveh ter sposobnost zaznavanja sprememb v sedmih raziskavah. Rezultati so pokazali, da je zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca za test dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi pri zdravih zmerna do odlična (ICC = 0,57?0,99) in zanesljivost med preiskovalci odlična (ICC = 0,96?0,99). Test je zmerno pozitivno (r = 0,51) povezan s hitrostjo hitre hoje pri starejših odraslih ženskah. Na izid testa vplivajo spol, starost in stopnja telesne pripravljenosti preiskovanca. Standardna napaka merjenja pri zdravih je med 0,3 in 8 dvigov. Pri ljudeh z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami je zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca visoka do odlična (ICC = 0,79?0,92). Zaključek: Test dvigovanja pete v stoje na eni nogi je zanesljivo orodje za ocenjevanje vzdržljivosti mišic plantarnih fleksorjev zdravih ljudi in ljudi z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami, medtem ko je njegova veljavnost slabo preverjena. Potrebne so dodatne raziskave predvsem pri ljudeh z različnimi mišično-skeletnimi okvarami. Introduction: The standing unipedal heel-raise test is a functional test used to assess plantar flexor endurance. It is easy to perform, requires little time and no special equipment. Although it is widely used in clinical practise, its measurement properties are limited and test procedures are inconsistent. Purpose: To summarise and analyse research findings on the measurement properties of the standing unipedal heel-raise test for assessing plantar flexor endurance and provide instructions for standardising its performance. Methods: PubMed and CINAHL databases were used for the literature search. We reviewed studies published up to December 2021 that examined the measurement properties of the standing unipedal heel-raise test in healthy people and people with musculoskeletal disorders. Results: 13 studies were included. They examined 328 healthy people (46 older adults) and 163 people with musculoskeletal disorders. 12 studies assessed reliability, one study assessed validity, two studies assessed correlation with gender, age, and fitness level, and seven studies assessed ability to detect change. Results showed that the unipedal heel-raise test has moderate to excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.570.99), and excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.960.99) in healthy people. It has a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.51) with fast walking speed in older female adults. Gender, age, and fitness level affect the results of the test. The standard error of measurement in healthy people ranges from 0.3 to 8 raises. In people with musculoskeletal disorders, the test has good to excellent reliability (ICC = 0.790.92). Conclusion: The standing unipedal heel-raise test is a reliable tool for assessing plantar flexor endurance in healthy people and people with musculoskeletal disorders. However, studies on its validity are scarce. Further studies are needed, especially in people with musculoskeletal disorders.

Uvod: Roka je pomemben del zgornjega uda, ki ne deluje izolirano od sosednjih sklepov in ima pomembno vlogo z vidika senzorike in tudi motorike, saj z rokami opravljamo veliko nalog v vsakdanjem življenju. Za optimalno delovanje roke je potrebna zadostna mišična zmogljivost, gibljivost in spretnost le-te. Če pride zaradi kakršnega koli razloga do upada mišične zmogljivosti, lahko posameznik to občuti predvsem v zmanjšani funkciji roke in v ne zmožnosti opravljanja vsakodnevnih nalog. Vibracija celega telesa se je že večkrat izkazala za učinkovito terapijo, kadar poskušamo z vadbo s pomočjo vibracije vplivati na povečevanje mišične zmogljivosti. Ti učinki so dokazani predvsem na spodnjih udih in pri pacientih, malo pa je znanih učinkov vibracije na zmogljivost zgornjih udov pri zdravih posameznikih. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil na vzorcu mladih, zdravih posameznikov raziskati vpliv vibracije celega telesa na mišično jakost zgornjih udov. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 30 študentov Zdravstvene fakultete, povprečne starosti 20,9 let. Mišično jakost dominantne roke smo merili z dinamometrom v sedečem položaju. Vibracija celega telesa je bila izvedena v položaju sklece z rokama na vibracijski plošči s frekvenco 30 Hz. Trajala je 30 sekund, 5 ponovitev s 30-sekundnimi odmori med intervencijami. Tik pred intervencijo in po njej smo izvedli 3 meritve z dinamometrom. Statistične analize smo opravili s programom Microsoft Excel. Rezultati: Rezultati meritev so pokazali, da je vibracija celega telesa imela vpliv na povečanje mišične jakosti prijema roke tako pri moških kot pri ženskah, vendar so bile te razlike v rezultatih pri moških statistično nepomembne. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi rezultatov lahko zaključimo, da se je vibracija celega telesa v naši raziskavi izkazala za učinkovito pri izboljšanju mišične jakosti roke. Introduction: The hand is an important part of the upper limb that does not function in isolation from the adjacent joints and plays an important role from in both senzorics and motor terms, as we use our hands for many tasks in daily life. Sufficient muscle power, mobility and dexterity are required for optimal hand function. When muscle performance declines for any reason, the individual feels it primarily through decreased hand function and the inability to perform everyday tasks. Whole-body vibration has repeatedly been showen to be an effective therapy in increasing muscle performance through exercise. These effects have been demonstrated primarily in the lower limbs and in patients. However, little is known about the effects of vibration on upper limb muscle performance in healthy individuals. Purpose: The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of whole-body vibration on upper limb muscle strength in a sample of young, healthy individuals. Methods: 30 students from the Faculty of Health, with an average age of 20.9 years participated in the study. Muscle strength of the dominant hand was measured with a dynamometer in a seated position. Whole-body vibration was performed in a push-up position with the hands on the vibration plate at a frequency of 30 Hz. Vibrations lasted 30 seconds, 5 repetitions with 30 second rest between each intervention. Before and immediately after the procedure, we performed 3 measurements with a dynamometer. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Microsoft Excel program. Results: The results of the measurement showed that the whole-body vibration had an effect on increasing the muscle strength of the handgrip in both men and women, but the differences in the results in men were insignificant. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results, we can conclude that whole-body vibration has been shown to improve hand muscle strength.

Uvod: Prekomeren razmik premih trebušnih mišic vzdolž bele črte imenujemo diastaza recti abdominis (DRA). DRA se najpogosteje pojavi pri ženskah v času nosečnosti in po porodu. Normalen je vsak razmik, brez izbočenosti/grebena nad, pod ali v predelu popka, manjši od 2,5 cm. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti ozaveščenost nosečnic o DRA ter njeni obravnavi med nosečnostjo in po porodu. Metode dela: V prvem delu diplomskega dela je bila uporabljena deskriptivna metoda dela, ki je bila pridobljena s kritičnim pregledom znanstvene in strokovne literature o DRA. V drugem delu diplomskega dela je bila izvedena kvantitativna raziskava. Podatki za raziskavo so bili pridobljeni s pomočjo anonimnega spletnega anketnega vprašalnika. Anketni vprašalnik je imel 33 vprašanj zaprtega in polodprtega tipa. Vprašalnik je bil objavljen na portalu EnKlik Anketa. Rezultati: Od 241 nosečnic, ki so v celoti izpolnile vprašalnik, jih je 91 % že slišalo za DRA. Največ nosečnic (24 %) je informacije o DRA pridobilo s pomočjo socialnih omrežji. Veliki večini nosečnic (59 %) v času nosečnosti nihče ni preveril DRA. Prav tako je le petina nosečnic vedela, da imajo možnost fizioterapevtske obravnave v primeru odkrite DRA v nosečnosti in/ali po porodu. Polovica nosečnic je bila zmerno telesno dejavnih vsaj 3-krat na teden, le malo pa jih je v svojo telesno dejavnost redno vključevalo vaje za mišico transversus abdominis (9 %) in mišice medeničnega dna (19 %). Mann-Whitneyev U test ni pokazal statistično značilnih razlik v znanju o DRA med nosečnicami z zdravstveno izobrazbo in brez nje (p = 0,07) ter med nosečnicami, ki so prvič noseče in tistimi, ki so bile že večkrat noseče (p = 0,1). S hi-kvadrat testom smo ugotovili statistično značilno razliko v telesni vadbi med nosečnicami, ki so prvič noseče in med tistimi, ki so bile noseče že večkrat (p = 0,01). Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati naše raziskave so pokazali, da je velika večina nosečnic že slišala za DRA, vendar je zelo malo nosečnic informacije pridobilo od usposobljenih zdravstvenih delavcev. Čeprav je DRA zelo pogost pojav v nosečnosti in po porodu, se DRA še vedno le redko preveri. Redkokatera nosečnica v naši raziskavi je vedela, da ima v primeru težav z DRA možnost fizioterapevtske obravnave. Na DRA bi morali dati večji poudarek v preventivnem zdravstvenem varstvu nosečnic. Introduction: Excessive separation of the abdominal muscles along the linea alba is called diastasis recti abdominis (DRA). DRA most often occurs in women during pregnancy and after childbirth. Any gap, no bulge/ridge above, below or in the navel area of less than 2.5 cm is normal. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis was to determine the awareness of pregnant women about DRA and its treatment during pregnancy and after childbirth. Methods: In the first part of the thesis, a descriptive work method was used, which was obtained through a critical review of scientific and professional literature about DRA. In the second part of the thesis, quantitative research was carried out. The data for the research were obtained with the help of an anonymous online survey. The questionnaire had 33 closed and semi-open questions. The questionnaire was published on the EnKlik Survey portal. Results: Out of 241 pregnant women, who completely filled out the questionnaire, 91 % had already heard of DRA. Most pregnant women (24 %) obtained information about DRA with the help of social networks. The occurrence of DRA during pregnancy was not checked with the majority of pregnant women (59 %) and only one fifth of pregnant women knew that they have the option of physiotherapeutic treatment in case of discovered DRA during pregnancy and/or after childbirth. One half of pregnant women were moderately physically active at least 3 times a week, but only a few of them regularly included exercises for the transversus abdominis muscles (9%) and pelvic floor muscles training (19%) in their physical activity. The Mann-Whitney U test did not show a statistically significant difference in knowledge about DRA between pregnant women with and without medical education (p=0.07), and between pregnant women who were pregnant for the first time and those who had been pregnant several times (p= 0.1). Using the Chi-square test, we found a statistically significant difference in activity that is physical exercising - comparing women who are pregnant for the first time to those who have been pregnant several times (p=0.01). Discussion and conclusion: The results of our survey showed that the vast majority of pregnant women had heard of DRA, but very few pregnant women obtained information from qualified health professionals. Although DRA is a very common occurrence in pregnancy and postpartum, DRA is still rarely checked. Pregnant women in our study rarely knew that in case of problems with DRA, they have the option of physiotherapy treatment. DRA should be given greater emphasis in the preventive health care of pregnant women.

Uvod: Najpogostejša strukturna deformacija hrbtenice je skolioza. Pri nekaterih pacientih je mogoče določiti osnovni vzrok skolioze, vendar pa vzrok pri večini skolioz ni znan. Izraz idiopatska skolioza se nanaša na paciente, pri katerih ne najdemo jasnega vzroka bolezni. Adolescentna idiopatska skolioza je najpogostejša idiopatska skolioza, ki jo diagnosticiramo kadar je Cobbov kot na rentgenskem posnetku večji od 10°. Dejavniki ki napovedujejo povečanje patološke krivine hrbtenice so: zrelost (kronološka starost, menarha, skeletna zrelost, Risserjev znak), velikost, tip in lokacija krivine. Cilj konservativnega kot tudi operativnega zdravljenja skolioze je preprečiti napredovanje ukrivljenosti hrbtenice. Kot pomemben del konservativnega zdravljenja so se izkazale tudi stabilizacijske vaje, ki se pogosto uporabljajo pri zdravljenju adolescentne idiopatske skolioze. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je, na podlagi pregleda strokovne in znanstvene literature, ugotoviti učinkovitost stabilizacijskih vaj pri pacientih z adolescentno idiopatsko skoliozo. Metode dela: Raziskave so bile izbrane v elektronski podatkovni zbirki PubMed s ključnimi besedami »adolescent scoliosis AND stabilization exercise«. Izbrane so bile raziskave, ki so ustrezale sledečim vključitvenim merilom: članki s prosto dostopnim celotnim besedilom, raziskave, ki so bile objavljene po letu 2012, randomizirane kontrolirane raziskave, raziskave, v katerih so ocenjevali učinkovitost stabilizacijskih vaj pri pacientih z adolescentno idiopatsko skoliozo. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih pet raziskav. V štirih raziskavah je bila učinkovitost stabilizacijske vadbe primerjana z drugo obliko vadbe (za skoliozo specifične fizioterapevtske vaje, vaje za osnovno zavedanje telesa, Schroth pristop), v eni raziskavi pa sta bili primerjani nadzorovana, vodena stabilizacijska vadba s strani strokovnjaka in nenadzorovana stabilizacijska vadba, izvajana samostojno v domačem okolju. V večini izbranih raziskav so ugotovili statistično značilno izboljšanje rezultatov meritev rotacije trupa s skolimetrom, Cobbovega kota, intenzitete bolečine, kakovosti življenja, vizualnega in haptičnega zaznavanja, zaznavanja položaja telesa, subjektivne zaznave deformacije trupa in izboljšanje periferne mišične moči. Večinoma so bile v teh raziskavah ugotovljene statistično značilne izboljšave znotraj posameznih intervencijskih skupin. Vse raziskave pa niso pokazale statistično značilnih razlik med različnimi vadbenimi pristopi, zato je potrebno nadaljnje raziskovanje. Razprava in zaključek: Rezultati pregledanih raziskav kažejo, da ima stabilizacijska vadba pozitivne učinke pri zmanjševanju intenzitete bolečine, povezane s skoliozo, preprečuje napredovanja skolioze, zmanjša asimetrijo in deformacijo hrbtenice ter vpliva na kakovost življenja posameznika s skoliozo. V prihodnjih raziskavah bi bilo potrebno upoštevati naslednja priporočila: vključiti večje število preiskovancev, daljše vadbene programe, uporabiti enotna merilna orodja za vrednotenje rezultatov in spremljati dolgoročne vplive vadbe. Introduction: Scoliosis is the most common structural deformity of the spine. In some patients, the underlying cause of scoliosis can be determined, but the cause of most scoliosis is unknown. Idiopathic scoliosis refers to patients in whom no clear cause of the disease is found. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common idiopathic scoliosis and is diagnosed when the Cobb angle on the radiograph is greater than 10⁰. Factors predictive of increase in the pathological curvature of the spine are: maturity (chronological age, menarche, skeletal maturity, Risser sign), size, type and location of curvature. The aim of conservative as well as operative treatment of scoliosis is to prevent the progression of spinal curvature. Stabilisation exercises, which are commonly used in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, have proven to be an important part of conservative treatment. Purpose: The aim of this diploma work is to determine the effectiveness of stabilisation exercises in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis based on a review of the literature. Methods: Studies were selected if they met the following inclusion criteria: articles with freely available full text, studies published after 2012, randomised controlled trials, studies evaluating the effectiveness of stabilisation exercises in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results: Five studies were included in the literature review. Four studies compared the effectiveness of stabilisation exercise with another form of exercise (Scientific Exercises Approach to Scoliosis, basic body awareness therapy, Schroth exercises) and one study compared supervised, guided stabilisation exercise with unsupervised stabilisation exercise performed independently in the home environment. Most studies found statistically significant results within-group differences for measures of trunk rotation with a scoliometer, Cobb angle, pain intensity, quality of life, visual and haptic perception, body position perception, subjective perception of trunk deformity, peripheral muscle strength. However, not all studies showed the same statistically significant differences between the different exercise approaches, so further investigation is needed. Discussion and conclusion: The results of reviewed research suggest that stabilisation exercise has positive effects in reducing the intensity of pain associated with scoliosis, preventing scoliosis progression, reducing asymmetry and spinal deformity, and affects on the quality of life of individuals with scoliosis. Future research should consider the following recommendations: include a larger number of subjects, longer exercise programmes, use uniform measurement tools to evaluate the results and monitor the long-term effects of exercise.

Uvod: Ravnotežje je sposobnost, ki s pomočjo senzoričnih in motoričnih sistemov vzdržuje, ponovno vzpostavlja in ohranja telesno težišče znotraj meja podporne površine. Informacije iz somatosenzoričnega sistema imajo pri tem pomembno vlogo, saj s stikom stopal s tlemi preko kožnih mehanoreceptorjev vplivajo na uravnavanje drže. Uporaba grobih podlag poveča somatosenzorični priliv v osrednje živčevje in vpliva na statično ravnotežje posameznika. Namen: Ugotoviti in raziskati vpliv stoje na grobih podlagah na gibanje središča pritiska in vplive grobih podlag na statično ravnotežje. Metode dela: V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 19 prostovoljcev, starejših od 18 let. Z eksperimentalno metodo raziskovanja smo izvajali meritve zibanja telesnega težišča pri stoji na različnih podlagah. Uporabili smo pritiskovno ploščo in dve različni grobi podlagi, na katerih so preiskovanci stali z zaprtimi očmi v časovnem obdobju ene minute. Rezultati: Statistična analiza zbranih podatkov je pokazala statistično značilne razlike. Stoja na grobih podlagah ima vpliv na zibanje telesnega težišča in statično ravnotežje. Pojavljajo se statistično značilne razlike v hitrosti zibanja telesnega težišča in amplitudi v antero-posteriorni smeri zibanja, v obeh primerih je to pri stoji z zaprtimi očmi na plastični preprogi. Razprava in zaključek: Uporaba grobih podlag ima vpliv na statično ravnotežje in stabilnost. Parametri meritev ravnotežja so odvisni od oblike grobih podlag in subjektivnega mnenja preiskovancev. Uporaba grobih podlag ima tudi kratkoročne učinke na mirno stojo, kar smo dokazali s kontrolno meritvijo. Primerna bi bila izvedba dodatnih raziskav dolgoročnih učinkov uporabe grobih podlag na statično ravnotežje in dodatnih raziskav z uporabo podloge Sissel StepFit. Introduction: Balance is inborn ability, which with interaction of sensory and motor systems sustains, re-establishes, and maintains body’s center of gravity within the boundaries of support surface. Information from somatosensory system have an important role, because when feet are in contact with surface, the skin mechanoreceptors influence postural control. The use of textured materials increases proprioceptive input to central nervous system and contributes to person’s balance. Purpose: To find out and research the effect on static balance by standing on textured materials. Methods: There was 19 volunteers included in this study, which were older than 18 years old. With the use of experimental method, we performed measurements of postural sway while standing in different textured materials. We used force plate and two different textured mats, on which the volunteer stood with their eyes closed in a period of one minute. Results: Statistic analysis of collected data is showing significant differences in average values. The use of textured materials has effects on postural sway and static balance. There are statistically significant differences in speed of body sway and in amplitude of anterior-posterior sway when standing on plastic rug with eyes closed. Discussion and conclusions: The use of different textured materials has some effects on static balance and postural stability. Parameters of balance measurements depend on the shape of textured material and subjective opinion of investigated volunteers. With control measurement we showed, that textured materials also have short-term effects on quiet standing. Appropriate it would be to do more research of long-term effects on static balance with the use of textured materials and do additional research with Sissel StepFit mat.

Uvod: Terapija s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije (radio-frekvenčna ali kratkovalovna diatermija) lahko prinese izboljšanje kakovosti življenja ljudem z nekaterimi degenerativnimi ortopedskimi stanji. Utesnitveni sindrom rame je najpogostejša patologija ramenskega sklepa. Standardni protokol zdravljenja postavlja konservativno zdravljenje pred operativno in podpira terapevtsko vadbo. Namen: Ugotoviti, ali ima kombinacija terapije s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije ter terapevtske vadbe večji vpliv na zmanjšanje bolečine, povečanje gibljivosti in izboljšanje funkcije ramenskega sklepa kot samo terapevtska vadba pri preiskovancih z utesnitvenim sindromom rame. Metode dela: Vključenih 47 odraslih preiskovancev je bilo razdeljenih v skupino 1, ki je bila deležna terapije s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije in terapevtske vadbe, ter v skupino 2, ki je bila deležna samo terapevtske vadbe. Terapije so potekale trikrat tedensko, tri tedne. Oboji so izvajali protokol terapevtske vadbe vsak dan doma. Meritve z vidno analogno lestvico, indeksom bolečine v rami in zmanjšane zmožnosti ter goniometrijo smo izvajali pred terapijami in ob koncu terapij. Rezultati: Vpliv terapije s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije na zmanjšanje bolečine glede na vidno analogno lestvico je v skupini 1 prinesel izboljšanje za 3 točke, v skupini 2 pa za 2 točki (p < 0,05). Ugotovili smo spremembe v povprečjih razlik indeksa bolečine v rami in zmanjšane zmožnosti – bolečina pri skupini 1 za 18,4 %, pri skupini 2 pa za 12,8 % (p < 0,05). Pri ugotavljanju izboljšanja funkcije ramenskega sklepa smo ugotovili statistično pomembne razlike glede na indeks bolečine v rami in zmanjšane zmožnosti – zmanjšana zmožnost v skupini 1 za 17,5 %, v skupini 2 pa za 10 % (p < 0,001). Skupna vrednost indeksa bolečine v rami in zmanjšane zmožnosti je prinesla tudi statistično pomembno izboljšanje (p < 0,001). Skupina 1 je izkazala višjo stopnjo zmanjšanja točk, za 17,2 %, skupina 2 pa za 11,8 %. Pri meritvah sklepne gibljivosti statistično pomembnih razlik nismo zaznali pri nobenem od gibov. Razprava in sklep: Terapija s kapacitivnim in uporovnim prenosom energije ima lahko pozitiven prispevek h klasični terapiji s terapevtskimi vajami. Vpliva na zmanjšanje bolečine in izboljšanje funkcije ramenskega sklepa pri preiskovancih z utesnitvenim sindromom rame. Tega ne moremo trditi za izboljšanje sklepne gibljivosti. Introduction: Capacitive and resistive electric transfer (radiofrequency diathermy or short wave diathermy), can improve quality of life in people with some of the degenerative orthopaedics pathologies. Shoulder impingement syndrome is the most common pathology of the shoulder. Standard therapy protocol puts conservative treatment ahead of operative and supports therapeutic exercise. Purpose: To find out if the combination of capacitive and resistive electric transfer therapy and therapeutic exercise is more beneficial in improving range of motion, function and decreasing pain, than just therapeutic exercise in subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: 47 adult subjects were sorted into Group 1, that received capacitive and resistive electric transfer therapy and therapeutic exercise, or Group 2, that received just therapeutic exercise. Therapies took place 3 times a week, 3 weeks. Both performed exercise therapy every day at home. Measurements were taken before and after the treatment. We used the Visual analogue scale, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and goniometry. Results: The effects of capacitive and resistive electric transfer therapy on pain decrease, considering Visual Analogue Scale brought improvement in Group 1 for 3 points, and in Group 2 for 2 points (p < 0.05). We discovered changes in mean of differences »Shoulder pain and disability index - Pain« in Group 1 for 18.4 % and in Group 2 for 12.8 % (p < 0.05). For improvement of the funciton of the shoulder, we found statistically significant differences in »Shoulder pain and disability index - Disability« in Group 1 for 17.5 % and in Group 2 for 10 % (p < 0.001). The general Shoulder pain and disability index showed improvement in Group 1 for 17.2 % and in Group 2 for 11.8 %. The measuremnts of the range of motion did not show statistically significant differences in any of the movements of the shoulder. Discussion and conclusion: Capacitive and resistive electric transfer therapy can have a positive contribution to standard exercise therapy on decrease of pain and improvement of the function of the shoulder in subjects with shoulder impingement. We cannot state that it also has effects on the shoulder range of motion.

Uvod: Rak prostate je en izmed najpogostejših rakov v Sloveniji. Za zdravljenje raka prostate se uporabljajo aktivni nadzor, hormonsko zdravljenje, kemoterapija, obsevanje ali operativna odstranitev prostate oziroma radikalna prostatektomija. Po prostatektomiji je pogost neželen učinek dolgotrajna urinska inkontinenca. Novejši način zdravljenja le-te je funkcionalna magnetna stimulacija. Je neboleča in ne invazivna metoda, velika prednost pa je, da je prostovoljec med terapijo lahko oblečen. Pri funkcionalni magnetni stimulaciji magnetni tok povzroči depolarizacijo sakralnih živčnih korenin, ki oživčujejo mišice medeničnega dna, kar privede do kontrakcije teh mišic. Namen: Želeli smo ugotoviti učinkovitost funkcionalne magnetne stimulacije pri zmanjšanju pojavnosti inkontinentnih epizod in pri z urinsko inkontinenco povezano zmanjšano kakovostjo življenja pri moških po odstranitvi prostate. Metode dela: V randomiziran, s placebom kontroliran preizkus so bili vključeni moški z urinsko inkontinenco po prestani prostatektomiji. Naključno so bili razdeljeni v eksperimentalno skupino s funkcionalno magnetno stimulacijo ali v kontrolno skupino s placebom. Deležni so bili desetkratne terapije po 20 minut. Pričakovana je bila subjektivna sprememba stanja glede na 7-stopenjsko lestvico subjektivne ocene spremembe stanja in sprememba parametrov vprašalnika Mednarodnega posveta za inkontinenco – oblika za moške s simptomi urinske inkontinence. Rezultati: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 22 prostovoljcev. Analiza 7-stopenjske Lestvice subjektivne ocene izboljšanja je pokazala, da je 6 (46,2 %) od 13 prostovoljcev v eksperimentalni skupini in 2 (22,2 %) od 9 prostovoljcev v kontrolni skupini navedlo zmerno izboljšanje stanja. Razlika med skupinama ni bila statistično značilna (p = 0,121). Analiza vprašalnika Mednarodnega posveta za inkontinenco je pokazala premik povprečne vrednosti rezultatov eksperimentalne skupine iz območja z zmerno urinsko inkontinenco v območje z blago urinsko inkontinenco. Razlika med skupinama prav tako ni bila statistično značilna (p = 0,614). Razprava in zaključek: Ugotovili smo, da so prostovoljci sicer navajali subjektivno izboljšanje stanja, ki pa ni bilo statistično značilno drugačno v eksperimentalni kot v kontrolni skupini. Glede na trenutne rezultate raziskave zaključujemo, da funkcionalna magnetna stimulacija ne nudi večjega izboljšanja urinske inkontinence kot placebo. Uporaba le-te pri takih pacientih je vseeno smiselna, saj nismo zabeležili stranskih učinkov, hkrati pa noben od prostovoljcev ni navajal poslabšanja stanja. V nadaljnje bi bilo potrebno izvesti raziskavo na večjem vzorcu prostovoljcev. Introduction: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in Slovenia. Surgical removal of the prostate gland is one of the possible treatments for prostate cancer. After surgical removal prolonged urinary incontinence is a common adverse effect. Functional magnetic stimulation is one of the possible treatments of urinary incontinence. It is non-invasive and painless. The patient can be fully dressed during stimulation. In functional magnetic stimulation the magnetic current causes depolarisation of the sacral nerve roots, which innervate pelvic floor muscles. This leads to their contraction. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis was to evaluate the effectiveness of functional magnetic stimulation in reducing the number of the incontinent episodes and to assess the effectiveness on quality of life which is often reduced in men after prostatectomy. Methods: Men with urinary incontinence after prostatectomy were included in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental or control group. The participants sat down at the middle of the magnetic chair. Protocol lasted 4 weeks, 10 times for 20 minutes. International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Module and anamnesis was completed before the protocol. After the protocol they completed International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire and The Patient Global Impression of Improvement. Results: 22 men participated in this study. Six (46,2 %) out of 13 participants in experimental group and two (22,2 %) out of 9 in control group reported that their urinary symptoms have improved much. Nobody reported worsening of their condition after the protocol. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in the analysis of International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (p = 0,614) and The Patient Global Impression of Improvement (p = 0,121). Discussion and conclusion: We found that the participants reported subjective improvement, but based on current research results we conclude that functional magnetic stimulation does not offer a greater improvement in urinary incontinence than placebo. The use of functional magnetic stimulation in this population is still recommended since we did not find any adverse effects of the stimulation. In the future, bigger sample of men should be involved in the study.

Background Adequate trunk muscle endurance is considered to be an important indicator of good low back stability; therefore, its assessment is needed when determining an individual’s risk for back pain. Optimal tests to assess each trunk muscle group separately are difficult to find. The objective of this study was to verify if two groups of trunk muscle endurance tests (standard and alternative) show comparable results in terms of muscle endurance ratios, holding times and rated perceived effort to perform each test. Methods The study was designed as a quasi-experimental repeated-measures design. There was a single group of participants who took part in two different trunk muscle endurance testing. Sixty-eight healthy adult volunteers, aged 20–45 years (31.9 ± 7.2 years), without recent musculoskeletal injury or disorder participated in the study. All participants finished the study. Trunk muscle endurance tests as tested on the Roman chair (B tests) were compared with standard tests as suggested by McGill (A tests). Each group of tests consisted of an endurance test for trunk extensors, trunk flexors, and lateral trunk muscles for left and right side. The order of tests’ performances was randomly assigned to each participant, whereby a participant did perform A and B tests in the same order. In each test of A and B the holding time was recorded and a perceived effort in each test performance was also assessed by participants. Post testing performance the four ratios of trunk muscles endurance comparison were calculated for each group of tests to determine if there is a good or poor ratio between muscles. Results of each participant were compared for trunk muscle endurance ratio calculations, holding times and rated perceived effort for A and B tests. Results Results showed comparable trunk muscle endurance ratios in the three ratios observed, except for the flexors:extensors ratio (AFL:EX: 1.2 (IQR: 0.7–1.6) vs. BFL:EX: 0.6 (IQR: 0.3–0.8); p < 0.001). As compared to A tests, holding times were significantly longer in B tests for the extensors (AEX: 125.5 s (IQR: 104.8–182.8 s) vs. BEX: 284.0 s (IQR: 213.0–342.3 s); p < 0.001) and lateral trunk muscles (AL-LM: 61.0 s (IQR: 48.3–80.8 s) vs. BL-LM: 131.5 s (IQR: 95.5–158.5 s); AR-LM: 63.5 s (IQR: 45.8–77.3 s) vs. BR-LM: 113.0 s (IQR: 86.3–148.8 s); p < 0.001), both were also rated as slightly easier to perform in the extensors (ARPE-EX: 13 (IQR: 12.0–14.0) vs BRPE-EX: 11 (IQR: 10.0–13.0); pRPE-EX < 0.001) and lateral muscles testing (ARPE-LM: 14.0 (IQR: 12.3–15.8) vs. BRPE-LM: 13.0 (IQR: 12.0–15.0); pRPE-LM = 0.001). Conclusions A and B tests are comparable in three of four trunk muscle endurance ratios, while longer holding times and lower perceived effort to perform were observed in most of the B tests. The Roman chair tests could be used as an alternative to standard tests.

Izhodišča: Za oceno intenzivnosti bolečine je pogosto v uporabi številska lestvica z ocenami od 0 do 10. Ocenjevanje je lahko ustno ali pisno. Namen pregleda literature je bil povzeti njene merske lastnosti pri pacientih z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami na udih. Metode: Sistematično so bile pregledane podatkovne zbirke PubMed, CINAHL in Cochrane library. Rezultati: V pregled je bilo vključenih 13 raziskav. Pri pacientih z mišično-skeletnimi okvarami na udih ima številska lestvi-ca zelo dobro do odlično zanesljivost ponovnega ocenjevanja. Povezanost z vidno analogno lestvico in z lestvico za bese-dno ocenjevanje bolečine je zelo dobra do odlična, kar potrjuje veljavnost konstrukta. Najmanjša pomembna sprememba je dve oceni. Zaključek: Številska lestvica je zanesljiva in veljavna za oceno bolečine, ki je posledica mišično-skeletnih okvar na udih. Ne moremo potrditi boljših merskih lastnosti ocenjevanja na ustni ali pisni način. Ocenjevanje mora slediti natančnim navodilom, posredovanim pacientu. Background: Pain intensity is often assessed using the numerical rating scale, with scores ranging from 0 to 10. It can be administered verbally or in a written format. The purpose was to review its measurement properties in patients with musculoskeletal impairments of the limbs.Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL and the Cochrane library.Results: Thirteen studies were included. Very good to excellent test-retest reliability of the numeric pain rating scale was found in patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the limbs. Correlations with the visual analogue scale and verbal rating scale were very good to excellent, which confirms the construct validity. Minimal important difference is 2 points.Conclusion: The numerical rating scale is a reliable and valid tool for pain assessment in patients with musculoskeletal impairments of the limbs. We cannot confirm better measurement properties for written or verbal version. The evaluation should follow detailed patient instructions.

Uvod: Počep z olimpijsko palico je sestavljena vaja, s katero razvijamo najmočnejše mišice v človeškem telesu. Ocenjuje se, da je med izvedbo aktivnih okrog 200 mišic. Uporaba elastičnega traku, nameščenega preko distalnega dela stegen, kot proprioceptivna pomoč pri počepu, se uporablja z namenom ohranjanja nevtralnega položaja kolen. Specifični učinki elastičnega traku, nameščenega preko distalnega dela stegen, med počepom niso jasni. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil na podlagi pregleda literature raziskati, ali lahko z nameščanjem elastičnega traku preko distalnega dela stegen vplivamo na položaj kolena in zmanjšamo valgus med počepom. Metode dela: Za izdelavo diplomskega dela je bila uporabljena deskriptivna metoda. Iskanje literature je potekalo v podatkovni zbirki PubMed. Uporabljene so bile naslednje besede in besedne zveze v angleškem jeziku: squat AND knee, elastic band AND squat, band loop AND knee kinematics, knee kinematics AND squat, knee valgus AND squat, knee valgus AND elastic band, resistance band AND squat. Rezultati: Na podlagi ključnih besed je bilo najdenih 18 člankov. Vključitvenim in izključitvenim kriterijem je ustrezalo 5 raziskav, ki so bile vključene v nadaljnjo analizo. Podatki so bili v treh raziskavah zbrani znotraj ene seje in v dveh raziskavah znotraj dveh ločenih sej. Uporabljeni so bili elastični trakovi različnih težavnosti. Preiskovanci so izvajali počepe z in brez elastičnega traku z lastno težo in z olimpijsko palico z dodatnim bremenom. V eni raziskavi so izvajali tudi skoke. Valgus kolen so izračunali z indeksom širine kolen ali pa so izmerili kot največjega valgusa kolen. Rezultati vseh analiziranih raziskav so pokazali, da elastični trak ne pripomore k zmanjšanju valgusa kolen, temveč ga celo poveča. Razprava in zaključek: Avtorji raziskav odsvetujejo uporabo elastičnega traku med izvajanjem počepov pri zdravljenju različnih poškodb spodnjih udov in v vadbenih programih, saj povzročijo večje tveganje za poškodbo kolen. Zaključimo lahko, da elastični trak ne služi kot dober dodatek proprioceptivnih prilivov. V prihodnje bi bilo smiselno raziskati dolgoročne učinke elastičnega traku na položaj kolena med počepom ter zagotoviti večji vzorec preiskovancev in večji starostni razpon le-teh. Introduction: The Olympic bar squat is a compound exercise that develops the strongest muscles in the human body. It is estimated that around 200 muscles are active during the exercise. The use of an elastic band placed over the distal part of the thighs as a proprioceptive aid in squatting is used in order to maintain a neutral knee position. The specific effects of the elastic band placed over the distal part of the thighs during squatting are not clear. Purpose: The aim of this diploma work was to investigate, based on a literature review, whether placing an elastic band over the distal part of the thighs can influence knee position and reduce knee valgus during squatting. Methods: The descriptive method was used for the elaboration of the thesis. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed database. The following words and phrases in English were used: squat AND knee, elastic band AND squat, band loop AND knee kinematics, knee kinematics AND squat, knee valgus AND squat, knee valgus AND elastic band, resistance band AND squat. Results: 18 articles were found based on keywords. Five studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in the further analysis. Data were collected in three studies within one session and in two studies within two separate sessions. Elastic bands of varying difficulty were used. Subjects performed squats with and without an elastic band under their own weight and with an Olympic bar with an additional load. In one study, jumping was also included. Knee valgus was calculated using the knee-width index or measured as the maximum valgus angle of the knees. The results of all the studies analysed showed that the elastic band does not help to reduce knee valgus, but actually increases it. Discussion and conclusion: The authors of the studies advise against the use of elastic bands during squatting in the treatment of various lower limb injuries and in exercise programmes, as they increase the risk of knee injury. We can conclude that the elastic band does not serve as a good addition to proprioceptive inflows. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of the elastic band on knee position during squatting and provide a larger sample size and age range.

Uvod: Padci starejših odraslih so pomemben javnozdravstveni in socialno-ekonomski problem. Največkrat nastanejo zaradi interakcije različnih dejavnikov tveganja. S starostjo tveganje za padce narašča zaradi številnih dejavnikov tveganja, ki so posledica naravnega procesa staranja, kroničnih in akutnih obolenj. Telesna dejavnost ima pomemben vpliv na upočasnitev degenerativnih procesov staranja in plastičnost živčno mišičnega sistema. Fizioterapevti imajo pomembno vlogo pri učenju kompenzatornih strategij in rehabilitaciji po padcih. Namen: V raziskavi smo želeli ovrednotiti stanje ogroženosti za padce na vzorcu doma živečih, starejših Slovencev in predlagati ekonomsko vzdržno, izvedljivo in na dokazih temelječo fizioterapevtsko obravnavo za preprečevanje padcev doma živečih starejših, v lokalni skupnosti. Metode dela: Izvedli smo retrospektivno presečno raziskavo. V analizo smo vključili 5612 doma živečih starejših (starost 79,6 ± 7,6). Preiskovanci so bili v okviru preventivne obravnave starejše osebe na domu ocenjeni za dejavnike tveganja za padce v domačem okolju z vprašalnikom in funkcijskim TUG testom. Rezultati: V povprečju so preiskovanci padli 0,6 krat letno (± 0,03). TUG test so v povprečju izvedli v 21,7 sekunde (± 0,6). Povprečni rezultat vprašalnika je 5,5 točke (± 0,1). Na podlagi rezultatov lahko sklepamo, da ni statistično značilnih razlik v povprečnem številu padcev med vzhodno in zahodno regijo Slovenije (p = 0,213). Osebe z več prisotnimi dejavniki tveganja (? = 0,453 p < 0.001), osebe ki si pri vstajanju s stola pomagajo z rokami (p < 0,001) in osebe, ki imajo težave pri stopanju na robnik (p < 0,001) padajo pogosteje. Strah pred padcem je statistično značilno povezan z občutkom nestabilnosti pri hoji (p < 0,001). Pozitivno povezani sta stopnja tveganja za padec in hitrost izvedbe TUG testa (? = 0,262 p < 0,001). Osebe z občutkom nestabilnosti in uporabo opore pri hoji TUG test v povprečju opravijo v času, ki je večji od 12 sekund (p < 0,001). Osebe z več točkami na vprašalniku v povprečju TUG test opravljajo dlje (? = 0,335 p < 0,001). Razprava in sklep: Na podlagi ugotovljene medsebojne povezanosti dejavnikov tveganja za padce smo predlagali model fizioterapevtske obravnave, doma živečih starejših, ki se bo izvajala v lokalni skupnosti. Pri snovanju smo upoštevali dolgoročno izvedljivost obravnave. Background: Falls in the older population are a considerable public health and socio-economic problem. Physical activity has an important role to play in delaying degenerative ageing processes and preserving the neuromuscular system’s plasticity. Physiotherapists have crucial part in teaching the appropriate compensatory strategies during rehabilitation, following falls. Purpose: The aim was to assess risk levels for falls in home-dwelling older Slovenian adults and to design an economically sustainable, feasible and evidence-based physiotherapy treatment to prevent older adults from falling. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was employed. Sample contained 5612 home dwelling older adults (age 79.6 ± 7.6). A questionnaire and the TUG test were used to assess the participants’ risk factors, concerning falls in their home environment, which were administered by preventive home care. Results: The participants reported 0.6 falls per year (± 0.03). The average time for completing the TUG test was 21.7 s (± 0.6). The questionnaire results show the average risk of falling amounts to 5.5 points (± 0.1). These results allow the conclusion that no statistically significant differences exist between the Eastern and Western regions of Slovenia with regard to the number of falls (p = 0.213). Falls are more frequent in persons who have more risk factors (ρ = 0.453 p < 0.001) those who must use their hands while standing up from a sitting position (p < 0.001), and those with difficulties in stepping off a kerb (p < 0.001). The fear of falling is statistically significantly correlated with the feeling of insecurity while walking (p < 0.001). A positive correlation was established between the risk for fall and the time of performing the TUG test (ρ = 0.262 p < 0.001). Participants with an elevated total score for the questionnaire items need a longer time to complete the TUG test (ρ = 0.335 p < 0.001). Discussion and conclusion: Building on the established correlations among the risk factors for falls, a model of physiotherapy treatment of home-dwelling older adults is proposed, which would be performed in the local community. The possibility of a sustainable treatment is being considered.

Uvod: Klinične smernice za fizioterapijo odraslih nevroloških pacientov za ocenjevanje prehojene razdalje priporočajo 6-minutni test hoje. Primarni izid je prehojena razdalja v šestih minutah, smiselno pa je spremljati tudi nasičenost krvi s kisikom, srčno frekvenco ter občutenje napora po Borgovi lestvici. Namen: Namen magistrske naloge je bil ugotoviti zanesljivost 6-minutnega testa hoje in hkratnega merjenja srčne frekvence ter ocenjevanja z Borgovo lestvico. Izračunali smo tudi minimalno klinično pomembno razliko in minimalno zaznavno spremembo prehojene razdalje pri 6-minutnem testu hoje. Ugotavljali smo še povezanost prehojene razdalje pri tem testu s testi pljučnih funkcij. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 30 preiskovancev po možganski kapi, starih od 22 do 78 let, od 3 do 26,7 tednov po možganski kapi. Na začetku in na koncu rehabilitacije smo izvedli 6-minutni test hoje, obremenitveno testiranje s cikloergometrom in spirometrijo. Med 6-minutnim testom hoje smo z merilcem srčnega utripa beležili srčno frekvenco, občuteni napor pa s 15- stopenjsko Borgovo lestvico. Med obremenitvenim testiranjem smo srčno frekvenco spremljali preko EKG, občuteni napor pa so preiskovanci ocenili tudi po koncu cikloergometrije. Rezultati: Zanesljivost med preiskovalci pri 6-minutnem testu hoje je bila odlična (ICC = 0,97). Minimalna klinična pomembna razlika pri 6-minutnem testu hoje je bila 60,2 m, minimalna zaznavna sprememba pa 60,9 m ob sprejemu in 54,3 m ob odpustu. Zanesljivost merjenja srčne frekvence med 6-minutnim testom hoje je bila zmerna (ICC = 0,59), prav tako zanesljivost ocenjevanja po Borgovi lestvici (ICC = 0,44). Povezanost prehojene razdalje pri 6-minutnem testu hoje in ^˙^2maks pri obremenitvenim testiranjem je bila zmerna (r = 0,44). Povezanosti prehojene razdalje pri 6-minutnem testu hoje z Borgovo lestvico ni bilo, povezanost s forsiranim ekspiratornim volumnom v prvi sekundi pa je bila zmerna ob sprejemu (r = 0,46), ob odpustu je ni bilo. Zaključek: Ugotovitve naše raziskave so skladne s predhodnimi, v katerih so prav tako ugotovili visoko zanesljivost med preiskovalci pri 6-minutnem testu hoje. Nadaljnje raziskovanje bi morali usmeriti v razjasnitev razlogov za zmerno zanesljivost merjenja srčne frekvence in Borgove lestvice ter razjasnitev veljavnosti 6-minutnega testa hoje. Introduction: Neurophysiotherapy clinical guidelines recommend the 6-minute walk test for assessing walking distance. The primary outcome is the distance walked in 6 minutes, but it is also reasonable to monitor blood oxygen saturation, heart rate and the subjective dyspnea using the Borg scale. Purpose: The purpose of the master's thesis was to determine the reliability of the 6-minute walk test and the measurement of heart rate and evaluation of percieved exertion with the Borg scale. We also calculated the minimal clinically important difference and the minimal detectable change in distance walked in the 6-minute walk test. We also determined the correlation of the distance walked in this test with lung function tests. Methods: 30 stroke subjects aged 22 to 78 years, 3 to 26.7 weeks after stroke participated in the study. At the beginning and at the end of the rehabilitation, we assessed a 6-minute walking test, exercise test with a cycle ergometer and spirometry. During the 6- minute walk test, heart rate was recorded with a heart rate monitor (Polar RS800CX), and perceived exertion was assessed with a 15-point Borg scale. During the exercise test, the heart rate was monitored via ECG, and the subjects also assessed the perceived effort in the end of the cycle ergometry. Results: Inter-rater reliability of the 6-minute walk test was excellent (ICC = 0.97). The minimum clinically important difference of the 6-minute walk test was 60.2 m and the minimum detectable change was 60.9 m at admission and 54.3 m at discharge. The reliability of the heart rate measurement during the 6-minute walk test was moderate (ICC = 0.59), as was the reliability of the Borg scale assessment (ICC = 0.44). The correlation between distance walked in the 6-minute walk test and V ̇O2max in exercise test was moderate (r = 0.44). There was no correlation between the distance walked in the 6- minute walk test and the Borg scale, and the correlation with forced expiratory volume in the first second was moderate at admission (r = 0.46) and absent at discharge. Conclusion: The findings of our study are consistent with previous studies, which also found high interrater reliability of the 6-minute walk test. Further research should be directed at elucidating the reasons for the moderate reliability of heart rate and the Borg scale and clarifying the validity of the 6-minute walk test.

Uvod: Patelofemoralni bolečinski sindrom je bolečina v sprednjem delu kolenskega sklepa, najpogosteje ob medialnem robu pogačice. Točen vzrok njegovega nastanka je neznan, večinoma se pripisuje nenormalnemu lateralnemu drsenju pogačice. Pri večini pacientov se zdravi konzervativno, z manualnimi tehnikami, vadbenimi programi, patelarnimi opornicami in aplikacijo elastičnih ali neelastičnih trakov. McConnell tehnika apliciranja rigidnih trakov je korekcijsko lepljenje pogačice, ki se najpogosteje uporablja pri obravnavi patelofemoralnega bolečinskega sindroma. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti vpliv uporabe McConnell tehnike apliciranja rigidnih trakov pri pacientih s patelofemoralnim bolečinskim sindromom. Metode dela: Izvedli smo pregled raziskav zadnjih deset let v podatkovnih bazah PubMed, ScienceDirect in PEDRO. V analizo smo vključili sedem raziskav v angleškem jeziku, ki so ustrezale vključitvenim kriterijem. Rezultati: Vpliv McConnell tehnike apliciranja rigidnih trakov so v raziskavah uporabili kot samostojno intervencijo ali v kombinaciji z izvajanjem vadbe. McConnell tehniko so v raziskavah primerjali z vplivom izvajanja vadbe, razteznih vaj, aplikacije placeba in drugih tehnik apliciranja rigidnih trakov. McConnell tehnika statistično pomembno zmanjša bolečino v mirovanju in med aktivnostjo, poveča obseg giba fleksije kolena, izboljša funkcijo kolena in dinamični nadzor drže. V raziskavah niso ugotovili statistično pomembnega vpliva na položaj pogačice. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi pregleda literature je McConnell tehnika apliciranja rigidnih trakov uspešna kot podporna terapija pri zdravljenju patelofemoralnega bolečinskega sindroma. Kot samostojna terapija je uspešna le pri takojšnem kratkotrajnem odpravljanju bolečine. Potrebno bi bilo izvesti raziskave, ki bi preverile dolgoročni učinek McConnell tehnike na bolečino, in raziskave, ki bi preizkusile tehniko aplikacije, prilagojeno posameznikovemu položaju pogačice. Introduction: Patellofemoral pain syndrom is defined as pain of anterior aspect of the knee, most common on medial border of the patella. The exact cause of the syndrom is unknown, it is usually explained with patellar maltracking. In most cases the treatement is nonoperative, with different manual techniques, exercise therapy, patellar braces and elastic or rigid taping. McConnell taping is corrective rigid taping of the patella most often used with patellofemoral pain syndrom patients. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis/diploma work was to determine the effect of McConnell taping on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrom. Methods: A literature search of data bases PubMed, ScienceDirect and PEDRO was conducted for articles of the last ten years. Seven english researches fit the criteria and were used in the final review. Results: McConnell taping was used alone and in addition to exercise. Researchers compared effects of McConnell taping to those of exercise, stretching, placebo taping and other rigid taping techniques. McConnell taping has statistically significant effect on reducing the pain when stationary and during the activities, on larger range of motion, knee function and on dinamic postural control. Researchers didn't find statistically significant effect on patella positioning. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the results of this literature review, McConnell taping is succesful as adjunctive therapy in patellofemoral pain syndrom treatement. When used as stand - alone therapy it effects only short term pain. More research to test the long - term effects of McConnell taping should be carried out, as well as research to test the effect of taping based on the patellar positioning of the individual.

Uvod: Propriocepcija je temeljni del somatosenzoričnega sistema in je pomembna pri ugotavljanju proprioceptivnih primanjkljajev. Test občutka za položaj sklepa ostaja najbolj razširjen način merjenja propriocepcije. Za izvedbo meritev uporabljamo različne pripomočke kot so digitalni in izokinetični goniometer, elektrogoniometer, dinanometer, inklinometer in 3D sistemi. Najpogosteje se občutek za položaj kolenskega sklepa ocenjuje v položaju odprte kinetične verige, priporoča pa se tudi ocena v položaju zaprte kinetične verige, saj je le-ta bolj funkcijska. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda literature predstaviti zanesljivost merjenja občutka za položaj kolenskega sklepa v zaprti in odprti kinetični verigi. Metode dela: Iskanje literature je potekalo preko spletnega vira v podatkovni zbirki PubMed z različnimi kombinacijami ključnih besed v angleškem jeziku ter s posamičnim iskanjem v referencah objavljenih virov. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih osem raziskav, v katerih so avtorji proučevali zanesljivost merjenja občutka za položaj kolenskega sklepa v zaprti in/ali odprti kinetični verigi. V raziskavah so sodelovali zdravi posamezniki, stari med 18 in 60 let. V raziskavah so preverjali zanesljivost posameznega preiskovalca, zanesljivost med preiskovalci, ter zanesljivost med ocenjevanji. Zanesljivost v odprti kot tudi v zaprti kinetični verigi se je izkazala za dobro. Razprava in zaključek: Pri meritvah občutka za položaj kolenskega sklepa se je kot najbolj zanesljiv, cenovno dostopen in praktičen dokazal inklinometer v primerjavi z dinamometrom. Izvedba meritev tako v zaprti kot v odprti kinetični verigi je zanesljiva. V zaprti kinetični verigi pride do večje aktivacije mehanoreceptorjev, medtem ko odprta kinetična veriga predstavlja izoliran občutek za položaj kolenskega sklepa Introduction: Proprioception is a fundamental part of the somatosensory system and is important in identifying proprioceptive deficits. The test for joint position remains the most widespread method of measuring proprioception, using various devices such as digital and isokinetic goniometer, electro goniometer, dynamometer, inclinometer and 3D systems to perform measurements. Most often, the joint position sense of the knee joint is assessed in the position of the open kinetic chain, but the assessment in the position of the closed kinetic chain is also recommended, as it is more functional. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present the reliability of knee joint position sense measuring in a closed and open kinetic chain, based on a review of the literature. Methods: The literature was found in the PubMed database using various combinations of keywords in English and by individual search in the references of published sources. Results: Eight studies were included in the literature review in which authors examined the reliability of knee joint position sense measuring in a closed and/or open kinetic chain. Healthy individuals between the ages of 18 and 60 participated in the research. The research examined intra-examiner, inter-examiner and test-retest reliability. Measurements in the open as well as in the closed kinetic chain showed high reliability scores. Discussion and conclusion: In knee joint position sense measuring, the inclinometer proved to be the most reliable, affordable and practical compared to the dynamometer. Performing measurements in both closed and open kinetic chains showed reliability. In the closed kinetic chain, there is a greater activation of mechanoreceptors, while the open kinetic chain represents an isolated sense of the position of the knee joint.

Uvod: Med najpogostejše poškodbe in bolezni kolenskega sklepa sodita pretrganje sprednje križne vezi in artroza kolena. Oba pojava v kolenskem sklepu močno vplivata na ravnotežje posameznika. Vibracija celotnega telesa je že večkrat dokazana terapija, ki pozitivno vpliva na ravnotežje, držo telesa, mišično zmogljivost in funkcijske sposobnosti. Napravam za vibracijo celotnega telesa se v zadnjem času namenja precej pozornosti, saj se te zdijo enostavne in varne za uporabo v kliničnem okolju. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda literature predstaviti in primerjati učinke vibracije celotnega telesa na ravnotežje pri osebah po rekonstrukciji sprednje križne vezi in pri osebah z artrozo kolenskega sklepa. Metode dela: Pregled strokovne literature je s pomočjo analize člankov potekal po podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, Science Direct, PEDro in Cobbis. Literatura je bila iskana v angleškem jeziku s ključnimi besedami whole body vibration AND acl ter whole body vibration AND osteoarthrosis. Izključili smo članke, starejše od 10 let. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo vključenih osem raziskav. Štiri raziskave so preučevale osebe po rekonstrukciji sprednje križne vezi in štiri osebe z artrozo kolena. Rezultati vseh raziskav so pokazali pozitivne učinke vibracije celotnega telesa na ravnotežje. Štiri raziskave so preučevale samo vadbo s pomočjo vibracije celotnega telesa, medtem ko so druge vključevale še druge programe vadbe. Tri raziskave, ki so preučevale osebe po rekonstrukciji sprednje križne vezi, so pokazale pomembno izboljšanje ravnotežja. Statistično značilnih učinkov vibracije celotnega telesa niso uspeli dokazati samo v eni raziskavi. Ravnotežje se je pomembno izboljšalo v vseh raziskavah, osredotočenih na osebe z artrozo. Parametri vibracije so se med posameznimi raziskavami precej razlikovali. Razprava in zaključek: S funkcijskimi in laboratorijskimi protokoli je bilo ugotovljeno, da vibracija celotnega telesa pripomore k izboljšanju ravnotežja ne samo pri osebah po rekonstrukciji sprednje križne vezi, ampak tudi pri tistih z artrozo kolena. Za doseganje dobrih rezultatov jo je smiselno uporabiti v kombinaciji z drugimi programi vadbe. Vibracija celotnega telesa se je izkazala za zelo uporabno pri osebah po rekonstrukciji sprednje križne vezi, če se izvaja vsaj 4 tedne. Enkratna vadba s pomočjo vibracije celotnega telesa pri teh pacientih nima učinka na ravnotežje. Tudi pri osebah z artrozo kolena vibracija celotnega telesa pomembno vpliva na izboljšanje ravnotežja. Mora pa vadba trajati dlje časa za doseganje dobrih rezultatov. Za najbolj optimalno se je izkazala vibracija s frekvenco 30–45 Hz. Ta tema je do danes še precej slabo raziskana, zato bi bilo v prihodnje koristno narediti analizo raziskav, ki so bolj osredotočene na vadbo s pomočjo vibracije celotnega telesa in na njen vpliv na ravnotežje. Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament rupture and osteoathritis are one of the most common injuries and diseases of the knee joint. They both have a strong affect on body balance. Whole-body vibration is a proven therapy that has a positive effect on balance, posture, muscle performance and functional abilities. Whole-body vibration devices have been receiving a lot of attention lately as they seem easy and safe to use in a clinical practice. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to present and compare the effects of whole-body vibration on balance in patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and in individuals with osteoarthritis. Methods: The review was carried out through the databases PubMed, Science Direct and Cobbis. The literature was searched in English with keywords whole body vibration AND acl and whole body vibration AND osteoarthrosis. Articles older than 10 years were excluded. Results: There were eight studies icluded in this review. Four of them studied patients after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and four individuals with osteoarthritis. The results of all included studies showed positive effects of whole-body vibration on balance. Four studies have only studied whole-body vibration, while others have included other exercise programs. Three studies focused on people after ACL reconstruction showed a significant improvement in balance. Only one study failed to demonstrate statistically significant effects of whole-body vibration. Balance significantly improved in all studies focused on people with osteoarthritis. Vibration parameters varied considerably between individual studies. Discussion and conclusion: Using functional and laboratory protocols, whole body vibration has been found to improve balance in both ACL reconstruction individuals and those with knee osteoarthritis. It makes sense to use it in combination with other exercise programs to achive the best results. Whole body vibration has been shown to be very useful in individuals after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction when done for at least 4 weeks. A single whole-body vibration exercise has no effect on balance in this group of studies. Whole body vibration has a significant effect on improving balance even for people with knee arthrosis. However, the exercise must last for a long time to achieve good results. Vibration with frequency between 30 and 45 Hz proved to be the most optimal. This topic is still poorly researched to date, so it would be useful in the future to do a review of researches that are more focused on exercise through whole-body vibration and its impact on balance.

Uvod: Hoja nazaj na kratke razdalje predstavlja sestavni del hoje med dejavnostmi vsakodnevnega življenja, vendar je bila vadba take hoje pri pacientih po možganski kapi do nedavnega deležna malo pozornosti. Z vadbo hoje nazaj naj bi pri pacientih po možganski kapi izboljšali mišično zmogljivost, propriocepcijo, koordinacijo, ravnotežje in tudi hojo naprej. Namen: Na podlagi pregleda in analize izsledkov raziskav ugotoviti učinkovitost vadbe hoje nazaj pri pacientih po možganski kapi. Metode dela: Literatura je bila iskana v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed, CINAHL in PEDro. V pregled literature smo zajeli raziskave objavljene v angleškem jeziku do vključno aprila 2022. Rezultati: V pregled literature smo vključili sedem randomiziranih kontroliranih raziskav, v katerih so skupno zajeli 224 pacientov po možganski kapi. V šestih raziskavah so sodelovali preiskovanci v kronični fazi po možganski kapi in v eni raziskavi v akutni fazi po možganski kapi. V treh raziskavah so vadbo hoje nazaj izvajali po tleh, v štirih raziskavah po tekočem traku z razbremenitvijo telesne teže ali brez nje. Vadba hoje nazaj je bila izvedena kot samostojna terapija (dve raziskavi) ali kot dodatek k standardni fizioterapiji, rehabilitaciji ali vadbi hoje (pet raziskav). Rezultati raziskav so pokazali, da je vadba hoje nazaj učinkovita za izboljšanje naslednjih spremenljivk hoje naprej: hitrost hoje (šest od šestih raziskav), dolžina koraka in dvojnega koraka (tri od štirih raziskav), trajanje koraka in dvojnega koraka (dve od treh raziskav) ter trajanje enojne in dvojne opore (dve od treh raziskav). Nakazuje se tudi učinkovitost za izboljšanje kadence hoje naprej (tri od petih raziskav). V dveh od dveh raziskav so ugotovili tudi učinkovitost vadbe hoje nazaj za izboljšanje premičnosti in v dveh od treh raziskav za izboljšanje ravnotežja. Zaključek: Vadba hoje nazaj po tleh in po tekočem traku z razbremenitvijo telesne teže ali brez nje, ki traja vsaj štiri tedne s frekvenco vadbenih enot med trikrat do petkrat na teden ter vadbenimi enotami dolgimi vsaj 30 minut, predstavlja učinkovito dodatno obliko terapije za izboljšanje hoje naprej, premičnosti in ravnotežja pacientov v kronični fazi po možganski kapi. Nakazuje se večja učinkovitost vadbe hoje nazaj po tekočem traku kot vadbe take hoje po tleh, vendar bi bilo v prihodnje potrebno izvesti raziskave, ki bi to neposredno primerjale. Introduction: Backward walking over short distances is an integral part of walking in activities of daily living but has received little attention in the rehabilitation of stroke patients until recently. Backward walking training may improve muscle performance, proprioception, coordination, balance, and forward walking ability. Purpose: To review and analyse research on the effectiveness of backward walking training in patients after stroke. Methods: A literature search was performed in the PubMed, CINAHL and PEDro databases. The literature review included articles published in English before April 2022. Results: The literature review included seven randomised controlled trials with a total of 224 patients after stroke. Six studies included chronic stroke patients and one included acute stroke patients. Over-ground backward walking training was performed in three studies, and treadmill backward walking training with or without body weight support in four. Backward walking training was performed as a stand-alone therapy (two studies) or as an adjunctive therapy to the standard physiotherapy, rehabilitation or walking training (five studies). Results of the studies show the effectiveness of backward walking training for improving walking speed (six out of six studies), step and stride length (three out of four studies), step and stride duration (two out of three studies) and single and double limb support duration (two out of three studies). Backward walking training may also be effective for improving forward walking cadence (three out of five studies). Two out of two studies also reported the effectiveness of backward walking training for improving mobility, and two out of three studies for improving balance. Conclusion: Over-ground or treadmill backward walking training with or without body weight support, which lasts for at least four weeks with a frequency of three to five times a week and exercise units of at least thirty minutes, is an effective adjunctive therapy for improving forward walking, mobility, and balance of chronic stroke patients. The results of the included studies suggest greater effectiveness of treadmill backward walking training compared with over-ground backward walking training, but further studies with direct comparisons are needed.

Uvod: Cervikobrahialni sindrom je opredeljen kot bolečina ter senzorično motorični primanjkljaj zaradi kompresije vratne živčne korenine. Zaradi simptomov, ki jih imajo pacienti prihaja do težav tudi pri izvajanju dejavnosti vsakodnevnega življenja, del katerih je rokovanje s predmeti in spretnost roke. Najpogosteje uporabljen test za oceno spretnosti je test devetih zatičev, vendar merske lastnosti pri cervikobrahialnem sindromu še niso raziskane. Namen: Namen magistrskega dela je bil preveriti merske lastnosti testa devetih zatičev pri pacientih s cervikobrahialnim sindromom. Ugotavljali smo zanesljivost posameznega preiskovanca, sočasno veljavnost z meritvami mišične jakosti prijema roke in pincetnega prijema in njegovo povezanost z občutkom z regulacijo sile ter intenzivnostjo bolečine. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 35 pacientov s cervikobrahialnim sindromom starih od 25 do 70 let, večinoma ženskega spola (n = 29). Ob prvem ocenjevanju smo izvedli test devetih zatičev, oceno bolečine s številsko lestvico za oceno intenzivnosti bolečine, izmerili jakost prijema roke in pincetnega prijema z dinamometrom Jamar ter občutek za silo pri prijemu roke in pincetnemu prijemu. Drugo ocenjevanje s testom devetih zatičev je bilo opravljeno tri dni po prvem. Izračunali smo intraklasni korelacijski koeficient in Pearsonov ali Spearmanov koeficient korelacije ter parni t-test med udoma. Rezultati: Vsi preiskovanci so imeli simptome cervikobrahialnega sindroma unilateralno. Mišična jakost in občutek za silo okvarjenega zgornjega uda sta bila statistično značilno nižja od vrednosti neokvarjenega zgornjega uda (vsi p

Uvod: Alzheimerjeva bolezen je najpogostejša degenerativna bolezen možganov. V možganih bolnika se kopičijo patološke beljakovine, ki poškodujejo nevrone, zmanjšanje števila teh pa se kaže v upadu spoznavnih sposobnosti. To vodi do težav pri opravljanju vsakodnevnih dejavnosti in zmanjšuje njihovo kakovost življenja. Pri tej skupini oseb lahko redna telesna vadba pozitivno vpliva na njihovo zdravje. Vadbeni programi za izboljšanje spoznavnih sposobnosti vključujejo aerobno vadbo, vadbo za izboljšanje mišične zmogljivosti in ravnotežja. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je na podlagi pregleda strokovne literature predstaviti učinke telesne vadbe na spoznavne sposobnosti pri bolnikih z Alzheimerjevo boleznijo. Metode dela: Uporabili smo deskriptivno metodo dela. Iskanje literature je potekalo v podatkovnih zbirkah PubMed in PEDro z različnimi kombinacijami ključnih besed v angleškem jeziku. V pregled so bile vključene randomizirane kontrolirane raziskave, ocenjene z oceno 6 ali več po PEDro lestvici. Rezultati: V pregled je bilo vključenih pet randomiziranih kontroliranih raziskav, ki so ustrezale vključitvenim merilom. V raziskavah je bilo skupno zajetih 474 preiskovancev. Vadbeni programi so vključevali aerobno vadbo, vadbo za izboljšanje mišične zmogljivosti in ravnotežja. Trajali so od 12 do 24 tednov. V večini raziskav so poleg spoznavnih sposobnosti ocenjevali dejavnosti vsakodnevnega življenja. V treh raziskavah je bila kontrolna skupina deležna običajne zdravstvene oskrbe, v eni raziskavi je bila vključena v večkomponentno intervencijo, v eni raziskavi pa v strukturirane dejavnosti. Statistično značilne razlike na področju spoznavnih sposobnosti so bile zaznane le v dveh raziskavah. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi pregledanih raziskav lahko zaključimo, da ima voden vadbeni program pomembno vlogo pri bolnikih z Alzheimerjevo boleznijo, saj lahko vpliva na večjo vključenost teh posameznikov v dejavnosti vsakodnevnega življenja in izboljša njihovo splošno telesno vzdržljivost. Še vedno pa ostaja vprašanje, ali so ti vadbeni programi resnično učinkoviti in lahko vplivajo na izboljšanje spoznavnih sposobnosti. V prihodnjih raziskavah bi bilo treba vključiti večje število preiskovancev, učinke telesne vadbe pa spremljati daljše časovno obdobje. Alzheimer's disease is the most common degenerative brain disease. Pathological proteins accumulate in the patient's brain and damage neurons. The reduction in the number of neurons results in a decline in cognitive abilities. This leads to difficulties in carrying out daily activities and worsens their quality of life. For this group of patients, regular exercise can have a positive impact on their health. Exercise programmes to improve cognitive abilities include aerobic exercise, exercise to improve muscle performance and balance training. Purpose: The aim of this thesis is to review the literature on the effects of physical exercise on cognitive abilities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Methods: We used a descriptive method of literature review. The literature was searched in the PubMed and PEDro using different combinations of keywords in English. The search included randomised controlled trials with a PEDro scale of 6 or higher. Results: Five randomised controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria were included in the review. A total of 474 subjects were included in the studies. Exercise programmes included aerobic exercise, exercise to improve muscle performance and balance training. They lasted from 12 to 24 weeks. Most of the studies also assessed activities of daily living in addition to cognitive abilities. In three studies, the control group received usual care, in one study they received a multi-component intervention and in one study they received structured activities. Only two studies showed a statistically significant improvement in cognitive abilities. Discussion and conclusion: Based on the studies reviewed, it can be concluded that a guided exercise programme plays an important role in people with AD, as it can increase their involvement in activities of daily living and improve their overall physical endurance. However, the question remains whether these training programmes are actually effective and can have an impact on improving cognitive abilities. Future research should include a larger number of participants and monitor the effects of exercise over a longer period of time.

Uvod: Izokinetična dinamometrija predstavlja zlati standard merjenja mehaničnih lastnosti hotene mišične kontrakcije, s katero ovrednotimo mišično zmogljivost. Izokinetični dinamometer posreduje podatke o mišični jakosti ter razmerjih med antagonističnimi mišicami v opazovanem sklepu. Neravnovesje med mišicami fleksorji in ekstenzorji kolena lahko privede do večjega tveganja za poškodbo sklepa. Poleg hotene mišične kontrakcije lahko merimo tudi nehoteno. To je kontrakcija mišice, ki je izzvana z refleksom na nateg ali zunanjo električno stimulacijo. Merimo jo z različnimi metodami, mednje spadajo magnetna resonanca, elektromiografija ter mehanomiografija. Ena izmed mehanomiografskih metod, ki se uporablja za ocenjevanje kontraktilnih lastnosti mišic, je tenziomiografija. Veljavnost razmerij med antagonističnimi mišicami kolena, izmerjenimi s tenziomiografijo, do danes ni bila raziskana. Namen: Na vzorcu mladih odraslih primerjati konvencionalna in funkcionalna izokinetična razmerja navorov fleksorjev in ekstenzorjev kolena, izmerjena z izokinetično dinamometrijo z razmerji časovnih in amplitudnih parametrov tenziomiografije. Metode dela: V raziskavi je sodelovalo 30 zdravih preiskovancev (15 žensk in 15 moških), ki smo jim s tenziomiografijo (TMG) izmerili časovne (čas zakasnitve, Td in čas kontrakcije, Tc) in amplitudne parametre kontraktilnost fleksorjev in ekstenzorjev kolena in iz njih izračunali različna razmerja. Nato smo z dinamometrom izmerili največje izokinetične koncentrične in ekscentrične navore pri treh različnih kotnih hitrostih (60°/s, 180°/s in 240°/s), iz njih izračunali konvencionalna in funkcionalna razmerja in jih korelirali s TMG-razmerji. Rezultati: Obstaja zmerna negativna povezava med funkcionalnim izokinetičnim razmerjem mišic kolena pri 180°/s in TcFL/TcEKST (r = –0,465) ter TcBF/TcEKST (r = –0,468). Šibka negativna povezava obstaja tudi med funkcionalnim izokinetičnim razmerjem mišic kolena pri 240°/s in TcFL/TcEKST (r = –0,366) ter TcBF/TcEKST (r = –0,408). Poleg tega obstaja tudi šibka negativna povezava (r = –0,397) med konvencionalnim izokinetičnim razmerjem ekstenzorjev in fleksorjev kolena pri 60°/s ter razmerjem TdFL/TdEKST. Razprava in zaključek: Korelacijski koeficienti med opazovanimi razmerji mišic kolena so bili večinoma neznačilni in nizki zaznali smo le nekaj posameznih šibkih do zmernih povezav, zato ugotavljamo, da razmerja nehotene mišične kontraktilnosti, izračunana iz TMG-parametrov, v splošnem slabo napovedujejo razmerja mišičnih navorov pri hotenem gibanju. Potrebne so nadaljnje visokokakovostne raziskave veljavnosti razmerji TMG-parametrov antagonističnih mišičnih skupin kolena. Introduction: Isokinetic dynamometry is a gold standard for measuring the mechanical properties of voluntary muscle contraction. It is used to evaluate muscle performance. The isokinetic dynamometer provides data on muscle strength and the relationship between antagonistic muscles in the observed joint. An imbalance between the knee flexors and extensors can lead to a greater risk of injury to the joint. In addition to voluntary muscle contraction, we can also measure involuntary contraction. This is a muscle contraction that is triggered by a stretch reflex or external electrical stimulation. It is measured by different methods, including magnetic resonance, electromyography and mechanomyography. One of the mechanomyographic methods used to assess the contractile properties of muscles is tensiomyography. The validity of the relationships between antagonistic knee muscles measured with tensiomyography has not yet been investigated. Purpose: In a sample of young adults, conventional and functional isokinetic torque ratios between knee flexors and extensors measured with isokinetic dynamometry were compared with the ratios between time and amplitude parameters of tensiomyography. Methods: 30 healthy volunteers (15 women and 15 men) participated in the study. We measured the time (delay time, Td and contraction time, Tc) and amplitude parameters of the contractility of the knee flexors and extensors with tensiomyography (TMG) and thus calculated different ratios. We then measured the maximum isokinetic concentric and eccentric torques with a dynamometer at three different angular velocities (60°/s, 180°/s and 240°/s), calculated conventional and functional ratios and correlated them with the TMG ratios. Results: There is a moderate negative correlation between the functional isokinetic ratio of the knee muscles at 180°/s and TcFL/TcEKST (r=-0,465) and TcBF/TcEKST (r=-0,468). A weak negative correlation also exists between the functional isokinetic ratio of the knee muscles at 240°/s and TcFL/TcEKST (r=-0,366) and TcBF/TcEKST (r=-0,408). In addition, there is also a weak negative correlation (r=-0,397) between the conventional isokinetic ratio of the knee extensors and flexors at 60°/s and TdFL/TdEKST. Discussion and conclusion: The correlation coefficients between the observed knee muscle ratios were mostly non-significant and low we detected only a few significant weak to moderate associations. We conclude that involuntary muscle contractility ratios calculated from TMG parameters are generally poor predictors of torque ratios achieved during voluntary movement. Further high quality studies on the validity of TMG parameter relationships of antagonistic knee muscle groups are needed.

Uvod: Za učinkovito ohranjanje ravnotežja potrebujemo stalno delujoč nadzorni sistem. Mišična vretena v skeletnih mišicah posredujejo živčevju informacije o spremembi dolžine mišice in so občutljiva na vibracije, ki so aplicirane neposredno na telo mišice ali na kito. Mišica tibialis anterior je po mnenju določenih raziskovalcev najboljši mehanski vir proprioceptivnih informacij pri mirni stoji. Namen: Želeli smo ugotoviti, ali različne frekvence vibracij, aplicirane na telo mišice tibialis anterior, različno vplivajo na gibanje središča pritiska med mirno stojo, kar smo podrobno ocenili z merjenjem gibanja središča pritiska telesa. Metode dela: Sodelovalo je 32 zdravih prostovoljnih preiskovancev obeh spolov, starih od 18 do 47 let. Med mirno stojo s stopali tesno skupaj na pritiskovni plošči smo izmerili gibanje središča pritiska. Izvedli smo pet meritev: stoja brez vibracij pri odprtih in zaprtih očeh, zatem pa še stoja z zaprtimi očmi za vsako posamezno frekvenco vibracij. Mehanične vibracije smo aplicirali na telesi obeh mišic tibialis anterior s pomočjo taktorjev. Vibracije s frekvencami 30 Hz, 80 Hz in 130 Hz in amplitudo 0,8–1 mm so trajale 80 s. V statistično analizo podatkov smo vključili naslednje spremenljivke: hitrost gibanja središča pritiska, mediolateralno in anteroposteriorno pot gibanja središča pritiska ter ploščino gibanja središča pritiska, izračunano s pomočjo lastnih vrednosti kovariančne matrike. Pri statistični analizi smo uporabili analizo varianc za ponovljene meritve in Friedmanov test. Rezultati: Analiza podatkov gibanja središča pritiska pri apliciranih vibracijah na telo mišice tibialis anterior ni pokazala statistično pomembnih razlik med različnimi frekvencami vibracij. Ravno tako ni bilo statistično pomembnih razlik med stanji z uporabo vibracij in stanjem brez vibracij pri zaprtih očeh. Razprava in zaključek: Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov lahko zaključimo, da vibracije različnih frekvenc, nameščene na telo mišice tibialis anterior, ne vplivajo na statično ravnotežje pri zdravih mladih odraslih pri zaprtih očeh. Naše ugotovitve niso skladne z ugotovitvami drugih raziskovalcev, da vibracije na telo mišice tibialis anterior sprožijo spremembo nagiba telesa in motnje ravnotežja, kakor tudi, da višje frekvence povzročijo večji nagib telesa. V prihodnje bi bilo treba preučiti kombinacijo vpliva vibracij večjih amplitud na gibanje središča pritiska in nagib telesa hkrati. Introduction: To effectively maintain balance we need a constantly working control system. Muscle spindles in skeletal muscles provide the nervous system with information about changes in muscle length and they are sensitive to vibration applied directly on the muscle belly or to the tendon. Tibialis anterior muscle is the best mechanical source of proprioceptive information during quiet standing. Purpose: We wanted to find out if different frequencies of vibration applied on the belly of tibialis anterior muscle affect movement of centre of pressure during quiet standing in different ways, which was assessed by measuring the movement of centre of pressure. Methods: 32 healthy volunteers of both sexes, aged 18 to 47 years participated in the study. During quiet standing on pressure plate with feet close together, we measured the movement of centre of pressure. We performed five measurements: standing without vibration with eyes open and closed, and then standing with eyes closed for each individual vibration frequency. We applied mechanical vibration to the muscle belly of both tibialis anterior muscles using tactors. Vibrations with frequencies of 30 Hz, 80 Hz and 130 Hz and with amplitude of 0,8–1 mm lasted 80 seconds. The following variables were included in statistical analysis of the data: velocity of centre of pressure, mediolateral and anteroposterior path of centre of pressure and area of centre of pressure according to the method of principal component analysis. In statistical analysis we used the analysis of variance for repeated measurements and Friedman test. Results: Analysis of data about movement of centre of pressure during applied vibrations on the belly of tibialis anterior muscle did not show statistically significant differences between different vibration frequencies. There were also no statistically significant differences with or without applied vibrations with closed eyes. Discussion and conclusion: Based on obtained results we can conclude that vibration of different frequencies applied on the belly of tibialis anterior muscle have no influence on static balance in healthy young adults with eyes closed. Our findings contradict the findings of other researchers that vibrations to the tibialis anterior muscle cause change in body tilt and imbalance, as well as those higher frequencies cause greater body tilt. In the future, simultaneously applied combination of influence of vibrations of larger amplitudes on movement of centre of pressure and body tilt should be examined.

Uvod: Spolne motnje prizadanejo 20–43 % žensk v rodni dobi. Ena izmed njih je vulvodinija, ki je definirana kot kronična bolečina vulve neznanega izvora, trajajoča vsaj tri mesece. Obravnava lahko vključuje psihoseksualno terapijo, fizioterapijo, medikamentozno in celo kirurško zdravljenje. Vulvodinija je lahko povezana s hiperaktivnostjo, povišanim tonusom ali slabim nadzorom mišic medeničnega dna, zato je fizioterapija osredotočena na to skupino mišic. Funkcionalna magnetna stimulacija je neinvazivna in neboleča metoda, pri kateri pride do draženja živčnih celic in s tem posredno tudi mišičnih vlaken. Dokazano učinkuje pri različnih bolečinah, pri bolečinah, povezanih z vulvodinijo, pa raziskav po našem vedenju ni. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti uporabo in pridobiti podatke o učinkovitosti funkcionalne magnetne stimulacije pri pacientki z vulvodinijo. Metode dela: Podatki o pacientki so bili pridobljeni iz anamneze in medicinske dokumentacije. Učinkovitosti funkcionalne magnetne stimulacije smo vrednotili glede na spolno funkcijo z Indeksom ženske spolne funkcije in intenziteto bolečine z vidno analogno lestvico. Anamneza, vprašalnik in vidna analogna lestvica so bili uporabljeni pred pričetkom in po koncu sklopa desetih obravnav s funkcionalno magnetno stimulacijo. Rezultati: Število točk pri vprašalniku Indeks ženske spolne funkcije se je povečalo za 5, bolečina pa se je po vidni analogni lestvici znižala za 0,5 cm. Pacientka je poročala o velikem izboljšanju kakovosti življenja ter simptomov, kot so rdečica, oteklina in bolečina na predelu zunanjega spolovila. Razprava in zaključek: Etiologija vulvodinije je večvzročna, kar je morebitni razlog, da je izboljšanje glede na spremembo števila točk pri Indeksu ženske spolne funkcije in vidni analogni lestvici bilo le delno. Ob tem je pacientka poročala o velikem izboljšanju ostalih simptomov in kvalitete življenja, zato lahko rečemo, da je terapija bila učinkovita. Ker je pacientka vzporedno ob prejemanju terapije s funkcionalno magnetno stimulacijo prejemala tudi medikamentozno zdravljenje, ne moremo zagotovo trditi, da je bilo izboljšanje posledica izključno funkcionalne magnetne stimulacije. Učinkovitost funkcionalne magnetne stimulacije pri vulvodiniji je potrebno podrobneje raziskati, saj kvalitetnih raziskav na tem področju primanjkuje. Introduction: Sexual disorders affect from 20 to 43% of women of childbearing age. One of them is vulvodynia, which is defined as chronic vulvar pain of unknown origin lasting at least three months. The treatment may include psychosexual therapy, physiotherapy, medication and even surgical treatment. Vulvodynia can be associated with hyperactivity, increased tone or poor control of the pelvic floor muscles, so physiotherapy is focused on this group of muscles. Functional magnetic stimulation is a non-invasive and painless method that stimulates nerve cells and thus indirectly muscle fibers. It has been proved to be effective in a variety of pains, but there exists no research on vulvodynia-related pain. Purpose: The purpose was to present the use and obtain data on the effectiveness of functional magnetic stimulation in a patient with vulvodynia. Methods: Information about the patient was obtained from the anamnesis and the medical reports that the patient brought to the first treatment. Data on the effectiveness of functional magnetic stimulation in the treatment was obtained with a questionnaire for the diagnosis of female sexual disorders, the Female Sexual Function Index and the visual analogue scale. Anamnesis, questionnaire and visual analogue scale were used before and after the set of ten treatments with functional magnetic stimulation. Results: The score on the questionnaire Female Sexual Function Index increased by 5 points, and the pain according to the visual analog scale decreased by 0.5 cm. The patient reports a significant improvement in quality of life and symptoms such as redness, swelling and pain in the external genitalia. Discussion and conclusion: The etiology of vulvodynia is multifactorial, which is a possible reason the improvement in score on the Female Sexual Function Index and visual analog scale was only partial. Even so, the patient reported a significant improvement of other symptoms and quality of life, so we can say that the therapy was effective. Since the patient was also receiving medication in parallel with functional magnetic stimulation therapy, it is not possible to state with certainty that the improvement was solely due to functional magnetic stimulation. The effectiveness of functional magnetic stimulation in vulvodynia needs to be investigated in more detail, as there is a lack of quality research in this area.

Uvod: Sposobnost ohranjanja ravnotežja je tesno povezana s funkcionalnim statusom in varnostjo. To je še posebej zaskrbljujoče pri starejših odraslih, pri katerih pogosto pride do motenj ravnotežja zaradi sprememb v živčno-mišičnem, mišično-skeletnem in senzoričnem sistemu. Lokalna vibracija je opredeljena kot uporaba lokalne mehanske vibracije na tetivo ali telo mišice in se ponuja kot možna terapevtska metoda za izboljšanje ravnotežja pri starejših odraslih. Namen: Na osnovi pregleda strokovne in znanstvene literature je namen analizirati učinkovitost lokalne vibracije na ravnotežje pri starejših odraslih. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda s pregledom literature. Iskanje literature je potekalo v podatkovni zbirki PubMed in je bilo omejeno na obdobje od leta 2009 do 2022. Rezultati: V pregled literature je bilo na podlagi vključitvenih in izključitvenih kriterijev vključenih šest raziskav. V štirih raziskavah so poročali o zmanjšanju površine gibanja telesnega težišča. Boljše rezultate testov ravnotežja so zdravi starejši odrasli dosegli med pogojem z odprtimi očmi, medtem ko je pri starejših odraslih z visoko stopnjo tveganja za padec prišlo do izboljšanja med pogojem z zaprtimi očmi. V pregledanih raziskavah se je izkazala kot najučinkovitejša frekvenca lokalne vibracije med 80 in 100 Hz in amplituda med 0,20 in 0,50 mm. Lokalna vibracija se je izkazala učinkovitejša, kadar aplikacija vibracij traja dlje časa, vsaj 10 min, z vmesnimi odmori, aplicirana na plantarno območje. Razprava in zaključek: Glede na rezultate preglednih raziskavah bi lahko bila lokalna vibracija učinkovita metoda za izboljšanje ravnotežja pri starejših odraslih zgodnjega starostnega obdobja. Lokalne vibracije namreč izboljšajo obdelavo somatosenzoričnih informacij in uravnavanje drže, kar privede do boljšega ravnotežja. V prihodnjih raziskavah bi bilo potrebno vključiti večji vzorec, predvsem moških, tako bi lahko rezultate posplošili na celotno populacijo. Priporočajo se tudi nadaljnje raziskave z enotnim protokolom obravnave, mestom in naprave lokalne vibracije. Introduction: The ability to maintain balance is closely related to functional status and safety. This is of particular concern in older adults, who often experience balance disturbances due to changes in the neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, and sensory systems. Local vibration is defined as the application of local mechanical vibration to the tendon or body of a muscle and is offered as a potential therapeutic method to improve balance in older adults. Purpose: Based on a review of professional and scientific literature, to analyze the effectiveness of local vibration on balance in older adults. Methods: A descriptive method with a literature review was used. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed database. The literature search was limited to the period from 2009 to 2022 Results: Six studies were included in the literature review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Four studies reported a reduction in the center of pressure. Healthy older adults scored better on balance tests during the eyes-open condition, while older adults at high risk of falling improved during the eyes-closed condition. In the reviewed research, a local vibration frequency between 80 and 100 Hz and an amplitude between 0.20 and 0.50 mm proved to be the most effective. Local vibration proved to be more effective when the application of vibrations lasts for a long time, at least 10 min, with intermediate breaks, applied to the plantar area. Discussion and conclusion: According to the results of a review, local vibration could be an effective method for improving balance in older adults of early age. Namely, local vibrations improve the processing of somatosensory information and the regulation of posture, which leads to better balance. In future research, it would be necessary to include a larger sample, especially men, so that the results could be generalized to the entire population. Further research with a same treatment protocol, site, and local vibration device is also recommended. Keywords: local