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internacionalizacija na primeru podjetja Aldi Einkauf GmbH na trg Republike Srbije internationalization in the case of Aldi Einkauf GmbH on the Serbian market

Globalizacija je spremenila način poslovanja, velika podjetja so tako prisotna na svetovnih trgih in lahko izkoriščajo prednosti, ki jih prinaša globalno poslovanje. Pri uspešnosti globalnega poslovanja imajo veliko vlogo globalni managerji, ki poslujejo s strankami iz drugih držav in zato morajo imeti veliko znanja o poslovanju v kulturno različnem okolju in zaposlenih z različnimi kulturnimi ozadji. Magistrska naloga je sestavljena iz dveh delov, in sicer iz teoretičnega dela, v katerem opisujemo in definiramo globalna podjetja, vpliv globalizacije na podjetja in značilnosti podjetij, ki delujejo v globalnem okolju opisujemo management globalnega podjetja, njegove ključne funkcije, značilnosti in izobraževanje globalnega managerja nadalje predstavljamo vlogo managementa v nacionalni kulturi globalnih podjetij razlagamo upravljanje s kulturami v globalnem podjetju in vpliv managementa na obvladovanje kulturnih razlik v globalnem podjetju opredeljujemo pomen etike managerjev, oblike neetičnega vedenja in ravnanje z zaposlenimi v etičnem globalnem okolju. V drugem delu smo najprej opredelili raziskavo, raziskovalne hipoteze, metodologijo dela in predstavili rezultate raziskave. Raziskava je pokazala, da študentje na globalizacijo gledajo iz dveh vidikov, in sicer povezovanja in izkoriščanja, tako gledajo tudi na globalna podjetja. Zavedajo se, da podjetja vodi dobiček, zato na temo gledajo kritično. Globalni manager je eden najpomembnejših akterjev v globalnem podjetju, kajti od njega je odvisno, ali bo globalno podjetje uspelo in kako bo ravnalo z zaposlenimi. Zato je pomembno izobraževanje, ki se za globalnega managerja ne konča na univerzi, vendar se z zaključkom univerze šele začne. Manager mora vedeti kako ravnati z kulturno različnostjo in kako obvladovati etične dileme. Le tako se lahko vzpostavi pravično okolje in odnos do zaposlenih v globalnem poslovanju. Globalisation has changed the way we do bussiness, big companies are present in global markets and can use the advantages, brought fourth by global bussiness strategies. Global managers are big part of the advantages, as they do bussiness with clients from other countries and must therefore have a lot of knowledge with managing a culturaly diverse surroundings and with employees from different cultural backgrounds. This master degree is made up of two parts, the first is a theoretical part which describes and defines global companies, the effect of globalisation on companies and characteristics of companies, which function in a global enviroment. We describe the management of a global company, its key functions, characteristics and the education of a global manager. We also present the role of management in a national culture of a global company. We explain managing of cultures in a global company and the effects of management in controlling cultural differences. We define the importance of a managers ethic principles, forms of unethical behaviour and dealing with employees in a ethical global environment. In the second part we defined the research, its hypothesis, methodology of the work and presented the results. The research has shown that students see globalisation from two sights, which are connecting or exploiting, as well as global companies. They are aware that companies use profit as a waypoint and this is why they look very critical at the subject. A global manager is one of the most important actors in a global company, because the success of the company and the handling of the employees depend on his actions. This is why education is so important for a global manager, which does not end on the university, but at that point just begins. A manager must know how to treat cultural diversity and how to handle ethical dilemmas. This is the only way to establish a rightous environment and a relationship towards employees in a global company.

Magistrsko delo z naslovom »Vpliv tehnoloških dejavnikov na globalizacijo« zajema dve večji področji ekonomske teorije – tehnologijo in globalizacijo. Namen magistrskega dela je analizirati odnose med tehnološkimi spremembami, gospodarsko rastjo in globaliziranostjo držav. Teoretični del smo razdelili na obravnavo tehnologije in globalizacije. Najprej smo predstavili pojme, ki se navezujejo na tehnologijo, nato smo prikazali mesto tehnologije skozi zgodovino ekonomske teorije in predstavili tehnološke teorije mednarodne menjave. Na koncu poglavja smo nekaj besed namenili industrijski revoluciji in prikazali tehnologijo v vlogi pogajalca mednarodne vpetosti. Nadaljevanje teoretičnega dela zajema predstavitev globalizacije, njene značilnosti, faze in gonilne sile. Posebej smo se osredotočili na tehnološke dejavnike globalizacije, med katere uvrščamo tehnološki napredek, izboljšave v transportu in napredek na področju informacijsko-komunikacije tehnologije. Nikakor pa nismo pozabili na prikaz prednosti in pasti globalizacije, dotaknili pa smo se tudi večne dileme ali je globalizacija gonilo rasti. V zadnjem delu smo proučevali odnos med tehnološko pripravljenostjo, inovacijami, globalizacijo in gospodarsko rastjo. V podrobnejšo analizo smo zajeli naslednje države: Avstrijo, Češko, Dansko, Estonijo, Finsko in Slovenijo. S pomočjo analize globalnega indeksa konkurenčnosti, indeksa globalizacije KOF in gibanja bruto družbenega proizvoda smo poskušali ugotoviti ali dostopnost najnovejših tehnologij vpliva na gospodarski razvoj kakor tudi povečuje globaliziranost države. Prav tako smo proučevali inovativnost izbranih držav. Pred sklepnimi ugotovitvami pa smo predstaviti tudi položaj Slovenije med izbranimi državami na lestvici indeksa globalne konkurenčnosti in indeksa KOF globalizacije. Intenzivne in hitre tehnološke spremembe ter spremenjeni pogoji mednarodne menjave (cenejši in hitrejši transport in informacije) vplivajo oz. povzročajo spremembe na področju mednarodne menjave, mednarodnega poslovanja in vloge države v procesu globalizacije. The master's thesis »The impact of technological change on globalization« comprises two larger areas of economic theory – technology and globalization. The purpose of the thesis is to analyses the relationships between the technological change, economic growth ant the extent to which countries are globalized. The theoretical part deals with technology and globalization. The first part presents technological terms, the place of technology through the history of economic theory and the presentation of the technological theory of international trade. The end of the first theoretical chapter includes the presentation of the industrial revolution and the definition of technology as a condition for international engagement. The second part of theoretical part comprises the presentation of globalization, its characteristics, phases and driving forces. Special focus was made on technological factors of globalization, such as technical advances, transport improvements and advances in information and communication technology. Furthermore, the thesis indicates the strengths and the traps of globalization and tackles the eternal dilemma of defining globalization as a driving force. In the last part the relationship between the technolgical readiness, innovation, globalization and economic growth has been studied. A detailed analysis included Austria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland and Slovenia. Through the analysis of the global competitiveness index, the KOF index og globalization and the trend of the gross national product the thesisi tried to determine whether the accessibility of the latest technologies impacts the economic growth as well as enlarges the country's globalization. The innovation of the chosen countries was also studied. Before the conclusion the thesis presented Slovenia's place among the selected countries on the scale of the global competitiveness index and the KOF index of globalization. Intensive and fast technological changes and the changed conditions of international trade (cheaper and faster transport and information) impact and change the international trade, international business and the role of the country in the process of globalization.

Podjetja na globalnem trgu se soočajo z dilemami s področja družbene odgovornosti in etičnosti poslovanja. Prevladujoči vir dilem je raznolikost kultur in posledično različne vrednote na področjih, kjer podjetja delujejo. Najvišji management podjetja je zato postavljen pred izziv, kako zagotoviti takšno delovanje, da bo podjetje ugodilo željam globalnega potrošnika in hkrati zadovoljilo pričakovanja lastnikov. Med poslovanjem se management podjetja mnogokrat znajde v t. i. »sivem področju«, ki se nahaja med etiko in zakoni. Pri odločitvah v takih situacijah so jim v največjo oporo kodeksi etike. Skozi zgodovino se dojemanje etičnosti in družbene odgovornosti podjetja spreminja in raste skupaj z družbeno zavestjo. Etično poslovanje in družbena odgovornost podjetja na globalnem trgu še nikoli prej nista imela tako velikega pomena. Glavna naloga poslovne etike je zahteva po poštenem poslovanju. Etičnost podjetja mora biti razvidna v viziji, poslanstvu in strategiji podjetja. Globalna podjetja so spoznala, da etično in družbeno odgovorno poslovanje prinaša mnoge prednosti. Največjo grožnjo družbenemu razvoju predstavlja korupcija. V svetu obstaja mnogo organizacij, ki se skupaj borijo proti njej in tako zmanjšujejo njen škodljivi vpliv. S korupcijo je mnogokrat povezano tudi pranje denarja. Nelegalno pridobljen denar pa se lahko steka tudi do raznih terorističnih organizacij, kar predstavlja veliko grožnjo varnosti v svetu. V državah tretjega sveta kljub izboljševanju razmer še vedno obstaja veliko tovarn, kjer so delavcem kršene osnovne človekove pravice. Velik del krivde za to nosijo globalna podjetja, katerih proizvodi se proizvajajo v teh tovarnah. Podjetja, ki vlagajo v človeški kapital, so uspešna in imajo v svetu največji ugled. Companies in the global market are faced with dilemmas in the field of social responsibility and business ethics. The dominant source of dilemmas is the diversity of cultures and consequently different values in areas where the companies operate. The highest management of the companies is therefore faced with the challenge of how to ensure such action, that the company will uphold the wishes of the global consumer and at the same time meet the expectations of shareholders. Companies often find themselves in the so-called "gray area", which is located between ethics and laws. For decisions in such situations codes of ethics are the greatest support. Throughout history, perceptions of ethics and corporate social responsibility is changing and growing with social consciousness. Ethical business and corporate social responsibility in the global market have never before had such great importance. The main priority of business ethics is a requirement for a fair business. Ethnicity should be evident in the vision, mission and strategy of the company. Global companies have realized that ethically and socially responsible business brings many advantages. The greatest threat to social development is corruption. There are many organizations that fight together against corruption and thereby reduce its harmful impact. The corruption is often linked to money laundering. Illegally obtained money can be channeled to various terrorist organizations, which represents a major threat to security in the world. In third world countries, despite improving conditions, there are still a lot of factories where basic human rights of the workers are violated. Much of the blame for these violations bears global companies whose products are produced in these factories. Companies that invest in human capital are successful and have the highest reputation in the world.

Delo diplomskega seminarja obravnava izzive globalizacije za slovenska mala in srednje velika podjetja. Na začetku smo opredelili pojma globalizacija in MSP ter pojasnili vlogo MSP v evropskem gospodarstvu. Predstavili smo delež MSP v Sloveniji in pojasnili učinke MSP na gospodarstvo v Sloveniji. Nato smo razčlenili proces internacionalizacije poslovanja MSP, in sicer dejavnike internacionalizacije, motive za internacionalizacijo, notranje in zunanje ovire internacionalizacije ter vpliv internacionalizacije na konkurenčnost MSP. Prikazali smo tudi analizo kazalnikov internacionalizacije slovenskih MSP. Osrednje poglavje dela diplomskega seminarja pa so izzivi globalizacije za slovenska MSP, kjer smo predstavili naslednje izzive za podjetja: človeški kapital, e-izobraževanje, ustvarjalnost, timsko delo, inovativnost in spletno oglaševanje. Na koncu pa smo prikazali še strategije rasti treh slovenskih MSP in sicer Akrapovič d.o.o., Pipistrel d.o.o. in Seaway d.o.o., ter njihove načine soočanja z izzivi globalizacije. The graduate thesis considers the globalization challenges for small and medium-sized Slovenian enterprises. At the beginning of the graduate thesis, we have defined the terms globalization and MSP in Slovenia and explained the role of MSP in the European economy. We have introduced the share of MSP in Slovenia and explained the effects of MSPs on the economy in Slovenia. We have then divided the process of internationalization of the operation of MSP, i.e. the factors of internationalization, the motifs for internationalization, internal and external obstacles of it and the influence of internationalization on the competitiveness of MSP. We have also demonstrated the analysis of indicators of internationalization of Slovenian MSP. The main chapter of the undergraduate thesis are challenges of globalization for Slovenian MSP, within which we have introduced the following challenges for the enterprises: human capital, e-education, creativity, team work, innovativeness and online advertising. In the end of graduate thesis, we have demonstrated the growth strategies of three Slovenian MSP namely Akrapovič d.o.o., Pipistrel d.o.o. and Seaway d.o.o. as well as their principles in dealing with the challenges of globalization.

Ob vstopu Slovenije v Evropsko unijo so domača podjetja občutila močan vpliv globalizacije. Nekatera podjetja niso vzdržala pritiska, mnoga pa so začela iskati priložnosti na tujih trgih. Vstop na tuje trge pa je vplival na podjetja, zato so morala spremeniti načine vodenja, če so hotela doseči željene cilje. Da bi se podjetja čim hitreje prilagajala in sprejemala prave odločitve, morajo preučiti svoje notranje okolje in okolje zunaj podjetja. Za uspešno vodenje podjetja je zelo pomembno planiranje na ravni politike podjetja in strateškega managementa. Pri tem si podjetja pomagajo z različnimi že znanimi metodami. V diplomskem seminarju bom predstavila procese planiranja na ravni politike podjetja in strateškega managementa. Predstavila bom strategije in metode planiranja. Na primeru podjetja Kozmetika Afrodita d.o.o bom predstavila predloge vodenja podjetja. When Slovenia joined the European Union, the domestic companies felt strong influence of globalization. Some companies did not stand the pressure, but many have started to look for opportunities in foreign markets. Entry into foreign markets had impact on companies, so they had to change the way of managing companies if they wanted to achieve their goals. Companies have to examine their internal invironment and invironment outside the company in order to adapt new changes as quickly as possible and take the right decisions. Planning business policy and strategic management is very important to run business successfully. Therefore companies use various already known methods. In this seminar I will introduce the planning process at the level of company policy and strategic management. I will present the strategies and methods of planning. I will present suggestions of the company management on the case of company Kozmetika Afrodita d.o.o.