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Artykuł przedstawia, jakie tytuły Lucyfer z Cagliari stosuje wobec cesarza Konstancjusza II. Główna część pracy poprzedzona jest krótkim wstępem, który zawiera podstawowe informacje o Autorze i jego dziełach. W zasadniczej części opisano wybrane konteksty użycia poszczególnych grup tytułów oraz funkcje jakie one pełnią. Biskup stosował tytuły, aby wyrazić ironię, wykazać władcy błąd oraz nakłonić go do nawrócenia. Zestawiono też tytuły stosowane wobec monarchy z tytułami stosowanymi wobec innych osób oraz z tytułami, jakie używał Hilary z Poitiers wobec Konstancjusza II.

Artykuł stanowi analizę treści nagłówków medialnych dotyczących wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej, inspirowaną Raportem podsumowującym monitoring przekazów medialnych – 150 dni wojny na/w* Ukrainie. Artykuł analizuje stosunek mediów do wojny i stron konfliktu oraz sposób wypowiadania się o sytuacji między Rosją a Ukrainą. W tekście wytłumaczono, jaki obraz obu krajów kreują polscy nadawcy medialni w tytułach swoich materiałów, a także to, w jaki sposób ukazywana jest w nich Polska. Poruszono również zagadnienie dziennikarskiej odpowiedzialności za słowo w kontekście silnie nacechowanych nagłówków.

Problems with Rozmyślanie przemyskie. Formulating general judgements, and the multilayered structure of the mediaeval text The paper analyses the largest Polish mediaeval apocrypha, Rozmyślanie przemyskie. Using this example, the author shows the difficulty of formulating general judgments about mediaeval texts with a multilayered structure. The differences between the subsequent versions of the text prove to be rather large in the case of Rozmyślanie przemyskie. For this reason, even the assignment of the monument’s language to a specific dialectal base may apply to no more than a single layer of the text and, as a result, Red Ruthenian features may be found to co-appear with Lesser Polish ones. The author proposes that Rozmyślanie przemyskie displays both the vestiges of the original structure of the text, and traits of a new structure introduced by the last copyist. It is him who gave a title to the text, divided it in two, and added a considerable part of section titles. Therefore, we need to revise our current view that the last copyist was responsible for no more than the introduction of multiple mistakes into the text, and for incorporating into it the voice that was originally located in the margins and between the lines.

Analyses presented in the article prove the thesis, already present in science, that a significant part of titles in The Przemysl Meditation appeared in the text through its successive transformations and additions. The authors found, besides numerous linguistic arguments, also a lot of evidence of a different nature: source studies and textology. The incorporation of titles into The Przemysl Meditation was a common phenomenon in the text, the most common one was merging marginal notes into the text, left there presumably in order to make searching this huge text easier. The genesis of some of them was selecting a fragment from the text, representative of the content, and placing it unchanged or paraphrased on the margin from where, after successive transformations, it got back to text. The article brings to our attention the fact that an Old Polish text is a peculiar and distinct object of study, especially a multilayered one. Titles in such texts are not an independently functioning message in exclusively symbolic connection with the text, they do not have to come from the author, they may disintegrate the text or may remain with it in a relationship not only of content but also of syntax. The authors demonstrate that only the combined use of tools from many disciplines (linguistics, source studies, textology, theology) can bring us closer to getting a more precise description of the creative process which eventually results in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper analyses the largest Polish mediaeval apocrypha, Rozmyślanie przemyskie. Using this example, the author shows the difficulty of formulating general judgments about mediaeval texts with a multilayered structure. The differences between the subsequent versions of the text prove to be rather large in the case of Rozmyślanie przemyskie. For this reason, even the assignment of the monument's language to a specific dialectal base may apply to no more than a single layer of the text and, as a result, Red Ruthenian features may be found to co-appear with Lesser Polish ones. The author proposes that Rozmyślanie przemyskie displays both the vestiges of the original structure of the text, and traits of a new structure introduced by the last copyist. It is him who gave a title to the text, divided it in two, and added a considerable part of section titles. Therefore, we need to revise our current view that the last copyist was responsible for no more than the introduction of multiple mistakes into the text, and for incorporating into it the voice that was originally located in the margins and between the lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]