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The most important role in the formation of academic Tatar studies in domestic ethnology belongs to the outstanding scholar of the early-mid 20th century, Professor N.I. Vorobyev. With his works, he laid the foundations for a systematic approach to the study of the culture and life of the people, especially the reference group of the ethnic group – the Kazan Tatars. The use of data from related historical and geographical disciplines allowed him to pose and solve a number of important questions in the ethnic and ethnocultural history of the people. In his landmark monograph The Kazan Tatars (1953), special attention is given to their close root connection with the local Bulgarian civilisation – the ethnocultural prehistory of the people. The systematic approach consisted of the creation of N.I. Vorobyev’s first ethnocultural differentiation of the Volga-Ural Tatars, which was based on the cultural, everyday and linguistic differences within the ethnic group studied at that time. It was also manifested in the application of typological approaches to the classification of ethnographic material, which allowed him to present stable varieties of material culture (types) in dynamics, to outline analogues for them in other neighbouring and distant ethnic groups of Eurasia, and thereby to resolve a number of issues related to the cultural genesis of the people. The systematic approach was applied and improved in the research and scientific and organizational activities of his students and followers, including the authors of the volume “Historical and ethnographic atlas of the Tatar people”. Fundamental works of N.I. Vorobyev on the ethnography of the Volga-Ural Tatars laid the foundation for the formation of the Turkic-Tatar vector of academic ethnology in the Volga-Ural region of Russia. They are an invaluable resource for current and future generations of researchers.

The article is devoted to the study of radical criminals among those sentenced to imprisonment. The purpose of the article is to provide a criminological typological characteristic of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment. The following tasks have been solved to achieve this goal: 1) to define the typological criteria for the division of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment; 2) to identify the relevant criminological types according to the criteria; 3) to identify and describe the signs of criminological types of criminal radicals among those sentenced to imprisonment. It has been proposed that 7 typological personal criteria should be used in scientific use and practical criminal prevention activities: by nature, by the direction of criminal and radical actions, by the contextual element of personal radicalisation, by the source of radical attitude, by the peculiarities of the radical’s predicate state, by the existential content of criminal and radical behaviour, and by the dominant social and role feature. According to them, 22 criminological types (including subtypes) of criminal radicals among convicts were identified. The author describes the key criminologically significant features of each type. The integrated typological characteristics of radical criminals among convicts give grounds to note that most of them can be correlated with an initiative, aggressive, rational-conformist, collectivist radical of an inclusive type. Both the initial diagnostic work of the relevant units and officials of the quarantine, diagnostic and distribution sectors of correctional colonies, as well as the further work of social and psychological work inspectors, should be aimed at identifying and recording these features. It has been argued that this information should also be taken into account when organising and carrying out operational work among prisoners in order to block the development of motivations for radical actions in a timely manner and to stop the tendencies of radicalisation among prisoners. It has been noted that the proposed typology of criminal radicals in penitentiary institutions is not closed, exhaustive, and can be supplemented with other criteria and types depending on the researcher's target setting and a specific applied request in the field of prevention of criminal radical manifestations in penitentiary institutions.

This article is aimed at defining the terms “fantasy” and “fantastic elements” from the point of view of fiction and finding its application in relation to N. V. Gogol’s works. The main attention is paid to fantastic elements, their classification, as well as the way they are used in the literary text. The material for the analysis was the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol – Nevsky Prospect, the Nose and the Portrait. In this study we use the typological method, with the help of which the common generic features of literary phenomena typical of the fantasy are studied, and their application in the course of analysis. The biographical method helps to reveal the connection between N. V. Gogol and his works filled with fantastic elements. The poetical-structural analysis of the text was undertaken to find intertextual and typological connections between the means of expression in the text and to identify fantastic elements in the selected stories. In the end of the article, the results of the work are summarized and the main conclusions are formulated. On the basis of literary works devoted to the theoretical definition of the terms fantasy and fantastic elements, we came to interesting conclusions. In the story of Nevsky Prospect, we can observe a philosophical and fantastic type of convention. The nature of the story Nose can be attributed to satirical conventions, and in the story the Portrait we can find both philosophical and mythological conventions. In our analysis and interpretation of all of the selected stories, the theme of the characters’ duality was substantiated, which had been emphasized in relation to these works by the literary critic J. Dohnal, whose conclusion we agree with. Among other things, we have found that all three selected stories of Gogol are connected by another important link that contributes to the expression of the fantastic in them, namely, a dream, which plays a special role in the work of this writer.

Man-made caves or troglodytic spaces are special kinds of architecture in which no materials are applied for creating the spaces and in turn they are created through decreasing the rocky mass in the ground and rock’s bed by human being. The Man-made caves or troglodytic spaces have been identified and introduced in different parts of the country so far. Maragheh County which is located in the north western part of Iran, not only owns the numerous historical monuments from different periods, but also holds a number of Troglodytic sites. According to the available evidence, exploitation of indigenous architecture based on the environmental factors in Maragheh County has long attracted the attentions of many communities in this area. Therefore based on the needs of the residents, troglodytic spaces have been created in the land and rock beds with various applications. Based on the field survey, it was found that still there have been various man-made caves or troglodytic spaces in Maragheh County which is worth considering for investigations and documentations, furthermore, the results of this study can be applied as a model for further studies of Man-made caves or troglodytic architectures in other villages located in the foothills of the Sahand Mountain. Studies show that despite the diversity and relatively large number of rocky cliff troglodytic spaces in some villages of this area, it is hard to find any complete investigations in this field. Therefore, the troglodytic spaces of this region are less known and null action has been taken to register these magnificent works in the list of national works of the country. Due to this fact, in this research, by taking the advantages of the archeological and architectural studies, an attempt has been made to introduce the troglodytic spaces of Maragheh and then describe the formation factor, the general characteristics of the spaces and the period of its use. This research seeks to answer these fundamental questions: in which field the typology and architectural classification of the troglodytic spaces in Maragheh County are classified? What are the general characteristics of Troglodytic spaces in Maragheh County? The present survey aims to study and analyze the typology and classification of the mentioned Man-made caves or troglodytic spaces. Accordingly, while identifying, introducing and explaining the characteristics of the troglodytic spaces of this region, the research has also dealt with the formation factors of these architectural spaces. Besides, implementing the field method for recording and explaining the current situation, the survey adopted documentary studies based on the descriptive - analytical method to identify the formation factor of troglodytic architecture in Maragheh County. Also the study benefited from the Geographic Information System (GIS) for identifying the distribution pattern of the Troglodytic spaces in Maragheh villages.The results demonstrate that the troglodytic works of Maragheh villages can be categorized based on morphology in superficial and sub - surface forms. Moreover, in terms of typology and classification of usability nature, they are applied for various uses including a) residential, b) ritual-religious, c) protective and d) public benefit. Many of these troglodytic spaces are now destroyed and lost their original use; simultaneously they are mostly applied as storage and livestock spaces. Research method: The present research is descriptive-analytical and data collection is done by library method based on field studies. The authors hope to provide a logical and reasoned answer to the questions raised about this kind of architecture by citing the results of field research conducted at the county level and also relying on library studies on troglodytic works.

Typology -as an analytical concept to inform our understanding of design- has been a recurring discussion topic in architectural circles. While there are several canonical sources to conceptualize the idea of type, how designers frame the term and instrumentalize it varies significantly. The paper initially presents a quick account of the trajectory of typological approaches, particularly in architecture, and provides a range of formulations offered by both theoreticians and practitioners. Then, a range of cases –involving both historic and contemporary practices- will be elaborated to demonstrate how the notion of type is manifested in the work of key designers. Building up on the diverse formulations of type in existing literature, the paper offers an instrumental conceptualization of type in the context of design studio pedagogy. Finally, the paper will present a concise assessment on the role of types in design processes.

Sexting has recently become a relatively widespread and devastating problem among youth, and its complex nature and consequences are increasingly arousing the interest of current scientific and professional practice. Although researchers have made substantial efforts to provide the definition of the sexting there is no general consensus among them on the meaning of the sexting. In this review, we proposed a simple theoretical framework of sexting that seeks to refine the operationalization of sexting from previous research. Following a systematic review of sexting research from Sesar, Dodaj and Šimić (2018) which postulated a theoretical model of sexting, as well as previous researchers, we suggest that sexting behaviour has four forms: relational sexting, reactive sexting, forced sexting and violent sexting. We define this operationalization of sexting by focusing on the motivation for sexting and underlying sexting elements (such as the content of sexts etc.). This paper describes all forms of sexting behaviour proposed and closes by encouraging future researchers to investigate our understanding of sexting behaviour.

Livestock farming plays a significant role in Rio Grande do Sul state. The current global dynamics of grain appreciation have triggered the advance of agricultural production, especially soybean, over the gaucho Pampa biome. These changes determine the path of production system sustainability; however, it remains unclear how sustainable these production systems are. A typology of 90 family livestock production systems in the Pampa biome was performed as a function of sustainability using the MESMIS method and cluster analysis. The production systems were grouped into three different groups: SPPF, least sustainable, with a higher percentage of crops in the systems, more soybean crops, lower share of income from livestock production, and less native field area. SPPF more sustainable, presented greater sustainability, with smaller crop areas in relation to the total area, more native field in the systems, a more standardized herd, greater crop diversification, and a higher level of formal education and producer participation. SPPF intermediary presented higher productivity then the least sustainable SPPF, self-sufficiency equal to that of the other groups, and similar results to SPPF least sustainable for the other attributes (p < 0.05).

Bitlis province is located in south east Anatolia and settled on a high terrain, with in this topography, images of the traditional urban houses and monumental building semblances a rich profile from different vistas. XX. In the first quarter of the century, when it was a settlement where the Armenians and Muslims live together,because of internal and external migrations after the second half of the century the social structure of the residents of the city that has changed is observed. The 1960s in the aftermath of migration to the big cities for economic reasons, which is, after 1980 because of the terror that occurs in the area continued. Bitlis traditional urban fabric, due to this migration, the user was forced to live the changes. The number of traditional housing to be a lot of the city's original urban fabric while maintaining the physical context of the present day, to reach a comprehensive study of the user of the change have been made about the traditional houses in Bitlis province suregelmes and tissue for Evaluation and analysis of traditional housing in the scientific sense was born out of necessity. As a result of the analysis from the traditional urban tissue of the social and physical problems have been mentioned. As a result, the change in the social structure by determining what are the effects on the domestic architecture of traditional traditional traditional homes and the protection of the urban fabric in the direction of solution of their problems and made suggestions.

Space widening European Community by joining several new states, reveals serious problems related to legal identity, social identity, sovereignty. The aim of this article is to explore some of the new principles created by the European law system, to show the necesity of creating an unique concrete system of law, in European community, with general principles. Even if, all the states in their accession process, knows about their required concessions, we can observe the difficulty of a new member in adapting the European principles established by treaties.

The existence of legal constants does not preclude the process of legal change, of its permanent evolution. Thus, the legal doctrine emphasizes that there is no legislation valid for all times, the legal progress mentioned by Turgot being ubiquitous. Multiple forces drive to diversification or to approach the national legal systems. Analysing the history of law, we distinguish the existence of overlapping legal systems, fact that raises the question of legal typologies. Different criteria and different names have been proposed by the legal comparatists. In the present study, we shall address some of the most important and famous criteria, with emphasis on a new legal typology that has arisen - the European Union law. The present study is part of a more complex research on this theme and it is meant to approach certain important points of my Ph.D. thesis.

The iwan, which has a deep-rooted history in near eastern and Asian buildings, is a landmark of Islamic architecture. Iwans are used in all building typology, such as vernacular and public architecture. Iwans have an especially important role in Turkish architecture, both in spatial organization and in forming typologies. An iwan is covered on three sides and can be used as portal, interconnection unit, room or royal room, but its most prevalent usage is in the form of four-iwan courtyard. This schema has both a functional role and symbolic meaning as evidenced by the first iwans, found in the houses of Horasan and Maveraunnehir.

As one surveys the field of cooperative strategies and alliances, some misconceptions are discernible concerning which are the main theoretical frameworks and how they can be articulated among themselves when they focus upon issues such as the strategic process, cooperation and the environment. This article offers a theoretical contribution to this subject. It uses, as a methodological approach, an extensive study and review of the contextual literature. Seven main theoretical outlooks are advanced: military theories; the game theory; the transaction cost theory; the positioning approach; the social networks theory; the resource-based theory; and learning theories. Each one holds a particular set of premises and is derived from specific foundations. Some are compatible with one another, while others are not. The results allow both a more comprehensive view of the whole and an outlook on the possibilities for articulations among the different perspectives and their repercussions on empirical research.

The association of self-regulation and personality factors with rational decision making was investigated using an experimental model of political voting. The results revealed different sets of personality characteristics for rational and emotional voters. A self-regulation/personality typology of decision making was then constructed, and traits representing self-regulation, cognition, and personality were examined as predispositions toward rational decision making. As a result, specific connections among these variables were uncovered, through which the primary role of the conscious self-regulation system in the management of rational decision making in a political voting context was established.

Although many sources describe the project delivery methods available to owners, there is little empirical data on their defining characteristics. The objective of this research was to examine patterns in contract arrangements, procurement practices and compensation terms used in the US building construction industry. Survey data were collected for projects completed between 2008 and 2013 (N = 204) from owners and contractors belonging to large US professional organizations. A latent class analysis was used to identify five distinct patterns or ‘classes’ based upon eight characteristics of the project delivery process. These classes were defined as: (I) late builder and trade involvement, with an open, cost-based selection and lump sum contract (9% of projects in sample); (II) late builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, cost-based selection and lump sum contract (19%); (III) early builder and late trade involvement, with a prequalified non-cost based selection and guaranteed maximum price (GMP) contract (26%); (IV) early builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, cost-based selection and lump sum design-build (DB) contract (27%); (V) early builder and trade involvement, with a prequalified, non-cost based selection and GMP DB contract (18%). Compared to existing classifications of project delivery methods, these classes are data-driven typologies that represent how participants are procured and organized into a project team. The findings have implications as an alternative classification system in project delivery research and as guidance to owners considering their project delivery options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. In the context of social convoy theory, the purposes of the study were (a) to identify an empirical typology of the social networks evident in older Korean immigrants and (b) to examine its association with self-rated health and depressive symptoms. Method. The sample consisted of 1,092 community-dwelling older Korean immigrants in Florida and New York. Latent class analyses were conducted to identify the optimal social network typology based on 8 indicators of interpersonal relationships and activities. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine how the identified social network typology was associated with self-rating of health and depressive symptoms. Results. Results from the latent class analysis identified 6 clusters as being most optimal, and they were named diverse, unmarried/diverse, married/coresidence, family focused, unmarried/restricted, and restricted. Memberships in the clusters of diverse and married/coresidence were significantly associated with more favorable ratings of health and lower levels of depressive symptoms. Discussion. Notably, no distinct network solely composed of friends was identified in the present sample of older immigrants; this may reflect the disruptions in social convoys caused by immigration. The findings of this study promote our understanding of the unique patterns of social connectedness in older immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the increase of environmental noise, building elements enriched with acoustical properties are significant to serve amenities and healtiness among inhabitants. However, this type of elements which usually consist of high quality materials is much too expensive for most people. The use of paddy straw as the main material to construct acoustical panels is considered in a very early stage of material research. Paddy straw has chareacteristics which is close to acoustical requirements of panels, besides abundance of availability. These benefits will significantly lowered cost production without significantly reduce the quality. Further research to seek the next step of application of paddy straw as acoustic panels is in conduct. Abstract in Bahasa Indonesia : Kebisingan di sekitar bangunan yang terus meningkat serta naiknya permintaan bahan bangunan yang bersifat akustik untuk keperluan studio pribadi telah menyebabkan kebutuhan bahan bangunan yang bersifat akustik juga meningkat. Namun, bahan semacam ini tidak secara merata terjangkau masyarakat. Penggunaan bahan limbah, salah satunya jerami padi sebagai bahan baku pembuatan panel akustik, diharapkan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan bahan bangunan bersifat akustik dengan kualitas tinggi namun tetap dalam harga bersaing. Jerami padi menjadi bahan yang realistis dipertimbangkan sebagai bahan utama karena ketersediaannya yang melimpah dan sifat-sifat fisik batangnya yang secara teoretis mampu menjadi bahan akustik yang baik. Penelitian lanjutan ke arah pemanfaatan limbah jerami padi sebagai bahan baku panel akustik sedang dilaksanakan. Kata kunci: panel akustik, jerami padi.

Gay men and lesbians place small advertisements in the gay press to find reproductive partners. Analyses of over 200 such 'mating ads' reveal that advertisers use a range of discursive methods to manage the potential gay parenting identities. We examine how gay male and lesbian advertisers adapt the formulaic format of the classified ad by exploiting the intertextual resonance of the job ad and the dating ad in order to construe reproductive identities and child-rearing roles. In addition, we discuss how the apparent contradiction of gay parenting is articulated through the use of dual discursive strategies which construe the advertiser and/or target both in identifying terms of lexical categorization (as for example, donor, dad or parent) and by delineation of a child-rearing role by degrees of involvement. Our analyses suggest that gay parenting roles need not correlate one-to-one with the discrete categories chosen to identify reproductive partner. The potential gay parent is personalized across both typological and topological models of meaning-making preventing him/her from becoming a contradiction in terms. We discuss the emergent identity of 'co-parent'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the variety of definitions proposed for "resilience" within sustainability science and suggests a typology according to the specific degree of normativity. There is a tension between the original descriptive concept of resilience first defined in ecological science and a more recent, vague, and malleable notion of resilience used as an approach or boundary object by different scientific disciplines. Even though increased conceptual vagueness can be valuable to foster communication across disciplines and between science and practice, both conceptual clarity and practical relevance of the concept of resilience are critically in danger. The fundamental question is what conceptual structure we want resilience to have. This article argues that a clearly specified, descriptive concept of resilience is critical in providing a counterbalance to the use of resilience as a vague boundary object. A clear descriptive concept provides the basis for operationalization and application of resilience within ecological science.

In this article, I provide an overview of the field of U.S. feminist education in the 1980s-1990s in order to locate theories of care among the different models available. Using feminist theoretical typologies, I argue that care can be incorporated into two distinct – even opposite – models: critical pedagogy and ’’feminine’’ pedagogy. This ambiguity raises a number of questions about the theoretical status of care itself: should it be conceptualized as a model, as a category, or as a value for education?