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3 results on '"two-step methodology"'

1. THE TWO-STEP METHODOLOGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW

Author

de Andrade, M and de Andrade, M

Abstract

The two-step methodology for the identification of general principles of law deriving from domestic legal systems, consisting of a comparative analysis followed by a transposability test, seems accepted as the undisputed methodology in the current work of the International Law Commission on the topic. This article examines whether this two-step approach finds reflection in the practice of and before the PCIJ/ICJ and in international legal scholarship. The analysis finds that judicial practice does not entirely follow these two steps, but the method is widely upheld in doctrinal writing. The article argues that the decision to codify this two-step methodology can be viewed as progressive development by the Commission, and may signify the crystallization of this method of identification of general principles of law.

Published
2022

2. THE TWO-STEP METHODOLOGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW

Author

Mariana Clara De Andrade and de Andrade, M

Subjects
two-step methodology, Political Science and International Relations, general principles of law, International Law Commission, Draft Conclusion, Law, International Court of Justice
Abstract

The two-step methodology for the identification of general principles of law deriving from domestic legal systems, consisting of a comparative analysis followed by a transposability test, seems accepted as the undisputed methodology in the current work of the International Law Commission on the topic. This article examines whether this two-step approach finds reflection in the practice of and before the PCIJ/ICJ and in international legal scholarship. The analysis finds that judicial practice does not entirely follow these two steps, but the method is widely upheld in doctrinal writing. The article argues that the decision to codify this two-step methodology can be viewed as progressive development by the Commission, and may signify the crystallization of this method of identification of general principles of law.

Published
2022

3. Synthesis of β-Nicotinamide Riboside Using an Efficient Two-Step Methodology.

Author

Zhang N and Sauve AA

Subjects
Animals, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, NAD chemistry, Niacinamide chemical synthesis, Niacinamide chemistry, Nicotinic Acids chemistry, Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Pyridinium Compounds, Stereoisomerism, Niacinamide analogs & derivatives
Abstract

A two-step chemical method for the synthesis of β-nicotinamide riboside (NR) is described. NR has achieved wide use as an NAD + precursor (vitamin B3) and can significantly increase central metabolite NAD + concentrations in mammalian cells. β-NR can be prepared with an efficient two-step procedure. The synthesis is initiated via coupling of commercially available 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranose with ethyl nicotinate in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf). 1 H NMR showed that the product was formed with complete stereoselectivity to produce only the β-isomer in high yield (>90% versus starting sugar). The clean stereochemical result suggests that the coupling proceeds via a cationic cis-1,2-acyloxonium-sugar intermediate, which controls addition by nucleophiles to generate predominantly β-stereochemistry. The subsequent deprotection of esters in methanolic ammonia generates the desired product in 85% overall yield versus sugar. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

Published
2017
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