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The article examines the current situation of language instruction in higher educational institutions in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Higher educational institutions play a crucial role in providing professional training in the country. The official language strategy focuses on developing the Kazakh language as the language of science. The researchers performed a survey among educators and students from both national and regional universities in the country. They then analysed the findings to identify the issues within this domain. The survey included 122 participants from 16 different universities. An investigation was conducted to analyse respondents' answers using both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results of the study were used to identify the critical problems. The concerns were identified based on the viewpoints and stances of both native and foreign scientists, and implications were provided.

This research explores into the issues faced by heritage language speakers and learners, a topic gaining increasing relevance as millions of individuals reside outside their country or region of birth for various reasons. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the experiences and proficiency of the heritage language among ethnic Kazakhs living abroad, with a particular emphasis on those in Russia. The aim is to shed light on the challenges they encounter in using the Kazakh language, their language skill requirements, and the obstacles hindering language acquisition. The research employs a descriptive, non-experimental, quantitative research design, utilizing survey research, descriptive statistics, and descriptive analysis of research data. The survey questionnaire includes participants' personal data, scales addressing challenges in using the Kazakh language, needs in Kazakh language skills, and barriers to language acquisition. The survey involved 100 ethnic Kazakhs in the Russian Federation, ranging from 10 to 72 years old (mean age 43.4 years). The study's findings reveal infrequent use of the Kazakh language by ethnic Kazakhs abroad and a low language proficiency level, with 40% at 0-A0 proficiency levels and 15% at B2-C2 proficiency levels. Younger participants exhibit lower levels of heritage language proficiency and less frequent use of Kazakh compared to their older counterparts, indicating a generational decline in language skills and usage. Challenges in using the heritage language manifest in difficulties writing in Kazakh due to a lack of knowledge about grammar and spelling, struggles in reading and understanding books, newspapers, and magazines, and ineffective communication with Kazakhs from Kazakhstan due to a lack of familiarity with cultural nuances and communication subtleties.

Translators are expected to have expertise and experience in the relevant field. For this reason, the study aimed to examine the professional competence, academic self-efficacy and intercultural communication competence perceptions of translator candidates on a relational basis. In this research, the relational screening model, one of the quantitative research approaches, was used. The sample of the study consists of student translators who are studying or have recently graduated from public universities in Kazakhstan. In this context, 214 translator candidates who studied at 4 different state universities in Kazakhstan and graduated in the 2023 academic year were included in the research. 'Translator Professional Competence Scale', 'Academic Self-Efficacy Scale' and 'Intercultural Communication Scale' were used as research data collection tools. Descriptive analyzes and structural equation modeling analyzes were carried out using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 24.0 programs. According to the research findings, it was found that the professional competence, academic self-efficacy and intercultural communication competence of translator candidates in Kazakhstan were at medium levels. According to SEM analyses, the academic self-efficacy and intercultural communication competencies of translator candidates significantly affect their professional competencies, both separately and together.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of interactive learning module technology (ILMT) in teaching Kazakh as a second language in secondary schools in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This research was carried out at Russian-medium secondary schools during the academic year 2021-2022. There were two groups in the sample: the experimental (n=63) and control (n=61). The experimental group received an education based on the ILMT while the control group received an education based on the curriculum's traditional technique. The study used a mixed research design and was divided into two sections: quantitative and qualitative. A semi-experimental pre- and post-test control group design was adopted in the quantitative section. The qualitative section employed phenomenology. The quantitative data were acquired using the students' knowledge assessment test and analyzed using comparative analysis. An interview questionnaire and observations were used to obtain qualitative data which was then evaluated using content analysis. The experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of mean post-test knowledge assessment test scores. The ILMT in teaching Kazakh as a second language is efficient in improving the quality of mastering Kazakh language by Russian-speaking students. Content analysis showed that the ILMT helps to reduce students' anxiety and increase independence which is necessary for the development of students' communication skills.

The Khotons, in the west of Mongolia, were originally Turkic people who spoke the Khoton language, until the 19th century, which is currently considered extinct. This study aimed to prove that the Khoton language belonged to the Turkic languages; and to standardize the Swadesh inventory in relation to the Khoton words. The Swadesh inventory of words was the primary source of this research, which was sampled to examine the basic characteristics like semantic (meaning) acoustic (sound-based), pronunciation and spellings. This study adopted a comparative-historical research design with a qualitative approach, which involved an in-depth content analysis of the data. A data classification process was used to analyze the data by dividing them into categories (3-tiers) to enable retrieving, sorting and storing information. The Swadesh list of words also acted as the instrument of the study as this list was used to target the Khoton vocabulary and determine their equivalence. Such a data classification also helped to manipulate, track and analyze individual specimens in data. The findings of the study reveal that a majority of the linguistic combinations (lexemes) sampled for this study were found in the Khoton language, fully corresponding to the meaning of the English words in the Swadesh list. It was also evident that the basic vocabulary of the Khoton language had the elements of a Turkic language; and that there was an opportunity to reproduce the Khoton language. It is recommended that future studies should examine other versions of Swadesh inventory and compare them with the words in Turkic languages.

In linguistics, onomastics is the science that studies the history and origin of toponyms, along with their structural aspects. This study aimed to determine the origin of toponyms by comparing their linguistic and ethnocultural, as well as mythical, information. A qualitative research design guided this study. A few toponyms were identified through random sampling method including Yrgyz (Irgiz), Burkanbulak, Esik (Yssyk), Auliesu, Zhaiyk (Ural) and Zher-Su, which were collected from etymological, explanatory and mythological dictionaries and collections of mythical texts. The etymological and component analysis methods were applied to study these names. The criteria to select these toponyms were that all should be names of rivers or hydronyms, since river-water was a mythological symbol (the source of life, death and disorder); and that they should occur not only in one language, but in several related languages. The findings revealed that the archetype of each word conformed to phonetic changes. There were also structural connections between these words. Besides, each word had symbolic connotations. This study would provide useful insights about ethnocultural and mythical information of these words and help in broader understanding of the cultural characteristics.

The scientific advancement and globalization have influenced the way fields like anthropolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, and ethnolinguistics should be studied to research intercultural communication. This study examined the national dishes that make up the Kazakh gluttonous discourse, its components, customs, and rituals, and how serving a dish to a guest can cause both positive and negative cultural consciousness in cultures. The data collected in the form of lexical and semiotic units, forming a gluttonous discourse at individual and institutional levels, was subjected to a conceptual analysis. It was felt that gluttonyms as lexical units played an important role in preventing negative cultural consciousness and forming empathy for national dishes. National dishes such as 'bas tartu', 'tabak tartu' in the Kazakh gluttonous discourse and cognitive conceptual basis of some customs in the preparation process and serving a dish to the guest were studied. It was found that the Kazakh gluttonous discourse was one of the sources of the national conceptual image of the world. This allowed us to determine that some of the institutional functions of the Kazakh gluttonous discourse were based on the national conceptual image of the world.

The jewellery names and the ethnic identity of the Kazakh culture are lexically correlated as clearly evident from various ethnolinguistic analyses of jewellery vocabulary. This study aimed to analyze some common jewellery names as jüzük (ring), biläzük (bracelet), sïr?a (earring), moncak (necklace, beads), tügma (button), belba?, qur, qadis (belt) and jewellery for braids common in Turkic languages. This linguistic journey attempted to uncover the meaning of these jewellery names in different Turkic languages and identify their functions and distinctive features through a comparative method. A qualitative research design with an ethnocultural approach was used to understand the ethnogenetic and cultural aspects of these jewellery names from 26 Turkic languages. The content analysis method was used to categorize them according to their origin and cultural significance. The findings revealed that the Turkic jewellery was of different types, and known by several names in different ancient Turkic languages. It also had sacred power, brought wealth and fertility, possessed healing properties and protected people from evil spirits. This study would help to expand knowledge about the traditional culture of the Turkic peoples.

Languages that have complex syllable patterns also share linguistic features with each other. These features can be identified through diachronic paths developed by these syllable patterns this study aimed to show the universality of syllabemes in Kazakh and other languages, focusing on questions like evolution of syllables in the Turkic languages; whether a syllable can be called universal in Turkic languages, and whether CV-type syllable be called universal. The study used a qualitative research design to reconstruct linguistic forms in the Turkic languages. This approach is highly valuable for diachronic phonology, which studies existing models of phonological structures and retrospectively determine the proto-language model characteristic of modern languages. This method helps to restore the phonological system of a proto language, by bringing together synchronous slice of one language or different synchronous slices of several related languages. This method is comparative and typological; and focused on both ancient and modern languages including Bulgarian, Chuvsh, Yakut (ancient) and New Turkic languages like Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Uzbek, Turkmen, Kazakh and Tatar. The data revealed the dynamism of the Turkic languages, showing that they constantly changed, developed, and improved. A comparative analysis of closely related languages morpheme was also done to make an etymological reconstruction. The results suggest that highly complex syllable structure is a linguistic type distinct from but sharing some characteristics with other proposed holistic phonological types, including stress-timed and consonantal languages. The study contributes to understanding the syllable theory in diachronic development of syllable patterns and syllable structures.

Linguistic personality, in the domain of applied linguistics and discourse analysis, has risen to the form, content and style of a genre in the contemporary linguistic paradigm. It is determined by an individual's language behaviors, inter-cultural interactions, and self-expression, and is shaped by the educational environment. The current study aimed to examine the issues faced by students in developing their linguistic personality in higher education institutions and understand the impact on students' pragmatic self-esteem. The intent of this study was to raise students' awareness about the quality of an individual's speech and word choice, which can help them become more adept at assessing and analyzing their own speaking abilities. A descriptive research design was used in the study, employing cognitive and linguistic analysis along with content and semantic processing of the language data to investigate the linguistic personality and literary impact of the well-known Kazakh author Mukhtar Auezov (1897-1961) on readers. Results made evident many ethnic realia, terms and phrases and images abound in Auezov's literary works. Students must be trained to study literary works and classic writers from their adolescence. This can help preserve literary continuity, foster the growth of future generations, and advance literary excellence. The study's findings will support educational initiatives that teach literature and languages and create efficient methods for developing a language's personality.

The meaning and emotional coloring of phraseology in the Tatar language may depend on the context and method of use. For example, the same phraseology may have different meanings and emotional connotations in different situations. In this study, we use a corpus provided by these researchers to analyze the expressions of emotions in the Tatar language through a systematic corpus analysis. The active components of the phrase semantic subgroup "joy and happiness" are kuk (sky), bakhet (happiness), yorak (heart), and kunel (soul). The active components of the phrase semantic subgroup "calmness and ease" are somaticisms, kunel (soul), yorak (heart), and [special character omitted] an (soul).

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the typology of Turkic words to examine the specifics of the way students learn Turkic languages in higher education institutions. A hypotheticdeductive, survey, and comparative method was used for the study. Results showed that the learners have trouble constructing oral discourse and do not achieve coherence and cohesion in the field of communication they produce, as they do not integrate the parts into the whole under a structured system. Results also suggest that the systematization of Turkic words and expressions forms the trunk of the numerous Eastern Mediterranean and Asia languages, where most of them are very similar. It is concluded that categorizing words and expressions systematically by teachers through linguistic and pedagogical activities can contribute to one's learning and teaching of Turkic languages.

Kazakh and Nogai peoples have shared many similar experiences throughout history. In the theoretical dimension of this study, the common features of Kazakh and Nogai communities in the fields of language, culture and geography are analyzed in a comparative perspective. In the research dimension, the common history of Kazakh and Nogai peoples, language kinship and similarities in the formation of place names were discussed in detail, and the cultural and linguistic ties of these two communities were taught with the support of information technologies. In this context, a pre-test post-test design with control group was applied in the study. Experimental applications were applied in Kazakh Language and Literature course. Toponyms and folk geography terms in Kazakh and Nogai languages were taught with the support of information technologies in the experimental group and traditional teaching in the control group (6 weeks). Kazakh and Nogai Language Achievement Tests and Attitude towards the Course Scale were used as measurement tools in the research. Mann Whitney U test, one of the Non-Parametric statistics, was used to analyze the research data. According to the research findings, a significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group in terms of Kazakh Toponyms and Folk Geography Terms. However, no significant difference was found between the achievements of the experimental and control groups in teaching Nogai Toponyms and Folk Geography Terms. Finally, it was found that the information-supported teaching activities applied in the study positively affected the students' attitudes towards the course.

The study described in this article evaluates the effectiveness of methods of improving phonetic, grammatical, and syntactic skills in children with general speech underdevelopment in a bilingual environment. The method is based on a theoretical study of severe speech disorders, a structural analysis of linguistic samples, and a comparative study of the results of research by various scientists in an interdisciplinary discourse. An experimental study was carried out concerning the assessment of the effectiveness of speech therapy exercises for forming linguistic skills (phonetic-phonemic, morphological, word-formation, lexical, and syntactic) at different language levels in preschoolers with a general speech disorder in the context of bilingualism (Kazakh was considered the main language, and Russian was considered an additional language). The materials presented in this paper can be used to develop linguistic skills for various speech defects.

The research reported in this article explored the implementation of Trilingual Education Policy in Kazakhstan. The authors explain the challenges stakeholders came across while taking on the reforms in the language-in-education policy. In this context, the scholars describe four main challenges, such as the simultaneous implementation of several reforms, teachers training, a lack of an English environment, and different language origins. The topic is important, as the issue has been raised for almost two decades. Despite the two decades of meticulous deliberation and piloting of the system, it has not been fully implemented yet. During the research, a systematic literature review method was adopted. The authors used Google Scholar, ERIC, Web of Science, and Scopus databases as well as the official websites of the Government of Kazakhstan and Media resources. This review was conducted using Russian, English, and Kazakh databases.

This study presents a list of 2022 Bulgarian-Turkish cognate words that can be used to facilitate vocabulary acquisition and cross-linguistic awareness. The list was created manually through a multi-step process that involved scanning the database of an online dictionary to identify Bulgarian words that had the same or similar forms in Turkish. For each cognate word identified, its Bulgarian and Turkish forms and English meanings were recorded, and their accuracy was checked through additional sources and expert consultation. The final list of cognate words includes only those confirmed based on linguistic criteria and expert judgement. The use of cognate words in language teaching methods such as total physical response and teaching proficiency through reading and storytelling can enhance the effectiveness of these methods by helping students understand and remember new vocabulary and building their confidence in language learning. Additionally, this study highlights the potential of cognate awareness to promote peace in the world by emphasizing the commonalities among languages and cultures. By recognizing the abundance of cognates across different languages, we can reinforce the idea that we are all part of the same human family and share a common linguistic heritage. Moreover, the study demonstrates how a new and innovative multilingual education can be achieved through cognates, showing that language education does not necessarily have to be limited to bilingual instruction. The use of cognates as a tool for vocabulary acquisition and cross-linguistic awareness can open up opportunities for multilingualism and facilitate communication across linguistic and cultural boundaries. Future research could explore the use of cognate words in other language teaching contexts and investigate the potential benefits and limitations of using cognates in language learning.

This article explores the applicability of mean length of utterance (MLU) as a language assessment measure for Georgian child language, as to-date, Georgian, a morphologically rich language with numerous inflectional categories, experiences an extensive lack of instruments for early language assessment. To this end, a set of guidelines for calculating Georgian MLU was developed based on the analysis of a longitudinal corpus of two Georgian-speaking children aged 12-35 months. This was supported by the findings of previous studies on Georgian acquisition. Furthermore, the guidelines were used to compare MLU in morphemes (MLU-m) with MLU in words (MLU-w) and MLU in syllables (MLU-s) to determine the most suitable method for assessing morphological development in Georgian. These results indicate that MLU-m closely aligns with the description of language development in Georgian children. MLU-s is useful for demonstrating early linguistic development, while MLU-w correlates with age but does not capture changes within words over time. Further testing on a larger corpus is needed to refine the guidelines for more accurate assessment of Georgian-speaking children.

The need to identify and recognize school going children with giftedness remains a concern of the Republic of Kazakhstan's government. This concern motivated this study to examine the internal structure of the giftedness characteristic identification scale (GCIS) for use by Kazakhstan's school children. Exploratory quantitative research approach, and its design was grounded within the exploratory type. The GCIS is a self-report scale to identify the four characteristics of giftedness including contextual, intellectual, creative, and social giftedness. A total of 1176 elementary and middle school students were sampled for the study. The students were in grades and aged between 12 and 16 years. Most of the participants were 65% female; and 35% male. The data collected was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis. The findings established a relatively high-reliability Cronbach alpha coefficient of 89.7%. No statistical difference was found between the Kazakh and Russian languages of instruction, based on the gifted characteristics of the participants. Emphasis was placed on the fact that the GCIS was a reliable tool to identify giftedness among schoolchildren in Kazakhstan, but much future work is needed to determine its validity.

The pandemic resulted in countless tips about how technology can replace face-to-face instruction. This paper illustrates how pedagogical philosophies can impact online course decisions and how a PCK frame offers a gateway for thinking about epistemological access and social justice during Emergency Online Teaching (EOT). This research followed an intrinsic case study design including multiple data sets that were analyzed through inductive, deductive, and axial coding before generalizing patterns across students' reflective journals, FlipGrid recordings, daily tasks, and end-of-course feedback. The results showed that a collaborative online community of practice, self-directed learning, and integrated assessment provided student access and encouraged voice and engagement. Thus, post-COVID-19 PCK holds potential for instructional design and emancipatory online pedagogies in higher education.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of computer-assisted instruction on the language achievement (Kazakh, English and Russian) and attitudes of university students who will work in general education schools in the future. In line with this purpose, pre-test post-test model with control group was applied in the study. The study group of the research consisted of 64 pre-service teacher university students studying at a university in Astana in the second year of the 2022-2023 academic year. There were 2 groups in the study, one experimental group (n=32) and the other control group (n=32). In the experimental group, computer-assisted instruction in a multimodal education environment and in the control group, traditional instruction was applied. Kazakh, Russian and English language achievement tests and attitude scale towards multilingual education were used to collect the research data. According to the findings of the study, it was found that the students who received computer-assisted instruction achieved higher Kazakh, Russian and English language proficiency compared to their peers who received traditional instruction. In addition, computer-assisted instruction positively affects students' attitudes towards multilingual education. The study sought to identify the risks and prospects for the development and expansion of trilingual education in the Republic of Kazakhstan. In this context, it was observed that the mother tongue outweighs the other languages learned.

This study examines the cultural meaning of names denoting places such as mountains, water objects, and settlements. The study drew evidence from a famous Kazakh epos, "Kozy Korpesh -- Bayan Sulu," to provide insight into how epic toponyms contribute to the explication of culture. The study addressed the motives and methods of the linguistic and anthropological interpretation of toponyms, paying special attention to explicitly encoded cultural values. The study adopted a qualitative research approach based on a combination of secondary approaches--linguoculturological, intensive topology and holistic etymology involving linguistic etymology, folk etymology, and perceptual etymology. The data was collected in the form of connotations and denotations which each epic toponym represented in the poem. The findings show that, based on their etymological origin, epic toponyms belonged to two major groups: one, toponyms named after certain features of the landscape; and second, toponyms named after certain events in the epos. The former toponyms are transparent and reveal the perception and attitude of the Turkic peoples to the location through denotation, while the latter are based on legends and reflect the household and everyday routine specific to the Turkic peoples through connotation. As a result of complex etymological analysis, some toponyms are shown in both the denotative and connotative aspects. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that epic toponyms serve as an essential source of cognition of the worldview and national culture. Through the use of the complex methodology of analysis, the study contributes to the development of anthropological studies in toponymy and helps to establish links between Turkic languages and cultures.

In this study, the effect of Online Learning and Digital Conversation-Based Activities method on students' achievement, attitudes and perceptions of cultural values in language and literature courses was examined. The study group consisted of 2 branches studying in the 3rd grade of a high school in Astana province in the 2022 academic year. 64 high school third grade students participated in the study. In the study in which quasi-experimental research model was used, post-test control group design was used. In this context, Online Learning And Digital Conversation-Based Activities in the experimental group and traditional teaching activities in the control group were applied for 6 weeks. As a result, when the two classes were considered independently of each other, it was found that the students in the group applying the Online Learning And Digital Conversation-Based Activities program achieved higher academic achievement, attitude towards the course and cultural value perception gains compared to their peers in the control group.

Frequent use of common words in teaching Turkish to Kyrgyz helps to increase students' attention to the lesson. However, some words may cause translation problems because their spelling and pronunciation are the same but their meanings are different. In this framework, it is important to take into consideration the false equivalents between dialects when teaching Turkish to Kyrgyz students. In this study, activities for teaching false equivalents are proposed. In line with this purpose, the research was designed with a qualitative approach and it was aimed to make students recognize false equivalents at A1 basic level by interacting in the classroom. When selecting false equivalents, the frequency of use in the target language was carefully considered and it was planned to teach the related words by role-playing them. As a result of the study, it is expected that students will recognize false equivalent words and show interest in dialogue activities. In addition, it is also thought that it will provide interaction among students. It is thought that the study will contribute to the teaching of false equivalent words.

This study explores the language association of international students during their adaptation to a new environment and its impact on intercultural communication. It addresses the difficulties, language and cultural barriers, social adaptation problems, and both positive and negative influence of association on language learning. The purpose of the study is to determine international students' concerns with Kazakhstani national brands during their studies in Kazakhstan. To achieve this, a survey was conducted, followed by a thematic analysis of 43 international students' responses. The findings of the study reveal that defining international students' associations with national brands eases stereotypical connections in language learning, overcomes language barriers, and enhances intercultural communication.

Ethnic stereotype is a culture-determined portrayal of a society, culture or a nation. A comprehensive worldview of an ethnic group tends to form stereotypes, and its analysis makes it possible to identify an ethnic group's cultural identity and characteristics. This study examined ethnic stereotypes in humorous discourse as portrayed in jokes of Kazakh, Russian, Arabic, English and French languages. By making a comparative, definitional, contextual and quantitative analysis of ethnic stereotypes in humorous discourse, this study adopted the linguistic, cognitive and discursive theory of humorous discourse to identify the similarities and dissimilarities in the ethnic stereotypes of five multi-structural languages. The data was retrieved from various sources including collection of jokes (Kazakh, Arabic, English), random anecdotes, and French jokes with translation. A total of 37 jokes and anecdotes were analyzed in this study with a lingua-cognitive approach and semantic and stylistic analysis which helped to understand participants' communicative intention. The study also revealed both characteristic and universal features of each nation reflected in its national worldview, mentality and the image of the world. The study also introduced universal and national features of humorous discourse of each cultural community. The findings suggest that the formation of a stereotype depends on particular associations and repetitions, as well as social responsibilities shared by members of a community. The study implications suggest that linguacultural analysis of ethnic stereotypes in humorous discourse in a comparative aspect is considered a priority direction for further research.

The qualitative research method is used in this study to investigate ways to transmit Yugu folk song knowledge in Sunan County, Gansu Province, China. The area was selected in Sunan County, Gansu Province, China. The fieldwork method is mainly used for collecting data, together with the information from the document. The study results are as follows: The origins of the Yugu people are not single but multiple. They are a new ethnic community formed by the integration of the ancient Uighurs and the ancient Mongolian tribes. The Yugu people are currently the best-preserved ethnic group in the world's Ancient Turkic language, due to the characteristics of the language and the geomorphological characteristics of the Yugu area, making the Yugu music unique and different from the music of the surrounding Han and other ethnic groups. The development of Yugu folk songs can be divided into five periods: 1) the Mobei period before 840 AD and the production period of Yugu ancestral folk songs; 2) from 840 AD to the beginning of the 16th century, the gradual development of the art of Hui folk songs; 3) from the beginning of the 16th century to 1953, the excavation period of traditional folk songs of the Yugu people; 4) from 1953 to 1990, the prolific period of Yugu folk song creation; 5) since 1990, the trough period of traditional Yugu folk songs and the development period of newly created songs.

This paper investigates the role of supplementary schools as grassroots educational initiatives whose reach extend beyond individual educational trajectories for minoritized youth. We examine how these schools serve as community forces, emphasizing the importance of resources and relationships. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of funds of knowledge and community cultural wealth, we explore how supplementary schools strategically make accessible community resources that benefit all members. Through in-depth interviews with twelve supplementary school leaders, in Flanders, we discuss the diverse array of resources present within these spaces. We highlight the investment in bonding relations, making resources available to community members, while also revealing a strong focus on building bridging ties across ethnic minorities and toward broader society. These insights contribute to our understanding of supplementary schools as pivotal places that strengthen and empower minoritized communities within the context of structural inequality.

Recent linguistic landscape (LL) research has witnessed a change in focus to untypical, peripheral and fluid signs. Compared to typical (or permanent, fixed, etc.) signs which tend to be subject to strong policy intervention, language use on untypical signs is often more autonomous, thus could better reflect the "de facto" language choice and preferences of local residents. Comparing the linguistic patterns between typical and untypical signs therefore provides a way to investigate the tension between mandated language policies and residents' language choice. In this study, we adopted the dichotomous terms proposed by Shang, G., and X. Zhou. 2020. "[foreign characters omitted] [Peripheral Linguistic Landscape: Sign Types, Features and Research Perspectives]." [foreign characters omitted] 5 (4): 37-47., namely 'typical' and 'peripheral', to explore the language use on public signs in Kashgar, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. By comparing typical and peripheral signs in Kashgar, the study found a significant discrepancy: Chinese is prioritised on typical signs due to top-down policy promotion, while Uyghur is used extensively on peripheral signs by local residents. This study demonstrates the importance of analysing peripheral linguistic landscape in strong-policy nations/regions.

In this study, the relationship between the family language practice and the level of linguistic (in)security of adolescent Gagauz speakers is examined in the context of an endangered language. To this end, a language-use questionnaire and linguistic insecurity scale were administered to 674 participants. The questionnaire included questions exploring demographic information, self-reported language skills, language acquired at home, parents' speaking proficiency and the language of interaction. The linguistic insecurity scale comprised (self)-evaluations of language practices, linguistic status and linguistic quality. Using a quantitative methodology, ten interviews were conducted. The findings show that the participants felt more secure while using Russian and there was a strong correlation between family language practice and linguistic insecurity perceived by the adolescent speakers. Moreover, language choice in interactions was found to be speaker-specific. In other words, as a part of the family language policy, the participants spoke Gagauz with their parents, siblings and grandparents. In some cases, however, the language choice was based on the ethnicity of the interlocutor and the language which friends and neighbours were speaking. It was found that although speakers felt secure and motivated to speak the Gagauz language, the use of Gagauz seemed to be limited to family contexts.

This paper explores eight Kazakhstani postgraduate students' reflections of their international educational experiences in the UK after their immediate re-entry into Kazakhstan. Special focus was on their language identity development after their one-year stay in the UK. It was informed by Benson et al.'s ([2013]. "Second Language Identity in Narratives of Study Abroad." London: Palgrave Macmillan) three-dimensional model of L2 identity: (a) identity-related aspects of L2 proficiency, (b) linguistic self-concept, and (c) L2-mediated aspects of personal development. The qualitative data collected from a written narrative and three subsequent rounds of individual semi-structured interviews suggest that most participants had lofty goals in the first period of their study abroad. They gradually became aware that full immersion in the host country could take a long time, and accordingly, they set concrete goals. The analysis of the data also revealed that the participants exercised their agency in displaying their development of sociopragmatic competence and a global citizenship identity, by respecting different opinions and accepting cultural differences. Nevertheless, some of them experienced racism based on their usage of English and presumed ethnicity. This study underlines the significance of introducing pedagogical interventions in all phases of study abroad to avoid student sojourners' unrealistic or impractical goals and empower their language identities.

Multilingual learners confront challenges not only in mastering new languages but also in forming new identities. Guided by the investment model, we traced the learning of Chinese and English of two Uyghur women who attended a coastal Chinese university and investigated how they navigated the Chinese mainstream education system to university level. Findings of this ethnographic work revealed that moving from their less developed hometown to a major city, the participants expanded and enriched their repertoire of symbolic and material resources on which they could rely to effect more powerful social memberships and negotiate their educated Uyghur identities. Their Chinese and English language learning journey and the educational experiences in the host community also changed how Uyghur women perceive their future possibilities. Their struggles and agency in their journey were also highlighted.

There is extensive CLIL research on stakeholders' practices, integration of content and language, and pedagogies. However, limited studies report on teachers' pre-existing knowledge before CLIL implementation and how it influences their classroom pedagogy. Using a third space frame, this study examined CLIL implementation in Kazakhstan. It included 15 science teachers who teach science through the English medium of instruction (EMI). A hybrid coding strategy was followed to analyze questionnaires, teachers' science lessons, multimodal teaching-based scenarios, and semi-structured interviews. Our findings revealed that teachers' CLIL implementation was guided by their (1) hybrid beliefs about scientific knowledge and learning, (2) humanising pedagogy, (3) shift to constructivist science pedagogy, and (4) hybrid linguistic stance. We conclude that a third-space perspective diverts the gaze from CLIL teachers' challenges to illuminate the entanglement of teachers' epistemic stance, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), and linguistic stance as emergent discursive practices when policy borrowings connect global and local epistemologies.

Trilingual education policy is fomenting much debate among scholars and public intellectuals in Kazakhstan. However, parents' ideologies in relation to trilingual education are not heard although their participation in policy discussions is important since they play a key role in their children's education. Therefore, this article, through the lens of an adapted language ideology framework, Curdt-Christiansen [2009, Invisible and visible language planning: Ideological factors in the family language policy of Chinese immigrant families in Quebec. "Language Policy," 8(4), 351-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-009-9146-7 ] examines the influence of political, economic, cultural and social, and educational factors on parents' language ideologies and ideological differences depending on the geographical location and type of school. The qualitative findings reported in this article stem from a larger mixed methods research study within which 24 interviews were conducted with parents from trilingual and mainstream schools in the North, Centre and South of Kazakhstan. The findings indicate that although the majority of parents support trilingual education policy from the political, economic and cultural perspectives, they believe that teaching in English, Kazakh and Russian should be introduced gradually to avoid negative outcomes. Studying content subjects in three languages is seen as problematic since not all children possess giftedness and abilities that are purportedly important for successful studying. Neglecting this might lead to illiterate school graduates.

The research aims to prove the effectiveness of introducing linguoculturology, sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, pragmastilistics and psycholinguistics using augmented reality tools into the learning process. For this, the method of quasi-experiment was used. The study involved 75 students studying the Kazakh language at the Department of Kazakh Linguistics at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. They were offered to study the following disciplines: sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics, linguoculturology, pragmastilistics, and psycholinguistics for one academic year. The results showed that students improved their Kazakhstan culture knowledge. The percentage of participants with a high knowledge level increased from 5 to 22%, with an average level -- from 70 to 74%. The number of students with poor knowledge of cultural concepts decreased by 11%. This contributed to the improvement of students' expertise in culture, as well as in the language. The best descriptors of the proposed games were: "funny", "useful", "motivating", and "relevant". In the survey, 68 out of 75 students (90%) described the experience as "fun", 60 out of 75 students (80%) responded as "rewarding", and 57 out of 75 participants (76%) described the experience as "motivating". Thus, the integration of the games into the learning process had a positive impact on the development of philology students' linguistic and cognitive skills. The research results can eliminate theoretical and empirical gaps in the language teaching methodology. Similar studies can focus on a detailed analysis of other augmented reality or virtual reality games.

This study adopted a social network perspective to explore the academic discourse socialization experiences of eight degree-seeking multilingual international students at a university in eastern China. Based on a triangulation of ethnographic interviews, social network questionnaires, and supplementary sources (e.g., voluntarily submitted recordings, texts about academic exchanges), the study revealed five patterns of students' social networks, including heterogeneous-sparse network, heterogeneous-dense network, homogeneous-sparse network, homogeneous-dense network, and balanced network. This resulting network typology was utilized to interpret the role of social networks in individuals' socialization trajectories, which were observed to include "affecting capacities to negotiate academic norms, structuring channels to build and transform expertise," and "shaping space for multicompetence development." While different network connections demonstrated different roles, networks with similar characteristics could exert divergent impacts, highlighting the mediation of a range of individual and sociocultural dynamics. Based on the findings, the study contributes to critical multilingual studies by offering theoretical implications for socialization research on community and competence, and providing practical suggestions for research, education, and program administration in international education.

This study aims to evaluate the opinions of teachers on how students gain Kazakh speaking skills with zoom in primary schools. In the 2020-2021 academic year, 24 teachers who gave training in the distance education process in various primary schools in Kazakhstan participated in the research. A semi-structured interview form was created by the researchers to collect the data. As a result of the research, the environment in which the student is located, the advantages of self-confidence and time saving for the student, the advantages of the teacher for saving time and reinforcing the technology-based teaching, the advantages for the parents to follow the student's participation in the course and contributing to their motivation, the opportunity to watch the student's repetition and benefit from different learning environments are the advantages of the system. they have defined. The high level of stress and anxiety and negative thoughts of the parents and the problems arising from the computer, internet, image, and sound quality were also defined as disadvantages.

This paper aims at exploring the role and functions of place names from a Kazakh and Tatar versions of the famous Turkic epic poem "Edige." A total of 69 proper names denoting places such as settlements and localities, water objects and surface relief were analyzed qualitatively with the intensive topology approach. The findings show that toponymic lexemes perform five main functions in the epos: localizing, informative, accumulative, symbolic, and individualizing. In the Kazakh and Tatar versions of the epic poem "Edige," toponyms can act as the main reference points in time and space, referring to some specific characteristics of the geographic objects, conveying the historical and cultural heritage of the Turkic peoples, and revealing connection to the religion of Islam. Moreover, in the national versions of the epos under analysis individual toponyms, i.e. those found only in one version of the epos and typical of the area where the storyteller lived, add authenticity and a local flavor to the events described in the text. The study enables a better understanding of the national and cultural originality of ideas about space, which can be transformed according to toponymic data.

This quantitative research examined the variables affecting the Turkish listening skills of high school students living in Moldova-Gagauzia. It was evaluated effects of language exposure, linguistic distance, demographic variables (gender, settlement type, mother tongue, and Turkish language level) on participants' Turkish listening skills. 148 participants were students at Süleyman Demirel Moldo-Turkish High School in Kongaz. The data were collected using two instruments: The Turkish language exposure scale and listening tests. The scale was developed by Çobanoglu Aktan and Inan (2020) to determine Turkish language learners' out-of-school exposure to Turkish. Listening test was developed based on Yunus Emre Institute's "Yedi Iklim Türkçe Ögretim Seti". Afterward, the listening test results were analyzed to determine the variables that predicted listening performance. The research results indicated a low level of Turkish exposure among the participants. Females were exposed to Turkish more. There was no relationship between their listening test performance and exposure, mostly including Turkish visual and auditory media. In addition, in the Turkish listening exam, it was seen that the native speakers of Gagauz were more advantageous than Russian. The reason why the A1-2 level participants were more successful in the listening skill test might be the linguistic proximity and similarities of basic vocabulary between Turkish and Gagauz. It was concluded that linguistic distance was a stronger predictor than other variables.

This paper aims to investigate early career researchers' (ECR) needs and barriers in conducting research at Kazakhstani regional universities employing a mixed methods research design with the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data. We surveyed one hundred and twenty university academic staff undertaking the first stages of their research careers at the higher education institutions of West Kazakhstan in the cities of Aktau, Aktobe, Atyrau, and Oral to understand the needs and challenges faced by this community better. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the research administration of the above-stated institutions to understand the issues under study. Understanding these issues is central to developing informed policies for promoting teacher research engagement, as well as taking steps to build the research capacity of university academic staff in their early research career. The study depicts that the university academic staff, in their early research career, face barriers such as the lack of time to conduct research, the difficulty in publishing research, and the lack of research mentorship and university support. The study resulted in the relation of ECRs' knowledge of languages to their research experience, and the ECRs' research directions are as well associated with their (1) conducting research for enhancing teaching skills, (2) applying for research grants, and (3) receiving research funding adds to a deeper understanding of the ECRs' research needs and barriers. Kazakhstani regional universities' ECRs need specifically targeted policies to be undertaken to facilitate their research careers.

The main indicator of the priority directions of the state language policy is state language development programs. State language development programs directly affect the identification and formation of linguistic identity, especially the linguistic identity of youth. This article discusses the impact of state programs on the development of the state language on the formation of the linguistic identity. All major important programs for the development of the state language for the period of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan are analyzed. The features of programs in the main areas, as well as their impact on linguistic identity, are noted. Also, to determine the factors influencing language identity, the authors consider the president's appeal in the prism of language problems and their solutions, which determines the direction of state programs for the development of the state language. The conclusions were made about the main direction of language development in the society of Kazakhstan. New points of view are needed in accordance with modern requirements for higher education, science and the implementation of the educational process. A new approach to the problem should conduct analysis from the point of view of today, enrich its content, makes new judgments.

The study deals with teaching Russian as a non-native language to Kazakh students from linguistic and cultural positions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the efficiency of adapting the integrated technology of mastering a non-native language based on the psycholinguistic analysis of the basic values. As the research methods, the study employs the association experiment and Karaulov's matrix of the "semantic gestalt" along with the classic linguodidactic attitudes; based on these methods the study provides the commentary of the associative fields with the valuably marked incentives. Such material being used will promote the actual development of the basic ideological values with the students. The theoretical and experimental content of the paper testifies to the effectiveness of the integrative methods in teaching Russian as a non-native language. The materials of the Free Association Experiment are presented in the comparative commentary of the semantic gestalt stimulus "Azhe -- Grandmother"; the latter represents in the linguistic consciousness of Kazakhs and Russians the significance of the concept under study in the system of the basic human values in the lexical-semantic group "Kinship relations". The conclusion postulated in the paper is as follows: the heuristic potential of the complex usage of the psycholinguistic (associative) and linguodidactic innovations is included in the process of developing a non-native language. The results of the study allow speaking about the expediency and prospects of further integration of the selected material into the study of the humanities at school and university.

The purpose of the article was to analyze the psychological and pedagogical conditions of word-formation skills for Kazakh-speaking preschool children with speech disorders on the basis of learning theories and contemporary approaches. To achieve the set aim, we have studied psychophysiological peculiarities of preschool children with speech disorder. We have allocated the most significant learning theories and approaches, which promote the assimilation of word-formation. We have come to understand that the indicators of speech development of many modern Kazakh-speaking preschoolers do not correspond to the age norm, which is influenced by word-formation operations. For Kazakh-speaking preschool children with speech disorders it is rather difficult to distinguish elementary forms as the original word, consisting of a stem and a derivative by including diminutive-affectionate suffixes. The driving forces of word-formation development of Kazakh-speaking preschoolers with speech disorders are contradictions that arise in connection with the development of a number of its needs. It should be pointed out that game technology is considered as the most powerful pedagogical condition in the development of Kazakh-speaking preschool children with speech disorders.

A cross-cultural investigation of lacunae contributes to successful intercultural communication, helping in achieving mutual understanding between cultures and solving communication problems between different nations. This study is aimed at identifying and classifying lexical lacunae in the kinship terminologies of the Russian and Kazakh languages. The comparative study reveals semantic, cultural, psychological, evaluative, and aesthetic factors. The material of the study comprises the terms of kinship, selected by the method of continuous sampling from lexicographic sources of the Kazakh and Russian languages, with a total volume of 300 units. Interlanguage lacunae were described from the perspective of comparative structural-semantic analysis. The analysis of kinship terms in the Russian and Kazakh languages showed that there are more similarities than previously thought. Significant differences in Russian and Kazakh kinship terminology were manifested in connection with the allocation of the seme "gender correlation", i.e., the name depends on the gender of the person concerning whom it was used, as well as the seme "age concerning the speaking person". Analysis of Kazakh kinship terms that act as lacunae in the Russian language and their classification in terms of semantics, structure, etymology and cultural components was not considered an object of research until now.

The objective of this study was to identify, describe and classify errors in the Russian and English speech of the native Kazakh speakers working in the oil industry as well as to give a possible explanation of the reasons for their occurrence. The cross-linguistic interference characteristics of the Kazakhs' speech were investigated with the involvement of 30 Kazakh oil workers. Based on the contrastive linguistic analysis of the Kazakh, Russian and English languages, typical errors in the oil workers' speech were established. After gathering the data, the numbers and percentages were employed. The data was then grouped and categorized as per the problems of the study, the characteristics of the items, and the objectives before analyzing it on the basis of frequency of responses. The study has shown that in the speech of oil workers, there were interferences like under-differentiation, over-differentiation, reinterpretation, substitution. These interferences in the speech of trilingual (represented phonetically, lexically, and grammatically) were more complex than in bilingualism. Kazakhs' Russian speech was also found as close as possible to the norms of the Russian language, and with trilingualism. There was a two-component unidirectional influence seen on the acquisition of a third language (English). The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of applying these results in order to draw up a methodological and practical basis for teaching English, taking into account the peculiarities of the differences in language systems.

In recent years, there has been an increased interest of scientists and practicing teachers in the ideological origins of ethnic education. The purpose of the study is to create a theoretically grounded and experimentally tested pedagogical system of ethnocultural adaptation of students in the process of teaching the Kazakh language. A survey of different contingents of students studying in different cities was carried out. Subsequently, an experimental training of the pedagogical system of ethnocultural adaptation was carried out. The participants included 224 students. The collected data were analyzed using percentages and content analysis. The results of the study showed that the pedagogical system of ethnocultural adaptation is based on the principles of cultural conformity, anthropocentrism, integration, and differentiation. Also, at the ascertaining stage of the experiment, there is no statistically significant difference between the students from the CG and the EG.

This article aims to pattern the problem of systematization of terms in the Turkic languages and teaching technologies in universities. The research was carried out in the spring semester of 2021-2022. The study was carried out with the participation of 352 university students who volunteered for the research in the screening model. In the research, 4-week distance education and Turkic languages and instructional technologies content training were provided to university students. In the study, a measurement tool developed by the researchers was used to know the views of the Turkic languages and instructional technologies to collect data. The analysis of the data was carried out using the SPSS program. Frequency analysis was performed using the t-test, and the results obtained were added to the study accompanied by tables. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the university students systematized the terms in Turkic languages and their educational technology status was also very good.

Understanding the role of languages in the modern world poses before us the question of teaching languages and raising the level of language teaching. Polylingual education in the Republic of Kazakhstan today is one of the main directions in the secondary education system. The aim of our study was to theoretically substantiate, develop and experimentally test the methodology for the formation of the polylingual personality of pupils in the process of organizing extracurricular work in a general education school. The research conducted an experimental and pedagogical work and analysed the collected data using comparative analysis and statistical methods such as percentages. The results of the research proved that the proposed theoretical foundations and methods of organizing extracurricular activities are useful in the formation of the polylingual personality of pupils.